Tag Questions

The basic structure of a tag question is:

Positive statement Negative tag
Snow is white, isn't it?
Negative statement Positive tag
You don't like me, do you?

3) Tag Question Special Cases

a) Negative adverbs
The adverbs never, rarely, seldom, hardly, barely and scarcely have a negative sense.
Positivestatementtreated as negative statement positive tag
He never came again, did he?
She can rarely come these days, can she?
You hardly ever came late, did you?
I barely know you, do I?
b) Imperatives
Open the door, will you?
Don’t speak like that, will you?
c) Suggestions
Let’s dance, shall we?
d) This, that, these, those
This is great, isn’t it?
That’s a nice dress, isn’t it?
These pancakes are delicious, aren’t they?
Those are quite fresh, aren’t they?
e) Everybody, somebody, nobody, anybody
Everybody likes her, don’t they?
Nobody knew the answer, did they? (Negative statements with positive tag)
Anybody could do that, couldn’t they?
Somebody should do something about this, shouldn’t they?

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 f) Everything, something, nothing, anything
Nothing could disturb her, could it?
g) Aren’t I?
I’m late, aren’t I?
h) There is/there are
There is something you want to say, isn’t there?
There weren’t any policemen at the demonstration, were there?

Can Could Vs Was / Were able to

1. To talk about an ability in the present, we use “can” or “be able to”
I can / am able to speak 2 languages.
He can / is able to swim.
My brother isn't able to drive a car
2. However to talk about a general ability in the past, we use “could” or “was / were able to”.
I could / was able to run very fast.
I could / was able to jump so high.
3. If we talk about a specific success in the past, we should only use “was / were able to”.
Since the exam was difficult only a few students could / were able to pass it.
Compare
Mozart could / was able to compose little pieces of music even when he was 5.
(General ability)

We were able to reach the top of the hill before it got dark yesterday.
(Specific success in the past)
Attention: The verb managed, succeeded (in -ing) are also possible in this case.
After climbing for several hours, we were able to get to the top of the mountain. OR
After climbing for several hours, we managed to get to the top of the mountain. OR
After climbing for several hours, we succeeded in getting to the top of the mountain.
4. There is no difference between them when used in a negative sentence.
Because of the great financial difficulties, John couldn't / wasn't able to finish his university
education.

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In spite of climbing for hours, we couldn’t get to the top of the mountain. OR In spite of climbing for
hours, we weren’t able to get to the top of the mountain.

PRACTICE

A. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C, or D) that best completes the sentence or substitutes for
the underlined word or phrase.
1. You will not succeed .......................... working hard.
a. unless b. without c. if d. although
2. It was raining very ............. so I took my umbrella.
a. wet b. badly c. hard d. firmly
3. I .............. do that if I were you.
a. won’t b. shan’t c. wouldn’t d. don’t
4. You may borrow as many books as you like provided you show them to ...............
is at the desk.
a. who b whom c. whoever d. which
5. I wish you ............. stop interrupting me whenever I speak.
a. did b. would c. might d. will
6. I wish I ........ more about the logistics of the expedition.
a. would know b. knew c. know d. can know
7. The little girl ............. when she fell.
a. hurt himself b. hurt herself c. has hurt d. hurt
8. Listen to what I am saying, ............................?
a. don’t you b. do you c. did you d. will you
9. .................. this medicine, and you’ll be well again.
a. Have b. Drink c. Eat d. Take
10. Yoko feels .................. again after her illness but she still cannot work ............. .
a. strong/ hardly b. strongly/ hard c. strongly/ hardly d. strong/ hard

B. Add the tag question:

1. She’s from a small town in China, ________________ ?
2. They aren’t on their way already, ________________ ?
3. We’re late again, ________________ ?
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 4. I’m not the person with the tickets, ________________ ?
5. Julie isn’t an accountant, ________________ ?
6. The weather is really bad today, ________________ ?
7. He’s very handsome, ________________ ?
8. They aren’t in Mumbai at the moment, ________________ ?
9. You aren’t from Brazil, ________________ ?
10. John’s a very good student, ________________ ?
11. I like chocolate very much, ________________ ?
12. She doesn’t work in a hotel, ________________ ?
13. They need some new clothes, ________________ ?
14. We live in a tiny flat, ________________ ?
15. She studies very hard every night, ________________?
16. David and Julie don’t take Chinese classes, ________________ ?
17. I often come home late, ________________ ?
18. You don’t like spicy food, ________________ ?
19. She doesn’t cook very often, ________________ ?
20. We don’t watch much TV, ________________ ?

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C. Complete the sentences with a suitable question tag. Use contractions where possible.
1) Oh no! They're vegetarians, ........................... ? And I've made a chicken casserole!

2) Your sister couldn't give me a lift, ...........................? My car won't start.

3) The flight from Paris arrives at ten o'clock, ........................... ?
4) Let's go out tonight, ........................... ?
5) You will remember to get some petrol before you set off, ........................... ?
6) There weren't any mistakes in my essay, ........................... ?
7) Don't forget to turn off the computer before you leave, ........................... ?
8) Everybody enjoyed Tom's party, ........................... ?
9) Everybody's gone home, ...........................?
10) Nobody here speaks French, ...........................?
11) Nobody phoned, ...........................?
12) That's no excuse, ...........................?
13) Let's go for a walk, ...........................?
14) Nothing ever changes, ...........................?
15) I hardly smoke anymore, ...........................?

D. Choose the correct answer.

1) Can’t / Could ? Can you hear the fireworks from your house last night?
2) Do you think you have been able to / will be able to /couldn’t write that report by Tuesday? I know
you’re very busy.
3) I will be able to / could / can touch my toes. See!
4) I can’t / couldn’t / have been able to spend another moment in that restaurant. It was too noisy.
5) I can / to be able to / can’t never seem to get the temperature right.
6) Will you be able to / To be able to / Couldn’t play professional tennis, you must be extremely fit.
7) Couldn’t / Can / To be able to you play an instrument?
8) I'm afraid I won’t be able to / can / will be able to attend the meeting. I’m on business in Japan.
9) Cannot / Couldn’t / Will be able to you have brought it to me at work?
10) They was able to / were able to / could save the men from the sinking ship.

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E. Choose the correct answer
1. __________ speak a foreign language is always useful when you go abroad.
A. Be able to B. Being able to C. Can D. I can
2. I __________ touch my toes since I started drinking beer.
A. can't B. am not able to
C. couldn't D. haven't been able to
3. You must __________ swim if you want to come on the boating holiday with us.
A. can B. be able to C. to be able to D. will be able to
4. There was a fire in his office but he __________ escape through a window.
A. can B. could C. could to D. was able to
5. My grandfather was an excellent athlete. He __________ run a mile in just over four minutes.
A. can B. could C. couldn't D. was able to
6. The doctor says he will never __________ play tennis again after his accident.
A. can B. could C. be able to D. to be able to
7. After his car crashed he was so confused that he __________ tell the police who he was or where he
was going.
A. could B. couldn't C. didn't could D. was able to
8. I live alone because I like __________ come and go as I please.
A. I can B. to can C. being able D. to be able to
9. I had saved up enough money so I __________ gone on holiday, but I decided to paint my flat
instead.
A. can have B. was able to C. could have D. was able to have
10. The police ran after the burglar, but she __________ get away from them.
A. was able to B. could C. has been able to D. was being able to
11. The car fell into the river. The workers _____ get it out but the driver was dead.
A. were able to B. could C. has been able to D. was being able to
12. When I was younger I _____ stay up all night and did not get tired
A. could B. was able to C. can D. am not able to
13. My son will never ______ to play the piano
A. is able to B. be able to C. could D. can
14. Before he had the car accident, he _____ run very fast.
A. could B. can C. were able to D. didn't could

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15. They _________ go. The weather was too bad.
A. couldn't B. wasn't able to C. can't D. didn’t able to
16. We _________ go to the party. We're going to a wedding.
A. couldn't B. won't be able to C. will can't D. be able to
17. The fishing boat sank but luckily all the crew _________ save themselves.
A. were able to B. could C. wasn't able to D. can
18. I would like to _________ play the piano.
A. be able to B. could C. am able to D. can
19. He __________ pass the exam if he studied harder.
A. can B. will be able to C. would be able to D. was able to
20. I haven't __________ concentrate recently at work. I don't know what it is.
A. could B. been able to C. can D. am able to

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 Unit 11

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 PASSIVE VOICE

Changing from Active into Passive

Remember
1. By + doer/agent is omitted when the agent is unknown, unimportant or words such as
someone, people, I, they, etc.
Active: They will give more information soon.
Passive: More information will be given soon.
Tom’s bike has been stolen. (unknown agent)
I was advised to apply for a visa in advance. (unimportant agent)
2. When the doer or agent of the action is an instrument, we use WITH.
Compare
The bird was shot by the hunter.
The bird was shot with the gun.
3. The position of adverbs
a. Adverbs of place stand before by + doer/agent
Active: Her children are carrying the table into the house.
Passive: The table is being carried into the house by her children.
b. Adverbs of time stand after by+doer/agent.
Active: Dr. Kim will read this report at the conference at 8 a.m.
Passive: This report will be read at the conference by Dr. Kim at 8 a.m.

4. Adverbs of by + Adverbs of
place Agent time

c. Adverbs of manner usually stand between BE and PAST PARTICIPLE.

Active: The manager has treated them badly.
Passive: They have been badly treated by the manager.

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 Verbs with Two Objects
If there are two object in the Active sentence, either of them may become the Subject in
the Passive sentence.
Active: Mary gave me a nice gift yesterday.
S V O1 O2
Passive: I was given a nice gift by Mary yesterday
S (be + PP) O O
A nice gift was give (to) me by Mary yesterday.
S (be +PP) O O
More examples
They told me the truth yesterday.
-> I was told the truth yesterday.
-> The truth was told (to) me yesterday.
He may give you the result soon.
-> You may be given the result soon.
-> The result may be given (to) you soon.

Passive with Preposition

When we put an active sentence, where a preposition follows after the verb (e.g. break into,
look after, listen to), into passive – the preposition remains immediately after the verb.
Active sentence Passive sentence
Someone broke into the pet shop. The pet shop was broken into.
They looked for the baby. The baby was looked for.
Someone shouts at the man. The man is shouted at.
They listen to the music. Music is listened to.

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 PRACTICE
A. Change these sentences from active to passive
1. People speak Portuguese in Brazil.
_______________________________________________________________
2. The Government is planning a new road near my house.
_______________________________________________________________
3. My grandfather built this house in 1943.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Picasso was painting Guernica at that time.
_______________________________________________________________
5. The cleaner has cleaned the office.
_______________________________________________________________
6. He had written three books before 1867.
_______________________________________________________________
7. John will tell you later.
_______________________________________________________________
8. By this time tomorrow we will have signed the deal.
_______________________________________________________________
9. Somebody should do the work.
_______________________________________________________________
10. The traffic might have delayed Jimmy.
_______________________________________________________________
11. Everybody loves Mr. Brown.
_______________________________________________________________
12. They are building a new stadium near the station.
_______________________________________________________________
13. The wolf ate the princess.
_______________________________________________________________
14. At six o’clock someone was telling a story.
_______________________________________________________________
15. Somebody has drunk all the milk!
_______________________________________________________________

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16. I had cleaned all the windows before the storm.
_______________________________________________________________
17. A workman will repair the computer tomorrow.
_______________________________________________________________
18. By next year the students will have studied the passive.
_______________________________________________________________
19. James might cook dinner.
_______________________________________________________________
20. Somebody must have taken my wallet.
_______________________________________________________________

B. Fill in “BY” or “WITH”

1. This suit was designed ........... Armani.
2. This cake is filled ........... fresh cream.
3. Who was Australia discovered ........... ?
4. Ford cars are made ........... experts.
5. The baby was covered ........... a blanket.
6. “Carmen” was composed ........... Bizet.
7. The coat was lined ........... fur.
8. The food will be provided ........... caterers.
9. The stew was flavoured ........... garlic.
10. The Royal wedding was watched ........... millions.

C. Change these sentences from active to passive

1. John gave a bar of chocolate to Jill.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
2. I lent a pencil to Graham.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
3. Fiona told the truth to Julian.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
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4. They offered the job to Simon.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
5. The boss showed the new computer to Anna.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
6. Julie taught the grammar to the students.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
7. I sent the email to John.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
8. Lucy threw the ball to the child.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
9. Sophia sold the car to a doctor.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________
10. I asked the question to David.
a:________________________________________________________________
b:________________________________________________________________

D. Fill in the blanks with suitable active and passive verb forms.
1. This house ———————- in 1970 by my grandfather.
a) built b) was built c) was build d) has built
2. The robbers ————————- by the police.
a) have arrested b) have been arrested c) was arrested d) had arrested
3. We ———————- for the examination.
a) have preparing b) are preparing c) had preparing d) have been prepared
4. It ——————— since yesterday.
a) is raining b) has been raining c) have been raining d) was raining
5. I ————————- for five hours.
a) have been working b) has been working c) was working d) am working
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6. The students ———————- to submit their reports by the end of this week.
a) have asked b) are asked c) has asked d) are asking
7. She ————————- for a while.
a) are ailing b) is ailing c) has been ailing d) have been ailing
8. The teacher ——————— the student for lying.
a) has been punished b) punished c) is punished d) was punished
9. I ——————— to become a successful writer.
a) have always wanted b) am always wanted
c) was always wanted d) am always wanting
10. The inmates of the juvenile home ———————– well by their caretakers.
a) were not being treated b) were not treating
c) have not being treated d) was not being treated
11. As the patient could not walk he ———————– home in a wheel chair.
a) has carried b) has been carried
c) was carried d) was carrying
12. The injured ———————- to the hospital in an ambulance.
a) were taking b) was taking c) were taken d) have taken

E. Change these sentences from active to passive

1. Nobody spoke to me.
.................................................................................................................................................
2. Somebody is asking for Peter on the phone.
..................................................................................................................................................
3. They always refer to Alexander the Great as a fine general.
..................................................................................................................................................
4. Everybody was talking about the extraordinary weather.
..................................................................................................................................................
5. We are looking for new business premises.
..................................................................................................................................................
6. The government paid for my education.
..................................................................................................................................................
7. Creditors took over the family business.
..................................................................................................................................................

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8. They make up a football team among their classmates.
..................................................................................................................................................
9. An old servant looks after the house.
..................................................................................................................................................
10. You must write down everything I say.
..................................................................................................................................................
11. Did the captain of the ship send put an S.O.S?
..................................................................................................................................................
12. They have put off their wedding for six months.
..................................................................................................................................................
13. One doesn't speak of private affairs in company.
..................................................................................................................................................
14. The landlord himself waited on us at dinner.
..................................................................................................................................................
15. Somebody has rubbed out the date on this exercise.
..................................................................................................................................................
16. A waiter poured out coffee and gave it to us.
..................................................................................................................................................
17. The firm breaks up old ships for scrap metal.
..............................................................................................................................................
18. People generally tear up old letters after a while.
..................................................................................................................................................
19. The police are looking into these suspicious circumstances.
..................................................................................................................................................
20. People usually tie up a parcel with string.
..................................................................................................................................................

F. Change this direct speech into reported speech:

1. “He works in a bank”
She said___________________________________________________________
2. “We went out last night”
She told me________________________________________________________

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3. “I’m coming!”
She said___________________________________________________________
4. “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”
She told me________________________________________________________
5. “ I’d never been there before”
She said___________________________________________________________
6. “I didn’t go to the party”
She told me________________________________________________________
7. “Lucy’ll come later”
She said___________________________________________________________
8. “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”
She told me________________________________________________________
9. “I can help you tomorrow”
She said _______________________________________________________
10. “You should go to bed early”
She told me________________________________________________________
11. “I don’t like chocolate”
She told me________________________________________________________
12. “I won’t see you tomorrow”
She said___________________________________________________________
13. “She’s living in Paris for a few months”
She said___________________________________________________________
14. “I visited my parents at the weekend”
She told me________________________________________________________
15. “She hasn’t eaten sushi before”
She said___________________________________________________________
16. “I hadn’t travelled by underground before I came toLondon”
She said___________________________________________________________
17. “They would help if they could”
She said___________________________________________________________
18. “I’ll do the washing-up later”
She told me________________________________________________________

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19. “He could read when he was three”
She said___________________________________________________________
20. “I was sleeping when Julie called”
She said___________________________________________________________
G. Rewrite the underlined expressions and use better verb forms
1. I am going to the cinema tonight. - Yes? I am joining you.
....................................................................................................................................................
2. Announcement: The new supermarket is going to open on 1 May.
....................................................................................................................................................
3. Why are you wearing the swimsuit? - I take a bath.
....................................................................................................................................................
4. Can you see the grey sky? It is snowing soon.
....................................................................................................................................................
5. I must go now. I play tennis with Greg tonight
....................................................................................................................................................
6. Hurry up. The train is leaving in ten minutes.
....................................................................................................................................................
7. Why aren't you learning for the test? You fail tomorrow.
....................................................................................................................................................
H. Put the verb in the brackets into the correct future form:
1. I love London. I (probably / go)............................................. there next year.
2. What (wear / you) ............................................. at the party tonight?
3. I haven't made up my mind yet. But I think I (find) ......................................... something nice in my
mum's wardrobe.
4. I completely forget about this. Give me a moment, I (do) ..........................................it now.
5. Tonight, I (stay) ............................................. home. I've rented a video.
6. I feel dreadful. I (be) .............................................sick.
7. If you have any problem, I (help) ............................................. you.
8. The weather forecast says it (not/ rain) ............................................. tomorrrow
9. I promise that I (not/come) ............................................. late.
10. Look at those clouds. It (rain) ............................................. now.
9. I promise that I (not/ come) .............................................late.
10. Look at those clouds. It (rain) .............................................now.

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 Unit 12

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 PASSIVE VOICE (continue)

Passive infinitive
Examples
I am expecting to be given a pay-rise next month.
She is hoping to be elected president.
The carpet needs to be washed.

The doors should be shut at might.

This window may be opened but that one must stay closed.
Alice could be given a prize for her artwork.

Passive gerund
Examples
I don’t like being cheated.
He remembers being given the book.
I hate being lied to.
He complained of having been unjustly accused.

Passive of verbs of perception

(see, watch, hear, listen, feel, smell, notice, observe, etc.)

Subject see, hear, etc. object do

doing

Examples
I saw my friend run down the street.
I saw my friend running down the street.

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 Note:
Be careful with the use of TO –INFINITIVE in the passive constructions of verbs of
perception
Examples
I saw the burglars climb over the fence
The burglars were seen to climb over the fence.

Passive of MAKE and LET

- Be careful with the use of TO –INFINITIVE in the passive constructions of MAKE

They made Jack rewrite the composition.
Jack was made to rewrite the composition.

- LET turns into BE ALLOWED TO in the passive.

Her parents let her stay out till midnight.

She was allowed to stay out till midnight.

Passive voice with reporting verbs

(believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, etc.)
It passive verb (that) clause
Subject passive verb to –infinitive

Doctors expect he will recover soon.

It is expected (that) he will recover soon.
He is expected to recover soon.

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 a) The reporting and the reported event happen in the same time frame: to + bare infinitive /
to be + verb-ing

They say (that) my son’s football is very strict

coach
It is said (that) my son’s football is very strict
coach

My son’s is said to be very strict.

football coach

They believe (that) J.K Rowling is writing a new book

It is believed (that) J.K Rowling is writing a new book
J.K Rowling is believed to be writing a new book

Everybody thought (that) Paul was in the house

It was thought (that) Paul was in the house
Paul was thought to be in the house

They reported (that Vincent was staying in Paris at that

) time
It was reported (that Vincent was staying in Paris at that
) time

Vincent was reported to be staying in Paris at that

time

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 b) The reported event happens before the reporting: to + have + past participle / to + have
been + verb-ing

They believe (that) he has never at anyone

smiled
It is believed (that) he has never at anyone
smiled
He is believed never to have smiled at anyone

They believe (that) he never smiled at anyone

It is believed (that) he never smiled at anyone
He is believed never to have smiled at anyone

They know (that) she has been songs for years

writing
It is known (that) she has been songs for years
writing
She is known to have been songs for years
writing

They think (that) the forger was living in Florence then

It is thought (that) the forger was living in Florence then
The forger is thought to have been in Florence then
living

They assumed (that) Lucy had left the day before

It was assumed (that) Lucy had left the day before
Lucy was assumed to have left the day before

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 Everybody thought (that) the had been for days
organizers preparing
It was thought (that) the had been for days
organizers preparing
The organizers were thought to have been for days
preparing

Causative form

Subject + have + someone + do something

Subject + get + someone + to do something

Subject + have + something + done

Subject + get + something + done
I had the electrician look at my broken light.
I got the electrician to look at my broken light.
I had / got my broken light looked at

PRACTICE
A Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.
1.My father waters this flower every morning.
.............................................................................................................................................
2.John invited Fiona to his birthday party last night.
.............................................................................................................................................
3.Her mother is preparing the dinner in the kitchen.
.............................................................................................................................................
4.We should clean our teeth twice a day.
.............................................................................................................................................
5.Our teachers have explained the English grammar.
.............................................................................................................................................

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6.Some drunken drivers caused the accident in this city.
.............................................................................................................................................
7.Tom will visit his parents next month.
.............................................................................................................................................
8.The manager didn’t phone the secretary this morning.
.............................................................................................................................................
9.Did Mary buy this beautiful dress?
.............................................................................................................................................
10.I won’t hang these old pictures in the living room.
.............................................................................................................................................
11.The German didn’t build this factory during the Second World War.
.............................................................................................................................................
12.The Greens are going to paint this house and these cars for Christmas Day.
.............................................................................................................................................
13.Ann had fed the cats before she went to the cinema.
.............................................................................................................................................
14.The students have discussed the pollution problems since last week.
.............................................................................................................................................
15.Have the thieves stolen the most valuable painting in the national museum?
.............................................................................................................................................
16.Some people will interview the new president on TV.
.............................................................................................................................................
17.How many languages do they speak in Canada?
.............................................................................................................................................
18.Are you going to repair those shoes?
.............................................................................................................................................
19.He has broken his nose in a football match.
.............................................................................................................................................
20.Have you finished the above sentences?
.............................................................................................................................................

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B Circle the correct answers
1. Instead of exciting / being excited / to excite / to be excited about the good news, Tom seemed
to be indifferent.
2. The new students hope including / being included / to include / to be included in many of the
school's social activities.
3. Jack got into trouble when he refused opening / being opened / to open / to be opened his
briefcase for the customs officer.
4. Barbara didn't mention concerning / being concerned / to concern / to be concerned about her
progress report at work, but I'm sure she is.
5. You'd better save you some money for a rainy day. You can't count on rescuing / being

rescued / to rescue / to be rescued by your parents every time you get into financial difficulty.

6. Please forgive me. I didn't mean upsetting / being upset / to upset / to be upset you.

C Fill in the gaps with the correct passive forms

1. I don’t like ..................................... (laugh at).
2. Sam remembers ..................................... (tell about) the party.
3. His greatest ambition is ..................................... (choose) to take part in the Olympics.
4. ..................................... (accept) for that course changed my life.
5. The children are looking forward to ...................... (film) for that television programme.
6. I hate .....................................(ask) my age.
7. He was a difficult child, probably due to ..................................... (look after) by a series of different
foster parents.
8 . He doesn’t respond very well to ..................................... (ask) to do things.
9.The rest of the money wanted.....................................( send) to his parents.
10. He always insisted on .....................................(call) Dr.Tuner instead of Mr. Turner.
11. The bird was lucky that it just missed.....................................(catch)
12. Please excuse my coming in without.....................................( invite).
13. No one can prevent the plan from..................................... (carry out)
14. This page needs.....................................(check) again.
15. When he heard the bad news, he stood there ..................................... (surprise)

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16. Anne hopes ..................................... (invite) to join the private club. She could make important
business contact there.
17. People like.....................................(congratulate) when they have worked hard.

D Rewrite the following sentences.

1. She admitted that she had taken the necklace.
-> She admitted ……………………………………………
2. I don’t intend to tell you my plans. (intend: có ý định)
-> I have no intention……………………………………………
3. “You’ve stolen my money, Tam”
-> She accused Tam of……………………………………………….
4. Long found it difficult to concentrate on her lesson because of noise.
-> Long had difficulty…………………………………………………………
5. “I’m sorry I broke your glass” Hai said.
-> Hai apologized for……………………………………….
6. He tried to escape but the police stopped him.
-> The police prevented him from………………………….
7. John began playing the piano ten years ago.
-> John has………………………………………….
8. I can’t possibly work in all this noise!
-> It is impossible…………………………………………
9. Susan regrets not buying that house.
-> Susan wishes……………………………………………..
10. Smoking is not allowed on the public buses.
-> They don’t ………………………………………………….

E Put the verbs in brackets into the –ing form or the infinitive without TO.
1. I watched her get up (get up) and walk slowly out of the room.
2. I heard the phone ………………… (ring) twice then stop.
3. Tim saw Jill …………… (stand) outside the butcher’s as he was driving to work.
4. Jane stopped to watch the river ………………… (flow) down the mountainside.
5. Listen to the wind ………………… (blow) through the trees.
6. We heard the workmen ………… (drill) in the road as we were eating breakfast.
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 7. The witness saw the burglar …………… (break into) the house and steal the TV.
8. Listen to her ……………… (sing) the song and then tell us what you think of it.

F Rewrite each sentence so that the meaning stays the same.

1. People think that neither side wanted war.
Neither side is ...................................................................................................
2. People say that fewer than 1,000 blue whales survive in the southern hemisphere.
Fewer ................................................................................................................
3. Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you.
Eating fruit ........................................................................................................
4. People consider that one in three bathing beaches is unfit for swimming.
One in three bathing beaches ............................................................................
5. At least 130,000 dolphins are reported to be caught in the nets of tuna fishers every year.
It is ....................................................................................................................
6. It is estimated that in the past 15 years about 10 million dolphins have been killed.
About 10 million dolphins ...............................................................................
7. In ancient Greece people thought dolphins were men who had abandoned life on land.
In ancient Greece it ..........................................................................................
8. In ancient Rome it was believed that dolphins carried souls to heaven.
In ancient Rome dolphins ................................................................................
9. People say that the company invested fifty million pounds last week.
The company ....................................................................................................
10. People say Mr. Clark was difficult to work with when he was younger.
Mr. Clark ...........................................................................................................
11. Someone has calculated that the water of the River Rhine contains over 2,000 chemicals.
It .......................................................................................................................
12. Everyone thought the painting had been destroyed in the fire.
The painting ......................................................................................................
13. It is believed that the Chinese invented gunpowder.
The Chinese ......................................................................................................
14. About 1 million papers are thought to have been sold.
People ...............................................................................................................

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15. It is thought that the two injured men were repairing high-tension cable.
The two .............................................................................................................
16. We hope that the government has prepared a plan.
The government ................................................................................................
17. People say that Mr. Bond was having business difficulties when he was charged with fraud.
Mr. Bond ............................................................................................................
18. It is thought that this treasure dates from the 19th century.
This treasure ......................................................................................................
19. People believe that a professional thief stole the painting.
It .......................................................................................................................

G. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1.I had my nephew paint the gate last week.
.......................................................................................................................................................
2.She will have Peter wash her car tomorrow.
.......................................................................................................................................................
3.They have her tell the story again.
.......................................................................................................................................................
4.John gets his sister to clean his shirt.
.......................................................................................................................................................
5.Anne had had a friend type her composition.
.......................................................................................................................................................
6.Rick will have a barber cut his hair.
.......................................................................................................................................................
7.I will get the dressmaker to make a new dress.
.......................................................................................................................................................
8.He had a mechanic repair his car.
.......................................................................................................................................................
9.She often gets the technician to maintain the heater.
.......................................................................................................................................................
10.They had the police arrest the shoplifter.
.......................................................................................................................................................

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11.Are you going to have the shoemaker repair your shoes?
.......................................................................................................................................................
12.I must have the dentist check my teeth.
.......................................................................................................................................................
13.She will have a veterinary surgeon examine her dog.
.......................................................................................................................................................
14.We had a man take this photograph when we were on holiday last summer.
.......................................................................................................................................................
15.The Greens had a carpet cleaner clean their carpet.
.......................................................................................................................................................

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 Unit 13

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 CONDITIONALS

1 Zero conditional: general truth or habit in the present or in the past

If-clause Main Clause

Present tense Present tense
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, It boils
If I get up early, I usually do morning exercise.
If John is cursing, it means that he is very angry.
Past tense Past tense
If I got home late, my mom scolded me.
Last year, if I got up early, I usually did morning exercise.

NOTE
- In this type of conditional, we can use when instead of if.
If / When John is cursing, it means that he is very angry.

2 First conditional: probable in the present or future

If-clause Main clause

Present tense // Present Continuous Will, can, may, might, must, will have to, should + Vo //
// Present Perfect // Should Imperative (Do this // Don’t do that)

If the taxi doesn’t come soon, I’ll drive you myself.

If you like, we can watch a film
If you are nice to me, I may buy you a gift when I'm in Peru.
If they train a little harder, they might win the match.
If he doesn’t come soon, we must / will have to leave without him.
you should take a boat trip on the river.
If you ever go to Chicago,

If you don’t have enough books, buy them in the nearby bookstore!

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 If you drink, don't drive.
If you’re looking for Molly, you’ll find her upstairs in her room

If I have finished writing my paper I’ll go out with my friends.

by tonight,

If you should see Kate, say hi from me.

Shoud you see Kate, say hi from me.

3 Second conditional: unreal in the present or future

If-clause Main clause

Simple past // Past continuous // were to + Would // Could // Might + Vo
Vo
I don’t know the answer. If I knew the answer,
I don’t live by the sea. If I lived by the sea, I would tell you

If he was/were taller, I would be lying on the beach right now.

he would make a good basketball player.

If I were you, I would stop smoking.

Were I you.

If no one was late, we could start the meeting

If you asked George, he might be able to help you.

It is raining. If it wasn’t raining, we would have lunch outside.

If he proposed, what would you say?

If he were to propose, what would you say?
Were he to propose, what would you say?
4 Third conditional: unreal in the past

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 If-clause Main clause
had + past part. // Past perfect continuous // would have / could have / might have + past
were to have + past part. part.
The driver did not fasten the seat belt. If the
driver had fastened the seat belt, he would probably have survived the accident.
If I had had the right tools, I could have fixed my bike.

If the weather had been worse, they might not have reached the top.
If I hadn’t been working all day, I would have gone jogging.

If he had asked me, I would have said yes.

Had he asked me, I would have said yes.
If he were to have asked me, I would have said yes.
Were he to have asked me, I would have said yes.

PRACTICE

A. Change the sentences from the passive into the active.

1. Why was James asked to leave the club?
...........................................................................................................................................................
2. They love being invited to parties.
...........................................................................................................................................................
3. The best cream cakes are made by Sayers.
...........................................................................................................................................................
4. By the end of the party all the food had been eaten.
...........................................................................................................................................................
5. Sanchez was beaten by Graff in the Women’s Tennis Final.
...........................................................................................................................................................
6. My glasses must have been thrown away by mistake.
...........................................................................................................................................................
7. The building is being examined by Health and Safety experts this week.
...........................................................................................................................................................
8. Who was the television invented by?

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 ...........................................................................................................................................................
9. She was heard complaining about the new timetable.
...........................................................................................................................................................
10. She was sent a telegram by the Queen on her 100th birthday.
...........................................................................................................................................................
11. The English language is now spoken by over two billion people worldwide.
...........................................................................................................................................................
12. My overdraft is being extended by the bank tomorrow.
...........................................................................................................................................................
13. Hundreds of free gifts are being given away by Donels this Saturday.
...........................................................................................................................................................
14. Why haven’t the beds been made yet?
...........................................................................................................................................................
15. I hate being taken for granted.
...........................................................................................................................................................
16. The tickets should have been booked weeks ago.
...........................................................................................................................................................
17. A new shopping center is being built on the outskirts of town.
...........................................................................................................................................................
18. Why was I not told about the meeting?
...........................................................................................................................................................
19. Further information can be obtained from your local post office.
...........................................................................................................................................................
20. When will you be interviewed for the post?
...........................................................................................................................................................
21. Who was Gilbert interviewed by?
...........................................................................................................................................................
22. She hasn’t been christened yet.
...........................................................................................................................................................

23. A new shampoo is being developed in the lab.

...........................................................................................................................................................
24. The awards will be presented by Tom Hanks.

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 ...........................................................................................................................................................
25. Rainforests are being cut down in the Amazon.
...........................................................................................................................................................

B. Rewrite the following sentences without changing their original meaning.

1 People say that he is a famous doctor.
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
2 People believe that he drove through the town at 90 km an hour.
................................................................................................................................................................
3 People say that most corner shops are losing business.
................................................................................................................................................................
4 People think that an apple a day is good for you.
................................................................................................................................................................
5 People say that Chris was in the army.
................................................................................................................................................................
6 It is thought that the Prime Minister is considering the plan.
................................................................................................................................................................
7 They think that Peter escaped from prison.
................................................................................................................................................................
8 It is reported that two people were killed in the accident.
................................................................................................................................................................

9 People said that the wanted man had been captured.

................................................................................................................................................................
10 Everybody says that Mr. Green will become the manager.
................................................................................................................................................................

C. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, then identify the types of conditionals.
1. If you don’t put up (not/put up) this shelf, you won’t have anywhere to put your books. (1st
type)
2. If he …………………. ( change) jobs, he would be a lot happier.
3. If I were you, I …………………. (tell) her how you feel.

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 4. If you continue to shout so loudly, you …………………. (wake up) the baby.
5. Even if he …………………. (ask) them, they wouldn’t have agreed to come.
6. Unless you …………………. (feel) any better, you can take the rest of the day off.
7. If she …………………. (not/threaten) him, he wouldn’t have left.
8. I …………………. (not/trust) him if I were you.
9. If you’re patient for a few minutes, I …………………. (be able) to finish this.
10. He …………………. (not/go) with her if he had known she would behave so irresponsibly.
11. I wouldn’t have been able to do it unless she …………………. (help) me.
12. Sometimes if you …………………. (take) a chance, it pays off.
13. If he …………………. (wake up) earlier, he wouldn’t have been late for work.
14. If we …………………. (intend) to spend the day in London, we would have bought a day
pass.
15. Keep your voice down in case he …………………. (overhear) us.
16. If she…………………. (be) more experienced, she would be more likely to get the job.
17. If the food …………………. (not/ be) so bad, we wouldn’t have complained.
18. Sales will increase provided that the advertising campaign …………………. (be) successful.
19. If you …………………. (spend) less on clothes, you would be able to save money.

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D Rewrite the following sentences as mixed conditional sentences as in the example:
1. He is not an honest person so he didn’t tell the truth.
If he were an honest person, he would have told the truth.
2. They were awake all night so they are tired now.
....................................................................................................................................................
3. You didn’t tell me earlier so we are not going to the cinema tonight.
....................................................................................................................................................
4. She didn’t cancel the milk so the milkman keeps delivering it.
....................................................................................................................................................
5. They were painting the house all day so they are covered in paint now.
....................................................................................................................................................
6. She didn’t do her homework so she’s in trouble with her teacher.
....................................................................................................................................................
7. She is so disorganized that she missed the deadline.
....................................................................................................................................................
8. The children were playing in the garden all day so they are very dirty now.
....................................................................................................................................................
9. He doesn’t take the job seriously so he wasn’t promoted.
....................................................................................................................................................

E Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1 “My sister and George are going to get married next week,” Rob said.
................................................................................................................................................................
2 “ My sister, who got married last year, has just had a baby,” Mary said.
................................................................................................................................................................
3 “ I saw Pauline at a party last month, and she seemed fine,” Mike said.
................................................................................................................................................................
4 “I want to take a vacation, but I can’t afford it,” Arnold said.
................................................................................................................................................................
5 “I won’t be there because I’m having a party,” Linda said.
................................................................................................................................................................
6 “We’ve lost the map and we don’t know the way,” the tourist said.
................................................................................................................................................................

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7 “When I finish this project, I’ll take a few days off,” said Helen.
................................................................................................................................................................
8 “I’m doing some homework but I won’t be long,” Tom said.
................................................................................................................................................................
9 “ I go swimming twice a week because it’s great fun,” said Melinda.
................................................................................................................................................................
10 “ I got up late this morning, so I had to take a taxi to work,” Mike said.
................................................................................................................................................................
11 “I’m going to shop but I don’t know what to buy,” Karen said.
................................................................................................................................................................
12 “I want to post this letter, but I don’t have any stamps,” John told me.
................................................................................................................................................................
13 “We must tidy our room because Mum is going to return,” said Jill.
................................................................................................................................................................
14 “If we traveled by airplane, we would be there by now,” Brian said.
................................................................................................................................................................
15 “If you stay home on such a fine day, you’ll regret later,” Terry said.
................................................................................................................................................................

F Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1 “What does the word ‘non-verbal’ mean?” Wang asked his teacher.
................................................................................................................................................................
2 “Have you ever visited the National Park?” Brad asked Collins.
................................................................................................................................................................
3 “When is your birthday?” my friend asked me.
................................................................................................................................................................
4 “Which of these two paintings do you prefer?” Leo asked Tom.
................................................................................................................................................................
5 “How many people were killed in that plane crash?” Emily asked.
................................................................................................................................................................
6 “Who are you talking about , the author or the critic?” Donald asked us.
................................................................................................................................................................

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7 “Did you remember to turn off the gas cooker before you left?” Sue asked her husband.
................................................................................................................................................................
8 “Why are you going to stay indoors while everyone is in the garden,” Fred asked Ted.
................................................................................................................................................................
9 “Do you speak any foreign languages besides English?’ the interviewer asked me.
................................................................................................................................................................
10 “Are you writing a new book at the moment?” the reporter asked the author.
................................................................................................................................................................
11 “When does the next train leave?” the man asked me.
................................................................................................................................................................
12 “ Where were you staying when you were in Paris?” Pamela asked Paul.
................................................................................................................................................................
13 “Are you staying the night or are you going home?” Sheila asked me.
................................................................................................................................................................
14 “Were you driving to work when you heard the assassination on the radio?” Gina asked Carlos.
................................................................................................................................................................
15 “Did you leave the stadium after our team had scored the third goal?” Brian asked me.
................................................................................................................................................................
16 “How many people did you see when you got to their party?” the inspector asked Roger.
................................................................................................................................................................
17 “Who must I send this report to?” Elena ashed her boss.
................................................................................................................................................................
18 “Will you send me that photo if you happen to find it?” Melanie asked Robert.
................................................................................................................................................................
19 “Would you give up your present job if you won one million dollars?” Daniel asked me.
................................................................................................................................................................
20 “How long had you been driving when you realized you were going a wrong way?” Kate asked
John.
................................................................................................................................................................

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 Unit 14

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 Conditions: other expressions

1) Unless
My leg’s broken. I can’t stand up unless you help me. (I can’t stand up if you don’t help me)
Unless I phone you, you can assume the train’s on time.
2) If so, if not (if-clause which is understood from the context)
Are you looking for part-time work? If so (if you are looking for part-time work), read on.
You should all have received your booklist for the course by now. If not (if you haven’t
received your booklist for the course by now) , please email the office.
3) As long as, so long as, only if, on condition that, provided (that), providing (that)
You can play in the living room as long as you don’t make a mess.
So long as a tiger stands still, it is invisible in the jungle.
The bank lent the company 100,000 pounds on condition that they repaid the money within six
months.
Acetaminophen is dangerous to children only if dosage is too high.
NOTE
Only if you like classical music is it worth coming tonight.
You can get a senior citizen’s reduction providing you’ve got a railcard.
They may do whatever they like provided that it is within the law.
Compare
We are very happy for you to stay at our house as long as you like.
I’ll remember that film as long as I live.
You are allowed to go as long as you let us know when you arrive.
You can borrow the car so long as you don’t drive too fast.
4) Or, otherwise, or else
You’ve got to start studying, or you’ll fail all those exams. (If you don’t start studying,
you will fail the exams.)
We’d better send it express, otherwise it’ll take days. (If we do not send it express, it
will take days.)
We must be there by six, or else we'll miss the beginning.

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 5) Suppose, supposing, what if?
Suppose, supposing, and what if? can replace if, mainly in everyday conversation, and are
often used without main clause.
Suppose you won the lottery, what would you do?
Suppose you can’t find a job?
Supposing he hadn’t recognised us – he might never have spoken to us.
What if you are not accepted to university? What will you do then?
6) Even if
Even if we leave right now, we still won’t catch the train.
I wouldn’t go into the water even if I could swim.
Even if we had booked our flight earlier, it wouldn’t have been cheaper.
7) In case or in case of
In case +clause
Shall I keep some chicken salad for your brother in case he’s hungry when he gets
here? (conjunction)
In case I forget later, here are the keys to the garage. (conjunction)
She knows she’s passed the oral exam, but she doesn’t want to say anything just in
case. (adverb)
In case of: We use in case of + noun to mean ‘if and when something happens’:
In case of breakdown, please press the alarm button and call this number. (if and when
the lift breaks down, …)
8) In the event that or in the event of
In the event of something: if something should happen
In the event of an actual emergency, you will be told what to do.
In the event that something happens: if something should happen
In the event that the performance is canceled, you can get your money back.

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 9) If it weren’t for / if it hadn’t been for, but for+ noun phrase
These expressions mean “without”. They are used in second and third conditionals are
usually followed by a noun phrase.
If it weren’t for Miguel, we wouldn’t know what to do now. (Without Miguel …)
If it hadn’t been for your foolishness, we wouldn’t have got lost. (If you hadn’t been
such a fool …)
But for your help, I would have been in big trouble. (Without your help … / If you
hadn’t helped me …)

Omitting IF

1) Should you (should with inversion)

a. Should you wish to cancel your order, please contact our customer service department
on 02317 6658932. (If you should wish to cancel your order …)
b. Should your child become anxious or nervous about any activity, it is a good idea to
inform the team-leader. (If your child should become …)
2) If + were to+ infinitive
i. If the Prime Minister were to resign, there would have to be a general election
within 30 days.
ii. Were we to give up the fight now, it would mean the end of democracy in our
country. (If we gave up the fight now …)
iii. Were the economy to slow down too quickly, there would be major
problems. (If the economy slowed down too quickly …)
3) Had you (Had with Inversion)
a. Had I known you were waiting outside, I would have invited you to come in. (If I had
known you were waiting outside …)
b. Had Margaret realised she would be travelling alone, she would never have agreed to
go.
4) Were to + have + past participle
a. Were to + have + past participle expresses an imaginary past action which was very
unlikely.
b. If he were to have asked me, I would have said yes.

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 Structural Conversion

1) If you don’t drive carefully, you’ll have an accident.

Unless you drive carefully, you’ll have an accident.
Provided you drive carefully, you’ll not have an accident.
As long as you drive carefully, you won’t have an accident.
Drive carefully or else you’ll have an accident.
2) You’d better take his advice.
You should take his advice.
If I were you, I’d take his advice.
Were I you, I’d take his advice.
3) If she should come, tell her to wait for me.
Should she come, tell her to wait for me.
4) If it hadn’t been for my mother, I wouldn’t be alive now.
But for my mother, I wouldn’t be alive now.
5) Suppose he phoned you, what would you tell him?
If he phoned you, what would you tell him?
What would you tell him if he phoned you?
6) Suppose he marries her?
What if he marries her?
7) Suppose the teacher caught you cheating in the test?
What would you do if the teacher caught you cheating in the test?
8) If you won the lottery, what would you do?
If you were to win the lottery, what would you do?
9) If I had been you, I wouldn’t have accepted his offer.
If I had been in your shoes, I wouldn’t have accepted his offer.
If I had been in your position, I wouldn’t have accepted his offer.

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 PRACTICE

A) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms.

1. I've hung out the clothes. It's lovely and sunny; if it (stay)……………… like this they (be)
……………… dry in two hours.
2. French is essential in this job. All the telephonists speak it. If they (not know)………………
French they (not understand)……………… half the callers.
3. How did you do in the car rally? We came in last actually; but only because we got lost. If we
(not got)……………… lost we (come)……………… in somewhere in the middle. We certainly (not
be) last.
4. I wasn't really surprised that we got lost because I knew that the navigator couldn't map-read. But
if you (know)……………… that why you (take)……………… him as navigator?
5. This flat would be all right if the people above us (not be)……………… so noisy.
6. A group of spectators, including myself, left the stand just before the end of the game. When we
were half way down the stairs a goal was scored and there was a great cheer from the spectators. If
there (not be)……………… a goal the crowd (not cheer)……………….
7. If the crowd (not cheer)……………… we (not run)……………… back up the stairs to see what
had happened.
8. If we (not run)……………… back we (not crash)……………… into the rest of the spectators on
their way down, and there (not be) this frightful accident.
9. If the pain (return)……………… you'd better take another pill.
10. If you aren't going to live in the house why you (not sell)……………… it? If I (have)
……………… a house I couldn't use. I (sell)……………… it at once.
11. No, I didn't know any Russian at that time. But if you (not know)……………… Russian why
you (offer)……………… to give him Russian lessons? Because I knew that he (refuse)……………….
He always rejected my offers.
12. Tell him to bring his bicycle inside. If he (leave)……………… it outside someone (steal)
……………… it.
13. Why do people always wear dark clothes at night? If pedestrians (wear)……………… light
coloured clothes drivers (see)……………… them much more easily.
14. She must have loved him very much because she waited for him for fifteen years. If she (not
love)……………… him she (not wait)……………… so long.
15. He looked so small and weak that nobody asked him to do anything. If he (look)………………
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strong he (be)……………… expected to dig all day like everyone else.
16. The government are talking of pulling the village down to make room for an airport. If they
(start)……………… doing it the village people (resist)………………?
17. If you are catching an early train tomorrow you (like)………………… to have breakfast at
7.00?
18. We'll have to break the ice on the pond; otherwise the ducks (not be able)…………… to swim.
And if they (not be able)………………to swim they (not be able)…………… to get food.
19. When he left school he became a fisherman. His family didn't like it at all. They (be)
……………… much happier if he (become)……………… a greengrocer like his father.
20. They still say that if he (go)……………… into the greengrocery business when he left school he
(be)……………… comfortably off now instead of being poor.

B) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1. If I were you, I ……………… (not/listen) to his lies.
2. If he …………… (not eat) that sandwich, he would not have suffered from food poisoning.
3. Father Christmas won’t come unless you ……………… (be) a good little girl.
4. As long as you ……………… (do) your best, no one will criticize you.
5. He put the answer phone on in case anyone ……………… (want) to leave a message.
6. Supposing we ……………… (be/stop) by the police, what ……………… (we/say)?
7. If you ……………… (tell) me you were cold, I ……………… (put) the fire on.
8. What ……………… (we/do) if John hadn’t helped us?
9. If she were rich, she ……………… (not have to) work.
10. Go and see a doctor in case you ……………… (have) a serious illness.
11. You won’t understand this unless you ……………… (pay) attention.
12. What ……………… (you/give) me if I ……………… (keep) your secret?
13. Even if he ……………… (beg), I would not help him.
14. If this case ……………… (go) to trial, it will cause a national outcry.
15. Supposing no one ……………… (kill) President Kennedy, ………………
(things/be/different/now)?

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C. Finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before
them.
1.If it wasn’t for the good pay, I wouldn’t stay in this job.
But .........................................................................................................................................
2. If I were him, I would not be late for the interview.
He had ...................................................................................................................................
3. Should the lake freeze over, we will go skating.
If ............................................................................................................................................
4. You won’t be punished provided you admit to your mistake.
As long as ..............................................................................................................................
5. Since he is an only child, his parents have spoiled him.
If ............................................................................................................................................
6. Suppose you wear the other suit?
Why .......................................................................................................................................?
7. If she were qualified, she would have been offered the post.
Were ......................................................................................................................................?
8. If I had been you, I would have punished him.
If I had been in ......................................................................................................................
9. If I don’t run, I’ll miss the bus.
Unless ....................................................................................................................................
10. They run through passport control to the gate because the plane was about to leave.
Since ......................................................................................................................................
11. If you should have any spare cash, please donate it to our charity.
Should ...................................................................................................................................
12. If it hadn’t been for your encouragement, she couldn’t have coped with the situation.
But .........................................................................................................................................
13. Read the question carefully or you might answer it incorrectly.
As long ..................................................................................................................................
14. If negotiations are successful, the agreement will be signed.
The agreement will be signed provided ................................................................................
15. She must feel embarrassed. She didn’t look him in the eye.
If she ......................................................................................................................................

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 16. If the campaign had been a success, we would be in power now.
Since ......................................................................................................................................

D. Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to each sentence below.

1. '' Where did you go last night''? she said to her boyfriend.
A. She asked her boyfriend where did he go last night.
B. She asked her boyfriend where he went the night before.
C. She asked her boyfriend where had he gone the night before.
D. She asked her boyfriend where he had gone the night before.
2. '' Remember to write to your aunt''. I said to Miss Linh.
A. I said to Miss Linh remember to write to her aunt.
B. I said to Miss Linh to remember to write to her aunt.
C. I told Miss Linh remember to write to her aunt.
D. I reminded Miss Linh to remember to write to her aunt.
3. '' How long have you lived in Ha Noi''? said my friend.
A. My friend asked me how long have I lived in HaNoi.
B. My friend asked me how long had I lived in HaNoi.
C. My friend asked me how long I had lived in HaNoi.
D. My friend asked me how long I have lived in HaNoi.
4. ''Close the books, please'' said our teacher.
A. Close your book said by our teacher.
B. Our teacher asked us close our book.
C. Our teacher said us close our book.
D. Our teacher asked us to close our book.
5. “I didn’t break your watch” the boy said.
A. The boy told the girl that he hadn’t broken her watch.
B. The boy asked the girl that he hadn’t broken her watch.
C. The boy told the girl that he didn’t break her watch.
D. The boy told the girl that he hadn’t broken your watch.

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6. “Don’t make noise because I am listening to music now” he said to me.
A. He asked me not to make noise because I am listening to music now.
B. He asked me not to make noise because I was listening to music then.
C. He asked me not to make noise because he was listening to music then.
D. He asked me to make noise because I was listening to music then.
7. “I have just seen your mother this morning”. Laura said to Lewis.
A. Laura told Lewis I have just seen your mother this morning.
B. Laura told Lewis she had just seen his mother that morning.
C. Laura told Lewis she has just seen his mother that morning.
D. Laura told Lewis he had just seen her mother that morning.
8. “We are ready to come with our friends” they said.
A. They told us they are ready to come with their friends.
B. They told us they were ready to come with our friends.
C. They told us we were ready to come with our friends.
D. They told us they were ready to come with their friends.
9. “I was intending to meet you tomorrow” she said.
A. She told me she was intending to meet me tomorrow.
B. She told me she had intending to meet me the next day.
C. She told me she had been intending to meet me tomorrow.
D. She told me she had been intending to meet me the next day.
10. Mrs Smith: “ Don’t play in front of my windows”
A. Mrs Smith told us not to play in front of her windows.
B. Mrs Smith told us not to play in front of my windows.
C. Mrs Smith told us to not play in front of her windows.
D. Mrs Smith said us not to play in front of her windows.
11. “I didn’t witness that accident.”
A. He denied not having witnessed that accident.
B. He denied having witnessed that accident.
C. He denied not having witnessing that accident.
D. He denied not had witnessed that accident.

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12. “You cheated in the exam.” the teacher said to his students
A. The teacher insisted his students on cheating in the exam.
B. The teacher prevented his students from cheating in the exam.
C. The teacher advised his students to cheat in the exam.
D. The teacher accused his students of cheating in the exam.
13. " Don't forget to give the book back to Mary," he said to me.
A. He reminded me to give the book back to Mary.
B. He reminded me to forget to give the book back to Mary.
C. He advised me to give the book back to Mary.
D. He advised me to forget to give the book back to Mary.
14."Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?" he said.
A. He invited me to go to the cinema with him that night.
B. He offered me to go to the cinema with him tonight.
C. He asked me if I'd like to go to the cinema with him tonight.
D. He would like me to go to the cinema with him this night.
15.'Remember to pick me up at 6 o'clock tomorrow afternoon," she said.
A. She told me to remember to pick her up at 6 o'clock tomorrow afternoon.
B. She reminded me to pick her up at 6 o'clock the following afternoon.
C. She reminded me to remember to pick her up at 6 o'clock the next afternoon.
D. She told me to pick her up at 6 o'clock the next day afternoon.
16." Let's have a picnic next Saturday," Julia said.
A. Julia said that let's have a picnic the next Saturday.
B. Julia suggested having a picnic the following Saturday.
C. Julia advised how about having a picnic the next Saturday.
D. Julia told that why they didn't have a picnic next Saturday.
17. "If I were you, I'd tell him the truth," she said to me.
A. She said to me that if I were you, I'd tell him the truth.
B. She will tell him the truth if she is me.
C. She suggested to tell him the truth if she were me.
D. She advised me to tell him the truth.

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18. “ Why don't you have your room repainted?" said Viet to Nam.
A. Viet suggested that Nam should have his room repainted.
B. Viet suggested having Nam's room repainted.
C. Viet asked Nam why you didn't have your room repainted.
D. Viet wanted to know why Nam doesn't have his room repainted.
19. "If I were you. Bill, I'd buy the house, " Stephen said.
A. Stephen suggested Bill to buy the house.
B. Stephen advised Bill to buy the house.
C. Stephen promised Bill that he would buy the house.
D. Stephen forced Bill to buy the house.
20. “Don’t forget to feed the chicken twice a day.”
A. He said don’t forget to feed the chicken twice a day.
B. He told not to forget to feed the chicken twice a day.
C. He reminded me to feed the chicken twice a day.
D. He suggested me to feed the chicken twice a day
21. “Never borrow money from friends,” my father said.
A. My father told me never to borrow money from friends.
B. My father said to me never borrow money from friends.
C. My father suggested me never borrowing money from friends.
D. My father advised me not borrow money from friends
22. "Right. I'll take the brown pair, "Andrew said.
A. Andrew promised to take the brown pair.
B. Andrew wanted to take the brown pair.
C. Andrew agreed to take the brown pair.
D. Andrew asked to take the brown pair.
23. "I will ring you up after I get home." Peter said to Mary.
A. Peter promised to give Mary a wedding ring after he got home.
B. Peter asked Mary to pay him a visit after he' got home.
C. Peter promised to visit Mary after he got home.
D. Peter promised to telephone Mary after he got home.

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24. I suggested that he should paint the house light blue.
A. "Shall we painted the house light blue?" I said to him.
B. "How about to paint the house light blue?" I said to him.
C. "Let's paint the house light blue," I said to him.
D. "Why don't you paint the house light blue?" I said to him.
25. He reminded me to buy him some stamps.
A. "Don't forget to buy me some stamps," he said.
B. "Remember buying me some stamps," said he.
C. "Remind to buy me some stamps," said he.
D. "Don't deny buying me some stamps.," he said.
26. "I'll definitely return it to you tomorrow, " John said.
A. John said that he'll return it to me the next day.
B. John promised to return it to me the next day.
C. John told that he'll return it to me the next day.
D. John decided to return it to me next day.
27. "You mustn't call the police," he said to his wife.
A. He accused his wife of calling the police.
B. He warned his wife calling the police.
C. He stopped his wife from calling the police.
D. He apologized his wife for calling the police.
28. "It's me. I made your dress dirty," Jane said to Ann.
A. Jane accused Ann of making her dress dirty.
B. Ann prevented Jane from making her dress dirty.
C. Jane denied making Ann's dress dirty.
D. Jane admitted making Ann's dress dirty.
29. "Don't go near that deserted house," Tuan said to me.
A. Tuan advised me not going near that deserted house.
B. Tuan insisted me going near that deserted house.
C. Tuan warned me against going near that deserted house.
D. Tuan suggested me not to going near that deserted house.

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30. "How beautiful the dress you have just bought is!" Peter said to Mary.
A. Peter promised to buy Mary a beautiful dress.
B. Peter said thanks to Mary for her beautiful dress.
C. Peter complimented Mary on her beautiful dress.
D. Peter asked Mary how she had just bought her beautiful dress

E. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of
the following questions.
1. The earth is the only planet with a large number of oxygen in its atmosphere.
A. the B. number C. oxygen D. its
2. Venus approaches the Earth more closely than any other planet is.
A. approaches B. the Earth C. any other D. is
3. Robert Frost was not well known as a poet until he reached the forties.
A. as B. a poet C. reached D. the
4. The amounts of oxygen and nitrogen in the air almost always remain stable, but the amount of water
vapor vary considerably.
A. The amounts of B. almost always
C. the amount of D. vary
5. The American frontiersman, politician, and soldier Davy Crockett is one of the most popular of
American hero.
A. frontiersman B. most C. of D. hero
6. A five-thousand-dollars reward was offered for the capture of the escaped criminals.
A. A B. dollars C. was offered D. for the capture of
7. A desert area that has been without water for six years will still bloom when rain will come.
A. has been B. without water C. still D. will come
8. The word “shore” can be used rather of “coast” to mean the land bordering the sea.
A. rather B. to mean C. the D. bordering
9. Alfafiais a nutritious crop rich in proteins, minerals, and with vitamins.
A. Alfafia B. nutritious C. rich in D. with vitamins
10. The deadbolt is the best lock for entry doors because it is not only inexpensive but installation is
easy.
A. Best B. because C. not only D. installation

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 Unit 15

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 WISH / IF ONLY

TYPE FORM
1 Present wish/regret S + wish + S + past tense
S + wish + S + could + bare infinitive
I wish we were in Paris now. (It’s a pity we aren’t)
I wish I could swim. (but I can’t)
2 Past regret S + wish + S + past perfect
S + wish + S + could have + past participle
I wish you had told me earlier. (but you didn’t)
I wish you could have told me earlier.
3 Impossible wish for a future S + wish + S + would + bare infinitive
change, dissatisfaction. I wish he would stop smoking. (but I don’t think he will)
I wish the wind would stop blowing. (But I’m afraid it won’t
stop blowing – dissatisfaction)
Note: “wish” and “would +
bare infinitive” should have a
different subject.
We never say: I wish I would,
he wishes he would, etc.

Warning
a) We use hope, not wish, when we want something to happen in the future or when we
want something to have happened in the past.
I hope the weather’s fine tomorrow
Not: I wish the weather’s fine tomorrow.
I hope they didn’t miss their flight.
Not: I wish they didn’t miss their flight.

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 b) wish + to-infinitive // wish + Object + to-infinitive
wish means want
I wish to have a table near the window, please.
Not: We wish a table near the window.
I did not wish my family to know about Sara, so I told them nothing.
c) wish somebody something for expressions of good wishes and hopes that good things will
happen to people.
I wish you success in your new job.
I’ve got my driving test tomorrow. Wish me luck!
We wish you a long and happy life together.

As if / as though (untrue situation in the present/in the past)

Type Form
untrue situation in the S + V + as if/as though + S + simple past/were
present She behaves as if she were the Queen
He looks as if he knew the answer.
untrue situation in the S + V + as if/as though + S + past perfect
past Soon after being introduced, they were talking as if they had been
friens for years.

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 Would rather/would sooner

When the subject of WOULD RATHER is also the subject of the following verb
present /future S + would rather + bare infinitive (THAN) + (bare infinitive)
S + would rather + be + verb-ing
I’d rather play tennis
She’d rather NOT go out to night.
I’d rather be listening my favourite songs now.
past S + would rather + have + past participle
I’d rather have walked, but I went by bus because it was
raining.
I’d rather NOT have gone out with him yesterday.
When the subject of WOULD RATHER is different from the subject of the following verb
present/future S1 + would rather + S2 + past simple
I’d rather you stopped smoking
past S1 + would rather + S2 + past perfect
I’d rather you had mentioned that before.

prefer // would prefer

General preference S + prefer + gerund/noun + TO + gerund/noun

I prefer (drinking) tea to (drinking) coffee.
Specific preference S + prefer + to-infinitive + RATHER THAN + bare infinitive
I prefer to drink coffee rather than (drink) tea.
Specific preference S + would prefer + to-infinitive + RATHER THAN + bare
infinitive
I’d prefer to live in London rather than (live in) Swansea.

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 It’s (about/high) time
It’s (about/high) time + S + simple past tense
It’s time you started work

PRACTICE

A. Rewrite the following sentences using the suggested words.

Example
I’ll go if you go too.
as long as I’ll go as long as you go too.
1. You should put more paper in the photocopier tray. That way you will not have any problems.
as long as...............................................................................................................................
2. Do not include that book in the reference list unless you have used it in the main text.
only if.....................................................................................................................................
3. If lectures are boring, students will not want to attend.
otherwise...............................................................................................................................
4. If you include all the correct references, you will not be plagiarizing.
provided that........................................................................................................................
5. If you have already answered the first question, you can do the second question.
providing that.......................................................................................................................
6. She will graduate next year if she passes all her courses.
supposing..............................................................................................................................
7. Don’t take this course if you are not ready to study statistics.
unless.....................................................................................................................................
8. If we read the results carefully, we are more aware of the limitations in the study.
when......................................................................................................................................
9. We always have to wear goggles if we enter the lab.
whenever...............................................................................................................................
10. They will invest in the project even if it does not make a lot of money.
whether or not......................................................................................................................

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B. Write sentences as in the example.
1. You felt sick and you missed your friend’s birthday party.
I wish I hadn’t felt sick. If I hadn’t felt sick, I wouldn’t have missed my friend’s birthday
party.
2. You got up late and you missed the train.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. You weren’t offered the job because you aren’t qualified.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. You’re not a senior staff member so you can’t use the car park.
.............................................................................................................................................
5. You didn’t go to the meeting so you didn’t hear about the safety inspection.
.............................................................................................................................................
6. You want to go away for the weekend but you’ve got lots of homework.
.............................................................................................................................................
7. You want a pet but you’re allergic to animals.
.............................................................................................................................................
8. You damaged the video because you didn’t know how to connect it.
.............................................................................................................................................
9. You like chocolate but you’re on a diet.
.............................................................................................................................................
10. You enjoy playing tennis but you have twisted your ankle.
.............................................................................................................................................

C. Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words
1. It’s a pity I can’t go to the beach today, but I have to stay at home and study.
could I wish I could go to the beach today, but I have to stay at home and study.
2. If it weren’t raining, we could go on a picnic.
stop I wish ...................................... so we could go on a picnic.
3. It’s a shame we didn’t see the exhibition.
had We wish ...................................... the exhibition.
4. George needs a new car but he can’t afford to buy one.
could George wishes ...................................... a new car.
5. It’s a pity Jenny wasn’t invited to the party.

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 been Jenny wishes ...................................... to the party.
6. I’ve been offered a job in Paris but I can’t speak French.
speak I wish ...................................... because I’ve been offered a job in Paris.
7. George never arrives on time when we arrange to go out.
only If ...................................... on time when we arrange to go out.
8. I would really like to be lying on the beach now.
were I ...................................... on the beach now.

D. Choose the correct answer.

1. Suppose they ………… the flight. How would you have got home?
A) cancelled B) cancel C) have cancelled D) had cancelled
2. We’d rather you ……. separate holiday insurance.
A) took B) take C) had taken D) will
3. I hate it when you …… to me as if I … a child.
A) speak / were B) spoke / were C) are speaking / were D) speak / am
4 It’s high time he ……up to his responsibilities.
A) faces B) faced C) has faced D) will have faced
5. If only I …………… the window open.
A) left B) have left C) will leave D) hadn’t left
6. If they ……… out less, they…… more money.
A) went / would have B) go / would have
C) went / will go D) had gone /will go
7. Sylvia wishes she …………… long hair.
A) had B) has C) will have D) will have had
8. She had only lived there three months but she ……… the language as if she … there longer.
A) speaks / had lived B) speaks / had been living
C) had spoken / had been living D) spoke / had been living
9. I feel a bit sick now. I wish I ……… so much.
A) haven’t eaten B) hadn’t eaten C) ate D) will eat
10. If she…………harder, she ………… exams.
A) had worked / wouldn’t have failed B) worked / wouldn’t have failed
C) had worked / wouldn’t fail D) had worked / won’t have failed
11. Does he ever have a holiday? It seems as though he ………… seven days a week!
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A) works B) has worked C) had worked D) will work
12. My father is so proud of his cooking – he behaves as though he ………… a trained chef.
A) had been B) was C) will be D) is
13.The boy was staring at the motorbike as if he ………… one before.
A) never sees B) will never see C) will have never seen D) had never seen
14. She is so skinny! She looks as though she ………… a proper meal in her life!
A) never ate B) had never eaten C) had never been eating D) never eats
15. He slept for ten hours last night but today he’s acting as though he ………… any sleep at all.
A) hadn’t had B) doesn’t have C) didn’t have D) won’t have
16. She isn’t a member of aristocracy but she acts as though she …………
A) is B) were C) had been D) has been
17. My brother isn’t rich but he spends money as if he…………millionaire.
A) has been B) had been C) will be D) was
18. He talked of Hawaii as if he ………… there, but we knew he hadn’t.
A) had been B) has been C) were D) will be
19. The boy was so hungry that he ate the food as though he ………… for a week.
A) hasn’t eaten B) hadn’t eaten C) didn’t eat D) won’t eat
20. The hand-painted bowl was quite cheap but it looked as though it ………… expensive.
A) is B) has been C) had been D) were

E Complete these sentences using the verbs in brackets in the right form of the passive
1. It (think) .............................. that more text messages (send) .............................. by girls than
boys.
2. Bill Gates (say) .............................. to be the richest man in the world today.
3. One mobile phone (steal) .............................. every three minutes in the UK.
4. Mobile phones (should / switch off) .............................. in the cinema.
5. Yesterday, Helen (tell) .............................. to switch her phone off during lectures.
6. When mobile phones (first design) .............................. , security was a big issue.
7. Text messaging (often use) .............................. because it is cheaper than phoning.
8. I (just call) .............................. by an old friend I haven’t seen for ages.
9. Mobiles (carry) .............................. by virtually everyone in the next future.
10. The photos (take) .............................. at the party last night using Alex’s mobile.

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F Look at the following situations and show preference by using the structure ‘I would (I'd)
rather’.
1. Your friend wants to borrow your best sweater. You don't want her to.
I'd rather you didn't borrow my sweater.
2. You were planning to play tennis, but it's raining.
_____________________________________________________
3. Both Jill and Tom have invited you to their parties on Saturday night. You want to go to Jill's party.
_____________________________________________________
4. You can have take-away Chinese food or go to an Italian restaurant.
________________________________________________________________________
5. You are planning a big party but don't want to have it at your house.
________________________________________________________________________
6. Your fiancé bought you a diamond ring. It was far too expensive.

G Look at the situations given and write sentences using the expressions ‘it's time, it's about time
or it's high time’.
1.You've been watching TV since you got home from school and you still have to tidy your room.
It's about time you tidied your room.
2.You haven't phoned Grandma for over a month.
________________________________________________________________________
3.The play finished 15 minutes ago. The actors are still standing on the stage.
________________________________________________________________________
4.You've been working late for ten days. You are very tired. Your friend says,
________________________________________________________________________
5. Sheila has had a headache for over a week. She must go to the doctor.
________________________________________________________________________

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H Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning of the original sentences.
1. I advise you to check the pressure of your tyres. (better)
You'd better check the pressure of your tyres.
2.It's a pity he didn't tell us three weeks ago instead of today. (rather)
________________________________________________________________________
3.I prefer you not to walk around barefoot. (rather)
________________________________________________________________________
4.You must wash the dishes, (time)
________________________________________________________________________
5.You shouldn't neglect your teeth.
It's high time ______________________________________ to the dentist
6.John and Mary don't really want to go to the concert. (rather)
________________________________________________________________________
7.What do you want to do - eat at home or in a restaurant? (prefer)
________________________________________________________________________
8.She is really in need of a good meal.
It's ________________________________________________________________________
9.It isn't a good idea to send that letter.
You had____________________________________________________________________
10.It wouldn't be wise to go out in this storm. (better)
________________________________________________________________________
11.My hair is too long. It needs cutting. (high)
________________________________________________________________________
12.In this case, I'd rather buy them a present than give them money. (prefer)
________________________________________________________________________
13.Would you rather go by car or bus? (going)
________________________________________________________________________
14.Joe prefers taking long walks to working out in the gym. (rather)
________________________________________________________________________
15.Dave prefers basketball to football. (play)
________________________________________________________________________

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 Unit 16

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 Adjective Clauses (Relative Clauses)

Subject pronouns: WHO, WHICH, THAT

1. Isn’t that the woman? She lives across the road from you.
Isn’t that the woman who lives across the road from you?
Isn’t that the woman that lives across the road from you?
2. I bought a new car. It is very fast.
I bought a new car which is very fast.
I bought a new car that is very fast.
Warning
+ who = used for people
which = used for things
that = used for both people and things
+ An adjective clause closely follows the nouns it gives additional information about.
a) The people are very friendly. They live on the island.
The people who/that live on the island are very friendly.
b) The camera is over there. It costs $100.
The camera which/ that costs $100 is over there.
+ THAT is used
` i. After quantifiers like all, every(thing), some(thing), any(thing), no(thing), none, little, few,
much.
Is this all that is left?
Do you have anything that belongs to me?
ii. After superlatives
It’s the best film that I’ve ever made about madness.
iii. After only, the first, the last.
The only thing that matters is to find out way home?
It was the first time that I heard of it.
She was the last person that knew the answer.

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Object pronouns: ∅, who(m), which, that
1. The woman is from Mexico. My brother loves her.
The woman ∅ my brother loves is from Mexico.
The woman who(m) my brother loves is from Mexico.
The woman that my brother loves is from Mexico.
2. She loves the chocolate. I bought it.
She loves the chocolate ∅ I bought.
She loves the chocolate which I bought.
She loves the chocolate that I bought.
Warning
+ ∅ = used for both people and things + who(m) = used for people
+ which = used for things + that = used for people and things
Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a preposition
1. My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
My brother met a woman with whom I used to work.
My brother met a woman ∅ I used to work with.
My brother met a woman who(m) I used to work with.
My brother met a woman that I used to work with.
2. The music is good. Julia listens to it.
The music to which Julia listens is good.
The music ∅ Julia listens to is good.
The music which Julia listens to is good.
The music that Julia listens to is good.
Using WHOSE in adjective clauses
1. That’s the woman. I always forget her name.
That’s the woman whose name I always forget.
The student writes well. I read her composition.
The student whose composition I read writes well.

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 2. Mr. Catt has a painting. Its value is inestimable.
Mr. Catt has a painting whose value is inestimable.
Note:
Using NOUN + OF WHICH.
We have an antique table whose top has jade inlay.
We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
Using expressions of quantity in adjective clauses
- An adjective clause may contain an expression of quantity with of: some of, many of, most of,
none of, two of, half of, both of, neither of, each of, all of, several of, a few of, little of, a
number of, etc.
1. In my class there are 20 students. Most of them are from the Far East.
In my class there are 20 students, most of whom are from the Far East.
2. He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.
He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.
3. The teacher discussed Jim. One of his problems was poor study habits.
The teacher discussed Jim, one of whose problems was poor study habits.
Using WHERE in adjective clauses
The building is very old. They live there/in that building.
The building where they live is very old.
The building in which they live is very old.
The building which they live in is very old.
The building that they live in is very old.
The building ∅ they live in is very old.
Using WHEN in adjective clauses
I’ll never forget the day. I met you then/on that day.
I’ll never forget the day when I met you.
I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.
I’ll never forget the day that I met you.
I’ll never forget the day ∅ I met you.

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Using WHICH to give more information about a whole sentence
1. He was usually late. That always annoyed his father.
He was usually late, which always annoyed his father.
2. We’ve missed our train. This means we may be late.
We’ve missed our train, which means we may be late.

Reduction of adjectives clauses to adjective phrases

1) We can use participles
a) Present participle / Verb –ing (Active, simultaneous)
+ We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the city.
We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the city.
+ The man who is talking to John is from Korea.
The man talking to John is from Korea.
b) Past participle / V3 (Passive, simultaneous)
The boy who was attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.
The boy attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.
2) If "To be" verb is used after a relative pronoun we can omit "Relative Pronoun + To be".
a) Ann is the woman who is responsible for the error.
Ann is the woman responsible for the error.
b) George Washington, who was the first president of the United States, was a general
in the army.
George Washington, the first president of the United States, was a general
in the army.
3) When the verb “have” meaning possession, we can omit relative pronoun and “have” and
use with or without.
a) Students who have enough knowledge and skills will be admitted.
Students with enough knowledge and skills will be admitted.
b) People who don’t have their ID cards can not get in.
People without their ID cards can not get in.

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 4) We can use infinitive “to” in the cases below.
a) The only...to
John is the only person who understands me.
John is the only person to understand me.
b) The first, last, second, next...to
Jack is the first person who has handed in this exam.
Jack is the first person to have handed in this exam.
c) Superlative...to
Tom is the most handsome boy who came in this school.
Tom is the most handsome boy to come in this school.

Defining and non-defining adjective clauses

1) A defining / restrictive adjective clause gives essential information about the noun of the
sentence.
2) A non-defining adjective clause gives additional but non-essential information. In other
words this information could be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence
Compare
The girl who is studying to become a vet is called Sarah.
Sarah, who is 20, is studying to become a vet.
Warning: In non-defining adjective clauses
+ Commas are used to show that the clause is not necessary.
Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favourite vacation spot.
Mr. Lee, whom I met yesterday, teaches chemistry.
+ When commas are necessary, 0 and that may not be used.

PRACTICE
A Give the correct form of verbs in brackets.
1. At the airport I had my luguage (take) …………….by a porter.
2. In Thailand, Hongkong, England and some other countries, people are used to (drive)….. on the
left side.
3. On the way, my father stopped (buy)……….. a newspaper and (have)…….. a drink.
4. Jack is not tall enough (reach)…………. the ceiling.

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 5. The baby didn’t stop (cry)………. , so I tried (give)………… him some sweets.
6. The river is too deep for us (dive)………….. in.
7. Your house needs (repaint)………… because it looks unattractive.
8. My father is willing ( do)……………. me a favor in my study.
9. We saw the smoke (rise)…………. from the chimneys of the local factories in the distance.
10. It’s high time for the children (go)…………… to bed.
11. It’s worth (read)………… the book.
12. John is about (come back)……………….in a few weeks.
13. My classmates are bound (participate)…………..in the competition.
14. Don’t forget ( switch off)………… the lights before leaving the building.
15. The astronauts are likely (set)………. foot on Mars in the future.
16. I remember (give)………. back the money he lent me last month.
17. He doesn’t like the crowded places, so there is no point in (persuade)………..… him (go)…….
with us. 18. My mother is always busy (look after)…………. the children.
19. The shop will be closed at 5 p.m so you d’ better not (arrive)………….. after that time.
20. I look forward to (hear)…………. from you soon.

B Identify the mistake (A, B, C or D) that needs correction.

1. Actually, Mr.Brown is only interested in watching TV, reading newspapers, and design houses.
A B C D
2. Found in 1945, the organisation had great effect on the development of the country.
A B C D
3. My uncle has had his motorbike repair five times recently.
A B C D
4. Remember taking off your shoes when you are in a Japanese house.
A B C D
5. Because of his lung cancer, my uncle stopped to smoke and drank little wine in order to feel better.
A B C D
6. In my opinion, he will have no difficulty to pass the entrance exam next month.
A B C D
7. Jane likes to listen to music, to go to the movie, to chat on the phone, and going shopping.
A B C D

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 8. My father used to giving me some good advice whenever I had a problem.
A B C D
9. Hellen borrowed my dictionary for look up the spelling of ‘occurrence’
A B C D
10. The teacher opened the windows for getting some fresh air in the room
A B C D
11. I need getting a part-time job to earn some money for my school expenses
A B C D
12. My mother made me to promise to write them once a week.
A B C D
13. To learn about another country it is very interesting.
A B CD
14. Most students want return home as soon as possible.
A B C D
15. When I went shopping , I saw a man to drive his car onto the sidewalk
A B C D

C Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or THAT:

1. The men _______ live next-door are English.
2. The dictionary _______ you gave me is very good.
3. Do you know the girls _______ are standing outside the church?
4. The police are looking for the thieves _______ got into my house last night.
5. The chocolate _______ you like comes from the United States.
6. I have lost the necklace _______ my mother gave me on my birthday.
7. A burglar is someone _______ breaks into a house and steals things.
8. Buses _______ go to the airport run every half hour.
9. I can’t find the key _______ opens this door.
10. I gave you a book _______ had many pictures.
11. I don’t like the boy _______ Sue is going out with.
12. Did you see the beautiful dress _______ she wore yesterday.
13. The man _______ she is going to marry is very rich.
14. This is the bank _______ was robbed yesterday.
15. He wore a mask _______ made him look like Mickey Mouse.
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D Fill in the blanks with WHO, WHICH or WHOSE:
1. He arrived with a friend ______ waited outside in the car.
2. The man ______ mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
3. The car ______ the robbers escaped in was a BMW.
4. The woman ______ daughter was crying tried to calm her down.
5. The postman ______ works in the village is very old.
6. The family ______ car was stolen last week is the Smiths.
7. The cowboy ______ is wearing a red shirt looks very funny.
8. A bus is a big car ______ carries lots of people.
9. The volunteers, ______ enthusiasm was obvious, finished the work quickly.
10. Children ______ like music are often good at mathematics.
11. The engineers ______ designed the building received an award.
12. The girl ______ recited the poem is my niece.
13. The townspeople, ______ pride in their community is well- known, raised enough money to build a
new town hall.
14. The Pacific Ocean, ______ might have been crossed by raft during the Stone Age, is the world’s
largest ocean.
15. The newspaper to ______ we subscribe is delivered regularly.

E Combine these pairs of sentences using Relative Pronouns:

1. The first boy has just moved. He knows the truth.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
2. I don’t remember the man. You said you met him at the canteen last week.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
3. The only thing is how to go home. It make me worried.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
4. The most beautiful girl lives city. I like her long hair very much.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
5. He was Tom. I met him at the bar yesterday.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
6. The children often go swimming on Sundays. They have much free time then.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
7. They are looking for the man and his dog. They have lost the way in the forest.
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………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
8. The tree has lovely flowers. The tree stands near the gate of my house.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
9. My wife wants you to come to dinner. You were speaking to my wife
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
10. The last man has just returned from the farm. I want to talk to him at once.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
11. The students will be awarded the present. The students’ reports are very valuable.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
12. The book was a lovely story. I was reading it yesterday.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
13. The botanist will never forget the day. He found a strange plant on that day.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
14. Someone is phoning you. He looked for you three hours ago.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……
15. The man works for my father’s company. The man’s daughter is fond of dancing.
………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ……

F Combine each pair of the following sentences using relative pronouns then reduce the relative
clause in each sentence.
1. Dr. Leo Evans is a famous doctor. He eats in this restaurant every day.
.............................................................................................................................................
2. The pupil is not clever. He is sitting next to me.
.............................................................................................................................................
3. The book is on the top shelf. It is the one that I need.
.............................................................................................................................................
4. Libya is a leading producer of oil. It is a country in Africa.
.............................................................................................................................................
5. The girl is drinking coffee. She is my classmate.
.............................................................................................................................................
6. Credit cards are used in international trade. They are very convenient.
.............................................................................................................................................

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 7. The radio helped men to hear distant sound. It was invented many years ago.
.............................................................................................................................................
8. The man was brought to the police station. He denied stealing the money.
.............................................................................................................................................
9. The man is angry. He is in the room.
.............................................................................................................................................
10. Dr. Archer Sudan is a famous doctor. He was awarded the first Annual Community Service Medal.
.............................................................................................................................................
11. Do you know that student ? He is coming toward us.
.............................................................................................................................................
12. The students are having final test . They look very nervous.
.............................................................................................................................................
13. James is the best worker of our company. He has just received a promotion.
.............................................................................................................................................
14. Clinton is the forty-second president of The United States. He is from Arkansas.
.............................................................................................................................................
15. The breaker is on the counter. It contains a solution.
.............................................................................................................................................

G Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as a relative clause.
1. You'll face many problems in England. One of them will be finding accommodation.
................................................................................................................................................................
2. Yaşar Kemal is one of the most distinguished authors of our contemporary literature. Most of his
books have been translated into many languages.
................................................................................................................................................................
3. He bought two jumpers. Neither of them really suited him.
................................................................................................................................................................
4 At the casino, he won about £1,000. He then gambled nearly all of it away again.
................................................................................................................................................................
5. He has two assistant managers. Both of them are efficient in their work.
................................................................................................................................................................
6. For one class at university, we had to read a book on strategy. Some of its chapters were extremely boring.
................................................................................................................................................................

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7. Priscilla received a lot of suggestions from friends. Many of them had been financial advisors to Elvis.
................................................................................................................................................................
8. The suggestions involved selling Graceland. None of them felt right to Priscilla.
................................................................................................................................................................
9. Today, Graceland welcomes over 600,000 visitors. Most of them come from outside of the city, a year.
................................................................................................................................................................
10. The rooms have been left as they were in 1977. All of them are included in the tour.
................................................................................................................................................................
11. His cars can be seen in the garage. Half of them are Cadillacs.
................................................................................................................................................................
12. Elvis loved Cadillacs. One of them was his favorite - a 1955 pink Fleetwood.
................................................................................................................................................................
13. Elvis never actually learned to fly. One of his planes was named Lisa.
................................................................................................................................................................
14.More projects are planned in the area surrounding the Graceland Mansion. A number of them
include expansion.
................................................................................................................................................................

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 Unit 17

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 Order of Adjectives

OpSiASCOMP Opinion – Size - Age – Shape - Colour – Origin – Material – Purpose

It’s a beautiful big old round brown Italian oak dining table

A) Put the adjectives in order

1. round / small / reading / lamp
................................................................................................................................
2. German / old / yellow / car
................................................................................................................................
3. wooden / huge / sailing / ship
................................................................................................................................
4. physics / boring / old / teacher
................................................................................................................................
5. slim / Canadian / handsome / snowboarder
................................................................................................................................
6. sugar / blue / round / bowl
................................................................................................................................
B) Rewrite the sentences putting the adjectives in the correct place. Identify what kind of
adjectives they are.
1. He was carrying a brief case. (leather, nice, black, new)
.....................................................................................................................................
2. He gave her a scarf. ( silk, fantastic, French, red)
.....................................................................................................................................
3. I bought chairs from an antique shop. (America, three, oak, old)
.....................................................................................................................................
4. She’s an actress. (English, intelligent, young, dramatic)
.....................................................................................................................................
5. The table lamp was broken by the children. (metal, white, small)
.....................................................................................................................................
6. She bought a carpet. (expensive, Persian, antique, woolen)
.....................................................................................................................................

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 7. He crashed his car yesterday. (sports, brand new, yellow)
.....................................................................................................................................
8. It was a dress. (hand-made, gorgeous, wedding, lace)
.....................................................................................................................................
9. I saw a film on TV last night. (Italian, exciting, detective)
.....................................................................................................................................
10. They live in a house. (big, lovely, country, old-fashioned, brick)
.....................................................................................................................................
11. She’s a salesperson. (young, computer, successful)
.....................................................................................................................................
12. I bought a book. (old, poetry, Latin)
.....................................................................................................................................
13. We watched a programme. (short, English, interesting, educational)
.....................................................................................................................................
14. She bought a raincoat. (plastic, long, cheap)
.....................................................................................................................................
15. They found a trunk. (wooden, rectangular, antique, interesting)
.....................................................................................................................................
16. He bought a yacht. (Swedish, second-hand, huge)
.....................................................................................................................................

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 Type of comparisons
1) as + adjective/adverb+ as
For hair as soft as silk try this new shampoo.
You have to unwrap it as carefully as you can. It’s quite fragile.
not so/as+ adjective/adverb +as
The service isn’t so/as good as it used to be.
She’s not singing so/as loudly as she can.
such a(n) /so as
She is such a great cook.
Those are such good chocolates. / Those chocolates are so good.
That was so unpleasant.
Why do you drive so fast?
2) as + many/much/few/little + (noun) + as
They have as many children as we do.
Tom has as few books as Jane.
I have visited the States as many times as he has.
I have three brothers. That's as many as you have. ("brothers" is understood)
John eats as much food as Peter.
Jim has as little patience as Sam.
I'm not hungry. I've had as much as I want. ("food" is understood)
3) twice/three times, etc/half as … as
Their house is three times as big as ours.
She’s only half as well-qualified as her sister.
She earns twice as much as we thought.
4) the + comparative …, the comparative
The busier the roads are, the longer it will take to get there.
The less you sleep, the more tired you get.
5) Comparative + and + comparative
Jobs are getting harder and harder to find.
6) Prefer + noun/-ing form + noun/-ing form
Most people prefer summer to winter.
She prefers living for a moment to thinking about the future.

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 7) Would prefer + to do + rather than + do sth
I would prefer to book our tickets now rather than wait until the last minute.
8) Would rather/sooner do this than do that
9) He’d sooner go alone than go with Edward.

Pronouns after THAN

In informal style: object pronouns are used
Could you carry this? You’re stronger than me. (informal)
than I (am) (formal)
I preferred Henrietta to Dennis. She was always more sociable than him
than he (was).
Illogical comparisons
1. Incorrect His drawings are as perfect as his instructor.
Correct His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s (drawings)
2. Incorrect The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary.
Correct The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary.
3. Incorrect The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher.
Correct The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher.

Comparing two entities without using THAN

Subject + verb + the + comparative + of the two + (nouns)
Of the two + (nouns) + subject + verb + the + comparative
Harvey is the smarter of the two boys.
Please give me the smaller of the two pieces of cake.
Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier.
Of the two books, this one is the more interesting.
Compare
Dennis is the shortest of the three sisters.
Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.

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 Modifying comparatives
1) A big difference – much, a lot, far, considerably, a good/great deal
Sales in July were much higher than sales in June.
She’s a lot taller than you.
This one’s far more expensive than the blue one.
I'm feeling a good deal better.
2) A small difference – slightly, a little, a bit, not much
Sales in August were slightly lower than sales in July.
You’re a bit younger than me.
These are not much more expensive than those.

Modifying superlatives: by far

This is by far the best place we’ve visited during this holiday.
This is by far the most interesting place we’ve visited during this holiday.

Nouns functioning as adjectives

- We took a tour that lasted five weeks.
- We took a five-week tour.
- Those shoes cost twenty dollars.
- Those are twenty-dollar shoes.
-
PRACTICE

A) Supply the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs in parentheses. Add any other
words that may be necessary.
1. John and his friends left .......................(soon) as the professor had finished his lecture.
2. His job is ............................. (important) than his friend’s.
3. He plays the guitar ............................. (well) as Andres Segovia.
4. A new house is much ............................. (expensive) than an older one.
5. Last week was ............................. (hot) as this week.
6. Martha is ............................. (talented) than her cousin.
7. Bill’s descriptions are ............................. (colourful) than his wife’s.
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 8. Nobody is ............................. (happy) than Maria Elena.
9. The boys felt ............................. (bad) than the girls about losing the game.
10. A greyhound runs ............................. (fast) than a Chihuahua.
11.
B) Supply than, as or from in each of the following sentences.
1. The Empire State Building is taller ........................ the Statue of Liberty.
2. California is farther from New York ........................ Pennsylvania.
3. His assignment is different ........................ mine.
4. Louie reads more quickly ........................ his sisters.
5. No animal is so big ........................ King Kong.
6. That report is less important ........................ the government’s.
7. Sam wears the same shirt ........................ his teammates.
8. Dave paints much more realistically ........................ his professor.
9. The twins have less money at the end of the month ........................ they have at the
beginning.
10. Her sports car is different ........................ Nancy’s.

C) Select the correct form in parentheses in the following sentences.

1. Of the four dresses, I like the red one (better/the best).
2. Phil is the (happier/happiest) person that we know.
3. Pat’s car is (faster/ fastest) than Dan’s.
4. This is the (creamier/creamiest) ice cream I have had in a long time.
5. This poster is (colorfuler/more colorful) than the one in the hall.
6. Does Fred feel (weller/better) today than he did yesterday?
7. This vegetable soup smells very (good/well.
8. While trying to balance the baskets on her head, the woman walked (awkwarder/more
awkwardly) than her daughter.
9. Jane is the (less/least) athlete of all the women.
10. My cat is the (prettier/prettiest) of the two.
11. This summary is (the better/ the best) of the pair.
12. Your heritage is different (from/than) mine.
13. This painting is (less impressive/least impressive) than the one in the other gallery.
14. The colder the weather gets, (sicker/the sicker) I feel).
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 15. No sooner had he received the letter (when/than) he called Maria.
16. A mink coat costs (twice more than/twice as much as) a sable coat.
17. Jim has as (little/few) opportunities to play tennis as I.
18. That recipe calls for (many/much) more sugar than mine does.
19. The museum is the (farther/farthest) of the three buildings.
20. George Washington is (famouser/more famous) than John Jay.

D) In each of the following sets, choose the appropriate form for the blank in the second
sentence.
Example Her call to California lasted ten minutes.
She made a ten-minute call to California.
1. Sam’s new apartment is in a building which has twelve stories.
Sam’s new apartment is in a ........................ building.
2. We teach language.
We are ........................ teachers.
3. My parents saw a play in three acts last night.
My parents saw a ........................ play in last night.
4. The manager said that the sale would last for three days.
The manager said that it would be a ........................ sale.
5. Hal bought a tool set containing 79 pieces.
Hal bought a ........................ tool set.
6. Margie has a book case with five shelves.
Margie has a ........................ book case.
7. I need two cans of tomatoes that weigh 16 ounces each.
I need two ........................ cans of tomatoes.
8. I’m looking for a pressure cooker that holds six quarts
I’m looking for a ........................ pressure cooker.
9. He is a specialist at building houses made of bricks.
He is a specialist at building ........................ houses.
10. Mrs. Jansen just bought her daughter a bicycle with ten speeds.
Mrs. Jansen just bought her daughter a ........................ bicycle.

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 E) Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
1. Wouldn’t you prefer to get a takeaway rather than have to cook tonight?
sooner Wouldn’t you ....................................... have to cook tonight?
2. If we stay longer, we can spend more time sightseeing.
the The ....................................... time we can spend sightseeing.
3. I’d rather go home than go to the cinema.
than I’d prefer ....................................... go to the cinema.
4. In some countries men and women are paid the same.
as In some countries women ....................................... men.
5. Crisps are not as nutritious as nuts.
less Crisps ....................................... nuts.
6. No other job is as well-paid.
best It ....................................... job.
7. John and I have received the same number of job offers.
many I have received ....................................... John.
8. Last night I felt more tired than ever.
as I have ....................................... I did last night.
9. Tony finds history easier than geography.
not Geography ....................................... history for Tony.
10. As he gets older, he becomes less tolerant.
the The ....................................... tolerant he becomes.
11. I love going to football matches but my sister prefers going to tennis tournaments.
whereas I love going to football matches ....................................... to tennis tournaments.
12. Helen had twice as much work as Janet.
half Janet had ....................................... Helen.
13. I like being self-employed. It’s better than working for someone else.
to I prefer ....................................... for someone else.
14. My grandfather is getting less and less patient as he gets older.
impatient My grandfather is getting ....................................... as he gets older.
15. Laura is a less sensitive girl than her sister.
such Laura isn’t ....................................... her sister.
16. Airships are not as dangerous as they used to be.
than Airships ....................................... they used to be.
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 17. My father is spending less time at the office now he’s nearing retirement.
as My father is ....................................... at the office now that he’s nearing
retirement.
18. Martha and Julie have the same views.
as Martha’s views ....................................... Julie’s.
19. I think I would prefer to leave rather than wait until he comes.
sooner I think I ....................................... until he comes.
20. If we climb higher, the view will be better.
the The ....................................... the view will be.

Structural conversion

- Jane is more beautiful than Mary.

Mary isn’t as beautiful as Jane.
Mary is less beautiful than Jane.
- Can’t you buy a cheaper coat than that?
Is that the cheaper coat you can buy?
- Joe’s got the same number of suits as Ted.
Ted has got as many suits as Joe.
- He’s the fastest driver of all.
No one else drives as fast as he does.
He’s faster than any other driver.
He is a faster driver than anyone else.
He drives faster than anyone else.
- I’ve never seen such a tall man.
He’s the tallest man I’ve ever seen.
- He’s a good tennis player.
He plays tennis well.
- As he gets older, he becomes more sensible.
The older he gets, the more sensible he becomes.

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 - That dress is similar to this one.
That dress and this one are alike.
- Tom is very fatherly to his children.
Tom behaves in a fatherly way to his children.

F) Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.
1. Unfortunately, we couldn’t find a better solution in the time available.
best Unfortunately it was the best solution we could find in the time
available.
2. Spanish and Portuguese are said to be alike.
similar Spanish is ....................................... Portuguese.
3. I’ve never eaten such a hot curry.
the It’s ....................................... I’ve ever eaten.
4. She is extremely disrespectful to her colleagues.
way She behaves ....................................... to her colleagues.
5. Sheila is not as talented as her sister.
less Sheila is ....................................... her sister.
6. She was the best prepared of all the candidates.
than She was ....................................... all the candidates.
7. As prices increase, the cost of living becomes higher,
the The ....................................... the cost of living becomes.
8. She writes very creatively.
creative She ....................................... writer.
9. George made the same number of mistakes as Peter.
as George made ....................................... Peter.
10. It’s more expensive to live in London than in Liverpool.
not It’s ....................................... to live in Liverpool as in London.
11. MacMaahon is the most skilful player in the team.
as No one else in the team ....................................... MacMahon.
12. The seller wouldn’t accept a lower offer.
lowest It was ....................................... the seller would accept.
13. She’s the most eccentric person I’ve ever met.
never I’ve ....................................... eccentric person.
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 14. As she gets richer, she becomes more extravagant.
the The ....................................... extravagant she becomes.
15. We’ve never had such a heated argument before.
most It ....................................... we’ve ever had.
16. The boss is very friendly to her staff.
way The boss behaves ....................................... to her staff.
17. She received the same number of gifts as her cousin on her birthday.
many She received ....................................... her cousin on her birthday.
18. He speaks German fluently, because he was born in Germany.
a He ....................................... , because he was born in Germany.

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 Unit 18

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 INVERSIONS

1) We use a negative adverb or adverb phrase at the beginning of the sentence.

I have seldom seen such beautiful work.
Seldom have I seen such beautiful work.
a) Some negative adverbs and adverb phrases that we often use with inversion.
Hardly Hardly had I got into bed when the telephone rang.
Scarcely Scarcely had I got off the bus when it crashed into the back of a car.
Barely Barely had I started speaking when he interrupted me.
No sooner No sooner had we arrived home than the police rang the doorbell.
Never (before) Never had she seen such a beautiful sight before.
Never (before) have we faced such a challenge!
At no time At no time did I feel they were being unreasonable.
On no condition On no condition will the company bear responsibility for lost property.
In no way In no way do I agree with what you’re saying.
Under no circumstances
Under no circumstances are you allowed to disturb the pilots.
Little Little did he know!
Seldom Seldom do we see such an amazing display of dance.
Rarely Rarely will you hear such beautiful music.
Only then Only then did I understand why the tragedy had happened.
Only later Only later did she really think about the situation.
Only by Only by guessing can you solve this puzzle.
Only by working extremely hard could we afford to eat.
Only in this way Only in this way could John earn enough money to survive.
Only in this way does this machine work.
Not only … but Not only does he love chocolate and sweets but he also smokes.
Nowhere Nowhere have I ever had such bad service.
On no account On no account should you do anything without asking me first.

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 b) In the following expressions, the inversion comes in the second part of the sentence
Not until Not until I saw John with my own eyes did I really believe he was safe.
Not since Not since Lucy left college had she had such a wonderful time.
Only after Only after I’d seen her flat did I understand why she wanted to live there.
Only after lunch can you play.
Only after finishing/you have finished your homework can you play.
Only when Only when we’d all arrived home did I feel calm.
Only if Only if everybody agreed would I accept this position.
2) We can use inversion instead of ‘if’ in conditionals with ‘had’ ‘were’ and ‘should’. This is quite
formal
a) Normal :If you see/should see Kate, say hi from me.
Inversion:Should you see Kate, say hi from me.
b) Normal: If I were you, I would stop smoking.
Inversion: Were I you, I would stop smoking.
Normal:If he proposed /were to propose to you now, what would you say?
Inversion:Were he to propose to you now, what would you say?
Normal: If it weren’t for Miguel, we wouldn’t know what to do.
Inversion: Were it not for Miguel, we wouldn’t know what to do.
c) Normal:If I had been there, this problem wouldn’t have happened.
Inversion:Had I been there, this problem wouldn’t have happened.
Normal: If it hadn’t been for your foolishness, we wouldn’t have got lost.
Inversion: Had it not been for your foolishness, we wouldn’t have got los
3) We can use inversion if we put an adverbial expression of place at the beginning of the sentence.
This is also quite formal or literary
Normal: All the money we had lost was on the table.
Inversion: On the table was all the money we had lost.
Normal: The knights came round the corner.
Inversion: Round the corner came the knights

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4) Inversions after SO / SO LITTLE/SO FEW/SO MUCH/SO MANY ... THAT
Normal:The girl was so beautiful that nobody could talk of anything else.
Inversion:So beautiful was the girl that nobody could talk of anything else.
Normal:The food was so delicious that we ate every last bite.
Inversion:So delicious was the food that we ate every last bite.
Normal: He ran so quickly that the other couldn’t catch up with him.
Inversion: So quicly did he run that the other couldn’t catch up with him.
Normal: He drank so much beer that he didn’t know the way to home.
Inversion: So much beer did he drink that he didn’t know the way to home
5) Inversion with”such”
Normal: The wind was such that we coudn’t open the window.
Inversion: Such was the wind that we coudn’t open the window.

PRACTICE

A Change the sentences so that they use inversion. For example:

We had hardly arrived when Julie burst into the house.
→ Hardly had we arrived when Julie burst into the house.
1. John had never been to such a fantastic restaurant.
________________________________________________________________________
2. I in no way want to be associated with this project.
________________________________________________________________________
3. They had no sooner eaten dinner than the ceiling crashed onto the dining table.
________________________________________________________________________
4. I had scarcely finished writing my essay when the examiner announced the end of the
exam.
________________________________________________________________________
5. I seldom leave my house so early.
________________________________________________________________________
6. People rarely appreciate this musician’s talent.
________________________________________________________________________
7. We would understand what had happened that night only later.
________________________________________________________________________
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 8. They had met such rude people nowhere before.
________________________________________________________________________
9. He understood little about the situation.
________________________________________________________________________
10. The children should on no account go on their own.
________________________________________________________________________

B Rewrite the following sentences using inversion.

1. The gang didn't know that the police had them under surveillance.
Little ____________________________________________________________
2. We won't consider you for the basketball team until you grow up.
Not until _________________________________________________________
3. Nobody has won so many matches for his team since 1994.
Not since ________________________________________________________
4. You will not be allowed to enter the auditorium under any circumstances once
the play has started.
Under no circumstances ____________________________________________
5. He would never play in front of a live audience again.
Never ___________________________________________________________
6. Amy had not enjoyed herself so much since she went to the circus as a child.
Not since ________________________________________________________
7. I have never seen such a terrible performance of Hamlet before.
Never before _____________________________________________________
8. They only realized the painting had been hung upside down when someone
complained at reception.
Only when _______________________________________________________
9. I had been in the room for a few minutes when I realized that everyone was
staring at me.
Only after ________________________________________________________
10. He discovered that he had injured his knee when he tried to run.
Only when _______________________________________________________
11. The new park was hardly finished when vandals destroyed the flowerbeds.
Hardly __________________________________________________________
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 12. You shouldn't sign a contract you haven't read thoroughly under any
circumstances.
Under no circumstances ____________________________________________

C Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

1. _______________________ that I was speaking to someone as important as Professor Sims.
a) Little have I known b) Little did I know
c) Little I knew d) I knew little
2. In no way ___________________ question his honesty, although I think that he made some
wrong decisions.
a) did I ever b) I ever did
c) had I ever d) I had ever
3. Hardly _____________________ we were told that it would soon be time for lunch.
a) we had finished breakfast that b) had we finished breakfast that
c) had we finished breakfast when d) we had finished breakfast when
4. At no time before I accepted the job ___________________ that I would have to do so much
travelling around the country.
a) did they told b) I was told
c) I had been told d) was I told
5. Not since the 1960s _______________ attended an anti-war demonstration in London.
a) so many people have b) have so many people
c) did so many people have d) had so many people had
6. Only when he started working with her, ____that she was intelligent.
A he had realized B did he realize C he did realized D he realized
7. ____worked outside the home as nowadays.
A Never so many women have B Never have so many women
C The women are not never D The women who have never
8. No longer____any pleasure to do this job.
A I do have B do I have C do have I D I have
9. John stops smoking.
A John does not smoke no longer B John smokes any longer
C No longer does John smoke D Any longer John smokes

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10. Only when you grow up____the truth.
A you will know B will you know C you know D do you know
11. No sooner had he arrived home____he was called out again.
A when B and C than D but
12. ____had the restaurant opened____people were flocking to eat there .
A Hardly… than B No sooner..that C No sooner..than D hardly.. that
13. Down____for three days.
A the rain poured B did the rain pour C poured the rain D do the rain pour
14. Out ____the children when the bell rang.
A did the children run B ran the children C run the children D do the children run
15. Such____that he would stop at nothing.
A his ambition was B did his ambition C does his ambition D was his ambition
16. Only once____late to school.
A he came B did he came C came he D did he come
17. He no longer collects stamps as he used to. No longer____
A he collects stamps as he used to B does he collects stamps as he used to
C does he collect stamps as he used to D doesn’t he collect stamps as he used to it.
18. ____, all the matter is formed of molecules.
A It doesn’t matter if the complex B It’s not a complex matter
C No matter how complex it is D How complex is not a matter
20. No more ____to worry about the future sources of energy.
A don’t we have B we don’t have C do we have D we do have
21. Hardly____asleep when the phone woke him up again.
A had the doctor fallen B did the doctor fall C the doctor fell D the doctor has fallen
22. Not until darkness fell____he hadn’t done half of his work.
A that he realized B did he realize C that he didn’t realize D didn’t he realize
23. Seldom____of Nancy Johnson as coloured.
A her classmates thought B thought her classmates
C her classmates did think D did her school classmates think
24. On the hill ____ a big pine tree.
A stands B stand C. does D. standing
25. Not once ____ into her eyes.
A he looked B does he looks C. did he look D. he was looking
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26. Not until next year____ take place.
A the new tax change will B will the new tax change
C. the new tax changes D. they change the new tax
27. Not until a monkey is several years old …..…to exhibit signs of independence from its mother.
A. it begins B. does it begin C. and begin D. is it begin
28. ………….. did Jerome accept the job.
A.Only because it was interesting work.
B. Because it was an interesting work.
C.Only because it was interested work.
D. The work was interesting.
29. ………..great was the destruction that the south took decades to recover.
A. Very B. too C. Such D. So
30. ………….….when the Charges found themselves 7-0 down.
A. Hardly had the games begun B. Hardly the games had begun
C. The games had hardly begun D. Hardly had begun the games
31. Not until the first land plants developed………………..
A. land animals appeared B. did land animals appear
C. would land animals appear D. the land animals appeared
32. Everyone started complaining the moment the announcement was made.
A. No sooner did everyone start complaining than the announcement was made.
B. As soon as the announcement made, everyone started complaining.
C. No sooner had the announcement been made, everyone started complaining.
D. Everyone started complaining that the announcement was made.
33. The worker only called off the strike after a new pay offer.
A. Not until a new pay was offered, the workers called off the strike.
B. The worker called off the strike only when a new pay offer.
C. A new pay was offered, which made the strike call off.
D. Not until a new pay was offered did the workers call off the strike.
34. My uncle didn't recognize me until I spoke.
A. My uncle recognized me not until I spoke
B. Not until I spoke did my uncle not recognize me.
C. Not until I spoke did my uncle recognize me.
D. Only when my uncle recognized me did I speak.
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35. As soon as he arrived at the airport, he called home.
A. He arrived at the airport sooner than he had expected.
B. No sooner had he arrived at the airport than he called home.
C. Calling home, he said that he had arrived at the airport.
D. He arrived at the airport and called me to take him home.
36. Helen wrote a novel and made a cowboy film.
A. Helen wrote not only a novel but also made a cowboy film.
B. Helen both wrote a novel as well as made a cowboy film.
C. Helen either wrote a novel or made a cowboy film.
D. Not only did Helen write a novel but she also made a cowboy film.
37. Not until I met Jack did I get some news about you.
A. I didn't get any news about you until I met Jack.
B. Jack shouldn't have told me news about you.
C. Until I met Jack I got some news about you.
D. As soon as I got news about you, I met Jack.
38. It is rare that my sister goes to the cinema.
A. My sister is rare of going to the cinema.
B. Rarely does my sister go to the cinema.
C. That my sister goes to the cinema rarely.
D. Going to the cinema is rare to my sister.
39. Soon after they sold their house, they were offered a better price for it.
A. No sooner they sold their house were they offered a better price for it.
B. They were offered a better price for their house, and they sold it.
C. They had no sooner sold their house than they were offered a better price for it.
D. No sooner had they sold their house and they were offered a better price for it.
40. It was only when I left home that I realized the meaning of "family".
A. I realized the meaning of "family" before I left home.
B. Only when I left home I realized the meaning of "family".
C. Not until I left home did I realize the meaning of "family".
D. I didn't leave home until I realized the meaning of "family".

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 Unit 19

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 Noun clauses
What is a noun clause?
- A clause that acts as a noun.
Noun clauses can act as subjects, objects, complements or objects of a preposition.
1) Subject of a sentence
Whoever thought of that idea is a genius.
Whichever restaurant you pick is fine with me.
2) Object of a sentence
On weekends, we can do whatever we want.
Be sure to send whoever interviewed you a thank-you note.
3) Complement of a word or a phrase
The focus of our work is how we can satisfy customers most effectively.
My greatest asset is that I am a hard worker.
4) Object of a preposition
Choose a gift for whomever you want.
It’s important to think about why we make certain decisions.
Noun clauses begin with
1. a question word: when, where, why, how, who, whom, what, which, whose.
- What you think does not matter.
How much it costs will determine if I buy it.
- I don’t know what she thinks.
I don’t know how he can be reached.
I wonder whose house that is.
- It is exactly what I wanted.
2. whether or if
I don’t know whether she will come.
I don’t know whether she will come or not.
I don’t know whether or not she will come.
I don’t know if she will come.
I don’t know if she will come or not.
Whether she will come or not is unimportant to me.
Whether or not he has had a job is not my business.

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 3. That
a) Object
He says (that) he can't come.
I suspect that she eloped with her boyfriend.
It seems that I have misunderstood.
b) Subject
That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock. (Subject)
That she delivered a marvelous performance pleased her parents.

Question word + infinitive as object

(what/where/how many/etc + TO-infinitive)
 I don’t know what to do. (Here the structure ‘what to do’ is the object of the verb know.)
 We must find out what to do next.
 I don’t know where to turn for help.
 Let us decide when to start.
 We will have to find out how to reach the place.
 We must remember where to turn off the main road.
 Do you know what to look for?
 I will show you how to manage it.
 Could you tell me where to find a good hotel?
 Somebody should teach you how to behave.

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 Subjunctive in noun clauses

Examples:
 I suggest that he study.
 Is it essential that we be there?
 Don recommended that you join the committee.
Verbs followed by the subjunctive: to advise, to ask, to command, to demand, to insist, to
instruct, to order, to propose, to recommend, to request, to suggest, to urge.
Examples Dr. Smith asked that Mark submit his research paper before the end of the
month.
Donna requested Frank come to the party.
The teacher insists that her students be on time.
The Subjunctive is used after the following expressions:it is advisable, it is crucial (that), it is
essential (that), it is imperative (that), it is important (that), it is mandatory that, it is necessary, it
is recommended (that), it is urgent (that), it is vital (that), (our) advice is that
Examples: It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.
It is important she attend the meeting.
It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike
to the bottom of the Grand Canyon.
Negative, Continuous and Passive Forms of Subjunctive
Negative Examples The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting.
The company asked that employees not accept personal phone calls
during business hours.
I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the salary.
Passive Examples Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately.
Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the negotiations.
We suggested that you be admitted to the organization.
Continuous Examples
It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the plane.
It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when the meeting is over.
I propose that we all be waiting in Tim's apartment when he gets home.

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Should as Subjunctive
 The doctor recommended that she should see a specialist about the problem.
 Professor William suggested that Wilma should study harder for the final exam.

Whoever - Whatever – Whenever

 Whatever - Any thing
 Whenever - Any time
 Wherever - Any 'where'
 Whoever - Anyone
 Whichever - Any 'which' (Choice between a group or set).
 However - Any 'way' (In any manner or way, regardless of how).
Basically each one means: "It does not matter what / when / where etc." OR" an unknown thing / time /
place etc."
Examples of Whatever
Whatever you do, pay attention to the road when you are driving.
(You can do anything as long as you pay attention to the road)
They say you can buy whatever you desire in Harrods, as long as you have the money.
(You can buy anything in Harrods, if you have enough money)
Examples of Whenever
Call me whenever you need something.
(Call me any time you need something)
Whenever he comes home, he acts like a hungry dog.
(Ever time he comes home, he is like that)
Examples of Wherever
Wherever you go in the world, remember where you came from and where you are going.
(Anywhere you go in the world, remember those things)
With a good education in English, wherever you go, you will have a good time.
(If you are taught well, you will have a good time anywhere)
Examples of Whoever
Whoever broke the vase, can you please replace it?
(Any specific person who broke the vase, please replace it)

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Whoever goes to the shop, please don't steal anything.
(Any one or more of the people who will go to the shop, don't steal anything)
Examples of Whichever
You can drive whichever of the cars you want.
(You can choose to drive any of the cars)
Whichever dress I wear tonight, I'm worried that my butt will look fat. What do you think?
(Person is worried that the person's butt looks fat in any of the selected dresses)
Examples of However
You can dress however you like for the party, it's not formal.
(You can dress the way that you want for the party)
However much she eats, she never puts on weight.
(It doesn't matter how much she eats, she never gets fat)
However rich they may be, it still isn't enough for them.
(It doesn't matter how rich they may be)

PRACTICE

A) Combine the following sentences using noun clauses.

1) I don't know. What kind of a battery is this?
..................................................................................................................................................
2) My brother doesn't know. How tall is he?
..................................................................................................................................................
3) I am not sure. Which chapter are we on?
..................................................................................................................................................
4) Scientists claim. They will cure cancer.
..................................................................................................................................................
5) Who is she? No one knows.
..................................................................................................................................................
6) Could you tell me? Where is the bookstore?
..................................................................................................................................................
7) Do you remember? How long did we stay in Qatar?
..................................................................................................................................................

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 8) Please tell us... What did you hear?
..................................................................................................................................................

B) Select the correct answer a, b, c, d or e

1. I had an accident and took my car to the garage. My husband asked me where ________.
a. is my car b. my car was c. my car is
d. was my car e. is your car?
2. The old lady next door must have a lot of cats. I don't know how many _______________.
a. cats does she have b. does she has cats c. she has cats
d. cats she has e. cats has she
3. Do you know ____________ from the earth? I have no idea.
a. how far the moon is b. how far is the moon c. how the moon is far
d. if how far the moon is e. whether how is the moon far
4. Your brother is playing his music too loud. I can't hear what ____________ .
a. is saying your brother b. that your brother is saying c. is saying your brother
d. your brother is saying e. your brother says
5. When I left home, my uncle gave me some advice. He said __________ give up.
a. I shouldn't b. that shouldn't c. don't
d. that I don't e. no
6. Jill didn't want to go to the car show. Her husband insisted that ___________ with him.
a. she come b. she came c. she had come
d. she comes e. she has come
7. My boss wants this report immediately. He demanded that it ______________ ready by 5:00.
a. is b. will be c. to be
d. was e. should be
8. Did he tell you where __________ the report when you finish?
a. should you put b. you to put c. you put
d. to put e. will you put
9. My friend predicted _____________ receive a lot of praise for my work.
a. that I would b. that I c. what would I
d. what I e. that I will

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 10. My friend saw an accident. He told me ____________ at the scene of the accident.
a. if he'd seen b. what he saw c. what he'd seen
d. whether he saw e. that he'd seen
11. Is it true that all movies will be available online? _______ is wonderful!
a. That all movies will be available b. All movies will be available
c. Due to the fact that all movies will be available d. It is that all movies will be available
e. Being available all movies
12. Can you tell me how to fix my computer? That depends on ____________ an old computer.
a. have you b. whether you have c. that have you
d. if have you e. about your having
13. Is it true __________ people are saying about the new laptops?
a. that what b. that c. if
d. whether or not e. what
14. _______________ light-weight is important.
a. A computer is b. Is a computer c. If a computer is
d. Whether or not a computer is e. Is a computer
15. What are you going to do with your old computer? Nothing! _________ is too expensive.
a. That I want to do b. What I want to do c. That what I want to do
d. What do I want to do e. If what I want to do

C) Fill in the blanks with the suitable conjunctions given (more than one alternative might be
possible in some cases)
that why if which whether when
who where whose what how

1. The poor boy couldn't ever learn __________ killed him.

2. I've been trying to understand __________ it is Nick who insisted that the teachers should come
up with a new proposal to the next meeting in order to improve their teaching ability.
3. You'll be surprised to learn __________ hair I've found on the collar of your husband.
4. __________ I really want to find out is __________ you've made this mistake on purpose.
5. You should have guessed __________ she would surely let you down even at the most
unexpected occasions.
6. It's clearly understood __________ he took the trouble to help you in the garden.
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 7. __________ he's telling the truth or not will never be known.
8. It is not difficult to understand __________ different people speak different languages.
9. People, at times, can be so blind that they don't even see __________ is in front of their eyes.
who 2.) why 3.) whose 4.) what, how 5.) that 6.) why 7.) whether 8.) when 9.) what

Write the verbs in brackets in the correct subjunctive form

1. It is essential that Lucy .............................(to learn) her multiplication tablets.
2. If only I ............................. (to be) able to read Chinese.
3. It is important that you ............................. (to drink) too much alcohol before driving.
4. Sorry, the cake is burnt! I wish I ............................. (be) a better cook.
5. In Phoebe’s school it is required that every student ............................. (to wear) a uniform.
6. Bob’s grandfather is ill. It is urgent that Bob ............................. (to warn) at once.
7. The monks insisted that the tourists ............................. (to enter) the temple with their shoes on.
8. It’s too cold here. I wish I ............................. (to live) in a warmer country.
9. It is recommended that you ............................. (to swim) after a large meal.
10. Mr. Mason demands that the heater ............................. (to repair) immediately. His room is
freezing.

D) Complete the sentences with however, whatever, whenever, wherever, whichever, whoever
1. Do ............................. you want, just don’t come to me if it all goes wrong.
2. It’s impossible to say what time Ramsey will arrive. He just jumps up ......................... he wants.
3. Sit down ............................. you like.
4. You can invite ............................. you like – it’s your party.
5. ............................. hard I try, I still can’t find a job.
6. There are two dictionaries in the cupboard. Borrow ............................. one you want.
7. I would like to be rich enough to buy ............................. I wanted.
8. We had a great time in Botswana. The people were nice ............................. we went.
1. Do whatever you want, just don't come to me if it all goes wrong.
2. It's impossible to say what time Ramsey will arrive. He just turns up whenever he wants.
3. Sit down wherever you like.
4. You can invite whoever you like — it's your party!
5. However hard I try, I still can't find a job.
6. There are two dictionaries in the cupboard. Borrow whichever one you want.

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 7. I would love to be rich enough to buy whatever I wanted.
8. We had a great time in Botswana. The people were nice wherever we went.
E) Using the idea in the question in parentheses, complete each sentences with a question word
or whether followed by an infinitive.
1. (Where should I buy the meat for the lamb stew?)
I don't know___________________________ the meat for the lamb stew.
2. (Should I stay home or go to the movie?)
Tom can't decide__________________ home or________________ to the movie.
3. (How can I fix the toaster?)
Jack doesn't know______________________________ the toaster.
4. (Should I look for another job?)
Jacson is wondering _______________________ for another job.
5. (Where can I get a map of the city?).
Ann wants to know_________________________ a map of the city.
6. (Should I go to the meeting?)
Al is trying to decide__________________________ to the meeting.
7. (What time should I pick you up?)
I need to know_______________________________ you up.
8. (Who should I talk to about this problem?)
I don't know___________________________________ to about this problem.
9. (Should I take a nap or do my homework?)
I can't decide_____________________________ a nap or_________________ my homework.
10. (How can I solve this problem for you?)
My adviser can't figure out_________________________________ this problem for me.
11. (Where should I tell them to meet us?)
I'm not sure_________________________________ them to meet us.
12. How long am I supposed to cook this meat?)
I can't remember__________________________________ this meat.
13. (What should I wear to the ceremony?)
I can't decide____________________________________ to the ceremony.
14. (How much coffee should I make for the meeting?)
You'll have to tell me______________________________ for the meeting.
15. (Which essay should I use for the contest?)
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 Susan can't decide______________________________ for the contest.

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 Unit 20

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 Emphatic structures: Cleft sentences

It is/was +… that/whom/who +…
1) Emphasis on the subject
a) For people: that/who
Sentence: Mike took Sally to the party on Saturday.
Cleft sentence: It was Mike that/who took Sally to the party.
Sentence: He invented the non-explosive match in 1836.
Cleft sentence: It was him who invented the non-explosive match in 1836.
b) For things: that
Sentence: The radio broke down.
Cleft sentence: It was the radio that broke down.
2) Emphasis on the object
a) For people: that/who(m)
Sentence: I wrote to the manager.
Cleft sentence: It was the manager that/who(m) I wrote to.
b) For things: that
Sentence: My brother bought a new car from our neighbor yesterday.
Cleft sentence: It was a new car that my brother bought from our neighbor
yesterday.
3) Emphasis on the adverbial
Sentence: Mike took Sally to the party on Saturday.
Mike took Sally to the partyon Saturday.
Cleft sentence: It was on Saturday that Mike took Sally to the party.
It was to the party that Mike took Sally on Saturday.
What – clause + be + emphasised word/phrase
1) Sentence: You need a good sleep
Cleft sentence: What you need is a good sleep.87
Sentence: I didn’t like the end of the movie.
Cleft sentence: What I didn’t like was the end of the movie.
Sentence: A book he’d read changed his mind.
Cleft sentence: What changed his mind was a book he’d read.

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 2) What you should do is write a letter to the manager.
What I need to do is get some rest.
What they were doing is arguing about which train to take.
What I can do is call for a taxi.

Cleft sentence in the passive

1) Fans gave that singer a lot of flowers.

It was that singer who was given a lot of flowers.
It was a lot of flowers that were given to that singer.
2) People talk about this film.
It is this film that is talked about.

PRACTICE

A) Rewrite the sentences to focus attention on the underlined information. Using

structure” it is / was ... that”
1. She bought the car from Tom.
…………………………………………………………………..
2. My secretary sent the bill to Mr. Harding yesterday.
…………………………………………………………………..
3. We are coming to stay with Jane this weekend.
…………………………………………………………………..
4. The president makes the important decisions.
…………………………………………………………………..
5. I’m looking forward to physics exam.
…………………………………………………………………..
6. I lost my wallet somewhere in there.
…………………………………………………………………..
7. I was born and grew up in a small village.
…………………………………………………………………..

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 8. My teacher helped me a lot with my study last semester.
…………………………………………………………………..
9. The headmaster gave Tam a bicycle as a scholarship.
…………………………………………………………………..
10. Your carelessness caused the accident
…………………………………………………………………..

B) Rewrite the sentences, making them more emphatic.

1) I was most unhappy with the service.
What………………………………………………………………
2) I can’t stand the noise.
It’s…………………………………………………………………….
3) John didn’t pay for the wedding ring, Sarah did.
It……………………………………………………………………….
It……………………………………………………………………….
4) He’s always late. It really annoys me.
What………………………………………………………………….
5) Did you choose the furniture?
Was………………………………………………………………...…. ?
6) The waiter’s attitude made things worse.
It…………………………………………………………………...….
7) I love autumn because of the colour of the leaves.
What………………………………………………………………….
8) Her terrible accent annoyed me most.
What…………………………………………….…………………
9) I bought it because it was a bargain.
It was………………………………………………………………….
10) In the end Martha went to the police.
What……………………………………………………………………

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C) Choose the best answers:
1. ________ I bought the golden fish.
A. It was from this shop that B. I was from this shop where
C. It was this shop which D. It was this shop that
2. It was Tom _______ to help us.
A. comes B. that comes C. to come D. who came
3. _______ the police had rescued from the fire.
A. The baby B. The baby that C. It was the baby whom D. The baby whom
4. ________ my parents gave me the fish tank.
A. It was on my birthday when B. It was my birthday on that
C. It was my birthday that D. It was on my birthday that
5. _______ I first met my girlfriend.
A. It was in London that B. It was in London where
C. It was London that D. It was London which
6. _________ on the phone.
A. It is his mother whom is B. It was his mother whom is
C. It was his mother who is D. It is his mother who is
7. ________ a high level of blood cholesterol.
A. It is eggs that contain B. Those are eggs it contains
C. It is eggs that contains D. It is eggs contain
8. _________ England won the World Cup.
A. It was in 1966 that B. It was on 1966 that
C. It was in 1966 when D. It was 1966 in that
9. __________ we all look for.
A. It is happiness that B. That happiness
C. Happiness it is that D. Happiness it is
10. ____________ me how to play the drum.
A. It was my uncle who taught B. My uncle who taught
C. It was my uncle taught D. It is my uncle teaching

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D) Change the sentences into cleft sentences in the passive.
Example: The boy hit the dog in the garden.
It was the dog that was hit in the garden.
1) Fans gave Christina lots of flowers.
............................................................................................................................................
2) The pedestrian asked the policeman for direction to the post office.
............................................................................................................................................
3) People talked a lot about his house.
............................................................................................................................................
4) His father bought him a bicycle for his birthday.
............................................................................................................................................
5) He described his hometown in his novel.
............................................................................................................................................
6) She frightened the children.
............................................................................................................................................
7) Her younger sister broke her glasses.
............................................................................................................................................
8) The Prince kissed my younger sister at the party.
............................................................................................................................................

E) Choose the best answer:

1. I'm not very fit. I wish ………………
A. I would be fitter B. I were fitter C. I was fitter D. I am fitter
2. It's very hot.
A. I wish it were cooler. C. A. I wish it were hotter.
B. I wish it was rain tomorrow. D. If only it had rained.
3. He likes to swim.
->He wishes he ……………… near the sea.
A. lived B. living C. lives D. to live
4. She wishes she ………………. blue eyes.
A.has B. had C. had had D. would have
5. If only I ……………… him now.
A. see B. saw C. have seen D. seen

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6. I wish it ……………… a holiday today.
A. were B. will be C. is D. had been
7. What a pity I didn’t meet you yesterday.
A. If only I met you yesterday. B. If only I meet you yesterday.
C. If only I had met you yesterday. D. If only I hadn’t met you yesterday.
8. Susan regretted not buying that villa.
A. Susan wished she had bought that villa. B. Susan wished she bought that villa.
C. Susan wished she could buy that villa. D. Susan wished she hadn’t bought that villa.
9. It’s a pity that you didn’t tell us about this.
A. I wish you told us about this. B. I wish you would tell us about this.
C. I wish you had told us about this. D. I wish you have told us about this.
10. He wishes he …………… buy a new car.
A. can B. will C. could D. would
11. Those children are really noisy.
A. I wish they were quieter B. I wish they would be quiet
C. If only they were quieter D. Both A and C are correct
12. She misses him. She wishes he ……………. her a letter.
A. would send B. will send C. has sent D. would have sent
13. I wish I …….................... help you.
A. would B. can C. could D. will
14. She wishes she ……………………. him yesterday.
A. would meet B. meets C. met D. had met
15. Yesterday, John told me that he wishes he ……………… harder in high school because then
university might not be so difficult for him.
A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. studies
16. If only my motorbike………………broken down again, I would have arrived on time
A.would B. hadn’t C. didn’t D. wasn’t
17. I wish I ……………… in prison, but I am
A. wasn't B. am not C. weren't D. were
18. I wish you…………….make that noise, it’s annoying!
A. don't B. wouldn't C. would D. couldn't
19. I wish I…………………………….to the movies with you last night.
A. went B. did go C. could go D. could have gone
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20. I hate Canadian winters. I wish I ……………… in Hawai right now.
A. was B. am C. will be D. were

F) Choose the best option to complete these following sentences.

1. Tom looked tired as though he __________very hard.
A. has worked B. worked C. work D. had worked
2. Henry talks with his dog as if it _________him.
A. understand B. understood C. understanding D. had understood.
3. She sings as if she ________ a singer.
A. were B. is C. had been D. has been
4. I feel as if my head ________fire now.
A. were B. is C. had been D. has been
5. Mary dresses as if she _______ a queen.
A. is B. be C.were D. had been
6. She acted as if she_______ big amount of money.
A. had B. has C. have D. had had
7. He spends his money as though he ________ a millionaire.
A. were B. is C. be D. has been
8. He talked about Paris as if he ____________there before
A.be B. been C. has been D. had been
9. Tom acts as if he __________my boss.
A. had been B. have been C be D. were
10. He talked as if he __________ all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it.
A. has done B. have done C did D.had done
11. Barbara looked at me as though she ___________me before.
A. has never met B. have never met C had never met D.never met
12. She behaved as though she _________ crazy
A. has been B. had been C. be D. B and C are right
13. He treats us as if we__________ all idiots
A. has been B. have been C. be D.were
14. The spacemen felt as if he ______ in a paradise.
A. had been B. falls C. fall D. has fallen

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15. He behaved as though he __________to the USA.
A. has been B. had been C. were D. was
16. I wish the more effective teaching method______ used.
A. is B. was C. were D. has been
17. She wishes she ______ a fairy now.
A. was B. were C. is D. had been
18. She spent money as if she always______ plenty of it.
A. have B. had C. had had D. has
19. Mr Nam ate as if he ________anything for days
A. didn’t eat B. haven’t eaten C. hadn’t eaten D. not ate
20. She walks as if she_______ a wooden leg.
A. has B. have C. had D. have had

G) Choose the correct answer

1. I ______watch the football game than basketball game
A. like B. would rather C. prefer D. would like
2. Jane would rather that it ______ winter now.
A. were B. be C. is D. had been
3. Would you rather ______ in ink or in pencil?
A. write B. writing C. to write D. wrote
4. I would rather that you ______ me tomorrow.
A. call B. to call C. calling D. will call
5. Henry would rather that his girlfriend ______in the same department as he does.
A. work B. to work C. working D. worked
6. It’s time you _________the house.
A. paint B. painted C. painting D. paints
7. Bob would rather that Jill ______ to class yesterday.
A. go B. went C. had gone D. have gone
8. It’s time we all .........................now.
A. had gone B. go C. should go D. went
9. John would rather ________ than worked last night.
A. slept B. was sleeping C. have slept D. had slept

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10. It’s time __________a car.
A. go B. buy C. to buy D. buying

H) Choose the best answer

1. I requested that he …………..the work on time.
A. finishes B. will finish C. finish D. finished
2. It is necessary that she ………….. the club.
A. join B. joins C. would join D. has joined
3. The doctor suggested that the patient …………..smoking.
A.stop B. should stop C. would stop D. both A and B are correct
4. It is important that you ………..on time.
A.comes B. coming C. having come D. come
5. It is necessary that she …………..the housework.
A.do B. would do C. doing D. done
6. They requested that I …………early.
A.leave B. should leave C. left D. A or B
7. It is our wish that he…………… what he please.
A.is doing B. does C. do D. should have done
8. I propose that the minutes of the previous meeting……….. read.
A.to be B. be C. being D. should have been
9. The court ordered that the man …………..released.
A.be B. was C. is D. has been
10. It is essential that he ………..the bike.
A.to repair B. should repair C. would repair D. had better repair

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 Unit 21

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 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

• Singular subject (He, She, It ,The boy, The camel ,…) + singular verb .
Ex: The car was new.
• Plural subject + plural verb
Ex: The books were on the top shelf.
These women wash their clothes everyday.
Special cases
1. Subject (gerund, To-infinitive or a clause) + singular verb.
Walking in the rain is not a good idea.
To learn a foreign language is necessary.
That you get high grades in the school is very important.
What you say is not true.
Where the police have taken him is not known.
2. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb, they do not affect agreement.
A list of new books has been posted in the library.
The shops along the mall are rather small.
3 . Subject 1 + of/ as well as/ with/ together with/ in addition to/ along with/ accompanied by/ no
less than + subject 2, the verb agrees with subject 1.
The professor together with his three students has been called to court.
The mayor as well as his councilmen refuses to endorse the bill.
The students along with their form teacher were at the beach yesterday.
4 .Subject (one, everyone, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everybody,
anything, something, nothing, everything) + singular verb.
Nobody is at home now.
Is there anybody here?
Everything has been all right so far.
5. If the subject consists of two or more words that are connected by and or by both...and, the
subject is plural and requires a plural verb.
Ms. Rizzo and Mr. Bruce have received promotions.
Both the collection and the delivery of mail are to be curtailed as of July 1.

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 But use a singular verb when two or more subjects connected by and refer to the same person
or thing.
Our secretary and treasurer is Frances Eisenberg. (One person.)
Corned beef and cabbage was his favorite dish. (One dish.)
NOTE: "Each" or "every" preceding singular subjects joined by "and" takes a singular verb.
Each boy and each girl is to work independently.
6 Either/Neither/Not only +S1+ or/nor/but also + S2, the verb agrees with subject 2.
 Neither Charles nor Benjamin was present there.
Neither he nor his dad is good at driving.
Neither Peter nor his parents were aware of this.
 Neither you nor he is responsible for this.
Either he or you are to clean up the mess.
Either you or John has to pay for the drinks.
 Not only her sisters but also her mistress was proud of her.
Not only her mistress but also the literary circles were amazed by her talent.
7 EACH/EVERY/EITHER/NEITHER + singular noun / + of + plural noun/pronoun + singular verb
Each of the rowers takes her turn at rowing.
8 ALL / BOTH / FEW /A FEW/ MANY / SEVERAL / SOME + plural noun / + of + plural
noun/pronoun + plural verb
Some of the samples are refrigerated.
All of his bones are broken.
9 The police, the military, the people, cattle, poultry, clergy, etc + plural verb.
The police are questioning him.
10 The + adjective" takes a plural verb.
The sick need medical care and tenderness.
The American don't trust the news
11 FURNITURE / LUGGAGE / INFORMATION / KNOWLEDGE / TRAFFIC / EQUIPMENT /
SCENERY / MACHINERY takes a singular verb.
The furniture was more expensive than I thought.
Traffic is heavy .
The traffic has increased rapidly in the downtown areas.

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12 The singular verb form is usually used for units of measurement or time.
Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.
Twenty-two inches is a tiny waist measurement.
Fifty dollars seems a reasonable price
13 Fractional expressions such as all of, half of, etc are sometimes singular and sometimes plural,
depending on the meaning.
All of the students have been rewarded.
All of the money has been spent.
Two-fifths of the troops were lost in the battle.
Two-fifths of the vineyard was destroyed by fire.
Forty percent of the students are in favor of changing the policy.
Forty percent of the student body is in favor of changing the policy.
14 Proper names in the plural form takes a singular verb.
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales includes many humorous characterizations.
The Malay States is now part of the Federation of Malaysia.
15 The nouns : news, means, series, billiards, mathematics, species, measles, mumps, rickets,
mathematics, economics, , linguistics, physics, phonetics, athletics, politics, statistics, Algiers, Athens,
Brussels, Marseilles, Naples, the Philippines, the United Nations, the United States, Wales, etc takes a
singular verb.
The morning news is on at 6 o'clock.
Measles is sometimes serious.
16. Plural nouns glasses, scissors , pants, shorts, jeans, tongs, pliers , tweezers, eye-glasses, ear-rings, etc takes
a plural cerb.
My trousers are torn .
These scissors are dull.
But: A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days.
This pair of scissors is sharp.
17. THE NUMBER OF + plural noun takes a singular verb.
The number of road accidents is increasing.
A NUMBER OF + plural noun takes a plural verb.
A number of spectators were injured

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18. No + singular noun + singular verb
No example is right in this case.
No + plural noun + plural verb
No examples are right in this case.
19. The words there and here are never subjects.
There are two reasons [plural subject] for this.
There is no reason for this.
Here are two apples.
There have not been many large-scale epidemics lately.

PRACTICE

A. Choose the best answers to the following questions.

1. The Vietnamese people ----------- a heroic people.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
2. Miss White------------ her parents is going to pay a visit to the Great Wall.
A. and B both C. as well as D. or
3. The Vietnamese ----------hard-working and brave.
A. is B. are C. be D. being
4. A good deal of money ------------- spent on the books.
A. have B. has C. have been D. has been
5. The manager or his secretary ------------ to give you an interview.
A. is B. are C. were D. have
6. Mary is one of the girls who-------------often late for school.
A. is B. are C. comes D. get
7. Two hours -------------- not long enough for this rest.
A. have B. has C. is D. are
8. Ninety percent of the work -------------- been done.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
9. Those who ----------------- to go with me, please raise your hand.
A. want B. wants C. wanting D. are wanting
10. Salt and water ------------ to wash the wound
A. is used B. are used C. was used D. were used
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11. The news ------------- bad last night.
A. were B. was C. has D. has been
12. Three-fifths of the police-------------in the school near the town.
A. has trained B. have trained C. has been trained D. have been trained
13. ------------ not only you but also he going to Japan?
A. Are B. Is C. Were D. Was
14. All the books on the shelf ----------------to me.
A. belong B. belongs C. belonging D. is belonging
15. The trousers you bought for me ------------ me.
A. don’t fitB. doesn’t fit C. fits D. fit not
16. Mumps _________ usually caught by children.
A. are B. was C. is D. were
17. The United States _________ between Canada and Mexico.
A. lying B. lies C. lain D. lie
18. Physics_________ us understand the natural laws.
A. helps B. help C. have helped D. helped
19. The police _________ the robber.
A. were arrested B. has arrested C. have arrested D. was arresting
20. The cattle __________ in the field.
A. is grazing B. grazes C. has grazed D. are grazing
21. Either you or he ____________ wrong.
A. are B. were C. have been D. is
22. John as well as Mary __________ very kind.
A. were B. are C. is D. have been
23. The doctor with the nurses ___________ exhausted after the operation.
A. were B. was C. have been D. are being
24. Five miles ___________ not very far.
A. is B. are C. were D. have been
25. ____________ ten years too long?
A. Are B. Is C. Are being D. Were
26. Neither his parents nor his teacher ____________ satisfied with his result.
A. are being B. were C. is D. are

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27. Each boy and each girl ___________ a book.
A. are having B. have had C. have D. has
28. Writing a lot of letters ___________ her tired.
A. makes B. make C. have made D. are making
29. ___________ everybody ready to start now?
A. Are being B. Is being C. Is D. Are
30. None of the butter in the fridge ____________ good.
A. is being B. is C. have been D. are
31. None of the students ___________ the test yet.
A. have finished B. has finished C. finished D. is finishing
32. A pair of shoes ____________ under the bed.
A. have been B. are C. are being D. is
33. 200 tons of water ___________ last month.
A. was used B. had been used C. were used D. is used
34. In the hotel, the bread and butter _____________ for breakfast.
A. is served B. are served C. serves D. serve
35. ___________ were nice to me when I was in England.
A. The Brown’s B. Brown’s C. The Browns D. Browns

B. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order to make the
sentence correct.
36. Neither his parents nor his teacher are satisfied with his result when he was at high school.
37. Daisy was the only one of those girls that get the scholarship.
38. Working provide people with personal satisfaction as well as money.
39. Either the doctor or the nurses takes care of changing the patients’ bandages.
40. Every student who majors in English are ready to participate in the oratorical contest.
41. One hundreds eight thousand miles is the speed of light.
42. The guest of honour, along with his wife and children, were sitting at the first table when we had a
party yesterday.
43. The audience was enjoying every minute of the performance.
44. All the books on the top shelf belongs to me.
45. Five thousand pounds were stolen from the bank.
46. Happiness and success depends on yourself.
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47. The loss of her husband and two of her sons were too much for her.
48. David and his brother was indicted yesterday on charges of grand theft.
49. Current research on AIDS, in spite of the best efforts of hundreds of scientists, leave serious
questions unanswered.
50. Everyone have to plan a program that fits into the day’s schedule and that allows for good exercise
and appropriate rest.

C Choose the correct answer

1. My wedding ring ………… of yellow and white gold.
a. is made b. is making c. made d. maked
2. If your brother ………………., he would come.
a. invited b. were invited c. were inviting d. invite
3. Mr. Wilson is …………… as Wilie to his friend.
a. knowed b. knew c. known d. is known
4. References …………. in the examination room.
a. not are used b. is not used c. didn’t used d. are not used
5. Laura ………….. in Boston.
a. are born b. were born c. was born d. born
6. My mother is going …………… this house.
a. sold b. to be sold c. to sold d. to sell
7.There’s somebody hehind us . I think we are ……………….
a. being followed b. are followed c. follow d. following
8. Have you …………….. by a dog?
a. bite b. ever been bit c. ever been bitten d. bit
9.The room is being ………….. at the moment.
a. was cleaned b. cleaned c. cleaning d. clean
10. The road to our village …………. widened next year.
a. is b. will c. can d. will be

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D Choose the correct answer
1.Somebody cleans that room everyday.
a. The room every day is cleaned.
b. The room is everyday cleaned.
c. The room is cleaned every day.
d. The room is cleaned by somebody everyday.
2. They cancelled all flights because of fog.
a. All flights because of fog were cancelled.
b. All flights were cancelled because of fog.
c. All flights were cancelled by them because of fog.
d. All flights were because of fog cancelled.
3.They are building a new highway around the city.
a. A new highway is being built around the city.
b. A new highway is being built around the city by them.
c. A new highway around the city is being built.
d. Around the city a new highway is being built.
4.They have built a new hospital near the airport.
a. A new hospital has been built near the airport by them.
b. A new hospital near the airport has been built.
c. A new hospital has been built near the airport .
d. Near the airport a new hospital has been built by them.
5. They will ask you a lot of questions at the interview.
a. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview.
b. You will be asked a lot of questions at the interview by them.
c. A lot of questions will be asked you at the interview.
d. A lot of questions will be asked at the interview.
6. People don’t use this road very often.
a. This road is not used very often.
b. Not very often this road is not used.
c. This road very often is not used.
d. This road not very often is used.

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7. Somebody accused me of stealing money.
a. I was accused by somebody of stealing money.
b. I was accused of stealing money.
c. I was accused of stealing money by somebody.
d. I was accused stealing money.
8. Somebody is using the computer at the moment.
a. The computer is being used at the moment.
b. The computer at the moment is being used.
c. The computer is being used by somebody at the moment.
d. The computer is used at the moment.
9. The bill includes service.
a. Service is included by the bill.
b. Service included in the bill.
c. Service is included in the bill.
d. Service is in the bill.
10. They have changed the date of the meeting.
a. The date of the meeting has been changed.
b. The date of the meeting has been changed by them.
c. The meeting has been changed the date.
d. The date of the meeting has changed.

E Choose the correct answer

1. The old lady was ……….exhausted after the long walk.
a. very b. absoslutely c. pretty d. fairly.
2. The old man is said…………….all his money to an old people’s home when he died.
a. to leave b. to leaving c. have left d. to have left.
3. Nobody was injured in the accident , …………?
a. was there b. was he c. were they d. weren’t they.
4. Renoir’s paintings ……….. masterpieces all over the world.
a. had considered b. are considered c. are considering d. consider.
5. He was advised…………singing lessons.
a. take b. taken c. taking d. to take.

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6. You’d better get someone…………your living room.
a. redecorate b. redecorated c. to redecorate d. redecorating.
7. When…………..? In 1928.
a. penicillin was discovered b. did pencillin discoved.
c. was penicillin disscoverd d. did pencillin discover.
8. I don’t remember……………..of the decision to change the company policy on vacations.
a. telling b. being told c. to tell d. to be told.
9. The children ……………to the zoo.
a. were enjoyed taken b. enjoyed being taken
c. were enjoyed taking d. enjoyed taking.
10. A new bike was bought ………….him on his birthday.
a. to b. for c. with d. on.
11. His car needs ……………….
a. be fixed b. fixing c. to be fixing d. fixed.
12. Her watch needs…………….
a. repairing b. to be repaired c. repaired d. a&b.
13. He was said……………….this building.
a. designing b. to have designed c. to designs d. designed
14. Ted………….by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
a. got sting b. got stung c. get stung d. gets stung
15. Let the children…………..taken to the cinema.
a. to b. be c. to be d. being.

F Choose the best answer.

1. Had you told me that this was going to happen, I _______ it.
A. would never have believed B. don’t believe
C. hadn’t believed D. can’t believe
2. Put all the toys away……….. someone slips and falls on them.
A. provided that B. unless C. in case D. so long as
3. Many argue that the world will never make the switch to cleaner forms of energy………… easily
obtainable oil sources remain.
A. suppose that B. providing that C. unless D.as long as

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4. …………..you to be offered that job, would you have to move to another city?
A. should B. Were C. had D. Provided that
5. You will find their house __________ you take a good street map with you.
A. as long as B. even if C. if only D. otherwise:
6. You’d better stop spending money, _______ you will end up in debt
A. unless B. otherwise C. if D. in case
7. Henry__________ a rich man today if he had been more careful in the past.
A. will have been B. will be C. would have been D. would be
8._________ you visit him, give him my best wishes.
A. Could B. Would C. Should D. Might
9. Were she ten years younger, she ______________ the beauty contest.
A. will enter B. had entered C. would enter D. would have entered
10. If it………..their encouragement, he could have given it up.
A. had been for B. hadn’t been C. hadn’t been for D. wouldn’t have been for
11. _________ any employee be ill, they must call the office to inform their head of department.
A. Were B. Should C. Had D. If
12. If Lucy’s car ___________ down, she would be here right now.
A. didn’t break B. hadn’t broken C. wouldn’t have been D. doesn’t break
13. Harry would certainly have attended the proceedings _________ .
A. if he didn’t get a flat tyre B. had he not had a flat tyre
C. had the tyre not flattened itself D. if the flat tyre didn’t happen
14. If I _____ my wallet at home this morning, I _____ money for lunch now.
A. leave / will have B. didn’t leave / would have
C. hadn’t left / would have D. hadn’t left / would have had
15. I………you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital.
A.would have visited B.visited C.had visited D.visit
16. ………then what I know today,I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years.
A.had I known B.did I know C.If I know D. If I would know
17. If someone ……in to the store,smile and say, “May I help you?”
A.comes B.came C.would come D.could come
18. Trees won’t grow ……….. there is enough water.
A. if B. when C. unless D. as

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 Example Tests

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 TEST 1

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. valuable B. variety C. environment D. impossible
Question 2: A. social B. common C. verbal D. polite

Read fhe following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions.
By adopting a few simple techniques, parents who read to their children can considerably increase their
children’s language development. It is surprising, but true. How parents talk to their children makes a
big difference in the children's language development. If a parent encourages the child to actively
respond to what the parent is reading, the child's language skills increase.
A study was done with two or three-year-old children and their parents. Half of the thirty children
participants were in the experimental study; the other half acted as the control group. In the
experimental group, the parents were given a two-hour training session in which they were taught to
ask open-ended questions rather than yes-no questions. For example, the parent should ask, “What is
the doggy doing?” rather than, “Is the doggy running away?” Experimental parents were also instructed
how to expand on their children's answer, how to suggest alternative possibilities, and how to praise
correct answers.
At the beginning of the study, the children did not differ on levels of language development, but at the
end of one month, the children in the experimental group were 5.5 months ahead of the control group
on a test of verbal expression and vocabulary. Nine months later, the children in the experimental group
still showed an advance of 6 months over the children in the control group.
Question 3: Parents can give great help to their children's language development by ......................
them.
A. reading to B. responding to C. adopting D. experimenting Question 4: What
does the word ” they” in the second paragraph refer to?
A. Participants B. Parents C. Questions D. Children
Question 5: During the training session, experimental parents were taught to ................... .
A. study many experiments B. give correct answers
C. ask open-ended questions D. use yes-no questions

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Question 6: What was the major difference between the control group and the experimental one in the
study?
A. The number of participants B. The age of the children
C. The training that parents received D. The books that were read
Question 7: What conclusion can be drawn from this passage?
A Children's language skills increase when they are required to respond actively.
B Children who read actively always act six months earlier than those who don’t.
C Two or three-year-old children can be taught to read actively.
D. The more children read, the more intelligent they become.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 8. I’m sorry I can't come out this weekend - I’m up to my ears in work.
A. bored B. scared C. free D. busy
Question 9: Workers are always advised to be cautious when entering and leaving the place due to a
recent fire.
A. factual B. unfriendly C. careless D. ambitious

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
Question 10: Each of us must take .................... for our own actions.
A. responsibility B. possibility C. probability D. ability
Question 11: Her fiancé is said ..................... from Harvard University five years ago.
A. to have graduated B. to be graduated
C. being graduated D. having graduated
Question 12: I can't think of any possible .................. for his absence.
A. exploration B. explanation C. expedition D. expectation
Question 13: Housewives find it easier to do domestic chores thanks to .................... invention of
labour- saving devices.
A. an B. some C. the D. a
Question 14: My supervisors is angry with me. I didn't do all the work I .............. have done last week.
A. should B. may C. need D. must

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Question 15: Some films about violence have badly ..................... children and teenagers.
A. influenced B. aimed C. taken D. offered
Question 16: People should not have children unless they are ................. to being responsible parents.
A. promised B. involved C. allowed D. committed
Question 17: Ms. Brown asked me ....................... in my class.
A. were there how many students B. how many students there were
C. there were how many students D. how many students were there
Question 18: With greatly increased workloads, everyone is .................. pressure now.
A. under B. out of C. above D. upon
Question 19: As there were too many participants in the seminar, the main speaker ............. them
into four smaller groups for discussion.
A. divided B. submitted C. enrolled D. provided
Question 20: Hurry up or you ................. the first lesson.
A. had missed B. miss C. have missed D. will miss
Question 21: Her first novel has been ..................... acclaimed as a masterpiece.
A. nation B. international C. internationally D. national
Question 22: I ..................... along the street when I sudderdy heard footsteps behind me.
A. am walking B. walk C. was walking D. walked
Question 23: The families .................... houses were washed away by the tsunami were given
temporary shelter in the school yard.
A. whose B. where C. whom D. that

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part
differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 24: A. through B. trouble C. couple D. double
Question 25: A. realized B. watched C. worked D. missed

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that is
CLOSET in meaning to the underlined part in each of the following questions.
Question 26: Since her parents' death, she has been brought up by her uncle.
A. cried for B. died for C. lived with D. been in touch with Question 27:
The natives were angry when foreigners came to their country and took over their land.
A. migrants B. tourists C. members D. locals
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Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to
complete each of the following exchanges.
Question 28: John and Alice are talking about going to the movie.
John: “I was wondering if you’d like to go to a movie tonight.”
Alice: “ ........................ . What's playing?”
A. Yes, I did. B. Sure, I’d love to! C. No, thanks. D. No, I don’t like it
Question 29: This afternoon Hoa is visiting her home town.
Mark: “Don't fail to send your family my regards.” - Hoa: “........................”.
A. It’s my pleasure B. You’re welcome
C. Good idea, thanks D. Thanks, I will

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that besf fifs each of the numbered blocks.
Everyone wants to reduce pollution. But the pollution (30) ................. is as complicated as it is
serious. It is complicated because much pollution is caused by things that benefit people.
(31) .................... , exhaust from automobiles causes a large percentage of air pollution. But the
automobile provides transportation for millions of people. Factories discharge much of the material
that pollutes the air and water but factories give (32) ..................... to a large number of people. Thus, to
end or greatly reduce pollution immediately, people would have to (33) ................... using many things
that benefit them. Most of the people do not want to do that, of course. But pollution can be gradually
reduced in several ways. Scientists and engineers can work to find ways to lessen the amount of
pollution that such things as automobiles and factories cause. Governments can pass and enforce laws
(34) .................... require businesses and traffic to stop, or to cut down on certain polluting activities.
Question 30: A. work B. event C. accident D. problem
Question 31: A. However B. As a result C. For example D. Therefore
Question 32: A. employed B. unemployment C. unemployed D. employment Question
33: A. continue B. enjoy C. stop D. start
Ouestion 34: A. whoB. whom C. that D. whose

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Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best joins each of
the following pairs of sentences in each of the following questions.
Question 35: The basketball team knew t!hey lost the match.They soon started to blame each other.
A Not only did the basketball team know they lost the match but they blamed to each other as well.
B As soon as they blamed each other, the basketball team knew they lost the match.
C Hardly had the basketball team known they lost the match when they started to blame each other.
D No sooner had the basketball team started to blame each other than they knew they lost the match.
Question 36: Crazianna is a big country. Unfortunately, it has never received respect from its
neighbours.
A It is Crazianna, a big country, that has never received respect from its neighbours.
B Crazianna is such a big country that it has never received respect from its neighbours.
C Though Crazianna is a big country, it has never received respect from its neighbours.
D Crazianna has never received respect from its neighbours because it is a big country.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to show the underlined part that needs
corrections.
Question 37: To attract someone's attention we can use either verbal and non-verbal forms of
communication.
A. To B. use C. and non-verbal D. communication
Question 38: The assumption that smoking has bad effects on our health have been proved.
A. effects B. have been proved C. smoking D. on
Question 39: Dogs that are trained to lead the blind must be loyalty, intelligent and calm.
A. loyalty B. the C. trained D. Dogs that

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in
meaning in the sentence given in each of the following questions.
Question 40: "No, it's not true. I didn't steal the money!" Jean said.
A. Jean admitted stealing the money.
B. Jean refused to steal the money.
C. Jean did not intend to steal the money.
D. Jean denied having stolen the money.

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Question 41: It is not until a Vietnamese girl getting 18 years old that she is allowed to get married
legally.
A A Vietnamese girl is not allowed to get married legally only when she gets 18 years old.
B A Vietnamese girl is allowed to get married legally only when she gets 18 years old.
C The legal allowance for a Vietnamese girl to get married will be issued in 18 years.
D They never allow a Vietnamese girl to get married legally when she is 18 years old.
Question 42: It is over twenty years since I last got in touch with them.
A I can't help keeping getting in touch with them for over 20 years.
B I haven't gotten in touch with them for over 20 years.
C I used to get in touch with them for over 20 years.
D I have been getting in touch with them for over 20 years.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions.
The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist in such small quantities that it is accurate to say
that the universe is somewhat more than 25 percent helium by weight and somewhat less than 75
percent hydrogen.
Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galaxy and in other galaxies as
well. Helium has been found in old stars, in relatively young ones, in interstellar gas, and in the distant
objects known as quasars. Helium nuclei have also been found to be constituents of cosmic rays that
fall on the earth (cosmic rays are not really a form of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving
particles of numerous different kinds). It doesn't seem to make very much difference where the helium
is found. Its relative abundance never seems to vary much. In some places, there may be slightly more
of it; in others, slightly less, but the ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei always remains about the same.
Helium is created in stars. In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for
most of the energy that stars produce. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in
this manner can be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a few percent. The universe has not
existed long enough for this figure to be significantly greater. Consequently, if the universe is
somewhat more than 25 percent helium now, then it must have been about 25 percent helium at a time
near the beginning.
However, when the universe was less than one minute old, no helium could have existed. Calculations
indicate that before this time temperature were too high and particles of matter were moving around
much too rapidly. It was only after the one-minute point that helium could exist. By this time, the
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universe had cooled so sufficiently that neutrons and protons could stick together. But the nuclear
reactions that led to the formations of helium went on for only relatively short time. By the time the
universe was a few minutes old, helium production had effectively ceased.
Question 43: What does the passage mainly explain?
A How stars produce energy
B When most of the helium in the universe was formed
C Why hydrogen is abundant
D The difference between helium and hydrogen
Question 44: According to the passage, helium is ................... .
A the most prevalent element in quasars B difficult to detect
C the oldest element in the universe D the second-most abundant element in the universe
Question 45: The word "constituents" is closest in meaning to
A. causes B. components C. relatives D. targets
Question 46: Why does the author mention "cosmic rays"?
A To explain the abundance of hydrogen in the universe
B To explain how the universe began
C As an example of an unsolved astronomical puzzle
D As part of a list of things containing helium
Question 47: The word "they" refers to .................... .
A. particles B. cosmic rays C. constituentsD. radiation
Question 48: The word "vary" is closest in meaning to ....................
A. include B. mean C. stretch D. change
Question 49: The creation of helium within stars ........................ .
A produces hydrogen as a by-product
B causes helium to be much more abundant in old stars than in young stars
C produces energy
D cannot be measured
Question 50: Most of the helium in the universe was formed ......................
A during the first minute of the universe's existence
B in a very short time
C in interstellar space
D before most of the hydrogen

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 TEST 2

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part
differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. wanted B. stopped C. decided D. hated
Question 2: A. century B. culture C. secure D. applicant

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 3: A. offer B. canoe C. country D. standard
Question 4: A. pollution B. computer C. currency D. allowance

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
Question 5: Measles (A) are (B) an infectious (C) disease that causes fever and (D) small red spots.
Question 6: He passed (A) the exams with (B) high scores, that (C) made his parents happy (D).
Question 7: For such (A) a demanding job, you will need (B) qualifications (C), soft skills and having
full commitment (D).

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
Question 8: I haven‘t met him again since we ______ school ten years ago.
A. have left B. leave C. left D. had left
Question 9: A recent survey has shown that ______ increasing number of men are willing to share the
housework with their wives.
A. a B. an C. the D. some
Question 10: The more demanding the job is, ______ I like it.
A. more B. most C. the more D. the most
Question 11: John wanted to know ______ in my family.
A. there were how many people B. how many people were there
C. were there how many people D. how many people there were

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Question 12: Richard, my neighbor, _______ in World War II.
A. says to fight B. says to have fought C. is said to fight D. is said to have fought
Question 13: Students are ______ less pressure as a result of changes in testing procedures.
A. under B. above C. upon D. out of
Question 14: Tom is getting ever keener on doing research on ______.
A. biology B. biological C. biologist D. biologically
Question 15: Many people and organizations have been making every possible effort in order to save
______ species.
A. endangered B. dangerous C. fearful D. threatening
Question 16: A number of young teachers nowadays ______ themselves to teaching disadvantaged
children.
A. offer B. stick C. give D. devote
Question 17: Whistling or clapping hands to get someone‘s attention is considered ______ and even
rude in some circumstances.
A. suitable B. unnecessary C. appropriate D. impolite
Question 18: ―Sorry for being late. I was ______ in the traffic for more than an hour.
A. carried on B. held up C. put off D. taken after
Question 19: She was tired and couldn‘t keep ______ the group.
A. up with B. up against C. on to D. out of

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to
complete each of the following exchanges.
Question 20: Two friends Diana and Anne are talking about Anne‘s new blouse.
- Diana: ―That blouse suits you perfectly, Anne.
- Anne: ―______
A. Never mind. B. Don‘t mention it. C. Thank you. D. You‘re welcome.
Question 21: Mary is talking to a porter in the hotel lobby.
- Porter: - Shall I help you with your suitcase?
- Mary: - ______
A. Not a chance. B. That‘s very kind of you.
C. I can‘t agree more. D. What a pity!

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Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning
to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 22: Students are expected to always adhere to school regulations.
A. question B. violate C. disregard D. follow
Question 23: A number of programs have been initiated to provide food and shelter for the
underprivileged in the remote areas of the country.
A. rich citizens B. active members C. poor inhabitants D. enthusiastic people

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 24: Drivers are advised to get enough petrol because filling stations are few and far between
on the highway.
A. easy to find B. difficult to access C. unlikely to happen D. impossible to reach
Question 25: We managed to get to school in time despite the heavy rain.
A. earlier than a particular moment B. later than expected
C. early enough to do something D. as long as expected

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in
meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 26: I‘m sure Luisa was very disappointed when she failed the exam.
A. Luisa must be very disappointed when she failed the exam.
B. Luisa must have been very disappointed when she failed the exam.
C. Luisa may be very disappointed when she failed the exam.
D. Luisa could have been very disappointed when she failed the exam.
Question 27: “You had better see a doctor if the sore throat does not clear up,” she said to me.
A. She reminded me of seeing a doctor if the sore throat did not clear up.
B. She ordered me to see a doctor if the sore throat did not clear up.
C. She insisted that I see a doctor unless the sore throat did not clear up.
D. She suggested that I see a doctor if the sore throat did not clear up.

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Question 28: Without her teacher‘s advice, she would never have written such a good essay.
A. Her teacher advised her and she didn‘t write a good essay.
B. Her teacher didn‘t advise her and she didn‘t write a good essay.
C. She wrote a good essay as her teacher gave her some advice.
D. If her teacher didn‘t advise her, she wouldn‘t write such a good essay.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines
each pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 29: She tried very hard to pass the driving test. She could hardly pass it.
A. Although she didn‘t try hard to pass the driving test, she could pass it.
B. Despite being able to pass the driving test, she didn‘t pass it.
C. No matter how hard she tried, she could hardly pass the driving test.
D. She tried very hard, so she passed the driving test satisfactorily.
Question 30: We didn‘t want to spend a lot of money. We stayed in a cheap hotel.
A. Rather than spending a lot of money, we stayed in a cheap hotel.
B. In spite of spending a lot of money, we stayed in a cheap hotel.
C. We stayed in a cheap hotel, but we had to spend a lot of money.
D. We didn‘t stay in a cheap hotel as we had a lot of money to spend.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.
WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY
A good memory is often seen as something that comes naturally, and a bad memory as something that
cannot be changed, but actually (31)______ is a lot that you can do to improve your memory.
We all remember the things we are interested in and forget the ones that bore us. This no doubt
explains the reason (32)______ schoolboys remember football results effortlessly but struggle with
dates from their history lessons! Take an active interest in what you want to remember, and focus on it
(33)______. One way to make yourself more interested is to ask questions - the more the better!
Physical exercise is also important for your memory, because it increases your heart (34)______ and
sends more oxygen to your brain, and that makes your memory work better. Exercise also reduces
stress, which is very bad for the memory.

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The old saying that - eating fish makes you brainy may be true after all. Scientists have discovered that
the fats (35)______ in fish like tuna, sardines and salmon - as well as in olive oil - help to improve the
memory. Vitamin-rich fruits such as oranges, strawberries and red grapes are all good brain food, too.
(Source: - New Cutting Edge, Cunningham, S. & Moor. 2010. Harlow: Longman)
Question 31: A. there B. it C. that D. this
Question 32: A. why B. what C. how D. which
Question 33: A. hardly B. slightly C. consciously D. easily
Question 34: A. degree B. level C. rate D. grade
Question 35: A. made B. existed C. founded D. found

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.
It used to be that people would drink coffee or tea in the morning to pick them up and get them going
for the day. Then cola drinks hit the market. With lots of caffeine and sugar, these beverages soon
became the pick-me-up of choice for many adults and teenagers. Now drink companies are putting out
so-called "energy drinks." These beverages have the specific aim of giving tired consumers more
energy.
One example of a popular energy drink is Red Bull. The company that puts out this beverage has stated
in interviews that Red Bull is not a thirst quencher. Nor is it meant to be a fluid replacement drink for
athletes. Instead, the beverage is meant to revitalize a tired consumer's body and mind. In order to do
this, the makers of Red Bull, and other energy drinks, typically add vitamins and certain chemicals to
their beverages. The added chemicals are like chemicals that the body naturally produces for energy.
The vitamins, chemicals, caffeine, and sugar found in these beverages all seem like a sure bet to give a
person energy.
Health professionals are not so sure, though. For one thing, there is not enough evidence to show that
all of the vitamins added to energy drinks actually raise a person's energy level. Another problem is
that there are so many things in the beverages. Nobody knows for sure how all of the ingredients in
energy drinks work together.
Dr. Brent Bauer, one of the directors at the Mayo Clinic in the US, cautions people about believing all
the claims energy drinks make. He says, - It is plausible if you put all these things together, you will
get a good result. However, Dr. Bauer adds the mix of ingredients could also have a negative impact on
the body. - We just don't know at this point, he says.
(Source: - Reading Challenge 2, Casey Malarcher & Andrea Janzen, Compass Publishing)
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Question 36: The beverages mentioned in the first paragraph aim to give consumers ______.
A. caffeine B. sugar C. more energy D. more choices
Question 37: The word “it” in the second paragraph refers to ______.
A. one example B. the company C. Red Bull C. thirst quencher
Question 38: According to the passage, what makes it difficult for researchers to know if an energy
drink gives people energy?
A. Natural chemicals in a person‘s body B. The average age of the consumer
C. The number of beverage makers D. The mixture of various ingredients
Question 39: The word plausible in the passage is closest in meaning to _______.
A. impossible B. reasonable C. typical D. unlikely
Question 40: What has Dr. Bauer probably researched?
A. Countries where Red Bull is popular B. Energy drinks for teenage athletes
C. Habits of healthy and unhealthy adults D. Vitamins and chemicals in the body
Question 41: Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A. Bauer does not seem to believe the claims of energy drink makers.
B. Colas have been on the market longer than energy drinks.
C. It has been scientifically proved that energy drinks work.
D. The makers of Red Bull say that it can revitalize a person.
Question 42: What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Caffeine is bad for people to drink. B. It is uncertain whether energy drinks are healthy.
C. Red Bull is the best energy drink. D. Teenagers should not choose energy drinks.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
What is ‘extreme‘ weather? Why are people talking about it these days? ‘Extreme‘ weather is an
unusual weather event such as rainfall, a drought or a heat wave in the wrong place or at the wrong
time. In theory, they are very rare. But these days, our TV screens are constantly showing such extreme
weather events. Take just three news stories from 2010: 28 centimetres of rain fell on Rio de Janeiro in
24 hours, Nashville, USA, had 33 centimetres of rain in two days and there was record rainfall in
Pakistan.
The effects of this kind of rainfall are dramatic and lethal. In Rio de Janeiro, landslides followed,
burying hundreds of people. In Pakistan, the floods affected 20 million people. Meanwhile, other parts
of the world suffer devastating droughts. Australia, Russia and East Africa have been hit in the last ten
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years. And then there are unexpected heat waves, such as in 2003 in Europe. That summer, 35,000
deaths were said to be heat-related.
So, what is happening to our weather? Are these extreme events part of a natural cycle? Or are they
caused by human activity and its effects on the Earth‘s climate? Peter Miller says it‘s probably a
mixture of both of these things. On the one hand, the most important influences on weather events are
natural cycles in the climate. Two of the most famous weather cycles, El Niño and La Niña, originate
in the Pacific Ocean. The heat from the warm ocean rises high into the atmosphere and affects weather
all around the world. On the other hand, the temperature of the Earth‘s oceans is slowly but steadily
going up. And this is a result of human activity. We are producing greenhouse gases that trap heat in
the Earth‘s atmosphere. This heat warms up the atmosphere, land and oceans. Warmer oceans produce
more water vapour – think of heating a pan of water in your kitchen. Turn up the heat, it produces
steam more quickly. Satellite data tells us that the water vapour in the atmosphere has gone up by four
percent in 25 years. This warm, wet air turns into the rain, storms, hurricanes and typhoons that we are
increasingly experiencing. Climate scientist, Michael Oppenheimer, says that we need to face the
reality of climate change. And we also need to act now to save lives and money in the future.
(Source: © 2015 National Geographic Learning.www.ngllife.com/wild-weather)
Question 43: It is stated in the passage that extreme weather is ______.
A. becoming more common B. not a natural occurrence
C. difficult for scientists to understand D. killing more people than ever before
Question 44: The word lethal in the second paragraph probably means ______.
A. far-reaching B. long-lasting C. happening soon D. causing deaths
Question 45: What caused thousands of deaths in 2003?
A. a period of hot weather B. floods after a bad summer
C. a long spell of heavy rain D. large-scale landslides
Question 46: According to the passage, extreme weather is a problem because ______.
A. we can never predict it B. it only affects crowded places
C. it‘s often very destructive D. its causes are completely unknown
Question 47: The word that in the third paragraph refers to ______.
A. Earth‘s oceans B. human activity C. greenhouse gases D. Earth‘s atmosphere
Question 48: Extreme weather can be caused by ______.
A. satellites above the Earth B. water vapour in the atmosphere
C. very hot summers D. water pans in your kitchen

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Question 49: Satellites are used to ______.
A. change the direction of severe storms
B. trap greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
C. measure changes in atmospheric water vapour
D. prevent climate from changing quickly
Question 50: Which statement is NOT supported by the information in the passage?
A. Extreme weather is substantially influenced by human activity.
B. Unusual weather events are part of natural cycles.
C. We can limit the bad effects of extreme weather.
D. Such extreme weather is hardly the consequence of human activity.

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 TEST 3

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
Question 1: The aroma of freshly baked bread in the morning has always ________ memories of his
childhood home.
A. evoked B. reminisced C. instilled D. incited
Question 2: Schoolchildren shouldn't make fun of those who are intellectually ________ to them.
A. responsible B. familiar C. inferior D. essential
Question 3: John is ________ most hard-working student I've ever known.
A. the B. Ø C. a D. an
Question 4: Joseph would never forget ________ by his boss through no fault of his own.
A. criticising B. being criticised C. to criticise D. to be criticised
Question 5: Once ________ with sufficient information, the freshmen will feel more confident to start
the new course.
A. having provided B. provided C. are provided D. providing
Question 6: I'm sorry. I didn't mean to ________ your feelings when I said such a thing.
A. injure B. hurt C. destroy D. break
Question 7. Backpacking is best suited for those who are in good physical condition ________.
A. without being required to walk several miles
B. so that it would require walking several miles
C. as it may require walking several miles
D. so as not to require walking several miles
Question 8: Laura came to ________ me for taking care of her dog when she was away.
A. thankful B. thankfulness C. thankfully D. thank
Question 9: My uncle tries to spend time playing with his children ________ he is very busy.
A. because of B. although C. moreover D. despite
Question 10: Linda took great photos of butterflies while she ________ in the forest.
A. is hiking B. was hiking C. hiked D. had hiked
Question 11: If you follow my directions, you ________ her house easily.
A. will find B. would have found C. would find D. found

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Question 12: The children are highly excited ________ the coming summer holiday.
A. with B. about C. to D. for
Question 13: The film was so intriguing that the audience were all ________ to the screen until the
end.
A. stuck B. hooked C. glued D. attached
Question 14: A key component of Industry 4.0 is the Internet of Things characterised by the
connections of all mobile ________.
A. accessories B. devices C. utensils D. vehicles

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best completes each of
the following exchanges.
Question 15: Linda and Peter are talking about safe driving.
- Linda: “I think drink-driving should be severely punished.”
- Peter: “ ________. It may cause accidents or even deaths.”
A. I don't think so B. I absolutely agree with you
C. I don't understand what you mean D. You must be kidding
Question 16: A porter is talking to Mary in the hotel lobby.
- Porter: “May I help you with your suitcase?”
- Mary: “________”
A. What a shame! B. Me too. C. Yes, please. D. You're welcome.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word (s) CLOSEST in meaning to
the underlined word (s) in each of the following questions.
Question 17: Many experts support the view that children should start learning English as early as
possible
A. reason B. problem C. reaction D. opinion
Question 18: The young singer's career took off after her latest album topped the charts.
A. ended in failure B. became successful C. went unnoticed D. remained unchanged

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Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word (s) OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word (s) in each of the following questions.
Question 19: My kids only have a faint memory of our hometown as they have lived away from it for
a long time.
A. clear B. poor C. quick D. vague
Question 20: For a fruitful discussion, the chairman should make sure that every member is at liberty
to voice their opinions.
A. getting approval B. having no restriction
C. getting satisfaction D. having no freedom

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part
differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 21: A. leave B. learn C. speak D. teach
Question 22: A. discussed B. performed C. cancelled D. followed

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 23: A. terrific B. beautiful C. general D. chemical
Question 24: A. provide B. listen C. repeat D. collect

Mark the letter A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines
each pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 25: He badly suffered cyberbullying himself. He realized the true dangers of social media
only then.
A. Such was his suffering of cyberbullying that he didn't realise the true dangers of social media.
B. Only when he had realized the true dangers of social media did he badly suffer cyberbullying
himself.
C. But for his terrible suffering of cyberbullying, he wouldn't realise the true dangers of social media.
D. Not until he had badly suffered cyberbullying himself did he realize the true dangers of social
media.

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Question 26: Mike didn't follow his parents' advice on choosing his career. He regrets it now.
A. Mike regrets having followed his parents' advice on choosing his career
B. Mike wishes he had followed his parents' advice on choosing his career.
C. If only Mike followed his parents' advice on choosing his career.
D. If Mike followed his parents' advice on choosing his career, he would regret it.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
Question 27: Jack(A) cycles usually to work to (B) avoid traffic (C) jams at (D) rush hour.
Question 28: (A) With his (B) important contributions, Albert Einstein (C) considered one of the (D)
greatest physicists of all time.
Question 29: Our grandfather, who had an (A) excellent memory (B) when young, has become very
(C) forgettable in recent years due to his (D) old age.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in
meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 30: “What have you done to my laptop, Jane?” asked Tom.
A. Tom asked Jane what she had done to his laptop.
B. Tom asked Jane what had she done to his laptop.
C. Tom asked Jane what has she done to his laptop.
D. Tom asked Jane what she has done to his laptop.
Question 31: I'm certain that Joe attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event.
A. Joe needn't have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event.
B. Joe mightn't have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event.
C. Joe must have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event.
D. Joe could have attended the ceremony as he can vividly recount the event.
Question 32: Many teenagers like facebooking more than doing sport.
A. Many teenagers like doing sport more than facebooking.
B. Many teenagers like doing sport as much as facebooking.
C. Many teenagers don't like facebooking as much as doing sport.
D. Many teenagers don't like doing sport as much as facebooking.

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 33 to 37.
Effects of television on childhood literacy
Nowadays, television occupies a large portion of children's time. From when they start in preschool,
children spend more time watching television than participating in any other (33) ________ except
sleeping. (34) ________, this is not necessarily a bad thing.
The results of some research suggest that there is considerable overlap between the comprehension
processes activated while reading and the processes (35) ________ take place during a period of
television viewing. If this is so, it may very well be the case that children who learn comprehension
skills from television viewing before they are ready to read are (36) ________ with some very
important tools when they later learn to read. It has been noted that children are frequently better at
recalling televised stories they have watched compared to those they have simply heard. Due to the fact
that it is a visual medium, television can present information more concretely than written and spoken
text, making it an ideal medium in which to (37)
________ some of the skills and knowledge needed for later reading.
(Adapted from “Complete Advanced” by Laura Malthews and Barbara Thomas)
Question 33: A. activity B. actively C. activate D. active
Question 34: A. Due to B. Because C. However D. For example
Question 35: A. who B. where C. that D. when
Question 36: A. covered B. equipped C. obsessed D. occupied
Question 37: A. cultivate B. allocate D. manipulate D. regulate

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 38 to 42.
Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is in the south-east of the country. Edinburgh is situated on the
coast, and the beautiful, green Pentland hills are not far from the city centre. Castle Rock stands in the
centre of Edinburgh and is the best place for fantastic views of the city. With a population of almost
half a million people, the city is an exciting mix of traditional and modern.
The first stop for most visitors to the city is the castle on Castle Rock. It is certainly worth a visit and
the area nearby is full of shops that sell whisky and tartans to the tourists. Edinburgh's most famous
street, the Royal Mile, runs from the castle to the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Scottish Parliament.
Along the street, you can see many interesting buildings and you can stop for a drink at a traditional,
old Scottish pub.
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During your visit, you should certainly take the time to see other parts of the city. Princess Street has
lovely gardens, museums and shops. The New Town is a superb area for walking with its attractive 18th
century houses, offices and churches. Finally, the Grassmarket is an old part of the city, which is full of
the cafés, bars and restaurants.
Edinburgh's nightlife is excellent. Clubs usually stay open until three in the morning. You can hear live
music in pubs, choose from a number of first-class cinemas or go to a “ceilidh” (a traditional
Scottishdance).
The best time to come to the city is in August. Thousands of people visit the Edinburgh Festival, the
world's biggest arts festival held every summer. With concerts, opera, theatre and art exhibitions, there
is something for everyone. For winter visitors, Hogmanay (the Scottish New Year) is also an incredible
experience that you will never forget.
(Adapted from '“Straightforward - Pre-intermediate" by Phillip Kerr)
Question 38: Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. A Description of Scotland B. Famous Cities in Scotland
C. The Future of Edinburgh D. A Destination Guide to Edinburgh
Question 39: The word “mix” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. action B. mood C. combination D. mess
Question 40: The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to ________.
A. the area B. a visit C. the city D. the castle
Question 41: According to paragraph 4, what is a “ceilidh”?
A. It is a kind of Scottish music. B. It is the name of a Scottish pub.
C. It is the first Scottish cinema. D. It is a traditional Scottish dance.
Question 42: According to paragraph 5, what is NOT true about the Edinburgh Festival?
A. It is a famous event. B. It offers arts performances.
C. It attracts thousands of visitors. D. It takes place in winter.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 42 to 50.
The first impressions are rather menacing. Visitors must sign in and show identification before being
allowed into the building. Such tight security gives one the feeling of entering a prison or some other
dangerous place. But what a deceptive first impression! Manhattan Comprehensive Night High School
may be the friendliest, most caring institution in all of New York City. A school of last resort for many
of its students, it is their best chance to turn their lives around, and make friends in the process.
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Manhattan Comp, as it is called, is the first full-time night high school in America.
High school is compulsory until the age of sixteen in America, but many students drop out, either
before or after they reach sixteen, and before receiving their high school diplomas. Until now, night
education programmes for dropouts only provided the basics and then awarded an equivalency
certificate. But now, Manhattan Comp offers the total high school experience, complete with a “lunch”
break, physical education and clubs. The students receive an academic diploma, which they say is more
helpful in getting a job than an
equivalency certificate. More than sixty percent of Manhattan Comp's students go on to college.
Most of the school's 450 students have either been expelled from or dropped out of other high schools.
Some have been in two or three schools before this one. What seems to make this school work for these
hard- to- place students is the staff and, most importantly, the principal. All students call him Howard.
As he walks through the building, he greets students by name, asks about their families or jobs and
jokes with them about the lack of variety in the school cafeteria.
Most students at Manhattan Comp are between eighteen and twenty-two years old. You must be at least
seventeen to enrol. The classes run from 5 to 11 p.m., Mondays through Thursdays, with all-day
enrichment programmes on Sundays which explore topics like playwriting art and video production.
School terms are ten weeks long, which gives students the opportunity to take time off for family
matters or jobs. Most students already have some academic credits from previous schools, so instead of
the normal four years in high school, they spend between six months and two years at Manhattan
Comp.
(Adapted from “Oxford Exam Excellence” by Danuts Gryes et al.)
Question 43: Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. A Day in the Life of a Manhattan Comp Student
B. Manhattan Comp: One of a Kind
C. Night Schools: A Passing Fad
D. The Success Story of a Typical American School
Question 44: The word “deceptive” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. misleading B. unwelcoming C. subjective D. lasting
Question 45: What do Manhattan Comp students say about their academic diploma?
A. It demonstrates their superior academic competence.
B. It ensures their admission to well-known colleges.
C. It reflects a more thorough schooling experience.
D. It improves their chances of getting employed.
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Question 46: The phrase “expelled from” in paragraph 3 mostly means ________.
A. invited to attend B. asked to stay C. forced to leave D. qualified to graduate
Question 47: The word “they” in paragraph 4 refers to ________.
A. schools B. years C. credits D. students
Question 48: How long does it generally take students to complete the education at Manhattan Comp?
A. Two years and a half B. Four years
C. Ten weeks D. From six months to two years
Question 49: Which statement is NOT true, according to the passage?
A. Visitors to Manhattan Comp are required to go through certain security procedure.
B. The schooling experience at Manhattan Comp is likely to change the students' lives for the better.
C. Many students at Manhattan Comp have never had any formal schooling before.
D. All of the students at Manhattan Comp are seventeen or above.
Question 50: What can be inferred about Manhattan Comp from the passage?
A. It plays down the importance of extra-curricular activities.
B. It has recently been equipped with state-of-the-art facilities.
C. Its principal is well-liked among the students for his amiability.
D. Its students are required to work part-time while pursuing their studies there

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 TEST 4

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to
complete each of the following exchanges.
Question 1. Anna and Ms White are meeting in a bookshop.
Anna: "Good morning, Ms White. How are you?"
Ms White: "Hi, Anna. ______. And you?"
A. I'm fine, thanks B. I'm forty years old
C. I'm not working today D. I'm looking for a book
Question 2. Andrew is talking to a waiter in a restaurant.
Andrew: "Can I have the bill, please?"
Waiter: "______."
A. You are very kind B. Just a minute, please
C. My pleasure D. You're exactly right

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning
to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 3. They are going to declare details of the plan to the public later this week.
A. announce B. infer C. remind D. notice
Question 4. It rained so hard that the roads were quickly covered in water.
A. heavily B. lightly C. softly D. badly

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 5. If you are at a loose end tomorrow, why don't we spend the day sunbathing and relaxing
on the beach?
A. having a lot to do B. having nothing to do
C. having nothing to lose D. having a lot to gain
Question 6. The twin girls are so identical that I can't distinguish one from the other.
A. similar B. alike C. different D. changeable

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Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part
differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 7. A. washed B. passed C. worked D. opened
Question 8. A. hate B. face C. make D. dance

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 9. A. medical B. essential C. dangerous D. regular
Question 10. A. doctor B. student C. advice D. parent

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
Question 11. The dog ______ my father gave me is very lovely.
A. who B. when C. which D. where
Question 12. There has been growing public concern about the use of chemicals in food ______
recently.
A. preservation B. protection C. reservation D. conservation Question
13. Peter bought a ______ car as a present for his wife two weeks ago.
A. new German red B. red German new C. red new German D. new red German Question 14.
You ______ pass the exam in order to graduate from high school.
A. must B. can C. may D. might
Question 15. During a job interview, candidates are advised to ______ on the interviewer's questions
and make an effort to answer them properly.
A. emphasize B. decide C. concentrate D. rely
Question 16. The higher the cost of living is, ______.
A. the life of the immigrants becomes the harder
B. the hardest the life of the immigrants becomes
C. the harder does the life of the immigrants become
D. the harder the life of the immigrants becomes
Question 17. Harmful environmental factors can ______ the development of certain diseases.
A. generate B. accelerate C. produce D. monitor Question 18.
Question 18. Last week, we ______ an interesting film about the animal world.
A. see B. saw C. are seeing D. will see
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Question 19. The pace of ______ life is much slower in the country than in the city.
A. an B. a C. Ø D. the
Question 20. The success of the company in such a ______ market is remarkable.
A. compete B. competitively C. competitive D. competition Question 21.
A lot of research in medical science has been ______ to improve human health.
A. made up B. carried out C. taken up D. given off Question 22. It
is important for students to ______ full use of university facilities.
A. take B. do C. find D. make

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 23 to 27.
Culture has a strong influence on non-verbal communication. Even the simple act of looking
someone in the eye is not at all that simple. In the USA, Americans are (23)______ to look directly at
people when speaking to them. It shows interest in what they are saying and is thought to carry a
(24)______ of honesty. Meanwhile, in Japan and Korea, people avoid long periods of eye contact. It is
considered more polite to look to the side during a conversation. The Lebanese, (25)______, stand
close together and look intensely into each other's eyes. The action shows sincerity and gives people a
better sense of what their counterparts want.
Given such differences with even the most common expressions, people (26)______ travel or
work abroad have a real need to learn the other culture's body language. People tend to be unaware of
the messages they are sending to others. So, it is (27)______ to consider your own body language
before dealing with people from other cultures. Knowing about the body language of friends, clients,
and colleagues can be very helpful in improving understanding and avoiding miscommunication.
(Source: Reading Fusion 1 by Andrew E. Bennett)
Question 23. A. encouraged B. forbidden C. assisted D. opposed Question 24. A.
sound B. sense C. taste D. touch
Question 25. A. in contrast B. moreover C. therefore D. in addition Question 26.
A. which B. where C. who D. whose Question 27. A. usefully
B. use C. usefulness D. useful

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 28 to 34.
When naming a child, some parents seem to choose a name based simply on their personal
preference. In other families, grandparents or professional name-makers come up with a child's name.
In some cases, the time of a child's birth influences how the child's name is determined.
In many European cultures, names are typically chosen by parents. Parents' choice for their
child's name may be based on names of their relatives or ancestors. For example, in Italy, children are
traditionally named after their grandparents. The parents generally use the father's parents' names first.
If they have more children, then they will use the mother's parents' names. Similarly, some people in
Eastern Europe name their children after relatives who have died. This tradition is seen as a means to
protect the child from the Angel of Death.
Traditionally in some Asian countries, a child's grandfather or a fortune-teller chooses the
child's name. In contrast to the tradition of naming children after relatives, the child's name is chosen to
influence the child's character. For example, names may be based on a connection to certain elements
such as fire, water, earth, wood, or metal. Or the name might include a written character meaning
beauty, strength, or kindness.
In certain African cultures, when a child is born plays a large part in determining the child's
name. In Ghana's Akan culture, the day a child is born determines the child's name. But each day has
different names for boys and girls. For instance, a boy born on Friday is named Kofi, whereas a girl
born on the same day is named Afua. Both Kofi and Afua mean "wanderer" or "explorer." Children
with these names are seen as travelers.
No matter where the name comes from, a child's name is the first gift in life. Whether the name
is chosen according to preference or dictated by tradition, it reflects something about a child's culture.
For that reason, all names should be treasured and respected.
(Source: Reading Challenge 2 by Casey Malarcher & Andrea Janzen)
Question 28. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The choice of name for a child in Asia
B. The history of child naming around the world
C. The practice of child naming in Europe
D. The tradition of child naming in different cultures
Question 29. According to the passage, in many European cultures, names are typically selected by
______.
A. ancestors B. parents C. relatives D. grandparents
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Question 30. The word "means" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. sign B. symbol C. route D. way
Question 31. What is a common belief in some Asian countries concerning the tradition of naming a
child?
A. A child's name must include a written character meaning beauty, strength, or kindness.
B. The choice of a child's name is believed to have an impact on his or her personality.
C. A child's name shouldn't be connected with certain elements of nature.
D. The choice of a child's name should be based on names of his or her relatives.
Question 32. Which of the following about the tradition of child naming in African countries is NOT
true according to the passage?
A. The arrival time of a child is an important factor in deciding his or her name.
B. Children born on Friday are normally given names meaning traveling.
C. Children receive the same name if they are born on the same day.
D. No matter how a child's name is chosen, it is related to his or her culture.
Question 33. The word "it" in paragraph 5 refers to ______.
A. preference B. culture C. name D. tradition
Question 34. The word "treasured" in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. ignored B. developed C. valued D. revealed

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 35 to 42.
Tropical rainforests are being destroyed and badly degraded at an unsustainable rate. Some
scientists estimate that in the early 1990s tropical forests were being destroyed at a rate of
approximately 28 hectares a minute, or about 14 million hectares each year – an area about the size of
the state of Wisconsin. This figure marked a decrease since the 1980s, when approximately 16 million
hectares were destroyed each year, largely due to a reported decline of deforestation in the Amazon
River Basin in the early 1990s. However, satellite images indicate that rates may have rebounded in
the late 1990s as burning in the Amazon increased again. Over the past three decades alone, about 5
million square kilometers – or 20 percent of the world's tropical forests – have been cleared. During
this time, deforestation in tropical Asia reached almost 30 percent. High rates of deforestation are
inevitably followed by alarming rates of plant and animal extinction because many rainforest species
cannot survive outside their pristine rainforest habitat. Some scientists estimate that dozens of
rainforest species are becoming extinct every day.
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 Causes of deforestation vary from location to location, but certain patterns tend to be consistent
across all forests. Logging companies in search of valuable rainforest hardwoods, or, less often, oil
companies in search of petroleum, are often the first to enter a remote area of rainforest. Some logged
forests, if left alone, can regenerate in a few decades. But typically, they are not left alone – the roads
built by logging companies often provide access for landless farmers to enter a new area, as well as a
means to transport agricultural crops to market. For every 1 kilometer of new roads built through a
forested area, 4 to 24 square kilometers are deforested and colonized.
Once the loggers leave the land, a typical cycle of destruction ensues. When the landless
farmers arrive, they clear the land for planting. Poor rainforest soils produce a low crop yield,
especially after a couple of years. At that point, the farmers often sell their lands to cattle ranchers or
large plantation owners. After nutrients have been exhausted and soils compacted by cattle, lands are
then abandoned and often laid to waste. Rainforest does not readily regenerate on these lands without
human intervention. Meanwhile, the colonist farmers and cattle ranchers move to a new piece of land
made accessible by logging roads, where the cycle of deforestation begins again.
(Source: Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation)
Question 35. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The size of tropical rainforest loss
B. Causes and effects of rainforest destruction
C. The rate of rainforest destruction in the Amazon
D. Typical patterns of extinction of rainforest species
Question 36. According to paragraph 1, which of the following about the rate of rainforest
destruction is TRUE?
A. It was greater in the early 1990s than in the 1980s.
B. It was the same in the early 1990s as in the 1980s.
C. It was greater in the 1980s than in the early 1990s.
D. It kept increasing from the 1980s to the 1990s.
Question 37. The word "rebounded" in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by ______.
A. remained unchanged B. fallen again C. risen again D. gone up and down
Question 38. Which of the following can result from the loss of tropical rainforests?
A. The decrease in wasted lands B. The disappearance of many rainforest species
C. The disappearance of landless farmers D. The increase in the rainforest habitat

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Question 39. According to the passage, what is the most common cause of deforestation in different
regions?
A. The search for oil B. The search for valuable woods
C. The search for rare animals D. The search for new farmlands
Question 40. The word "regenerate" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. recover B. renew C. repeat D. refine
Question 41. The phrase "these lands" in paragraph 3 refers to ______.
A. lands for raising cattle B. lands sold and colonized
C. lands abandoned and wasted D. lands for planting
Question 42. What can be inferred about rainforests from the passage?
A. Rainforest destruction can be reduced with the help of cattle ranchers.
B. The cycle of rainforest destruction will come to an end.
C. Human beings are the main contributor to deforestation in tropical regions.
D. Most tropical rainforests have been sold to plantation owners.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
Question 43. (A) Working (B) as a doctor (C) would give me a chance (D) taking care of people's
health.
Question 44. Jane (A) help her mother to (B) do the housework (C) when she has (D) free time.
Question 45. (A) Many living organisms depend largely (B) on the environment for the (C) satisfaction
of (D) its needs.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning
to each of the following questions.
Question 46. They cancelled all the sporting events because of the heavy rain.
A. Without the heavy rain, they wouldn't cancel all the sporting events.
B. If it hadn't rained heavily, they would have cancelled all the sporting events.
C. If it didn't rain heavily, they wouldn't cancel all the sporting events.
D. Had it not rained heavily, they wouldn't have cancelled all the sporting events.

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Question 47. I haven't heard from Susan for several months.
A. I last heard from Susan several months ago.
B. Susan didn't hear from me several months ago.
C. Susan heard from me several months ago.
D. I didn't hear from Susan several months ago.
Question 48. "I didn't give John the money," said Mary.
A. Mary denied giving John the money.
B. Mary admitted giving John the money.
C. Mary suggested giving John the money.
D. Mary remembered giving John the money.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines each
pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 49. Many Vietnamese women are successful in their careers. They are excellent
homemakers.
A. Many Vietnamese women are successful in their careers, and they are excellent homemakers.
B. Many Vietnamese women are successful in their careers, for they are excellent homemakers.
C. Many Vietnamese women are successful in their careers, so they are excellent homemakers.
D. Many Vietnamese women are successful in their careers, or they are excellent homemakers.
Question 50. Nam had all the necessary qualifications. They didn't offer him the job.
A. Despite having all the necessary qualifications, Nam was not offered the job.
B. They didn't offer Nam the job as he had all the necessary qualifications.
C. Nam had all the necessary qualifications, so they didn't offer him the job.
D. If Nam had had all the necessary qualifications, he would have been offered the job

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 TEST 5

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part
differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. empty B. deny C. sleepy D. hurry
Question 2: A. scholar B. character C. charity D. chemist

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 3: A. history B. musician C. computer D. conclusion
Question 4: A. career B. agree C. coffee D. fourteen

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
Question 5: (A) Some underground water is (B) enough safe to drink, (C) but all surface water must
be (D) treated.
Question 6: Stars in our universe vary in temperature, color, bright, size, and mass.
Question 7: Neither Russia (A) nor the United States (B) have been able to discover a (C) mutually
(D) satisfactory plan for gradual disarmament.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning
to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.Question 8: Parsley
is cultivated throughout much of the world.
A. seen B. cooked C. grown D. bought
Question 9: While some bacteria are beneficial, others are harmful in that they cause disease.
A. detrimental B. curative C. demanding D. dominant

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 10: He was killed in a tragic accident at the age of 24.
A. boring B. comic C. unhappy D. mysteriou

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Question 11: He decided to make Hanoi his permanent home.
A. intermittent B. solitary C. frivolous D. temporary

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
Question 12: The planet Mercury ........................ round the Sun every eighty-eight days.
A. has travelled B. is travelling C. travelled D. travels
Question 13: There is ................. horror movie on .................... TV tonight.
A. a/the B. the/ - C. a/ - D. -/ -
Question 14: ................. you start, ................... you will finish.
A. The soon/the more quickly
C. The sooner/the quickly
B. The sooner/the quicker
D. The sooner/the more quickly
Question 15: We arrived ............... Ho Chi Minh City ................ 9 p.m. .............. a hot summer day.
A. in/at/on B. at/in/in C. to/at/in D. on/of/on
Question 16: There is too ............. bad news on TV tonight.
A. many B. much C. a few D. a little
Question 17: You should seriously consider a dancer. You are such a great performer.
A. becoming B. to become C. become D. will become
Question 18: The doctor recommended that the patient ............... as soon as possible.
A. is operated B. operated C. would be operated D. be operated
Question 19: Not until now ............. popularly recognized that man is destroying the environment.
A. has it become B. does it become C. it has become D. it becomes
Question 20: If I were you, I would take more .................. in my work.
A. confidence B. pride C. dedication D. solution
Question 21: Her mother told her not to be too ................. and advised her to try to do things herself.
A. independent B. dependence C. depending D. dependent
Question 22: Jack has two elder brothers, .............. are famous actors.
A. both of which B. both of who C. both of whom D. both of them
Question 23: Susan was alone in the house when the fire ............. .
A. broke out B. broke down C. broke up D. broke away.

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Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to
complete each of the following exchanges.
Question 24: Lisa and Rachel are talking on the phone.
 Lisa: “Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?”
 Rachel: “ ................. .”
A. Yes, I’d love to B. Yes, please C. No, thanks D. sorry
Question 25: Henry is talking to his mother.
 Henry: “I’ve passed my driving test.”
 His mother: “ .................. .”
A. All right. B. That’s too bad C. That’s a good idea D. Congratulations

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in
meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 26: He must have cancelled his e-mail account, as I can't get hold of him.
A. I must have got his e-mail address wrong, because he's not giving me any reply.
B. If no one is able to get in contact with him, he ought to get an e-mail account for himself.
C. Since I'm unable to get in contact with him, it seems certain that he's closed his e-mail account.
D. He may have closed his e-mail account, but I won't know for sure until I get in touch with him.
Question 27: Only customers with coupons may use the service.
A. The service is available for coupons only.
B. The service is restricted to customers in possession of coupons.
C. Only rich customers can use the service with coupons.
D. Only customers with coupons are service here.
Question 28: "You must do what you are told," said the woman.
A. The woman said that I had to do what I was told.
B. The woman said that I must do what I was told.
C. The woman said I should have done what I was told.
D. The woman said I should do what I was told.

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Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines
each pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 29: The burglar might come back. You'd better change all the locks.
A. You'd better change all the locks or the burglar will come back.
B. You'd better change all the locks in case the burglar comes back.
C. If you don't change all the locks, the burglar could come back.
D. The burglar will come back unless you change all the locks.
Question 30: The student next to me kept chewing gum. That bothered me a lot.
A. The student next to me kept chewing gum bothering me a lot.
B. The student next to me kept chewing gum, that bothered me a lot.
C. The student next to me kept chewing gum bothered me a lot.
D. The student next to me kept chewing gum, which bothered me a lot.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.
ON YOUR BIKE !
If you are getting (31) ................ up wasting time looking for parking spaces, my advice to you is to
consider the bicycle as an alternate means of transport. Cycling is probably the cheapest and healthiest
way of getting (32) ............... in our congested city centers. Although it is convenient and
environmentally desirable, it can be unattractive choice on a cold windy morning. It is much easier to
get onto a nice warm bus or jump into your car, but the sight of cyclists as they weave their way in and
out of the traffic may fill you with (33) ................ as you sit waiting in yet another traffic jam. In spite
of the fact that worsening pollution is getting many people (34) ............... , causing more and more
health problems, and while it is fashionable to express one’s approval of the environmentally
safe bicycle, it is hard to deny the danger cyclists face in sharing the road with cars. Although cycling
is not as risky as it looks at first (35) ............... , there are more and more accidents involving cyclists.
Question 31: A. fed B. tired C. irritated D. angry
Question 32: A. over B. through C. about D. on
Question 33: A. approval B. envy C. angry D. criticism
Question 34: A. round B. over C. down D. together
Question 35: A. look B. point C. view D. sight

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.
Despite the fact that too much fat can be harmful, a moderate fat intake is actually essential to the
maintenance of good health. Some of the symptoms of fat deficiency include flaking skin, emaciation,
reduced functioning of the immune system, and fertility problems. Recent studies have linked fat-free
diets to increased stress and aggression, and note that those who try to eliminate fat completely from
their food intake may be at risk for developing eating disorders: a small amount of fat in a meal will
produce a feeling of satiety which lasts much longer than the sensation of fullness produced by protein
or carbohydrates. At least two teaspoons of fat per day is needed in order for the digestive system to
absorb vitamins A, D, E and K, which are fat soluble. These vitamins are essential for healthy hair,
skin, teeth, and eyes. Without the ability to absorb these vitamins, children run the risk of
developmental and neurological disorders. Adults need these vitamins to manufacture fertility
hormones.
Some types of fat actually help to reduce harmful cholesterol levels. Polyunsaturated fats such as corn,
soybean, and sesame oil, and monounsaturated fats like chicken fat and olive oil, seem to lower blood
cholesterol, while saturated fats – those found in red meat, dairy products, and tropical oils – seem to
raise the level of the kind of cholesterol that accumulates as plaques on arterial walls. Paying attention
to the type of fat consumed is just as important as reducing total fat intake.
Question 36: What did the paragraph preceding this passage most likely discuss?
A. general health guidelines
B. methods of reducing one's percentage of dietary fat
C. moderate fat intake
D. health problems linked to fat consumption
Question 37: What is the author's main purpose in the passage?
A. To discuss some positive aspects of dietary fat.
B. To compare three kinds of cholesterol.
C. To prove that a low fat diet is inherently harmful.
D. To analyze recent studies linking fat intake to disease.
Question 38: All of the following are mentioned as signs of fat deficiency EXCEPT.
A. flaky skin B. fertility problems
C. a feeling of satiety D. reduced immunity
Question 39: According to this passage, the most harmful type of fat would be found in.
A. fish and vegetables B. chicken fried in soybean oil
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C. corn oil and olive oil D. steak and cheese
Question 40: The word "note" in the passage is closest in meaning to.
A. suggest B. hope C. notice D. prove
Question 41: The word "those" in the passage is closest in meaning to.
A. studies B. diets C. people D. scientists
Question 42: The word "accumulates" in the passage is closest in meaning to.
A. builds up B. serves C. creates D. takes over

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
Seeing adults – and children – who simply refuse to be unglued from their cellphones, no matter where
they happen to be, is very common. Cellphone users often seem to forget that others share the same
planet, and the talkers can be completely insensitive to those around them – to the noticeable
annoyance of non-cellphone users.
Cellphones have saved lives, increased business opportunities, and kept friendships going, but they
have also been known to destroy the magic of the movies, make everyone at a restaurant turn around
and stare, and bring many a meeting to an abrupt halt. People have even been known to carry their
mobile phones to funerals!
Your cellphone is undoubtedly very important to you because it keeps you in touch with the hundreds
of urgent things you have to do every day. If you are a frequent cellphone user, you will insist that
these gadgets are, after all, supposed to be anywhere – anytime phones. Isn't that why we call them
mobile?
It is true that cellphones would not be of much use if you could not use them anywhere and anytime.
And that is exactly why most cellphones come with a host of features you can use to ensure that
disturbance to others is kept to a minimum. Even the most basic cellphones have a range of ring
settings, with some sufficiently soft-toned not to annoy those around you. Some phones vibrate or flash
a light to alert you, and some let out quiet little beeps. The voice mail option allows you to switch off
and still no miss any calls or messages at all. So enjoy the benefits that cellphones bring, and at the
same time, show consideration for others.
Question 43: The author seems to think that taking cellphones to funeral.
A. is fine because funeral is private B. helps people to keep in touch
C. is sometimes essential D. shows a lack of respect
Question 44: The author mentions movies and restaurants in paragraph 2 as examples of places where.
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A. everyone uses cellphones. B. cellphones can be annoying.
C. people have time to talk on cellphones D. cellphones are not permitted
Question 45: According to this passage, people who do not use cellphones.
A. do not permit their children to use cellphones either
B. are sensitive to the needs of others
C. are not disturbed by others' use of them
D. may be irritated by the noise created by cellphone users
Question 46: Which feature allows cellphone users to be considerate of other people's needs?
A. Soft ringing or a flashing light indicates incoming calls.
B. Calls can be received at any time.
C. The phone can be taken anywhere.
D. You can leave messages on other people's cellphones.
Question 47: The author thinks cellphones should be.
A. used freely by children and adults
B. used as little as possible
C. available for use at all times, with certain restrictions
D. available for use at all times
Question 48: According to the passage, what is the main advantage of cellphones?
A. They have different ring settings.
B. You can leave messages on them.
C. They are widely used in business.
D. They can be used in many different places and at any time.
Question 49: Cellphones are beneficial because.
A. they can be used while eating out
B. they can be used during meetings
C. people bring them everywhere.
D. they enable people to manage their busy schedules.
Question 50: What is the main point of this passage?
A. Cellphones are an essential part of modern life.
B. Cellphones can be adjusted to minimize disturbance to other people.
C. Cellphones have great advantages, but users should be considerate.
D. People should not use cellphones unless it is necessary.

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 TEST 6

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
(1) ............... in technology have made a lot of changes to our everyday lifestyles, but one of the biggest
has got to be how we read books. Since the invention of the e-book, there has been a significant change
to our reading habits. Given the choice between taking a couple of heavy paperbacks on holiday or an
e-book device like a Kindle, most of us, including our parents and grandparents, would unsurprisingly
opt (2) ................ the Kindle. But what would our lives be like with no books at all? It's a (3) ...............
question. Some educational specialists are making predictions that in the future we won't even see
books in classrooms - everything will be done online! (4) ............... of the idea of getting rid of books
say that there will always be a need for paper-based versions of materials. However, to be realistic, we
have to accept that there is a (5) .................. chance that in a decade's time schools and classrooms will
be book-free! What do you think of that?
Question 1. A. Progression B. Successes C. Increases D. Advances
Question 2 A. of B. on C. for D. at
Question 3 A. special B. naughty C. funny D. tricky
Question 4 A. Alternatives B. Contestants C. Opponents D. Enemies
Question 5 A. remote B. far C. long D. distant

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to
complete each of the following exchanges.
Question 6. Peter and Mike are in the middle of their conversation.
Peter: "If only I hadn't said that to her." Mike: " ................ "
A. No, you've done a good job! B. No worry, that's nothing.
C. Ah, well, that's life. D. Yes, you mustn't have done that.
Question 7. Son: "Why don't we buy a new car, Dad? This one is too old to go out with my friends."
Dad: "................ .We don't have much money."
A. You're right. B. I have to think it up.
C. It's out of the question now. D. That's a great idea.

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Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) whose underlined part
differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 8. A. possession B. dissolve C. dessert D. pessimistic Question
9. A. penalty B. expedition C. incredible D. determine

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the following questions.
WHY DON'T YOU GET A PROPER JOB?
She wants to be a singer; you think she should go for a long-term career with job security and
eventually retire with a good pension. But a new report suggests that in fact she's the practical one.
Why do parents make terrible careers advisers?
Today's 14 and 15-year-olds are ambitious. They are optimistic about their prospects, but their
career ideas are rather vague. Although 80% of them have no intention of following in their parents'
footsteps, 69% still turn to their parents for advice. They look at their working future in a different way
to their parents.
A job for life is not in their vocabulary; neither is a dead-end but secure job that is boring but
pays the bills. Almost half the boys surveyed expected that their hobbies would lead them into the right
sort of job, while most girls seemed determined to avoid traditionally female careers such as nursing.
In the past, this might have counted as bad news. Certainly when I was 15, my guidance
counsellors were horrified at my plans to become a writer. I'm glad I didn't change my plans to suit
them. Even so, their faith in rigid career paths was well-founded. In those days, that was the way to get
ahead.
But the world has changed. The global economy is not kind to yesterday's diligent and
dependable worker. The future belongs to quick-thinking people who are resourceful, ambitious and
can take the initiative. This means that a 14-year-old who sees her working future as a kind of
adventure, to be made up as she goes along is not necessarily being unrealistic.
However, she has to have the training and guidance to help her develop the right skills for today's
market; not the rigid preparation for a workplace that disappeared twenty years ago. Many young
people are very aware of the pitfalls of the flexible workplace; they understand that redundancy,
downsizing and freelancing are all part of modem working life, but no one is telling them how they
might be able to turn the new rules of the employment game to their advantage. This is what they need
to know if they are to make a life for themselves.

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 So what is to be done? A good first step would be to change the way in which schools prepare
young people for adult life. The education system is becoming less flexible and more obsessed with
traditional skills at just the time that the employment market is going in the opposite direction.
Accurate, up-to-date information on new jobs and qualifications can help guidance counsellors
to help their students. Young people need solid information on the sort of training they need to pursue
the career of their dreams. Also, a little bit of encouragement can go a long way. If nothing else, a bit of
optimism from an adult can serve as an antidote to the constant criticism of teenagers in the press.
What, then, can we as parents do to help them? The best thing is to forget all the advice that
your parents gave you, and step into your teenager's shoes. Once you've done that, it's easier to see how
important it is that they learn how to be independent, resourceful and resilient. Give them the courage
to follow their dreams - however odd they might sound right now. In a world that offers economic
security to almost no one, imagination is a terrible thing to waste.
Question 10. What is the writer's attitude to the changing job market?
A. It is a challenge that must be faced.
B. It had made too many people unemployed.
C. It is something that young people are afraid of.
D. It has had a negative effect on education.
Question 11. How does the writer think the global economy has affected the employment market?
A. Workers have to be willing to change jobs.
B. Workers are unlikely to receive a pension.
C. It has made workers less dependable.
D. It has made work more adventurous.
Question 12. The writer uses the phrase "aware of the pitfalls" to show that young people
A. feel that modern jobs are too flexible
B. know about the problems of modern jobs
C. don't think they get enough training
D. accept that they will be made redundant
Question 13. What kind of employment would teenagers like to have?
A. A job similar to their parents. B. A job that gives them fulfillment.
C. A job that can also be a hobby. D. A job with economic security.

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Question 14. The writer feels that most parents .
A. give their children good career advice
B. do not tend to be particularly ambitious
C. have very traditional views about work
D. have realistic goals for their children
Question 15. How can parents help their children?
A. By trying to think the way they do B. By learning to be courageous
C. By ignoring advice given by others D. By becoming more independent
Question 16. What does the writer believe about her guidance counsellors?
A. That they should have treated her better. B. That the advice they gave was wrong.
C. That they were in some ways right. D. That they had tried to ruin her career.
Question 17. What does the writer feel will happen if the education system does not change?
A. Young people will be discouraged from working.
B. Young people will receive more criticism in the press.
C. Young people will be unable to fulfill their potential.
D. Young people will not be optimistic about their future.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning
to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 18. Flats which are both comfortable and reasonably priced are few and far between in the
current context of economic crisis.
A. uncommon B. unusual C. non-standard D. non-existent
Question 19. Gerry didn't go on the expedition - he made up that part of the story.
A. invented B. narrated C. unfolded D. recounted

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B,C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the following questions.
It is not surprising that the birthplace of cola was the hot and humid American South. This
region had long specialized in creating delicious soft drinks. A druggist in Atlanta, Georgia named
John Pemberton created the most well-known drink brand in the world in the 1880s. However, it seems
clear that he had no idea how big it would become.
Like many American pharmacists of the day, Pemberton was opposed to the drinking of alcohol
and wanted to produce a stimulating soft drink. First, he made "the French Wine of Coca," made from
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the coca leaf. Then he began to experiment with the cola nut. Eventually, he managed to make a
combination of the two that he thought was sweet, but not too sweet. Deciding that "the two C’s would
look well in advertising," he named it Coca-Cola. Pemberton's invention caught on fairly quickly.
By 1905, "Coke" was being advertised all over the country as "The Great Natural Temperance Drink."
The drink enjoyed additional success since there was a large and popular temperance movement in the
US at that time. In the 1920s, alcohol was outlawed, and sales of Coke rose significantly. However,
they continued to rise even after the law was repeated.
Another reason for Coke's popularity was good business sense. A year after he invented it,
Pemberton had sold Coca-Cola to Asa Griggs Candler for only $283.26! Candler was a marketing
genius, and by the time he sold the Coca-Cola Company in l919, it was worth $25 million.
Question 20. Which of the following would be the best title for the reading?
A. The Invention and History of Coca-Cola
B. Cola is the World's Most Popular Soft Drink
C. The Temperance Movement and Coke's success
D. John Pemberton created Coca-Cola.
Question 21. In paragraph 3, the word "outlawed" is closest in meaning to .
A. made legal B. taken to court C. made illegal D. allowed
Question 22. All of the followings are true of Pemberton EXCEPT that .
A. he made "French Wine of Coca" from the coca leaf
B. he combined the coca leaf and cola nut to make "French wine"
C. he produced stimulating alcohol from coca leaves and cola nuts
D. he made "French wine of Coca" from the cola nut
Question 23. In paragraph 3, the word "caught on" is closest in meaning to .
A. became popular B. became successful C. became important D. became legal
Question 24. Which of the following is responsible for Coke's additional success?
A. The temperance movement B. Its attracting name
C. Pemberton's good business sense D. Coca-Cola's great taste

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
Question 25. Physics and mental exercise has been found to be beneficial to our brains, but scientists
have now found it could also improve the learning ability of our children.
A. learning ability B. has been C. it D. Physics
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Question 26. Peacocks are among the most exotic birds in nature; its long tail feathers fan out to
reveal a profusion of vivid colors.
A. fan out B. its C. most exotic D. among
Question 27. It is the job interview that you should be prepared to mention a salary range.
A. salary range B. to mention C. should be D. the job interview

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentences that combines each
pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 28. He was overconfident. Therefore, he ruined our plan completely.
A. It was because his overconfidence that ruined our plan completely.
B. He was overconfident, which ruined our plan completely.
C. That he was overconfidence ruined our plan completely.
D. It was his overconfidence ruined our plan completely.
Question 29. It was a kind of accident. Nobody was really to blame for it.
A. It was a kind of accident, which nobody was really to blame for.
B. It was a kind of accident for whom was really to blame it.
C. It was a kind of accident for which nobody was really to blame it.
D. It was a kind of accident for which nobody was really to blame.
Question 30. The 2022 FIFA World Cup is an important competition in international football. Almost
everyone around the world is looking forward to it.
A. The 2022 FIFA World Cup is so important a competition in international football that almost
everyone around the world is looking forward to it.
B. The 2022 FIFA World Cup is too important a competition in international football that almost
everyone around the world to look forward to it.
C. So important is the 2022 FIFA World Cup competition in international football that almost everyone
around the world is looking forward to.
D. The 2022 FIFA World Cup is such important competition in international football that almost
everyone around the world is looking forward to it.

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Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in
meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 31. You should have persuaded him to change his mind.
A. You didn't persuade him to change because of his mind.
B. It was essential to persuade him to change his mind but you didn't.
C. You persuaded him to change his mind but he didn't listen.
D. You should persuade him to change his mind.
Question 32. The likelihood of suffering a heart attack rises as one becomes increasingly obese.
A. Heart attacks are happening more and more often, and most of the sufferers are obese.
B. Obesity results in only a slight increase in the probability of having a heart attack.
C. The more obese one is, the higher the chances for a heart attack become.
D. Anyone who is obese is likely to experience a heart attack at any time.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 33. A. wilderness B. commitment C. compliment D. optimism
Question 34. A. require B. confide C. swallow D. eject

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
Question 35. The eyewitness said that she had seen ............... the scene of the crime.
A. leaving a tall man B. a tall man to leave C. a tall man leaving D. leave a tall man
Question 36. ................ of the tennis players served well in the singles final.
A. Either B. Any C. Neither D. None
Question 37. It was an amazing victory as it was only the second time ............ in a marathon.
A. she had competed B. for her to compete C. she competes D. of competing
Question 38. Our firm is so successful because it is at the cutting .............. of computer technology.
A. fringe B. limit C. verge D. edge
Question 39. "I think I can find the information on my own." -" ................ any help, just call me."
A. Should you need B. Had you needed
C. Were you to need D. In case of you need

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Question 40. What will happen when the world .................... oil?
A. makes off with B. runs out of C. loses out on D. goes through with Question 41.
1 would suggest ............... to your doctor before you diet.
A. you to speak B. that you speaking C. you speak D. to speak
Question 42. Mum was angry because I went out when I ................ .
A. should have been studying B. needn't have studied
C. must study D. didn't need to study
Question 43. We had a(n) ................ opportunity to train with the best coach.
A. unique B. once C. only D. lone
Question 44. If you are interested in applying for the vacancy, send in your ................ .
A. mortgage B. paperback C. notice D. resume
Question 45. The plane left on time so we ................ long.
A. didn't need to wait B. needn't have waited
C. mustn't have waited D. shouldn't have waited
Question 46. Susan will graduate in June ................. she submits her dissertation on time.
A. otherwise B. unless C. supposing D. provided
Question 47. Jane is a sympathetic listener. She lent me a(n) .............. when I lost my job.
A. eye B. ear C. mouth D. mind
Question 48. ................. school fees may discourage many students from attending university.
A. Raising B. Improving C. Gaining D. Receiving

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning
to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 49. They haven't reached agreement on the official songs of the 27th Sea Games.
A. formal B. uncertified C. informal D. approved
Question 50. Sorry, I can't come to your party. I am snowed under with work at the moment.
A. busy with B. fond of C. free from D. relaxed about

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 TEST 7

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
1. The (A) wooden fence (B) surrounded the factory is beginning (C) to fall down because of (D) the
rain.
2. A turtle differs (A) from (B) other reptiles (C) in that its body is encased in a protective shell of (D)
their own.
3. (A) It is a good idea (B) to be careful in (C) buying or purchasing magazines from salespersons (D)
who may come to your door.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in
meaning to each of the following questions.
4. No one has seen Linda since the day of the party.
A. Linda has not been seen since the day of the party.
B. Linda is nowhere to be seen at the party.
C. The party is going on without Linda.
D. No one has seen Linda for ages.
5. He talked about nothing except the weather.
A. He talked about everything including weather.
B. His sole topic of conversation was the weather.
C. He had nothing to say about the weather.
D. He said he had no interest in the weather.
6. He doesn’t study hard, so he can fail the exam.
A. If he studies hard, he won’t fail the exam.
B. If he didn’t study hard, he wouldn’t fail the exam.
C. If he studied hard, he wouldn’t fail the exam.
D. If he hadn’t studied hard, he wouldn’t have failed the exam.

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Read the following pasage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 11.
When you first apply for a job, you (7)………….not succeed in getting it. It’s always a good
(8)……………..to ask them to explain to you what prevent you from beating the other candidates.
Don’t complain about the situation, but ask them to advise you (9) ………………. what you can do
better next time. Perhaps the interviewer disapproved of or disagree with something you said. Perhaps
they just glanced at your application and saw something that made it easy to choose between you and
another candidate. Don’t regard it as a failure, but recognize it as a chance to learn more. (10)
……………….you don’t worry too much about it and continue to believe in yourself, you’ll eventually
find the chance you’ve been waiting for. Then, your family and friends will be able to (11)
…………..you on your success.
7. A. might B. wouldn’t C. won’t D. must
8. A. means B. opinion C. idea D. method
9. A. about B. of C. over D. in
10. A. As far as B. By far C. So far D. As long as
11. A. encourage B. congratulate C. promote D. depend

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best completes
each of the following exchanges
12. Mrs Mai: “ ……………………” - Mr. Brown: “ Thank you. We are proud of him.”
A. Your kid is naughty. B. Can we ask your child to take a photo?
C. Your child is just adorable. D. I can give your kid a lift to school.
13. Ken and Laura are saying goodbye to each other after going to Lotte Center. And they are going to
have a date with each other later.
Laura: “ Well, it’s getting late. May be we could get together sometime.”
Ken: “………………………”
A. Nice to see back you. B. Take it easy.
C. Sounds good. I’ll give you a call. D. Yes, I’ve enjoyed it.

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Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning
to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
14. The use of lasers in surgery has become relatively commonplace in recent years.
A. absolutely B. relevantly C. comparatively D. almost
15. From an airplane, the grasslands of the western prairie appear almost as uniform as a placid sea.
A. noisy B. calm C. seedy D. fake

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
16. The most important thing is to keep yourself occupied.
A. busy B. comfortable C. free D. relaxed
17. In most countries, compulsory military service does not apply to women.
A. optional B. mandatory C. beneficial D. constructive

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 18 to 25.
The three phases of human memory are the sensory memory, the short-term memory, and the long-
term memory. This division of the memory into phases is based on the length of time of the memory.
Sensory memory is instantaneous memory. It is an image or memory that enters your mind only for a
short period of time; it comes and goes in under a second. The memory will not last longer than that
unless the information enters the short-term memory. Information can be held in the short-term
memory for about twenty seconds or as long as you are actively using it. If you repeat a fact to
yourself, that fact will stay in your short-term memory as long as you keep repeating it. Once you stop
repeating it, either it is forgotten or it moves into long term memory.
Long-term memory is the huge memory tank that can hold ideas and images for years and years.
Information can be added to your long-term memory when you actively try to put it there through
memorization or when an idea or image enters your mind on its own.
18. The best title for this pasage would be……………………
A. The difference between sensory and short-term memory.
B. How long it takes to memorize.
C. The stages of human memory.
D. Human phases.

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19. The three phases of memory discussed in the pasage are differentiated according to……………
A. The location in the brain
B. The period of time it takes to remember something
C. How the senses are involved in the memory.
D. How long the memory lasts.
20. The expression “is based on” in the first paragraph could be best replaced by……………
A. is on the top of B. is at the foot of
C. depends on D. is below
21. According to the passage, which type of memory is the shortest?
A. Sensory memory B. Active memory
C. Short-term memory D. Long-term memory
22. According to the passage, when will information stay in your short-term memory?
A. For as long as twenty minutes
B. As long as it is being used.
C. After you have repeated it many times.
D. When it has moved into long-term memory.
23. All of the following are TRUE about long-term memory EXCEPT that…………………
A. it has a very large capacity.
B. it can hold information.
C. it is possible to put information into it through memorization.
D. memorization is the only way that information can get there.
24. The expression “on its own” in the last sentence can be best replaced by “……………………..”
A. by itself B. in it own time C. with its possessions D. in only one way
25. It can be inferred from the passage that if a person remembers a piece of information for two days,
this is probably…………………
A. three phases of memeory B. the sensory memory
C. the short-term memory D. the long-term memory

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions
26. Not only……………….the exam but she also got a scholarship.
A. dis she pass B. she passed C. she has passed D. has she passed

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27. He was the first person…………….the room.
A. entering B. to enter C. to be enter D. having entered
28. Unfortunately, the company closed down because it couldn’t keep…………….with rapidly
changing technology.
A. speed B. time C. fast D. pace
29. The climate of China is similar in many ways to…………………
A. that of the United States B. which of the United States
C. the United States D. this of the United States
30. Western women are more ……………… than Asian women.
A. depend B. independent C. independently D. dependence
31. The twins look so much alike that no one can……………them……………
A. take/ apart B. tell/ away C. tell/ apart D. take/ on
32. The teacher always………….that the students make an outline before writing a complete essay.
A. reports B. recommends C. tells D. says
33. I have no patience with gossips. What I told Bill was a secret. He………………it to you.
A. mustn’t read B. shouldn’t have repeated
C. mustn’t have repeated D. shouldn’t read
34. ………………..he was kidnapped by the Iraqi guerrillas yesterday has been confirmed.
A. That B. What C. If D. Unless
35. Air pollution poses a………………..to both human health and our environment.
A. jeopardy B. difficulty C. problem D. threat
36. The people who……………the survey said that they had examined over 1,000 accidents.
A. gave B. proceed C. set D. conducted
37. The teacher had some exercise…………….at home yesterday so that he can correct them today.
A. be done B. to be done C. being done D. done

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions
Telecommuting is some form of computer communication between employees’ homes and
offices. For employees whose job involve sitting at a terminal or word processor entering data or typing
reports, the location of the computer is of no consequence. If the machine can communicate over
telephone lines, when the work is completed, employees can dial the office computer and transmit the
material to their employers. A recent survey in USA Today estimates that there are approximately 8.7
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million telecommuters. But although the numbers are rising annually, the trend does not appear to be as
significant as predicted when Business Week published “The Portable Executive” as its cover story a
few years ago. Why hasn’t telecommuting become more popular? Clearly, change simply takes time.
But in addition, there has been active resistance on the part of many managers. These executives claim
that supervising the telecommuters in a large workforce scattered across the country would be too
difficult, or, at least, systems for managing them are not yet developed, thereby complicating the
manager’s responsibilities.
It is also true that employees who are given the option of telecommuting are reluctant to accept
the opportunity. Most people feel that they need regular interaction with a group, and many are
concerned that they will not have the same consideration for advancement if they are not more visible
in the office setting. Some people feel that even when a space in their homes is set aside as a work area,
they never really get away from the office.
38. With which of the following topics is the passage primarily concerned?
A. An overview of telecommuting. B. The failure of telecommuting.
C. The advantages of telecommuting. D. A definition of telecommuting.
39. How many Americans are involved in telecommuting?
A. More than predicted in Business Week. B. More than 8 million.
C. Fewer than last year. D. Fewer than estimated in USA Today.
40. The phrase “of no consequence” means…………………
A. of no use B. irrelevant C. of no good D. unimportant
41. The author mentions all of the following as concerns of telecommuting, EXCEPT……………
A. the opportunities for advancement. B. the different system of supervision.
C. the lack of interaction with a group. D. The work place is in the home.
42. The word “them” in the second paragraph refers to…………………..
A. telecommuters B. systems C.executives D. responsibilities
43. The reason why telecommuting has not become popular is that the employees
A. need regular interaction with their families.
B. are worried about the promotion if they are not seen at the office.
C. feel that a work area in their home is away from the office.
D. are ignorant of telecommuting.
44. The word “reluctant” in the third paragraph can best be replaced by ..............
A. opposite B. willing C. hesitant D. typical

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Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions
45. A. economics B. conquerable C. capability D. optimistic
46. A. enthusiastic B. durability C. civilization D. humanitarian

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning
to each of the following questions
47. The man wanted to get some fresh air in the room. He opened the window.
A. The man wanted to get some fresh air in the room because he opened the window
B. The man opened the window in order to get some fresh air in the room.
C. The man got some fresh air in the room, even though he opened the window.
D. Having opened the window, the room could get some fresh air
48. The plan may be ingenious. It will never work in practice.
A. Ingenious as it may be, the plan will never work in practice
B. Ingenious as may the plan, it will never work in practice
C. The plan may be too ingenious to work in practice
D. The plan is as impractical as it is ingenious.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part
differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
49. A. thanked B. belonged C. cooked D. laughed
50. A. chemical B. approach C. achieve D. challenge

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 TEST 8

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
1: An employer must be very careful in dealing with subordinates and documenting their files in order
to avoid complaints.
A. coordinators B. bosses C. outside help D. employees
2: I have never experienced such discourtesy towards the guests as it occurred at the graduation party.
A. encouragement B. politeness C. rudeness D. measurement

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
3: A. electronic B. petroleum C. Proficiency D. equivalent
4: A. substantial B. demolish C. terrorist D. dramatic

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
5: The event, watched by millions of people all over the country, takes place annually.
A. sometimes B. once every year C. regularly D. smoothly
6: The government is not prepared to tolerate this situation any longer.
A. look down on B. put up with C. take away from D. give onto

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
7: A smile (A) can be observed, described, and reliably identify (B) ; it can also (C) be elicited and
manipulated under experimental (D) conditions.
8: A number of (A) the American Indian languages spoken (B) at the time (C) of the European arrival
in the New World in the late fifteen (D) century have become extinct.
9: Mrs. Stevens, along with (A) her cousins (B) from New Mexico, are (C) planning to attend (D) the
festivities.

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Teaching English as a foreign language can be a great way to travel the world
and earn money at the same time. However, some graduates actually like the idea of (10) ______ a
career in teaching English long-term, and there are numerous courses at various (11) _______ of
teaching, from the fast-track TEFL to a diploma or masters.
To find the right course a good place to start is TEFL.com - a website with lots of relevant
information and helpful advice, including a comprehensive list of institutions in the UK offering TEFL
courses. The site also offers a job search facility to assist qualified students (12) _______ finding work.
When deciding which course to take, the best bet is to look at what your needs are. If you want a
career in teaching English then definitely find one designed for that (13) _______, like an MA or
diploma; but if you want to travel around the world, then do a shorter course which will supply you
with teaching skills.
Some countries, like Japan, will employ people without a teaching qualification as (14) _______ as
the teacher is a native speaker of English. However, most countries do now expect a qualification.
(Adapted from “Earn after you learn” by Kate Harvey)
10: A. pursuing B. hunting C. chasing D. tracking
11: A. levels B. groups C. categories D. classes
12: A. for B. in C. at D. to
13: A. purpose B. function C. aim D. use
14: A. far B. well C. soon D. long

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions.
Although only a small percentage of the electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by the Sun is
ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the amount that is emitted would be enough to cause severe damage to most
forms of life on Earth were it all to reach the surface of the Earth. Fortunately, all of the Sun’s
ultraviolet radiation does not reach the Earth because of a layer of oxygen, called the ozone layer
encircling the Earth in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 15 miles above the Earth. The ozone
layer absorbs much of the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation and prevents it from reaching the Earth.
Ozone is a form of oxygen in which each molecule consists of three atoms (O3) instead of the two
atoms (O2) usually found in an oxygen molecule. Ozone forms in the stratosphere in a process that is
initiated by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. UV radiation from the Sun splits oxygen molecules with
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two atoms into free oxygen atoms, and each of these unattached oxygen atoms then joins up with an
oxygen molecule to form ozone. UV radiation is also capable of splitting up ozone molecules; thus,
ozone is constantly forming, splitting, and reforming in the stratosphere. When UV radiation is
absorbed during the process of ozone formation and reformation, it is unable to reach Earth and cause
damage there.
Recently, however, the ozone layer over parts of the Earth has been diminishing. Chief among the
culprits in the case of the disappearing ozone, those that are really responsible, are the
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs meander up from Earth into the stratosphere, where they break
down and release chlorine. The released chlorine reacts with ozone in the stratosphere to form chlorine
monoxide (CIO) and oxygen (O2). The chlorine then becomes free to go through the cycle over and
over again. One chlorine atom can, in fact, destroy hundreds of thousands of ozone molecules in this
repetitious cycle, and the effects of this destructive process are now becoming evident.
15: According to the passage, ultraviolet radiation from the Sun_______.
A. is only a fraction of the Sun's electromagnetic radiation
B. creates electromagnetic radiation
C. is causing severe damage to the Earth's ozone layer
D. always reaches the Earth
16: The word “encircling” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_______.
A. surrounding B. attacking C. rotating D. raising
17: It is stated in the passage that the ozone layer_______.
A. shields the Earth from a lot of ultraviolet radiation
B. reaches down to the Earth
C. enables ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth
D. reflects ultraviolet radiation
18: The pronoun “it” in paragraph 2 refers to_______.
A. damage B. process C. formation D. radiation
19: The word “culprits” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
A. group members B. guilty parties C. leaders D. detectives
20: According to the passage, what happens after a chlorine molecule reacts with an ozone molecule?
A. The two molecules combine into one molecule.
B. The ozone breaks down into three oxygen atoms.
C. Three distinct molecules result.
D. Two different molecules are created.
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21: The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses_______.
A. the causes of the destruction of ozone molecules
B. the negative results of the cycle of ozone destruction
C. where chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) come from
D. how electromagnetic radiation is created

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions.
In the primary school, a child is in a comparatively simple setting and most of the time forms a
relationship with one familiar teacher. On entering secondary school, a new world opens up and
frequently it is a much more difficult world. The pupil soon learns to be less in the way he speaks to
teachers and even to his fellow pupils. He begins to lose gradually the free and easy ways of the
primary school, for he senses the need for a more cautious approach in the secondary school where
there are older pupils. Secondary staff and pupils suffer from the pressures of academic work and seem
to have less time to stop and talk. Teachers with specialist roles may see hundreds of children in week
and a pupil may be able to form relationships with very few of the staff.
He has to decide which adults are approachable; good schools will make clear to every young
person from the first year what guidance and personal help is available- but whether the reality of life
in the institution actually encourages requests for help is another matter.
Adults often forget what a confusing picture school can offer to a child. He sees a great deal of
movement, a great number of people-often rather frightening looking people- and realises that an
increasing number of choices and decisions have to be made. As he progresses through the school the
confusion may become less but the choices and decisions required will increase. The school will rightly
expect the pupil to take the first steps to obtain the help he needs, for this is the pattern of adult life for
which he has to be prepared, but all the time the opportunities for personal and group advice must be
presented in a way which makes them easy to understand and within easy reach of pupils.
22: According to the passage one of the problems for pupils entering secondary school is that_______.
A. they are taught by many different teachers
B. the teachers do not want to be friendly
C. they do not attend lessons in every subject
D. the teachers give most attention to the more academic pupils

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23: The teachers at secondary school do not talk much to the pupils because_______.
A. the pupils are afraid of them
B. they are too busy with their academic work
C. it is the regulation of the school
D. they want to keep a certain distance with the pupils
24: In secondary schools every pupil having problems should_______.
A. be able to discuss his problems with any teacher
B. be able to discuss his problems in class
C. be freed from any pressure of academic work
D. know how to ask for help
25: What will the school rightly expect the pupils to do?
A. they firstly obtain the help. B. they think carefully.
C. they understand well. D. they study hard.
26: The word “adults” in the second paragraph refers to_______.
A. the secondary pupils’ parents B. the pupils at secondary school
C. the teachers and pupils at secondary school D. the staff at secondary school
27: How many pupils do teachers see in a week?
A. One pupil B. Hundreds of pupils C. Many pupils D. A few of pupils
28: Who do the pupils make relationship with?
A. A few of the staff B. Other parents C. Other pupils D. Few of the staff
29: In this passage about secondary schools, the author is mainly concerned about
A. the training of the individual teachers B. the personal development of pupils
C. the role of specialist teachers D. academic standards

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
30: The Chinese_______spaghetti dishes for a long time before Marco Polo brought it back to Italy.
A. made B. have made C. had been making D. have been making
31: Everyone likes________ when they have got some success.
A. being congratulated B. to be congratulating
C. to congratulate D. to be congratulated
32: I’ve got lots of________ but only a few really good friends.
A. acquaintances B. neighbors C. partners D. best mates
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33: Tim: “I don’t think I can do this one.” John: “______.”
A. Not at all B. No way C. Oh, come on! Have a go! D. I hope not
34: Vietnam exports a lot of rice. It is grown mainly in the south of the country.
A. Vietnam exports a lot of rice which grown mainly in the south of the country.
B. Vietnam exports a lot of rice grown mainly in the south of the country.
C. Vietnam, which is grown mainly in the south of the country, exports a lot of rice.
D. Vietnam exports a lot of rice, that is mainly grown in the south of the country.
35: If I________ that there was a test yesterday, I would not be punished now.
A. have known B. had known C. knew D. would know
36: Remember to bring with you your school certificate and letters of________ from your teachers or
your previous employers when you come to the interview.
A. invitation B. recommendation C. assignment D. advertisement
37: We don't allow anyone to use their cell phones during the examination.
A. Everybody isn't allowed using their cell phones during the examination.
B. Nobody is allowed using their cell phones during the examination.
C. Nobody isn't allowed to use their cell phones during the examination
D. Nobody is allowed to use their cell phones during the examination.
38: Don’t be late for the interview, ________ people will think you are a disorganized person.
A. lest B. unless C. so D. otherwise
39: The marriage pattern of parents plays an extremely important role in ________ marriage roles of
children
A. social B. socialist C. socialism D. socializing
40: He behaved so recklessly, so he would be disqualified from keeping his last job.
A. If he hadn’t behaved so recklessly, he hadn’t quit his last job.
B. He didn’t quit his job because he knew that he had behaved so recklessly.
C. Had he not behaved so recklessly, he wouldn’t have been fired from his last job.
D. Without his reckless behavior, he would have lost his last job.
41: Many plant and animal species are now on the________ of extinction.
A. margin B. danger C. verge D. border
42: “Why didn't you answer my phone last night?” he said.
A. He asked me why I didn't answer his phoned the night before.
B. He asked me why I hadn't answered his phone the night after.
C. He asked me why I hadn't answered his phone the night before.
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D. He asked me why he hadn't answered my phone last night.
43: The teacher asked a difficult question, but finally Ted________ a good answer.
A. came up for B. came up to C. came up with D. came out of
44: By the end of next month, Sarah________ in government for 40 years.
A. will be working B. will work
C. is working D. will have been working
45: The top tourist ________ in Vietnam, Ha Long Bay features thousands of islands, each topped with
thick jungle vegetation, forming a spectacular seascape of limestone pillars.
A. attractive B. attract C. attractiveness D. attraction
46: Sarah: “Do you think Dad will want something to eat after he gets home from work?” Brian:
“________”
A. We’ll book a table for three at the Sofia’s. B. I hope not. He’s sleeping.
C. Of course not. He needs a steam bath. D. No. I’ll ring him back at ten.
47: As soon as the supplies arrive, they will be________ to the starving people in the flooded areas.
A. contributed B. attributed C. submitted D. distributed
48: In spite of all our efforts, we failed in the final match.
A. Whatever efforts we had made; we were able to win in the final match.
B. We failed in the final match as a result of all our great efforts.
C. Although we tried very hard, we failed in the final match.
D. We made all our efforts so that we could again success in the final match.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part
differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
49: A. eliminate B. Dedicate C. educate D. certificate
50: A. patient B. ocean C. decision D. cushion

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 TEST 9

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined part
differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
1. A. sale B. chalk C. date D. plane
2. A. toured B. jumped C. solved D. rained

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
3. A. financial B. fortunate C. marvellous D. physical
4. A. prepare B. survive C. finish D. appeal

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
5. The year-end party was out of this world. We had never tasted such delicious food.
A. enormous B. terrific C. strange D. awful
6. In some Western cultures, people who avoid eye contact in a conversation are regarded as
untrustworthy.
A. embarrassed B. quiet C. reliable D. Suspicious

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
7. The dog is starving. It hasn’t got anything to eat for nearly a week.
A. quite happy B. very hungry C. rather full D. extremely thirsty
8. Safety regulations have made it obligatory for all employees to wear protective clothing.
A. popular B. optional C. common D. compulsory

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
9. The man ______ gave me the book is my uncle.
A. where B. when C. who D. which

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10. As the clouds drifted away, the pattern of the fields was clearly ______ from a height.
A. apparent B. visible C. foreseeable D. evident
11. Jack's father bought him a(n)__________ bike as a birthday gift.
A. blue Japanese expensive B. expensive Japanese blue
C. Japanese expensive blue D. expensive blue Japanese
12. The harder he studies, _____.
A. the better results he gets B. his results get better
C. the better do his results get D. the best results he gets
13. We .....full advantage of the fine weather and had a day out.
A. took B. created C. did D. made
14. My best friend, Lan, to England 10 years ago.
A. was moving B. moves C. moved D. has moved
15. The mobile phone is an effective means of in the world nowadays.
A. communicated B. communication C. communicate D. communicative
16. The teacher gave some on how to prepare for the test.
A. consequences B. effects C. suggestions D. ways
17. The audience showed their by giving the world-famous orchestra a big round of applause.
A. intention B. admiration C. consideration D. sympathy
18. If he were better qualified, he get the job.
A. will B. can C. may D. could
19. First our team should identify _ specific need in the community and then carry out a project to
address that need.
A. an B. 0 C. a D. the
20. Peter is not a modest boy since he often shows his prizes.
A. around B. up C. off D. through

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response to
complete each of the following exchanges.
21. Jolie and Tom are meeting at the supermarket.
Jolie: "Hi, Tom. How are you doing?" Tom: "_____. How about you?"
A. I’m waiting for my sister. B. I’m shopping for food.
C. I’m doing nothing. D. I’m doing well.

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22. Maria and Alex are talking about the environment.
Maria: "Our environment is getting more and more polluted. Do you think so?" Alex: "_____. It's
really worrying."
A. I’ll think about that. B. I don’t agree.
C. I don’t think so. D. I can’t agrre more

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best combines
each pair of sentences in the following questions.
23. Henry tasted the pleasures of modern city life. Then he found life in his village hard and
unattractive.
A. Having tasted the pleasures of modern city life, Henry found life in his village hard and unattractive.
B. After Henry found life in his village hard and unattractive, he tasted the pleasures of modern city
life.
C. If Henry had tasted the pleasures of modern city life, he would have found life in his village hard
and unattractive.
D. Although Henry tasted the pleasures of modern city life, he found life in his village hard and
unattractive.
24. Books help broaden the mind. Books also provide a good source of entertainment.
A. Books help broaden the mind, but they provide a good source of entertainment.
B. Books help broaden the mind, and they provide a good source of entertainment.
C. Books help broaden the mind, for they provide a good source of entertainment.
D. Books help broaden the mind, or they provide a good source of entertainment.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in
meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 25. Without my tutor’s help, I couldn’t have made such a good speech.
A. Had my tutor not helped me, I couldn’t make such a good speech.
B. If my tutor didn’t help me, I couldn’t make such a good speech.
C. If it hadn’t been for my tutor’s help, I couldn’t have made such a good speech.
D. If my tutor hadn’t helped me, I could have made such a good speech.
Question 26. This is my first visit to Paris.
A. I have never visited Paris before. B. I am used to visiting Paris.
C. I used to visit Paris. D. I have visited Paris many times before.
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Question 27. "You got an A in Chemistry. Congratulations!" Peter said to his classmate.
A. Peter encouraged his classmate to get an A in Chemistry.
B. Peter persuaded his classmate to get an A in Chemistry.
C. Peter insisted on getting an A in Chemistry for his classmate.
D. Peter congratulated his classmate on getting an A in Chemistry.

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that needs
correction in each of the following questions.
Question 28. Each student have (A) to write a paragraph (B) about the benefits (C) of learning (D)
English.
Question 29. His parents (A) don’t allow him staying out (B) late (C) on weekdays (D).
Question 30. Some of (A) the tunnels in the cliff are totally (B) natural; some others (C) were carved
out by soldiers for defensible (D) purposes.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 31 to 35.
When you first arrive in a foreign culture, often your first reaction is completely positive. Everything
seems exciting, different and fascinating. It’s an (31) ______. If you are just on a short holiday, you
will probably never leave this phase. (32) ______, if you stay longer, your attitude can start to change.
As you start to realize (33) ______ little you really understand the new culture, life can get frustrating.
People misunderstand what you are trying to say, or they may laugh at you when you say something
incorrectly. Even simple things, like posting a letter, can seem very difficult to you. Thus, you are
likely to get angry or upset when things go wrong. With time, though, you start to (34) ______ to
become more comfortable with the differences and better able to handle frustrating situations. Your
(35) ______ of humor reappears. Finally, you may feel enthusiastic about the culture once again, enjoy
living in it, and even prefer certain aspects of the culture to your own.
(Adapted from Navigate – Coursebook, OUP 2015)
Question 31. A. adventure B. adventurous C. adventurer D. adventurously
Question 32. A. Therefore B. Or C. However D. Nor
Question 33. A. whether B. how C. if D. what
Question 34. A. replace B. maintain C. adjust D. keep
Question 35. A. taste B. sense C. touch D. sound

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Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 36 to 42.
Marriage nowadays is a choice people make on their own, but this has not always been the case in
society. Thousands of years ago, the average lifespan was shorter than it is today. A man usually lived
until he was about 40 years old, while women died even sooner because of childbirth. There were many
wars and illnesses, and people had to protect themselves by having more children while they were still
young. The parents lived through their children.
Marriage was not so much a romantic love story but a business transaction, or deal. Most marriages
were arranged between parents while their children were still very young. It was the custom that the
fathers made the decision on whom their children were going to marry. The mothers had little say in it
since they rarely made any decisions outside the household. The fathers would meet to arrange the
wedding date and the money given for the bride on her wedding date. The more money and land a girl
had, the more chances she had to marry well. Therefore, it was important that her father choose the
bridegroom very well. Usually, it was someone who came from a good family or who was rich too. It
was very unlikely that people married outside their social class. A few well-off and rich merchants got
to marry poorer noblewomen and became King’s business advisors. In a way, poor peasants had an
easier choice as it was less important whom they married.
The practice of arranged marriage is still common in some countries in the Middle East, such as India
or Pakistan. Here, social classes are still strongly divided and very well-kept. Often, however, arranged
marriages are a sign that people do not want to let go of the past, which gives them comfort and
security in an ever-changing world.
(Adapted from Longman Essence Reading, Vol. 2)
Question 36. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Marriage as a business transaction today. B. Mothers' roles in their children's marriage.
C. Marriage practices in modern society. D. The practice of arranged marriage.
Question 37. The word "it" in paragraph 1 refers to ______.
A. marriage B. a choice C. society D. the average lifespan
Question 38. According to paragraph 1, women died even sooner than men because of ______.
A. wars B. illnesses C. childbirth D. marriage
Question 39. According to paragraph 2, richer girls were more likely to ______.
A. become noble women B. marry well
C. succeed in business D. marry peasants

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Question 40. The author mentions all of the following in the passage EXCEPT ______.
A. People tended to marry outside their social class
B. Men made almost all decisions inside the family
C. Marriage used to be a deal between two families
D. The wedding date was decided by the fathers
Question 41. The word "bridegroom" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. bridesmaid B. bride C. daughter-in-law D. son-in-law
Question 42. The phrase "let go of" in paragraph 3 mostly means ______.
A. give up B. turn off C. save up D. give in

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct answer to each of the questions from 43 to 50.
A ghostly animal creeps silently through a Florida swamp. It’s a rare type of big cat known as a Florida
panther, one of only 80 to 100 such panthers left in the world. Scientists must work to save these
remaining panthers from extinction, but their secretive nature is making it difficult. They are attaching
a special transmitter to each Florida panther so they can follow their movements, range, and habits. The
technology these transmitters use is called satellite tracking.
The scientists are dedicated professionals, but they are not pioneers. Their colleagues before them have
attached tiny transmitters to many different kinds of wild animals, including birds, fish, and big cats. So
the Florida scientists are using their methods. Firstly, they must trap and tranquillize the panther.
Then, the transmitter is attached to a harness and strapped to the panther’s body. Each harness is
custom designed and manually adjusted for panthers so it fits comfortably. Scientists don’t want the
transmitter to interfere with the panther’s natural habits. The point of tracking them is to find out as
much as they can about their natural habits.
Once the tracking transmitter is in place, the information it records is sent to an orbiting satellite. The
satellite can see the transmitter that is attached to the panther, even when it is out of sight of a biologist
on the ground. The satellite collects information from the transmitter about the panther’s exact location.
Once the information is received, it is transmitted back to Earth so it can be recorded by the scientists.
Scientists can use the information in many different ways. They can follow the panthers on the ground
and observe their behavior. Alternatively, they can use the information to determine the panthers’
ranges and to understand their social patterns. They can also track how environmental changes like
weather conditions affect their movements and health. All this information can be used to provide ideal
conditions for the endangered panthers. It can also be used to protect the panthers from danger.
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In the end, the panther silently slips away through the trees. Around its shoulders a transmitter is
sending signals via satellite to a dedicated biologist. The biologist is using the information the
transmitter provides to save the Florida panthers from extinction. With the help of satellite tracking
these beautiful cats have a better chance of survival in the modern world.
(Adapted from http://www.thereadingplanet.com)
Question 43. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Scientists dedicated to saving Florida panthers.
B. Different methods of tracking Florida panthers.
C. The use of a tracking device to protect Florida panthers.
D. Florida panthers' secretive nature and habits.
Question 44. According to the passage, what information does the satellite collect from the transmitter?
A. The chance of panthers’ survival. B. The panther’s exact location.
C. The biologists on the ground. D. The total number of panthers.
Question 45. Florida panthers are characterized as the animals that ______.
A. tend to remain hidden from people B. are abundant in number
C. live with the spirit of ghosts D. can be easily followed
Question 46. According to the passage, which of the following about the tracking transmitter is NOT
true? A. Scientists use the information the transmitter provides to save the panther.
B. The transmitter helps scientists learn about the panther’s habits.
C. The transmitter is fastened to the panther’s body for tracking purposes.
D. The Florida panther is the first animal to be attached with the transmitter.
Question 47. The phrase "tranquillize the panther" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ______.
A. feed the panther properly B. make the panther calm
C. put the panther in a cage D. handle the panther carefully
Question 48. The phrase "custom designed" in paragraph 2 probably means ______.
A. specially made for panthers B. functioned according to a custom
C. skilfully created by hands D. created by famous designers
Question 49. The word "their" in paragraph 4 refers to ______.
A. the panthers’ ranges B. the transmitters
C. the panthers D. the scientists
Question 50. Which of the following could best describe the author’s attitude in the passage?
A. Objective B. Negative C. Sarcastic D. Sympathetic

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 TEST 10

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined
part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1: A. massage B. garage C. collage D. message

Question 2: A. cantaloupe B. catastrophe C. recipe D. apostrophe

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from
the other three in the position of primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 3: A. assistance B. consider C. politely D. compliment
Question 4: A. prevent B. depend C. mayhem D. condemn

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that
needs correction in each of the following questions.
Question 5: To eliminate any delays on handover, we would remember you to bring all the
necessary documentation.
A. any delays B. remember C. all D. necessary documentation
Question 6: If the water level had raised a little higher, the dam would probably have
broken.
A. water level B. raised C. a little D. have broken
Question 7: The nitrogen makes up over 78 percent of the Earth’s atmosphere, the
gaseous mass surrounding the planet.
A. The nitrogen B. over C. percent of D. surrounding

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each
of the following questions.
Question 8: When the electricity failed, he a match to find the candles.
A. rubbed B. scratched C. struck D. started
Question 9: Doctors advise people who are deficient Vitamin C to eat fruits and
vegetables.
A. from B. of C. in D. for

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 Question 10: Going on this diet has really me good. I’ve lost weight and I feel
fantastic!
A. done B. taken C. made D. had
Question 11: Once again poor Colin has been for promotion.
A. stood by B. passed over C. locked out D. struck off
Question 12: Life expectancy in the third world is relatively short, in the
western world it has increased substantially.
A. whereas B. unlike C. however D. contrary
Question 13: I have told her that I am not going to go ahead with my plans she
may think.
A. whether B. whatever C. however D. despite
Question 14: The best way of writing a composition in a foreign language is to
try and write thinking in your own language.
A. unless B. except C. without D. apart from
Question 15: It is time every student harder for the coming exam.
A. works B. should work C. work D. worked
Question 16: It’s no use a language if you don’t try to speak it too.
A. to learn B. learned C. learning D. learn
Question 17: She her neighbor’s children for the broken window.
A. blamed B. complained C. accused D. denied
Question 18: This ring is only made of plastic, so it’s quite .
A. valuable B. invaluable C. worthless D. priceless
Question 19: I recommended that she reduce her expenditure.
A. should B. must C. need D. would

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the most suitable response
to complete each of the following exchanges.
Question 20: "How do you spell "accustomed"?" " "
A. It's a difficult word. B. It's a long word, isn't it?
C. I always have a dictionary. D. I'm not sure. I'll look it up for you.
Question 21: "Do you mean he was fired?" " "
A. How should I know? B. Why should I care?
C. He's not very mean, I think. D. That's what Miriam told me.
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 Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase
CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in each of the following
questions.
Question 22: During the recession, many small companies were eradicated.
A. taken over B. wiped out C. run on D. set up
Question 23: For calculating a calendar, it is convenient to use the tropical solar
year.
A. practical B. critical C. necessary D. appropriate

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase
OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in each of the following
questions.
Question 24: The young are now far more materialistic than their precedents years
ago.
A. monetary B. greedy C. spiritual D. object-oriented
Question 25: This shouldn’t be too taxing for you.
A. comfortable B. demanding C. easy D. relaxing

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is
CLOSET in meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 26: A drug may affect several functions, even though it’s targeted at only
one.
A. Despite various other uses, a drug usually has a function for a special effect.
B. The functions expected of a drug are various even if it is used for a specific disease.
C. However effective a drug may be, its functions have to be several.
D. A drug is taken for a specific purpose, but it may have a range of other effects.
Question 27: Although he was able to do the job, he wasn’t given the position.
A. He was given neither the job nor the position.
B. Because he couldn’t do the job, he wasn’t given the position.
C. He got the position despite being unable to do the job.
D. The position wasn’t given to him in spite of his ability to do the job.

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 Question 28: Due to the fact that the demand for tea was very high in the 19th century, its price
increased much.
A. It was not until the 19th century that the demand for tea started to increase.
B. It was its price which decreased the demand for tea in the 19th century.
C. In the 19th century the price for tea didn’t increase despite the demand.
D. The demand for tea was so high in the 19th century that its price increased much

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that best
combines each pair of sentences in the following questions.
Question 29: The driver in front stopped so suddenly. Therefore, the accident
happened.
A. If the driver in front didn’t stop so suddenly, the accident wouldn’t happen.
B. If the driver in front hadn’t stopped so suddenly, the accident wouldn’t have happened.
C. If the driver in front hadn’t stopped so suddenly, the accident would have happened.
D. If the driver in front had stopped so suddenly, the accident would have happened
Question 30: The students may be intelligent. They will not get used to dealing with
practical situations.
A. Intelligent as may be the students, they will get used to dealing with practical situations.
B. The students may be too intelligent to get used to dealing with practical situations.
C. The students will get used to dealing with practical situations although they are intelligent.
D. Intelligent as they may be, the students will not get used to dealing with practical situations.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct word or phrase that benefits each of the number blanks from 31 to 35.
When Hotmail was set up in 1996, it was not huge success that it is today. But on every
e-mail sent via Hotmail, there was a tine at the bottom saying, ‘Get your private, free e-
mail at hotmail.com’, providing them with a free advertisement. This simple idea soon
paid (31) and Hotmail went from strength to power ICQ, which stands for ‘I
seek you’, an instant messaging service that (32) off in a similar
way and made a (33) . The popularity of ICQ spread because users recommended
is to their friends so that they could have people to chat to online. The vast majority of
Internet users tried it and it was eventual taken over by Netscape so as to control their
competition. These are example of what is known as “viral” communication – so called
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because the message spreads like a virus. It used to be said that Roll Royce never
needed to advertise – despite (34) high cost of
the luxury cars – because owners were more than happy to tell their friends and
neighbors how satisfied they were. Nowadays, if you are (35) to the
Internet, the word can be spread in half a second and, within a day; you might have
indirectly communicated with millions of people.
Question 31: A. up B. back C. off D. for
Question 32: A. let B. set C. took D. gave
Question 33: A. fortune B. treasure C. wealth D. prosperity
Question 34: A. very B. its C. the D. a
Question 35: A. associated B. joined C. downloaded D. connected

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 36 to 42.
Fish that live on the sea bottom benefit by being flat and hugging the contours. There
are two very different types of flatfish and they have evolved in very separate ways. The
skates and rays, relatives of the sharks, have become flat in what might be called the
obvious way. Their bodies have grown out sideways to form great “wings”. They look
as though they have been flattened but have remained symmetrical and “the right way
up”. Conversely, fish such as plaice, sole, and halibut have become flat in a different
way. There are bony fish which have a marked tendency to be flattened in a vertical
direction; they are much “taller” than they are wide. They use their whole, vertically
flattened bodies as swimming surfaces, which undulate through the water as they move.
Therefore, when their ancestors migrated to the seabed, they lay on one side than on
their bellies. However, this raises the problem that one eye was always looking down
into the sand and was effectively useless. In evolution this problem was solved by the
lower eye “moving” around the other side. We see this process of moving around
enacted in the development of every young bony flatfish. It starts life swimming near
the surface, and is symmetrical and vertically flattened, but then the skull starts to grow
in a strange asymmetrical twisted fashion, so that one eye, for instance the left, moves
over the top of the head upwards, an old Picasso - like vision. Incidentally, some species
of 20 flatfish settle on the right side, others on the left, and others on either side.

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Question 36: The passage is mainly concerned with .
A. symmetrical fish B. bony flatfish
C. evolution of flatfish D. different types of flatfish
Question 37: The phrase “hugging the contours” means .
A. swimming to the seabed B. hiding in the sand at the bottom of the sea
C. floating just below the surface D. lying still on the sea bottom
Question 38: It can be inferred from the passage that horizontal symmetrical fish .
A. have one eye each side of the head B. have one eye underneath the head
C. have two eyes on top of the head D. have eyes that move around the head
Question 39: According to the passage, fish such as plaice .
A. have difficulties in swimming B. live near the surface
C. have poor eyesight D. have distorted head
Question 40: The word “this” refers to .
A. the migration of the ancestors
B. the practice of lying on one side
C. the problem of the one eye looking downwards
D. the difficulty of the only one eye being use
Question 41: According to the passage, the ability of a bony flatfish to move its eyes
around is .
A. average B. weak C. excellent D. variable
Question 42: It can be inferred from the passage that the early life of a flatfish is .
A. often confusing B. pretty normal C. very difficult D. full of danger

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions from 43 to 50.
The Beatles became the most popular group in rock music history. This quartet of
extraordinarily talented musicians generated a phenomenal number of pieces that won
gold records. They inspired a frenzy that transcended countries and economic strata.
While all of them sang, John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the majority of their
songs. Originally, Lennon and five others formed a group called the Quarrymen in 1956
with Paul McCartney joining them later that year. George Harrison, John Lennon, and
Paul McCartney, together with Stuart Sutcliffe, who played the bass guitar, and Pete
Best on the drums, performed together in several bands for a few years, until they
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finally settled on the Silver Beatles in 1960. American rock musicians, such as Chuck
Berry and Elvis Presley, influenced Lennon’s and McCartney’s music, whose first hits
consisted of simple tunes and lyrics about young love, “Love me Do” and “Please,
Please me”. The Beatles’ US tour propelled them to stardom and led to two movies “A
Hard Day’s Night” and “Help” filmed in 1964 and 1965. The so- called British invasion
of the United States was in full swing when they took the top five spots on the single
chart, followed by the release of their first film.
During the 1960s, their music matured and acquired a sense of melody. The lyrics of
their songs became deeper and gained in both imagination and meaning. Their
popularity continued to grow as the Beatles turned their attention to social problems
and political issues in “Nowhere Man” and “Eleanor Rigby”. Loneliness and nostalgia
come through in their ballads “Michelle” and “Yesterday”, which fully displayed the
group’s professional development and sophistication. Lennon’s sardonic music with
lyric written in the first person, and Paul McCartney’s songs that created scenarios
encouraged individuals to contribute to the character of the music produced by the
group. In addition to their music, the Beatles set a social trend that popularized long
hair, Indian music, and mod dress.
For a variety of reasons, the musicians began to drift apart, and their last concert took
place in San Francisco in 1966. The newspaper and tabloids publicized their quarrels
and lawsuits, and the much idolized group finally disbanded in 1970. However, their
albums had outsold those of any other band in history. Although all of the Beatles
continued to perform solo or form new rock groups alone, none could achieve the
recognition and success that they had been to win together.

Question 43: What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The history and music of the Beatles
B. The history and milestones of rock music
C. The fashion and music popular in the 1960s
D. The creation and history of a music group

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 Question 44: According to the passage, which of the Beatles had the greatest of
musical talent?
A. John Lennon and Paul McCartney
B. George Harrison and John Lennon
C. Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best
D. John Lennon, Paul McCartney and George Harrison
Question 45: The author of the passage implied that the Beatles .
A. competed with American musicians B. wrote their music as a group
C. became popular relatively quickly D. were active in social movements
Question 46: According to the passage, the Beatles’ fame grew as a result of .
A. Chucky Berry’s involvement B. their American tour
C. two movies made in the US D. their first two hits
Question 47: The author of the passage implied that over time, the music and lyrics
by the Beatles .
A. became more complex than at the beginning of their career
B. declined in quality and political significance
C. were dedicated to women named Eleanor and Michelle
D. made them the richest musicians in the world
Question 48: According to the passage, when did the Beatles experience their
greatest success?
A. In the late 1950s B. After their break-up in 1970
C. During the early and mid-1960s D. Throughout their lifetime
Question 49: The word “scenarios” is closest in meaning to .
A. sceneries B. situations C. life stories D. love themes
Question 50: According to the passage, how did Lennon and McCartney enhance the
music of the group?
A. They struggled to reach stardom in the U.S
B. They composed lyrics to scornful songs and ballads
C. Their music added distinctiveness to the Beatles’ repertoire
D. Their loneliness and sadness made their music popular

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