CHAPTER-3 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

Mechanics: Mechanics is the oldest and fundamental branch of physics and it is the study of the
state of rest as well as the state of motion of object under the action of force.
The study of mechanics is broadly classified in to (i) Statics and (ii) Dynamics

Statics: It deals with bodies at rest under the action of system of force.

Dynamics: It deals with motion of a body under the action of

force. Dynamics is again divided into (a) Kinematics and (b)
Kinetics

Kinematics: It deals with the description of motion without reference to the cause of motion.

Kinetics: It deals with what moves and what causes motion.

Some of the terms used in describing motion are given below.

Particle: A particle is ideally just a piece or quantity of matter, having no linear dimensions but
only position and mass.

Event: An event is a physical process that occurs at a point in space and at an instant of time.

Observer: A person or equipment which can locate, record, measure and interpret an event is
called an observer.

Frame of reference: It is the reference in which an observer sits and makes the observations.
In order to specify the position, we need to use a reference point and set of axes. The choice of set
of axes in a frame of reference depends on the situation.

Motion: Motion is change in position of an object with time.

Rectilinear motion: Motion of objects along a straight line.

Ex: A car moving along a straight road, A freely falling body.

Rest: A body is said to be at rest when it does not changes its position with time.

Path length: It is the actual distance covered by a body in time

𝑡. It is also called as distance travelled.
 Path length is a scalar quantity.
 SI unit of path length is "𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒" (𝑚). Dimensions are 𝑀0𝐿𝑇0
 Path length depends on the actual path.
 Path length is always positive.

Displacement: It is the shortest distance between the initial point and final point.
 It is vector quantity.
 SI unit of displacement is "𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒"(𝑚). Dimensions are 𝑀0𝐿𝑇0
 Displacement may be positive, negative and zero.
 Magnitude of the displacement can never be greater than path length.
 When a body moves in straight line displacement is equal to path length.
 It is independent of the actual path travelled and it denoted by ∆𝑥
 Difference between path length and displacement
Path length Displacement
It is the actual distance covered by a body in It is the shortest distance between the initial point
time𝑡. It is also called as distance travelled and final point
Path length is a scalar quantity It is vector quantity
Path length is always positive Displacement may be positive, negative and zero
Path length is always greater than or equal to Displacement is always less than or equal to path
displacement length

Speed: Speed is defined as rate of change of position of a particle.

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑥

=
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡
 Speed is a scalar quantity.
 Its SI unit is 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑚𝑠−1). Dimensions are 𝑀0𝐿𝑇−1
 It is always positive.
 Speed gives no indication about the direction of motion of the particle.

Average speed: The average speed of a particle in motion is defined as the ratio of the total path
length to the total time taken.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

Instantaneous speed (speed): It is defined as the limit of average speed as the time interval is
infinitesimally small.

Velocity: Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement of a body.

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑥
𝑣=
𝑡
 Velocity is a vector quantity.
 SI unit is 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑚𝑠−1) . Dimensions are 𝑀0𝐿𝑇−1
 Velocity may be positive, negative or zero.

Average velocity: The average velocity of a particle in motion is defined as the ratio of total
displacement to the total time taken.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑣̅ = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
∆𝑥
𝑣̅ =
∆𝑡

Instantaneous velocity: Velocity is defined as the limit of average velocity as the time interval ∆𝑡
becomes infinitesimally small.
∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Instantaneous velocity is also called velocity.
 In position-time graph, instantaneous velocity at a point is the slope to the tangent drawn to
the curve at that point.
 Instantaneous speed or speed is the magnitude of velocity.

Uniform velocity: If equal changes of displacement take place in equal intervals of time is called
uniform velocity.

Note: When a body moves with uniform velocity, neither the magnitude nor the direction of the
velocity changes.
Difference between speed and velocity
Speed Velocity
It is defined as the ratio of the path length It is defined as the ratio of displacement to
to the time taken. the time taken.
Speed is a scalar quantity. Velocity is a vector quantity.
It is always positive Velocity may be positive, negative or zero.

Acceleration: It is defined as rate change of velocity of a particle.

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑣 − 𝑣0
𝑎=
𝑡
 Acceleration is a vector quantity.
 SI unit is 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 (𝑚𝑠−2) and dimensions are 𝑀0𝐿𝑇−2
 Since velocity is a quantity having both magnitude and direction, Acceleration may result
from a change in magnitude or a change in direction or changes in both.
 Acceleration can be positive, negative or zero.
 The negative acceleration is called retardation or deceleration.

Average acceleration: It is defined as the total change in velocity divided by the total time taken.
𝑣2 − 𝑣1 ∆𝑣
𝑎̅ = 𝑡 − 𝑡 = ∆𝑡
2 1

Instantaneous acceleration: It is defined as the limit of the average acceleration as the time interval
∆𝑡 becomes infinitesimally small.
∆𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑎 = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Uniform acceleration: If the velocity of a body changes by equal amount in equal intervals of time,
however small these time intervals may be, is called uniform acceleration.

Graphical representation of motion:

Graph: A diagrammatical representation of variation of one quantity with respect to another
quantity is called a graph.

Position-time graph: It is a graph obtained by plotting instantaneous positions of a particle versus

time.
 The slope of the position time graph gives the velocity of the particle.
Position-time graphs:
Slno Type of motion Position-time graph

1 Object at rest

2 Uniform motion along a straight line

3 Motion with positive acceleration

4 Motion with negative acceleration

5 Motion with zero acceleration

Velocity time-graph: A graph of velocity versus time is called velocity-time graph.

 The area under v-t graph with time axis gives the value of displacement covered in given
time.
 The slope of tangent drawn on graph gives instantaneous acceleration.

Uses of velocity-time (v-t) graph / Significance of velocity-time (v-t) graph:

 It is used to study the nature of the motion.
 It is used to find the velocity of the particle at any instant of time.
 It is used to derive the equations of motion.
 It is used to find displacement and acceleration.
Velocity time-graphs
Slno Type of motion v-t graph

Motion in positive direction with

positive acceleration or uniform
1
acceleration having some initial
velocity.

Motion in positive direction with

2 negative acceleration having some
initial velocity.

Motion in negative direction with

3 negative acceleration having some
initial velocity.

Motion of an object with negative

acceleration that changes direction
4
at time 𝑡1 having some initial
velocity.

Kinematic equation for uniformly accelerated motion: For uniformly accelerated motion, we can
derive some simple equations that relate displacement (𝑥), time taken (𝑡), initial velocity (𝑣0), final
velocity (𝑣), and acceleration (𝑎). These equations are called Kinematic equations for uniformly
accelerated motion.

The Equations are, (i) 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡

(ii) 1
2
𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
(iii) 𝑣2 = 𝑣02 + 2𝑎𝑥

Derivation of equation of motion by graphical method

(i) 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
Consider a particle in motion with initial velocity 𝑣0 and constant
acceleration 𝑎.
Let 𝑣 be the final velocity of the body at time 𝑡.
From graph,
𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐷 − 𝐶𝐷
slope = =
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
But, 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑂𝐴 and 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐷
𝐵𝐷 − 𝑂𝐴 𝑣 − 𝑣0
Slope = 𝑂𝐷 = 𝑡
But, slope of v-t graph gives the acceleration.
𝑣 − 𝑣0
𝑎= 𝑡
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑣 − 𝑣0
𝑣 − 𝑣0 = 𝑎𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
(ii) 1
2
𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
Consider a particle in motion with initial velocity 𝑣0 and constant acceleration 𝑎.
Let 𝑣 be the final velocity of the body at time 𝑡.
From graph,
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑣 − 𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐷
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝑙𝑒𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐴𝐶𝐷
1
𝑥 = [ × 𝐴𝐶 × 𝐵𝐶] + [𝑂𝐷 × 𝑂𝐴]
2
1
𝑥 = 𝑡(𝑣 − 𝑣0) + 𝑡𝑣0
But, 𝑣 − 𝑣0 = 𝑎𝑡 2
1
𝑥 = 𝑡(𝑎𝑡) + 𝑣0𝑡
2
1
𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡2 + 𝑣0𝑡
2
1
𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
2
(iii) 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 2𝑎𝑥
2 2

Consider a particle in motion with initial velocity 𝑣0 and constant acceleration 𝑎.

Let 𝑣 be the final velocity of the body at time 𝑡.
From graph,
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑣 − 𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐷
1
𝑥 = (𝑂𝐴 + 𝐵𝐷)𝐴𝐶
2
1
𝑥 = (𝑣0 + 𝑣)𝑡
2 𝑣−𝑣
0
But, 𝑣 − 𝑣0 = 𝑎𝑡 and 𝑡 =
𝑎
1 𝑣 − 𝑣0
𝑥 = (𝑣0 + 𝑣) ( )
2 2
1 (𝑣 − 𝑣0)2 𝑎
𝑥=
2 𝑎
2𝑎𝑥 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣20
𝑣2 − 𝑣20 = 2𝑎𝑥
𝑣2 = 𝑣20 + 2𝑎𝑥
Note: The set above equations were obtained by assuming that at 𝑡 = 0, the position of the Particle
𝑥 is 0 (zero).
When at 𝑡 = 0, If the position of the particle is at 𝑥0(𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜), then the equations are,

(i) 𝑣 = 𝑣0 1
2
+ 𝑎𝑡 (ii) 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑣0𝑡 + 𝑎 (iii) 𝑣2 = 𝑣0 2 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥0)
2

Free fall: An object released near the surface of the earth is accelerated downward under the
influence of the force of gravity. If the air resistance is neglected, then the motion of the body is
known as free fall.

Acceleration due to gravity: The acceleration produced in object due to gravity is called
acceleration due to gravity, denoted by 𝑔.
Free fall is an example for motion along a straight line under constant acceleration.
 Acceleration due to gravity is always a downward vector directed towards the centre of the
earth.
 The magnitude of 𝑔 is approximately 9 · 8𝑚𝑠2 near the surface of the earth.
 Acceleration due to gravity is the same for all freely falling bodies irrespective of their size,
shape and mass.
 The distance traversed by a body falling freely from rest during equal intervals of time are in
the ratio 1∶ 3∶ 5∶ 7∶...........this is known as Galileo’s law of ODD numbers.
Equations of motion under gravity: The motion of a freely falling body is in Y-direction. If we
take vertically upward as positive Y-axis, acceleration is along the negative Y-axis, therefore
𝑎 = −𝑔. Then, (i) 𝑣 = 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑡
1 2
(ii) 𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
(iii) 𝑣2 = 𝑣02 − 2𝑔𝑦
For freely falling body the initial velocity, 𝑣0 = 0. Then,
(i) 𝑣 = −𝑔𝑡

(ii) 𝑦 = − 1
𝑔𝑡2
2
(iii) 𝑣2 = −2𝑔𝑦
The 𝑎 − 𝑡 graph, 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph and 𝑦 − 𝑡 graph to a body released from rest at 𝑦 = 0 are as shown.

𝑎 − 𝑡 graph 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph 𝑦 − 𝑡 graph

Note: (i) Stopping distance: When breaks are applies to a moving vehicle, the distance travelled
before travelled before stopping is called stopping distance.
0
𝑑𝑠 = −𝑣2
2𝑎
It is an important factor for road safety and it depends on initial velocity and deceleration (−𝑎).

(ii) Reaction time: When a situation demands our immediate action, it takes some time before we
really respond this time is called reaction time.

Relative velocity: The relative velocity of body 𝐴 with respect to body 𝐵 is defined as the time
rate of change of displacement of 𝐴 with respect to 𝐵.

Explanation: Consider two bodies A and B moving with constant velocity 𝑣𝐴 and 𝑣𝐵 respectively,
along positive X-axis.
Let 𝑥𝐴(𝑡) and 𝑥𝐵(𝑡) be the position of 𝐴 and 𝐵 at any given instant of time 𝑡, then
𝑥𝐴(𝑡) = 𝑥𝐴(0) + 𝑣𝐴𝑡
𝑥𝐵(𝑡) = 𝑥𝐵(0) + 𝑣𝐵𝑡

Separation between 𝐴 and 𝐵 at time 𝑡 is, 𝑥𝐵(𝑡) − 𝑥𝐴(𝑡) = 𝑥𝐵(0) − 𝑥𝐴(0) + (𝑣𝐵 − 𝑣𝐴)𝑡
Here, 𝑥𝐵(0) − 𝑥𝐴(0) is the separation between 𝐴 and 𝐵 at 𝑡 = 0 and (𝑣𝐵 − 𝑣𝐴) is the time rate of
change of relative velocity of 𝐵 with respect to 𝐴, denoted by 𝑣𝐵𝐴.
Hence, 𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 − 𝑣𝐴
Similarly velocity of A with respect to B is 𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣𝐴 − 𝑣𝐵
and it can be shown that 𝑣𝐴𝐵 = −𝑣𝐵𝐴

Case(1): When two bodies move with the same velocity in

same direction, then 𝑣𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 and 𝑣𝐴 − 𝑣𝐵 = 0 and
𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 0,
Then two bodies appear at rest with respect to each other.
In this case relative velocity is minimum.

Case(2): When two bodies move in the same direction

with different velocities,
If 𝑣𝐴 > 𝑣𝐵 then 𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 and 𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.

Case(3): When two bodies move in different velocities or

same velocities in opposite direction.
The magnitude of the relative velocity of either of them with
respect to the other is equal to the sum of the magnitude of
their velocities.
𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 𝑣𝐴 + 𝑣𝐵
In this case relative velocity is maximum.
Problems:
1) A car is moving along a straight line. It moves O to P in 18 second covering a distance of 360m
and returns from P to Q in 6second by covering a distance of 120m. Calculate average velocity
and average speed of a car in going (a) from O to P (b) from O to P and back to Q.
Given
𝑂𝑃 = 360𝑚
𝑄𝑃 = 120𝑚
𝑂𝑄 = 𝑂𝑃 − 𝑄𝑃 = 360 − 120 = 240𝑚

(a) Avg. velocity 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

= (b) ) Avg. velocity
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑂𝑃 360 𝑂𝑄 240
𝑣= = = 20𝑚𝑠−1 𝑣= = = 10𝑚𝑠−1
𝑡 18 𝑡 24
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 360 + 120
Avg. speed = Avg. speed = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 24
360 480
Avg. speed = = 20𝑚𝑠−1 Avg. speed = = 20𝑚𝑠 −1

18 24

2) A car moving along a straight line takes 5 second to increase its velocity from 15𝑚𝑠−1 to
30𝑚𝑠−1. What is the acceleration of the car? Also calculate the distance travelled by the car in
5 second.
Given 𝑡 = 5𝑠, 𝑣0 = 15𝑚𝑠−1, 𝑣 = 30𝑚𝑠−1 , 𝑎 = ?, 𝑥 = ?
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 1 2
30 = 15 + 𝑎 × 5 𝑥 = 𝑣 0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
5𝑎 = 30 − 15 1 2
15 𝑥 = 15 × 5 + × 3 × 5
2
𝑎= = 3𝑚𝑠−2 75
5 𝑥 = 75 +
2
𝑥 = 75 + 37.5 = 112.5𝑚

3) A car moving along a straight road increases its velocity from 10𝑚𝑠−1 to 30𝑚𝑠−1 in 4 second.
Calculate (a) the acceleration of the car and
(b) the distance travelled by the car in 4 second.
Given 𝑣0 = 10𝑚𝑠−1, 𝑣 = 30𝑚𝑠−1, 𝑡 = 4𝑠, 𝑎 = ?, 𝑥 = ?
1 2
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
30 = 10 + 𝑎 × 4 1
𝑥 = 10 × 4 + × 5 × 42
4𝑎 = 30 − 10 2
20 80
𝑎= = 5𝑚𝑠−2 𝑥 = 40 +
2
4 𝑥 = 40 + 40 = 80𝑚

𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 1
𝑥 = 𝑣0 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2
0 = 20 + 𝑎 × 10 2
1
10𝑎 = −20 = 20 × 10 + −1× (−2) × 102
4 A truck −20
moving along a straight highway with a speed of 20𝑚𝑠2 is brought to rest in 10𝑠.
𝑎 =
What is the = −2𝑚𝑠−2 𝑥 = 200 − 100
10retardation of the truck? How far will the truck travel before it comes to rest?
Given 𝑣0 = 20𝑚𝑠−1, 𝑣 = 0𝑚𝑠−1, 𝑡 = 10𝑠, 𝑎 = ? , 𝑥 = ? 𝑥 = 100𝑚
 4) A player throws a ball upwards with an initial speed of 29.4𝑚𝑠−1
(a) What is the direction of acceleration during the upward motion of the ball?
(b) What is the velocity and acceleration at the highest point of its path?
(c) To what height does the ball rise and after how long does the ball returns to the player’s
hand?
Given 𝑣0 = 29.4𝑚𝑠−1
(a) The ball is moving under the gravity, so the direction of acceleration is vertically downwards
and towards the centre of the earth.
(b) At the highest point, 𝑣 = 0𝑚𝑠−1 and acceleration is equal to acceleration due to gravity,
𝑎 = 9.8𝑚𝑠−2
(c)
𝑣2 = 𝑣20 + 2𝑎𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
0 = (29.4)2 + 2 × (−9.8) × 𝑥 0 = 29.4 + (−9.8) × 𝑡
(29.4)2 29.4
𝑡= =3𝑠
𝑥= = 44.1𝑚 9.8
2 × (9.8)
Total time = time of ascent + time of decent = 3s +3s = 6s

5) A car is moving along a straight highway with a speed of 126kmph is brought to stop with in a
distance of 200m. What is the retardation of the car and how long does it take for the car to
stop?
Given 𝑣2 = 𝑣20 + 2𝑎𝑥
𝑣0 = 126𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ 0 = 352 + 2 × 𝑎 × 200

𝑣0 400𝑎 = −35 × 35
126 × 1000
3600 −1 −1 35 × 35
= 𝑚𝑠 = 35𝑚𝑠
𝑥 = 200𝑚 𝑎=− = −3.06 𝑚𝑠−2
400
𝑣 = 0𝑚𝑠−1
𝑎=?, 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑡 =? 0 = 35 + (−3.06) × 𝑡
35
𝑡= = 11.42
3.06

6) Two trains A and B of length 300m each are moving on two parallel tracks with an uniform
speed of 54kmph in the same direction, with the train A ahead of B. The driver of train B
decides to overtake A and accelerates by 2𝑚𝑠−2. If after 25s, the guard of train B just brushes
past the driver of A. What original distance between them?
Given 𝑙𝐴 = 300𝑚
𝑙𝐵 = 300𝑚 Distance travelled by B in 25s,
𝑣𝐴 = 54𝑘𝑚𝑝ℎ = 15𝑚𝑠−1 1 2
𝑣𝐵 = 15𝑚𝑠−1 𝑥𝐵 = 𝑣𝐵𝑡 + 𝑎 𝐵𝑡
2
𝑎𝐴 = 0𝑚𝑠 −2 1
𝑎𝐵 = 2𝑚𝑠−2 𝑥𝐵 = 15 × 25 + × 2 × 25 × 25
2
𝑡 = 25𝑠 𝑥𝐵 = 375 + 625 = 1000
Original distance, 𝑙 = ?
Distance travelled by A in 25s, Distance travelled by B in 25s,
1 𝑥𝐵 = 𝑙𝐵 + 𝑙 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑙𝐴
2
𝑥𝐴 = 𝑣𝐴𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝐴𝑡 1000 = 300 + 𝑙 + 375 + 300
𝑥𝐴 = 15 × 25 + 0 𝑥𝐴 = 375𝑚
1000 = 975 + 𝑙
𝑙 = 1000 − 975
= 25𝑚
7) The displacement (in metre) of a particle moving along x-axis is given by 𝑥 = 2𝑡2 +
3. Calculate (i) Average velocity between 𝑡 = 3 𝑠 and 𝑡 = 5 𝑠.
(ii) Instantaneous velocity at 𝑡 = 5 𝑠 and
(iii) Instantaneous acceleration.
Given 𝑥 = 2𝑡2 + 3

(i) Avg. velocity 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑥

= (ii) Instantaneous velocity, 𝑣=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑡
When 𝑡1 = 3 𝑠, 𝑥1 = 2(3)2 + 3 = 21 𝑚 𝑥 = 2𝑡2 + 3
When 𝑡2 = 5 𝑠, 𝑥2 = 2(5)2 + 3 = 53 𝑚 𝑑𝑥
𝑣= = 2(2)𝑡 + 0 = 4𝑡
𝑥 −𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Average velocity =
2 1 𝑑𝑥
53 − 21 32 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 −1 When 𝑡 = 5 𝑠, 𝑣 = = 4(5) = 20 𝑚𝑠−1
𝑣̅ = = = 16 𝑚𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
5−3 2 (iii) Instantaneous acceleration, 𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = 4𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= = 4 𝑚𝑠−2
𝑑𝑡
8) Obtain equations of motion for constant acceleration using method of calculus.
𝑑𝑣
(i) By definition, 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝑣 𝑡

Integrating both sides, ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑡

𝑣0 0
[𝑣]𝑣 = 𝑎[𝑡]𝑡
𝑣0 0
𝑣 − 𝑣 0 = 𝑎 [𝑡 − 0 ]
𝑣 − 𝑣0 = 𝑎𝑡
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡

(ii) Now, we have 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑡

Integrating both sides, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡

𝑥 𝑡 𝑥0 0

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑥0

0 2 𝑡
[𝑥]𝑥 = [𝑣 𝑡]𝑡 + 𝑎 [ 𝑡 ]
𝑥0 0 0
2
0
1
(𝑥 − 𝑥0) = 𝑣0𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡2
2

(iii) we have, 𝑎 = 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
= ·
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑎=
𝑑𝑥 · 𝑣
𝑎 · 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 · 𝑑𝑣
𝑥 𝑣
Integrating on both sides, ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑥0 𝑣0
 2 𝑣
[𝑎𝑥]𝑥 = [ 𝑣 ]
𝑥0
2 𝑣
0

𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥0) 1
= (𝑣2 − 𝑣02)
2
2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥0) = (𝑣2 − 𝑣20)
𝑣2 = 𝑣20 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥0)

Suggested Questions.
One mark.
1) When will the magnitude of displacement equal to the path length?
2) Define average speed.
3) Define instantaneous speed.
4) Define instantaneous velocity.
5) Define average velocity.
6) Define acceleration.
7) What is retardation?
8) What is the acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity?
9) What does the slope of position-time graph represent?
10) What does the slope of velocity-time graph represent?
11) Draw v-t graph for motion in uniform acceleration.

Two marks.
1) Distinguish between distance travelled and displacement of a particle.
2) Distinguish between speed and velocity.
3) Define uniform velocity and uniform acceleration.
4) What is position time graph? Draw 𝑥 − 𝑡 graph for an object at rest.
5) Draw position time graph for (a) a particle at rest,(b) a body moving with uniform velocity.
6) Draw the position time graph of a particle moving with
a) Positive acceleration. b) Negative acceleration.
7) Draw v-t graph for body moving in uniform acceleration.
8) Define relative velocity. When will the relative velocity of two bodies be zero?
9) Define relative velocity with an example.

Three marks.
1) Write the significance of v-t graph.
2) Derive the equation 𝑣 = 𝑣0 + 𝑎𝑡 with usual notation by using v-t graph.
3) Define relative velocity. When does the relative velocity become maximum and minimum
if two particles are moving along a straight line?

Five marks.
1) What is v-t graph? Derive the equation 𝑣2 = 𝑣20 + 2𝑎𝑥 with usual notation by using v-t graph.
2) What is v-t graph? Derive the equation 1
𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
with usual notation by using v-t graph.
2
 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
Additional Problems:
1) The displacement of the particle moving along x-axis is given by 𝑥 = 3𝑡3 − 5𝑡2 + 1 where x is
in metre and t is in second. Calculate
(i) Instantaneous velocity at 𝑡 = 2 𝑠
(ii) Instantaneous acceleration at 𝑡 = 3 𝑠
2) A body is thrown up with velocity of 78.4 𝑚𝑠−1. Find how high it will rise and how much
time it will take to return to its point of projection.
3) A ball thrown vertically upwards and it reaches a height of 90 𝑚. Find the velocity with
which it was thrown and the height reached by the ball 7 second after it was thrown?
4) A body travelling with an initial velocity 36 𝑚𝑠−1 comes to rest after travelling 90 𝑚.
Assuming the retardation to be uniform, find its value. What time does it take to cover that
distance?
5) A car is moving along a straight highway with a speed of 108 𝑘𝑚 ℎ𝑟−1 is brought to stop with
a distance 200 𝑚. What is the retardation of the car? And how long does it take for the car to
stop?
6) A car travels a distance from A to B at a speed of 40 𝑘𝑚 ℎ𝑟−1 and returns to A at the speed of
30 𝑘𝑚 ℎ𝑟−1. What is the average speed for the whole journey?
7) The breaks are applied to a car travelling at 30 𝑚𝑠−1. Its velocity reduced to 20 𝑚𝑠−1 in 5
𝑠. Calculate the distance covered in those 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠.
8) The position of an object moving along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is given by 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑡2 where 𝑎 = 8.5 𝑚,
𝑏 = 2.5 𝑚 𝑠−2 and 𝑡 is measured in seconds. What is its velocity at 𝑡 = 0 𝑠 and 𝑡 = 2.0 𝑠.
What is the average velocity between 𝑡 = 2.0 𝑠 and = 4.0 𝑠 ?

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