I

CHAPTER
I

Determinants
Learning Part
Session 1
• Definition of Determinants
• Expansion of Determinant
• Sarrus Rule for Expansion
• Window Rule for Expansion
Session 2
• Minors and Cofactors
• Use of Determinants in Coordinate Geometry
• Properties of Determinants
Session 3
• Examples on Largest Value of a Third Order Determinant
• Multiplication of Two Determinants of the Same Order
• System of Linear Equations
• Cramer's Rule
• Nature of Solutions of System of Linear Equations
• System of Homogeneous Linear Equations
Session 4
• Differentiation of Determinant
• Integration of a Determinant
• Walli’s Formula
• Use of Zin Determinant
Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

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Session 1
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Definition of Determinants, Expansion of Determinant,

Sarrus Rule for Expansion, Window Rule for Expansion
Determinants were invented independently by Gabriel x y
Cramer, whose now well-known rule for solving linear ~~ b3C2 c2a3 — c3a2
system was published in 1750, although not in present day
notation. The now-standard “Vertical line notation”, i.e. ------ ------- = k [say]
|” was given in 1841 by Arthur Cayley. The working o2b 3 ~o3b2
knowledge of determinants is a basic necessity for a x = k(b2 c3 -b3c2),y = k(c2a3 -c3a2)
student. Determinants have wide applications in and z = k(a2b3 -a3b2)
Engineering, Science, Economics, Social science, etc.
On putting these values of x, y and z in Eq. (i), we get
Oi(b2c3 -b3c2) + bfc2a3 -c3a2) + cfa2b3 -a3b2)=Q
Definition of Determinants or ai(b2c3 — b3c2) — bx(c3a2 —c2a3)
Consider the system of two homogeneous linear equations + Ci(a2 b 3 — 03 b2) =0 (iv)
aix + bly=0 ...(i) b2 C2 C2 O2 o2 b2 = 0
or Oi -by + Cj .(v)
a2x + b2y = 0 ...(ii) b3 C3 C3 O3 03 b3
in the two variables x and y. From these equations, we bi Cl
obtain
Usually this is written as o2’ b2 C2 =0
= y __^2. al _ a 2
031 b3 C3
bx x b2 bi b2
bi Cl
Ojt2 ~ O2^1 =0
bi
Here, the expression o2 b2 c2 consisting of three rows
Oi
The result a}b2 - a2b1 is represented by 03 b3 c3
o2 ub 2
and three columns, is called determinant of order three.
which is known as determinant of order two. The quantities
The quantities al,b1,Cx,a2,b2,c2,a3, b3 and c3 are called
a j, b}, a2 and b2 are called constituents or elements of the
constituents or elements of the determinant.
determinant and a} b2 - a2bl is called its value.
The horizontal lines are called rows and vertical lines are Remark
called columns. Here, this determinant consists two rows 1. A determinant is generally denoted by D or A.
and two columns. 2. A determinant of the nth order consists of n rows and n
columns and its expansion contains nl terms.
For example, The value of the determinant
3. A determinant of nth order consists of n rows and ncolumns.
2 3 Number of constituents in determinant = n2
= 2 x(-5)-3 x 4 = -10-12 = -22
4 -5 4. In a determinant the horizontal lines counting from top to
bottom 1st, 2nd, 3rd,... respectively, known as rows and
Now, let us consider the system of three homogeneous linear denoted by R},R2, R3,... and vertical lines from left to right 1st.
equations 2nd, 3rd,... respectively, known as columns and denoted by
ajX + b^y 4-CjZ =0 —(i) Ci' Q?> C3.....
a2 x + b2y + c2 z =0 5. Shape of every determinant is square.
6. Sign system for order 2, order 3, order 4,... are given by
a3x + b 3y + c3z =0 ...(iii) + - + —
+ — +
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii) for x, y and z by + - - + — +
+ -
cross-multiplication, we get - + + - +
+ - +
+ +
 Chap 07 Determinants 521
I
Expansion of Determinant 3 4 1-.2
A2 =4 2X_1 -9 2 XJ-1 + 6 3'XJ4
(i) Expansion of two order = 4(-3-8)-9(-l-4)+6(4-6)
ai «1 bx = - 44 + 45 - 12
— fli^2 b^a2 = 1-12
a2 b2 a2
= -11
5 , -4 _ 5^ -4
For example, and expanding the determinant along second column
-3 2 2 -3
3 9 14
1 4 1<
h,4
= 10 -12 = -2 A3=-2 X +4 "(-I) X
Z o Z2' "6
o 53 J\ 9

(ii) Expansion of third order = - 2 (18 - 18) + 4(6 - 8) + 1 (9 - 12)

i =0-8-3
(a) With respect to first row.
I = -11
V by- Ci Hence, Ai = A2 = A3
a2 b2 C2 = ai
^2XC2
b3 c3 1 sin0 1
a3 b3 c3 I Example 2. If A = —sine 1 sin 6
a2 b2
Vc23
a3
+ Ci Xi
a3 b 3
-1 —sin 0 1
prove that 2 < A < 4.
= Oj (&2 c3 — b 3 c2) — by (a2 C3 —a3c2) 1 sin0 1
+ct(a2&3 —a3b2) Sol. Given, A = -sin© 1 sin0
(b) With respect to second column. -1 -sin0 1
bi Cl Expanding along first row, we get
1 sin0 -sin0 sin0
= -&i
Co A=1 - sin0
“2 b2 c2 X -sin0 1 -1 1
a3 C3
-sin0 1
+1
«3 &3 c3 -1 -sin0
>ci
+ b2 fllxC1
a3 C3 a2
X
c2
= (1 + sin20)- sin0(-sin0 + sin0) + (sin20 + 1)

= ~bx (fl2C3 — O3C2) + b2 (fl]C3 ~G3C1) = 2(1 + sin20)

— b3 (fli c2 - a2 Ci) Again,O<sin20 < 1
=> 1 < (1 + sin20) < 1 + 1
Remark
k determinant can be expanded along any of its row or column. => 2 < 2(1 + sin20) < 4
Value of the determinant remains same in any of the cases.
2<A < 4
I Example 1. zind the value of the determinant
1 2 4
3 4 9 Sarrus Rule for Expansion
2-16 Samis gave a rule for a determinant of order 3.
Rule Write down the three rows of the A and rewrite the
Sol. Expanding the determinant along the first row
first two rows. The three diagonals sloping down to the
4. -.99 3 9 3
A! = 1 X -2 X +4 3-X,4 right given the three terms and the three diagonals
-116'6 2 6 22J-1 sloping down to the left also given the three terms.
= 1 (24 + 9) - 2 (18 - 18) + 4 (-3 - 8)
«l bx Ci
= 33-0-44
If A = a2 b2 c2
= -11
and expanding the determinant along third column a3 &3 c3
522 Textbook of Algebra

Rule ai Cl
Window Rule for Expansion
a2. ’2. c2
Window rule valid only for third order determinant.
Ci

a3 c, ai t»2 C3 Let A= *2 c2
a2 t>3Ci a3 ^3
a1 t>3 c2 c3

a2c2 a3 by c2
In this method, rewrite first two elements of second row
Sum = N Sum = P
A = P-N and third row, then
fli ci
3 2 5
Rule a2 b22 c2 a2 b2
I Example 3. Expand 9 -1 4 by Sarrus rule. ,b3 X c3 X a3 X 03,
a3
2 3 -5
3 2 5
Now, taking positive sign with ax, b1 and Ci.
Sol. Let A = 9 -1 4 A = ai (b2 c3 - b3 c2) + bx (c2a3- c3 a2)
+ Ci (a2 b3 - a3 b2)
2 3 -5
Rule 3 2 5 1 2 3

9 i Example 5. Expand 4 6 2 by window rule.

4
5 9 4
2 3 -5
1 2 3
-10 * 15 Sol. Let A = 4 6 2
36 -9 4 135 5 9 4
9
-90 16___ 1 2 3
N=-64 P=166
Rule: 4 6 2 4 6
A = P- N = 166-(-64) =230 5 9 4

I Example 4. If a.b.ceR, find the number of real .’. A = 1(24 - 18)+ 2 (10- 16)+ 3 (36-30)

x c -b = 6-12+18=12

roots of the equation —c X a =0 I Example 6. Find the value of the determinant

b -a x -1 2* 1
X c -b 3+2V2 2 + 2-72 1
Sol. Let A = —c x a 3-272 2- 272 1
b -a x
-1 2 1
Rule x c -b Sol. Let A = 3 + 2^ 2 + 2^2 1 and let 2*j2 = X,
3- 2^2 2-2^2 1
x a
-1 2 1
,b -a. x
then A= 3+X 2+X 1
-b2x c x3 3-X 2 —X 1
x
-a2x -abc
X a -1 2 1
_____ —c2x_____ abc Rule 3 + X 2 + X 1 3 + X 2 + X
/V=-x(a2 + b2+c2) P=x3 3-X 2-X>%-X>*2-X
A=P-N Now, A = -1(2 + X - 2 + X) + 2(3 - X - 3 - X)
= x3 + x(a2 + b2 +c2) = 0 [given]
+ l[(3 + X)(2-X)-(3-X)(2 + X)]
:. x = 0 or x2 = -(a2 + b2 + c2)
= - 2X - 4X + (-2X) = -8X = - I65/2
=> x = 0 or x = ± i yj(a2 + b2 + c2), where i = 5/-I
[vX = 2vi]
Hence, number of real roots is one.
 Chap 07 Determinants 523

§ Exercise for Session 1

1 4 20
1 Sum of real roots of the equation 1 -2 5 = 0 is
2
1 2x 5x
(a)-2 (b)-1 (c)0 (d)1
6/ -3/ 1
2 if 4 3/ -1 = x + iy, i = V-1, then
20 3 i
(a) x = 3 y = 1 (b)x = 1,y = 3
(c) x = 0, y = 3 (d)x = Qy = 0
X2 + 3X X-1 X + 3
3 If pX4 + qX3 + rX2 + sX +1 = X2 + 1 2-X X-3 , then t is equal to
X2-3 X + 4 3X
(a) 7 (b)14
(c)21 (d)28
7 6 x2-13
4 If one root of the equation 2 x2-13 2 = 0 is x = 2, the sum of all other five roots is
x2-13 3 7
(a)2Vl5 (b)-2
(c)V20+Vi5-2 * (d) None of these
tan A 1 1
5 If A B and C are the angles of a non-right angled AABC, the value of 1 tan 8 1 is
1 1 tanC
(a)0 (b)1 (c)2 (d)3
1 3 cos 0 1
6 If A = sin 6 1 3 cos 0 , the maximum value of A is
1 sin0 1
(a)-10 (b)-ViO (c)/i0 (d)10
1 a 1
7 If the value of the determinant 1 b 1 is positive, then (a, b, c > 0)
1 1 c
(a) abc > 1 (b) abc > - 8 (c) abc < - 8 (d) abc > - 2
Session 2
Minors and Cofactors, Use of Determinants in
Coordinate Geometry, Properties of Determinants

Minors and Cofactors where

a22 a23
0.1 a12 (213 Mn = ,Cn=(-l)1+1 Mn = M„
a32 a33
a21 a21 fl23 ’ - ‘ a2n

Let A= a21 a23

a31 a32 0 33 a3n m12 = , C12 -( 1) '★2Ma=-Ma
a31 a33

Onl an2 an3 an„ a21 a22 1 + 3 »1

Af]3 - > ^13 -(-1) Mi3 -M13
a 31 a32
be a determinant of order n, n > 2, then the determinant of
order n -1 obtained from the determinant A after deleting a12 fl13
the ith row and jth column is called the minor of the m21 = .C2i=(-1)2+1 Af2] -~M21
a32 a33
element ay and it is usually denoted by My, where
i = l,2,3,...,nand j = 1,2,3,...,n. All a13 1z
>^22 “(“I) 2 + 2 M22
M22 ~ ~m22
If My is the minor of the element fly in the determinant /X, fl31 a33
then (-1)'+ j Mjj is called the cofactor of the element
«n a12
,c23=(-l)2 + 3 m23 --m23
M23 ~
ay. It is usually denoted by Cy. a31 a32
Thus, Cy =(-l)i + jMy
a12 a13
My, if i + j is an even integer
m3] = ,C3i=(-1)3 + 1 M3i = M3i
a22 a23
if i + j is an odd integer
Oil a13
fl12
m32 - > 0*32 -(“!) 3+2M32=-Mm

(i) LetA= , then a21 a23

a21 a22
«n a12 3+3 1z
= m33
M33 = > C33 -( 1) M33
Mn =la22 I =O22»M 12 - la21 I ~a21> a21 a22
M2i =|O12 I =0i2»M;22 = lau I = an and
C11=(-1)1 + 1 Mu =a22, Important Results for Cofactors
1. The sum of products of the elements of any row or column
C12 =(“1) MJ2 ~~a21> with their corresponding cofactors is equal to the value of the
determinant.
C2i=(-1)2 + 1 M2J =“012
i.e., A = 3|1 Qi + d|2C|2 + ^13 Q3 = ^11^1 + + 311^1
and C22 = (—1) M22 - On = a2lQl + ^22^22 + 323023 = 3)2^2 + 322^ +
= 331Q31 + 332Q32 + 333C33 = 313Q3 + + 333Q3
«n fl12 a13
Now, value of n order determinant
(ii) LetA = a21 a22 a23 3|1 3|2 a]3 3)n
a31 a32 a33 321 3j2 323

331332 333 3}n

Determinants of minors and cofactors are A=

Mn M,2 m13 ^11

c\2 C13
am M2i M22 m23 , Ac = ^21 C22 ^23 an1 ^>2 ^13 ............. 4m

M3i M32 M33 ^31 a32 a33 = aiiC^ + a|2Q2 + ^aQa + ••• + ainQn
(when expanded along first row)
 Chap 07 Determinants 525

2. The sum of the product of element of any row (or column) 2 4

with corresponding cofactors of another row (or column) is Af32 - [delete 3rd row and 2nd column]
7 -5
equal to zero.
i.e., 311^21 + ^2^22 + = 0. = -10-28 = -38
+ + ^3i0s3 ~ 0> etc- C32 = (~1)I3 + 2 Af 32 = - Af 32 = 38
3. If the value of a n order determinant is A, then the value of the
determinant formed by the cofactors of corresponding 2 3
and A433 - = 4-21 = -17
elements of the given determinant is given by 7 2
Ac = An-1 [delete 3rd row and 3rd column]
i.e., in case of second order determinant C33=(-l)3 + 3 Af33 = M33 = —17
Ac = A Hence, determinants of minors and cofactors are
and third order determinant Ac = A2.
1 61 -23 1 -61 -23
13 -26 -26 and -13 -26 26 , respectively.
I Example 7. Find the determinants of minors and
-23 -38 -17 -23 38 -17
2 3‘ 4
cofactors of the determinant 7 2 -5
Goyal's Method for Cofactors
8 -1 3 (Direct Method)
2 -5 This method applied only for third order determinant.
Sol. Here, Mn = =6-5=1
-1 3
«1 a3
[delete 1st row and 1st column]
C11 = (“I)'|1 + X = Mn = l Method If A = bi bz b3
Cl C2 c3
7-5
M12 = = 21 + 40 = 61
8 3 Step I Write down the three rows of the A and rewrite first
[delete 1st row and 2nd column] two rows.
.1+2
C12 =(-i)’ A4j2 = Af^2 — 61 «2 03

7 2 bi b2 bi
M13 = = -7 - 16 = -23
8 -1 i.e. Cl c2 c3
[delete 1st row and 3rd column] a2 a3
c13=(-i)'.1+3 M13 = M13 = — 23 bi b3
3 4 Step II Alter Step I, rewrite first two columns.
M2] = [delete 2nd row and 1st column]
-1 3 a3
«2 a2
= 9 + 4 = 13 *1 ^2 b3 bi b2
C31=(-l)2*%, = -M31=-13 i.e., ci c2 c3 Cl cz
2 4 °2 a2
M22 - [delete 2nd row and 2nd column] 01 “1
8 3
bi b2 b3 bi bZ
= 6-32 = -26
Step III After step II, deleting first row and first column,
C22 =(-l)2 + 2Af;22 — Af22 — 26
then we get all cofactors i.e.
2 3 b2 b3 b} b2
M23 = [delete 2nd row and 3rd column]
8 -1 X X X
= -2-24 = -26 V3xC1x 2
C23 = (—1) 3A423 = — Af23 = 26 p2 b3 bx b2
3 4 ^2 c3 — ^3C2 b3Ci -&iC3 b\C2 - b2 Cj
M3i = [delete 3rd row and 1st column]
2 -5
or Ac = c2 G3 - c3a2 c3fll — cla3 C1^2 ^2
= -15 - 8 = —23
a2 b3 — a3b2 a3^i ~a\b3 a1^2 — a2 b\
C„=(-l)3*'M31 = M31 = -23
526 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 8. Find the determinant of cofactors of the *1 7i 1

1 2 3 *2 72 1 =o
determinant -4 3 6 by Direct Method. *3 73 1
2-7 9
(iii) If arx + br.ry + cr = 0; r = L 2,3 are the sides of a
1 2 3 triangle, then the area of the triangle is given by
2
Sol. Let A = -4 3 6 *1 bi Cl
2 -7 9 A =---- i---- «2 b2 C2
Step I Write down the three rows of the A and rewrite first «3 bz C3
two rows.
1 2 3 where , C2 and C3 are the cofactors of the elements
Cl, c2 and c3 respectively, in the determinant
-4 3 6
i.e., 2 -7 9 «i bl C1

1 2 3 «2 b2 C2

-4 3 6 «3 b3 c3
Step II After step I, rewrite first two columns (iv) Equation of straight line passing through two points
2 3 12
1 1 (x1,y1)and(x2,y2)is
-4 -4
3 6-4 3 x y 1
i.e. 2 -7 9 2 -7 *1 7i 1 =0
1 2 3 12
1 *2 72 1
-4 -4
3 6-4 3
(v) If three lines arx r. cr =0; r = 1,2,3 are
Step III After Step II, deleting first row and first column, concurrent, then
then we get all cofactors i.e., bi Cl

3 x/ -JT4 v, 3 48 22 69
*2 b2 c2 = 0
-7 ^9 2 -7
fl3 C3
X X X or Ac = -39 3 11
2 . >3 K „ 1 „ 2
XXX 3 -18 11 (vi) If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a
3 6-4 3
pair of straight lines, then
I Example 9. If the value of a third order determinant a h g
is 11, find the value of the square of the determinant h b f =0
formed by the cofactors.
Sol. Here, n = 3 and A = 11 g f c
(Ac)2 =(A2)2 = A4 = ll4 = 14641 (vii) Equation of circle through three non-collinear points
• (*1 «7i),(^2,72) and (x3,y3) is given by
2 . 2
x +y x y 1
Use of Determinants in +7i *1 7i 1
=0
Coordinate Geometry 2 .
x2 +72
2 .
2

2
*2 72 1
x3 +73 *3 73 1
(i) Area of triangle whose vertices are (xj, yq), (x2, y2)
and (x3, y3) is given by
Some Useful Operations
*1 71 1 (i) The interchange of ith row and jth row is denoted by
A =1 *2 72 1 Ri <-» Rj. (In case of column Ct
2
*3 73 1 (ii) The addition of m times the elements of jth row to the
corresponding elements of ith row is denoted by
(ii) If points (x i,7i), (x2,72) and(x 3,73) and collinear, Rt —> Rj +mRj.
then (In case of column Cf —> Ct +mCj')
 Chap 07 Determinants 527

(iii) The addition of m times the elements of jth row and n 01 bi Cl 02 b2 C2

times the elements of A: th row to the corresponding Hence, 02 b2 C2 01 bi Cl
elements of zth row is denoted by
03 b3 C3 03 b3 C3
Ri —> Rj +mRj + nRk.
(In case of column C, —» Ct + mCj 4- nCk) Remark
If any row (or column) of a determinant A be passed over m rows
(or columns), then the resulting determinant = (-1)mA.
Properties of Determinants
Property III If two rows (or columns) of a
We shall establish certain properties of a determinant of
determinant are identical, then the value of the
the third order but reader should note that these are
determinant is zero.
capable of application to a determinant of any order.
Property I The value of a determinant remains Ol bi Cl 0\ bi Cl

unaltered when rows are changed into corresponding Proof Let A = o2 b2 C2 a2 b2 c2 = -A

columns and columns are changed into 01 bi Cl 01 bi Cl
corresponding rows.
«i bi Cl [by <->R3]
Proof Let A = 02 b2 C2 2A=0
O3 b3 C3 A=0
Expanding the determinant along the first row, then Property IV If the elements of any row (or any
A = c1(t2c3 -b 3c2)-bx (a2c3 -a3c2) +c1(a2&3 -a3b2) column) of a determinant be each multiplied by the
same factor k, then the value of the determinant is
= C](b2c3 —b3c2) — a2(b]C3 — b3cx) + a3 (bxc2 — b2cx) multiplied by k.
Cl c2 a3 01 bi Cl

bi b2 b3 Proof Let A = o2 b2 C2 -Qi Cn + bx C12 + c, C13

Cl c2 c3 03 b3 C3

kax kbx kcx

= Az, where A' be the value of the determinant when
rows of determinant A are changed into corresponding Then, o2 b2 c2 = kaxCn + kbxCx2 + kcxCx3
columns. o3 b3 c3
Property II If any two rows (or two columns) of a (where Cn,C12 and C 13 are the cofactors of ax, bx and ctin A)
determinant are interchanged, then the sign of
determinant is changed and the numerical value
= k(axCxx + bxCX2 + ctC13) = k A
remains unaltered.
Property V If every element of some column (or
Cl bi Cl
row) is the sum of two items, then the determinant is
Proof Let A = c2 b2 C2
equal to the sum of two determinants; one
C3 b3 C3 containing one the first term in place of each sum,
Expanding the determinant along the first row, then the other only the second term. The remaining
elements of both determinants are the same as in the
A = (b2 c3 — b3c2) — bx (a2 c3 — n3c2)
given determinant i.e.,
+Cj(a2b3 —o3b2)
ax +x bx Cl bi Cl x bi Ct
= -c2(b]C3-b3c1) + b2(a1c3-a3C!)
— c2(fli&3 -a3bi) o2+y b'2: C2 o2 b2 c2 + y b2 C2

= ~[c2 (bjc3 — b3cx) — b2(axc3 — a3cx) a3 +z b3 C3 a3 b3 c3 z b3 C3

+ c2 (axb3 -a3&i)]
ax + x bx Cl
o2 b2 c2
Proof Let A = a2+y b2 c2
01 bi Cl • [byRiOR2]
a3 +z b3 c3
03 b3 C3
Expanding the determinant along first column, then
528 Textbook of Algebra

b2 C2 bi Cl Property VII If each element on one side or other

A = (aA + x) -(a2 +y)
b3 C3 b3 C3
side or both side of the principal diagonal of
determinant is zero, then the value of the
bi Cl
+ (a3 + z) determinant is the product of the diagonal element
b2 C2
a 0 0 a i h a 0 0
b2 c2 bi Cl bi Cl i.e., f b 0 0 b 0 b 0 = abc
=a ~a2 + a3 g
’ b3 c3 b3 c3 b2 c2 e d c 0 0 c 0 0 c
b2 c2 bi Ci bi C1
-y +z a ••• o... 0
b3 c3 b3 c3 b2 C2
Proof Let A = f b 0
«1 bi Cl x bi Cl e d c
a2 b2 c2 + y b2 c2
b 0
a3 b3 c3 z b3 c3 Expanding along J?j, we get a = a(bc) = abc
d c
Remark
Property VIII If determinant A becomes zero on
3] + A + q dy + Sy fy 3 dy fy ©I A3|
putting x = a, then we say that (x - a) is a factor of A.
1. a? + b? + c2 d2 + f2 % d2 f2 + a? e? 4
% + bj + c3 d3 + ©j f3 d3 f3 ^3^/3 x 5 2
A dy fy A 6) fy C| dy fy Ci et A i.e., if A = x2 9 4
+ A? d2 f2 + 63^/2 + c2 d2 f2 + C2 ©j f2 X3 16 8
bj d3 f3 bi % f3 C3 d3 f3 C3 A
at x = 2, A = 0 [because Ci and C3 are identical at
2. If each element of first row of a determinant consists of
algebraic sum of p elements, second row consists of x=2]
algebraic sum of q elements, third row consists of algebraic and at x = 0, A = 0 [because all elements of Cj are zero]
sum of r elements and so on.
Hence, (x - 0) and (x - 2) are the factors of A.
Then, given determinant is equivalent to the sum of
p x q x r x ...other determinants in each of which the
elements consists of single term. Remark
1. It should be noted that while applying operations on
Property VI The value of the determinant does not determinant that atleast one row (or column) must remain
change, if the elements of any row (or column) are unchanged.
increased or diminished by equimultiples of the 2. Maximum number of operations at a time = order-1
corresponding elements of any other row (or 3. It should be noted that, if the row (or column) which is
column) of the determinant. changed by multiplied a non-zero number, then the
determinant will be divided by that number.
ay +mby +nCj bi Cl bi Cl

i.e., a2 +mb2 +nc2 b2 C2 a2 b2 c2 Examples on Properties

a3 +mb3 + nc3 b3 C3 a3 b3 c3 13 16 19

O] +mby +ncl bi Cl «i bi Cl
I Example 10. Evaluate 14 17 20

Proof a2 +mb2 + nc2 b2 c2 «2 b2 C2 15 18 21

a3+mb3 + nc3 b3 C3 fl3 b3 C3

13 16 19
bi bi Cl Cl bi Cl So/. Let A = 14 17 20
+ m b2 b2 C2 +n C2 b2 C2 15 18 21
b3 b3 C3 C3 b3 C3 Applying R2 —» R2 - and R3 —> R3 - Ry, then
bi Cl bi Cl 13 16 19 13 16 19
^2 c2 + m • 0 + n • 0 = a2 b2 c2 A= 1 1 1 =2 1 1 1 =0
a3 b3 C3 a3 b3 C3 2 2 2 1 1 1
[*/j?2 and R3 are identical]
 Chap 07 Determinants 529

a 0 Y 0 0 I Example 13. Without expanding as far as possible,

prove that
I Example 11. Prove that 9 0 V a X 0
1 1 1
X v Y v
x 7 z = (x-y)(y-z)(z-x)(x4-y + z).
a P Y a 0
x3 y! z3
Sol. LHS = 0 0 v P 0 P
1 1 1
X g v Y V v
Sol. Let A= x y z
[interchanging rows and columns]
a X e x3 y3 z3
= (-i) P P 0 [C2 <-> C3] for x = y, A = 0 C\ and C2 are identical]
Y' v v Hence, (x - y) is a factor of A. Similarly, (y - z) and
(z - x) are factors of A. But A is a homogeneous expression
P P 0 of the 4 th degree in x, y and z.
= (-l)2 a X 0 [/?! <+> R2 ]
There must be one more factor of the 1st degree in x,y and
y v v z say k(x + y + z), where k is a constant.
p P 0 Let A = k(x - y) (y - z) (z - x) (x + y + z)
a X 0 = RHS On putting x = 0, y = 1 and z = 2, then
Y v y 1 1 1
0 1 2 = k(0 - 1)(1 - 2)(2 - 0)(0 + 1 + 2)
I Example 12. Use the properties of determinant and 0 1 8
without expanding, prove that _
l-(8 - 2) = k(-l)(-l)(2)(3) k=l
b + c q+r y+z a p X
A = (x - y) (y - z) (z - x) (x + y 4- z) = RHS
C4-0 z + x = 2b q y
r+p
a+b p+q x+y c r z I Example 14. Solve for x,
4x 6X + 2 8x4-1
b+c q+r y+z
Sol. Let LHS = A = c + a r+p z+x
6x4-2 9X4-3 12x = 0.
a+b p+q x+y 8x4-1 12x 16x4-2
_ 3
Applying Rx -+ Rx + R2 + R3, then Sol. Applying C2 —>C2 — Ct and C3 —> C3 - 2Ct
' 2
2(a + h + c) 2(p + q + r) 2(x+y + z)
4x 2 1
A= c 4- a r+P z+x
Then, 6x + 2 0-4 = 0
a+b P+Q x+y 8x4-1 -(3/2) 0
a+b+c p+q+r x+y+z 3
=> 4x (0 - 6) - (6x 4- 2) 0 4- - 4- (8x 4-1) (-8 - 0) = 0
=2 c+a r+p
r+P z+x A 2) '
a+b p+q
P+Q x+y
-97x-ll=0 => x =- —
Applying R2 ~ and R3 R3- R\. then 97
a+b+c p+q+r
I Example 15. Prove that
A=2 -b -q -y a2 +1 ob ac
—c -r -z
ab b2 + 1 be = 14-o2 + b2 + c2.
Applying Rj -> Rj + R2 + R3, then
ac be c2z +, 11
a p x a p x
A = 2 -b -q -y = 2(-l)(-l)b q y a2 +1 ab ac
—c -r -z c r z Sol. Let LHS = A = ab 62 + l be
a P x ac be c2 + 1

~2b 7 y = RHS On taking common a, b and c from R{, R2 and R-■3

c r z respectively, then
530 Textbook of Algebra

a2 +1 a a2 1 1 a a2
b c
a b b2 1 + abc 1 b b2
b2 + 1
A = abc a c c c2 1 1 c c2
b
c2 +1 1 a2 a 1 a a2
a b
c = (-l) 1 b2 b + abc 1 b b2 [by C! hCj]
Now, multiplying in Cp C2 and C3 by a, b and c respectively, 1 c2 c 1 c c2
then
a2 + 1 b2 c2 1 a a2 1 a a2
A = a2 b2+l c2 = (-l)2 1 b b2 + abc 1 b b2 [by C2
a2 b2 c2 +1 1 c c2 1 c c2

Applying Cj —> + C2 + C3, then 1 a a2

1 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2 1 b b2 (1 + abc)
A = 1 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 + 1 c2 1 c c2
l + a2+b2+c2 b2 c2+l Applying R2 -> - -Rj and R3 -+ R3 - Rt> then
1 b2 c2 1 a a2
= (1+az + bz + cz) 1 b2 + 1 c2 A = 0 b - a b2 -a2 (1 + abc)
1 b2 c2 + l 0 c - a c2 -a2

Applying R2 -> R2 - R} and R3 —> R3 - R}, then 1 a a,2

1 b2 c2 = (b- a)(c - a)(l + abc) 0 1 b + a
0 1 c+a
A =(1 + a2 + b2 + c2) 0 1 0 Applying J?3 —> R3 - R2, then
1 a a2
0 0 i
=(l + a2 + b2 +c2)-l-l-l = (l + a2 + b2 +c2) = RHS = (b - a) (c - a) (1 + abc) 0 1 b+a

I Example 16. If a,b and c are all different and if 0 0 c-b

a a2 1 + a3 = (b-a)(c - b) (c - a) (1 + abc)
b b2 1 + b3 = 0, prove that obc = -1. = (a-b)(b-c)(c -a)(l + abc)
c c2 1 + c3 But given that, A =0
(a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (1 + abc) = 0
a a2 1 + a3 a a2 1 a a2 a3
1 + abc = 0
So/. Let A = b b2 1 + b3 b b2 1 + b b2 b3
[since a, b andc are different, so a * b, b * c, c # o]
c c2 1 + c3 c c2 1 c c2 c3
Hence, abc = -1
 Chap 07 Determinants 531

§ Exercise for Session 2

0 -2 1
1 If X and p are the cofactors of 3 and -2 respectively, in the determinant 3 -1 2 , the value of X + p is
4 5 6
(a) 5 (b)7 (c)9 (d)11
a b c
2 If a, b and c are distinct and D = b c a , then the square of the determinant of its cofactors is divisible by
c a b
(a) {a2 + b2 + c2)2 (b) (ab + be + ca).22 (c)(a + b + c)2 (d) {a + b + c)4

3 An equilateral triangle has each of its sides of length 4 cm. If (xr, yr)(r = 1,2,3) are its vertices, the value of
2
*1 yi 1
*2 V2 1 is
x3 y3 1
(a) 192 (b)768 (c) 1024 (d) 128
4 If the lines ax+y + 1 = 0, x + by + 1 = 0 and x + y + c= 0(a,b and c being distinct and different from 1) are
., i r a b c
concurrent, the value of- +------- +------ is
a -1 b -1 c-1
(a)0 (b)l (c)2 (d)3
pa qb rc
5 lfp + q+ r= 0 = a+ b+c, the value of the determinant qc ra pb is
rb pc qa
(a)0 (b) pa + qb + rc (c) 1 (d) None of the above
a2 + 2n + 1 + 2p b2 + 2n + 2 + 3q c2 + p
6 If p,q and r are in AP, the value of determinant 2n + p 2n + ' + q 2q is
a2 + 2n + p b2b+2 2+n2^n ++1 2q c2-r

(a) 1 (b)0 (c)a2b2c2 - 2" (d) (a2 + b2 + c2) - 2nq

7 Let {Di, D2, D3i ...,Dn} be the set of third order determinants that can be made with the distinct non-zero real
numbers a1( a2 a9. Then,
n
(a)£D/ = 1 (b)£D,=0 (c)Dj =Djt Vi, j (d) None of these
i=1 i=1

x 3 6 2 x 7 4 5 x
8 If 3 6 x x 7 2 = 5x4 = 0, then x is equal to
6 x 3 7 2 x x 4 5
(a)0 (b)-9 (c)3 (d) None of these
a-x c b
9 If a + b + c =0, the one root of c b -x a = 0 is
b a c-x
(a)1 (b)2 (c)a2 + b2 + c2 (d)0
1 + a2x (1 + b2)x (1 + c2)x
10 Ifa2 + b2 + c2 =-2andf(x)= (1 + a2)x 1 + b2x (1 + c2) x , the f{x) is a polynomial of degree
(1 + a2)x (1 + b2)x 1 + c2x
(a)0 (b)1 (c)2 (d)3
a2 d 2 x
11 \fa,b,c,d,e and f are in GP, the value of b 2 e2 y .is
c*,2 f2 z
(a) depends on x and y (b) depends on x and z (c) depends on y andz (d) independent of x, y and z
Session 3
Examples on Largest Value of a Third Order Determinant,
Multiplication of Two Determinants of the Same Order, System
of Linear Equations, Cramer's Rule, Nature of Solutions of System
of Linear Equations, System of Homogeneous Linear Equations

Examples on Largest Value cannot equal 6. The following determinant satisfies the
given conditions and equals the largest value
of a Third Order Determinant -1 1 1
I Example 17. Find the largest value of a third order 1 -1 1 = - 1(1 - 1) - 1(-1 - 1) + 1(1 + 1) = 4
determinant whose elements are 0 or 1. 1 1 -1
by
Sol. Let A = b2 c2
I Example 19. Show that the value of a third order
^2
determinant whose all elements are 1 or -1 is an even
a3 c3
number.
A — 0](b2 c3 — b3c2) ~ b1(a2c3 — a3c2)+ Cy(a2b3 — a3b2) 01 by Cl

-(Oyb2c3 + a2b3Cy + a3byC2)-(byC3a2 + b2cxa3 +b3c2a}) Sol. Let A = a2 b2 c2

Since, each element of A is either 0 or 1, therefore the value a3 b3 c3

o3
a2 Ry and R3 —> R3 - —
of the A cannot exceed 3. But to attain this value, each Applying R2 —» R2 - — Ry, then
expression with a positive sign must equal 1, while those «i «i

with a negative sign must be 0. However, if fl! ••• by Cl

ai b2 c3 = a2 b3 Ci = a3 by c2 = 1, every element of the
determinant must be 1, making its value zero. Thus, noting
a2
that 0 ^2--^i c2 C1
A= Oj
0 1 1
1 0 1 =2 a3
0 c3 - —Ci
1 1 0 01 «i

The largest value of A is 2. Expanding along Cb we get

I Example 18. Find the largest value of a third order A=a, b2~— by
a3
c3“— Cl
fC2“a—2 Ci"I ...(>)
determinant, whose elements are 1 or -1. ai J J k fll J.

01 Cl Since, ab a2, a3, by, b2, b3, cb cz, c3 are 1 or -1.

Sol. Let A = a2 b2 c2 , a2 i o3 , a3 . a2
b2, —by, c3, —cb b3, — by, c2, —Cy are 1 or-1
q3 b3 c3 <21 ay a,

A = Q](/>2C3 ~ b3c2) — by(a2c3 — OyC2) + C] (ajb3 — a3b2) °2' n 3 - —Cl,b3 - —bl,c2~ —Cj are2,-2or0.
=> b2 - — by,c
= (ayb2 c3 +a2 b3ct + dybjC2) — (byC3a2 + b2 c^ + b3c2 a,) 01 Qi fl]

Since, each element of A is either 1 or -1, therefore the / a3

value of the A cannot exceed 6. But it can be 6 only if b:’2 &1 c3 C!
01
Oyb2 c3 = a2 b3Cy = a3byC2 = 1 ...(i)
/ \
^2 I A A
and = b2 Cya3 - b3c2 cjj = -1 ...(ii) and b-’3 - —frl c2 —-Cy are 4,-4
In the first case, the product of the nine elements of the
«1 I )
determinant equals 1, while it is —1 in the second case, so or 0 = an even number
the two cannot occur simultaneously i.e., the determinant From Eq. (i), A = an even number (^ = 1 or -1)
 Chap 07 Determinants 533

9 2 -2
Multiplication of Two 13 -10 -5
Determinants of the Same Order -14 -3 18
Let the two determinants of third order be Applying —> Ct + C3 and C2 —> C2 + C ’3, then
«i &i Ci ai pi Yi 7 0 -2
*1 = o2 b2 C2 and A2 = a2 P2 Y2 A = 8 -15 -5
03 b3 c3 a3 P3 y3 4 15 18
Let A be their product. Applying R2 —> R2 + R3, then
7 0 -2

Method of Multiplication (Row by Row] A = 12 0 13

Take the first row of A] and the first row of A2 i.e.,
a^b^Cj andttj.Pj.Yi multiplying the corresponding
4 ••• 15 ••• 18
elements and add. The result is Pi + qYi is the
first element of first row of A. Expanding along C2, we get
Now, similar product first row of Aj and second row of A2 7 -2
- 15 = -15 (91 + 24) = -15X 115 =-1725
gives a](X2 + bjP2 + ct y2 is the second element of first row 12 13
of A and the product of first row of A! and third row of A2
gives +bjP3 +CiY3 is the third element of first row I Example 21. If axf+byf
of A The second row and third row of A is obtained by + cz2 = ax2 + byl + cz2 =axl+byl + cz] =d,
multiplying second row and third row of Aj with 1st, 2nd, ax2x3+by2y3 + cz2z3
3rd row of A2 in the above manner. = ox3 X! +by 3yi + cz5z1 = aX'X2 + by}y2 + cz}z2 = f,
«1 Cl Pi Yi then prove that
Hence, A = Aj x A2 = *2 b2 c2 X a2 Pz Yz Xi yi Z, 1/2
a3 b3 a3 P3 y3 (d + 2f)
C3 X2 y2 z2=(d-/)<
abc
+b131 +CiYi aia2 +&ip2 +0^2 *3 y3
fl2ai +b2 Pi +c2Yi a2a2 +b2 02 +c2y2 *1 Yi 21

a3oti +b3Pi +c3Yi a3a2 +fc3p2 +c3y2 Sol. Let LHS = A = x2 72 Z2

0^3 +&iP3 +CjY3 *3 y3 23

a2a3 +b2P3 +c2y3 *1 Yi zi *1 71 21

a3a3 +b3P3 +c3y3 A2 = A x A = x2 y2 z2 x x2 y2 Z2

Multiplication can also be performed row by column or *3 y3 z3 X3 y3 z3

column by row or column by column as required in the *1 7i Z1 ax, byi

byx czt
1
problem. x2 72 z2 x ax2 by2 cz2
1 2 3 -2 1 3 abc
|X3 73 z3 ax3 by3 cz3
I Example 20. Evaluate -2 3 2 X 3 -2 1
ax2 + byl + cz2 axix2 + byy2 + cz,z2
3 4-4

Using the concept of multiplication of determinants.

2 1 -2
= ~T
abc
■ I' b + by^2 + CZ1Z2 ax2 + by2 + cz2
|ax■:3Xi + by3yi + cz3zj ax2 x3 + by2 y3 + cz2 z3
1 2 3 -2 1 3
ax3xj + by3?i + cz3zt
Sol. Let A = -2 3 2 x 3 -2 1
ax2 x3 + by2 y3 + cz2 z3 [multiplying row by row]
34-4 2 1 -2
ax3 + by3 + cz3
On multiplying row by row, we get
-2+2+9 3-4+3 2+2-6 d f f
1
A = 4+3 + 6 -6-6 + 2 -4 + 3- 4
f d f [given]
a be
-6+4-12 9-8-4 6+4+8 f f d
534 Textbook of Algebra

Applying Cj —> Cj + C2 + C3, then

I Example 22. Show that
d + 2f f f 2
1 _(d + 2f) o2 + x2 ab-cx oc + bx x c -b
d + 2f d f
abc abc ab + cx b2 + x 2 be - ox -C x o
d + 2f f d
2 2
ac-bx bc + ox C +X b -a x
Applying R2 -> B2 - Ry and R3 R3 - R}, then
1 x c -b
Sol. Let A = —c x a
Jd + 2f) _(d + 2f) b -a x
0 d-f 0 (d-f)2
abc abc
Cofactors of 1st row of A are x 2 + a2, ex + ab, ac-bx,
0 0 cofactors of 2nd row of A are ab - ex, x2 + b2, ax + be and
2 2
1/2 cofactors of 3rd row of A are ac + bx, be - ax, x + c .
d + 2f
.«.A = (d-/) = RHS Hence, the determinant of the cofactors of A is
abc
a 2 +, x 2 ab + ex ac - bx
An Important Property Ac = ab-cx b 2 + x2 be + ax
If A i, Bj and are respectively the cofactors of the ac + bx be - ax c2+x2
elements a1,bi and Cj.... of the determinant.
Interchanging rows into columns, we get
bi Cl Ai Bi Ci 2
a 2 +, x 2 ab-cx ac + bx X C -b
A = a2 b2 c2 ,A^0, then A2 B2 C2 = A2 Ac = ab+ ex b2 + x2 be-ax —c x a [vAc=A2]
a3 b3 c3 A3 b3 C3 ac - bx be + ax c2 + x2 b -a x
Proof Consider
*i b. Bi Ci
I Example 23. Prove the following by multiplication of
Ci
determinants and power cofactor formula
a2 b2 C2 X a2 B2 c2 2
b3 A3 b3 C3
0 C b b2 + c2 ab ac
*3 c3
C 0 a ab , „2
c 2 +a be
«iAj +b1B1 4-CjCj atA 2 +bjB2 +C!C2
b o 0 ac be a2+b2
fl2Ai +bzBj +c2Cj
a3A ! + b3Bj +c3C i a3A 2 +b3B2 +c3C2 -a2 ab ac
2
O]A3 + b i B 3 + CjC 3 ab -b be = 40W
a2A3 +b2B 3 +c2C3 ac be -c2
a3A 3 + b 3B 3 + c3C3 o c b

[multiplying row by row] Sol. Let A = c 0 a . Expanding along Rlt then

b a 0
A 0 0 ^asfl/Aj +bfB; +C/CP
A =0 - c (0 - ab) + b(ac - 0) = 2abc
0 A 0 = A3 [A, i=j
0 c b2
0 0 A
7 c 0 a = A2 = (2abc)2 = 4a22bl22c 2 •••(>)

Ai Bi Ci Ai Bi Ci b a 0
=> A A 2 B2 C2 = A3 or A2 B2 C2 = A2 0 c b
2
0 c b 0 c b
A3 b3 C3 a3 b3 c3 Also, c 0 a c 0 a x c 0 a

[••• A*0] b a 0 b a 0 b a 0
Note Let A * 0 and Ac denotes the determinant formed by the b.22+c 2 ab ac
cofactors of A and n is order of determinant, then „2 . 2
•(ii)
ab c +a be
Ac = An-1
ac be a2+b2
This is known as power cofactor formula.
[multiplying row by row)
 Chap 07 Determinants 535

-a2 ab ac I Example 24. Prove that

and Ac = ab -b.2 be = a3-1 = a2 0,01,4-5^, °1a3+^133
ac be -c2 °2al+b23l °2a2 +b2 32 °2 a3 +^2 3s = 0.
0 c b
2 ajccj+bsp, o3a2+b3p2 o3a3 + b3p 3
c 0 a (iii) njOt] + bjP] ^1^2 4" fc]P2 ai«3+ ^P3
b a 0 Sol. LHS = n2cti + b2P] a2cr2 + b2P 2 a2CC3 + b2P3
a3ctj + b3P1 a3a2 + b3p2 q3C£ 3 + b3Pj
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
0 c b
2
b2+c2 ab ac a, bj 0 ai Pi 0
c 0 a ab 2 . 2
c +a be o2 b2 0 x «2 P2 0 [row by row]
b a 0 be a2 + b2 a3 bj 0 a3 P3 0
ac
= 0X0=0= RHS
-a2 ab ac
ab -b.2 be = 4a2b2c2 I Example 25. Prove that
ac be -c2 2 a+P+Y+ 8
a + P +y + 8 2(a + P)(y + 8)
Express a Determinant Into aP +y8 ap (y + 8) +y8(a + p)
Product of Two Determinants ap + y8
d-^Pi + fcjpz ap(y + 8) +y8(a + p) = 0.
Consider the determinant
azaj+^Pj a2a2+b2p2 2apyS
oja, +&J0J Oi«2 +bi P2 2 a +P+y+8
Let A = Sol. LHS = a +3 + y + 8i 2(a + p)(Y + 8)
a2a! + b2 Pi a2 a2+ b2 P2
a(J + y8 aP(y + 8) + y8(cx + P)
By the property of determinant, A can be written as
aP + y8
aiCti 01«2 +&1P2 *i3i axa2 4-btp2
A= 4- aP(y + 8) + y8(a + P)
o2«i g2 Ct2 + b2 P2 b2 3i a2 a2 + b2 P2
2apy8
ai«2
+ ^Pi
Oi«i 01«l ^i32 Cl ] (X2
4- 1 1 1
o 1 0
o2«i a2 ex 2 a2 (*! b2 P2 b2 3i a2 a2 = a + P y + 8 0 x Y + 8 a + p 0 [row by row]
+ ^31 ^1P2 ap y§ 0 y8 aP 0
ap
b2 3i b2 P2 = 0x0 = 0 = RHS
«i 01 01 bx bx 01
=«iOt2 +«iP2 + Pia2 I Example 26. Prove that
a2 a2 o2 b2 b2 a2 cos(A-P) cos (A- Q) cos(A-R)
bx cos (B-P) cos (B-Q) cos (B-R) = 0.
+ PiP2
b2 b2 cos (C-P) cos (C-Q) cos (C-R)
Oi bx 01 *1
= 0 + 0^2 “31a2 +0 cos(A - P) cos(A - Q) cos(A - R)
o2 b2 a2 b2 Sol. LHS = cos(B-P) cos (B-Q) cos(B-R)
01 bx cos(C - P) cos(C - Q) cos(C - R)
(a.Pz -a2Pi)
02 b2 cos A sin A 0 cos P sin P 0
b\ ai Pi cos B sin B 0 x cosQ sinQ 0 (row by row]
= X
o2 b2 a2 P2 cosC sinC 0 cos R sin R 0
. o^j+^Pj 01«2 +t]P2 01 bx (Xi Pi = 0x0 = 0 = RHS
X
Q2a1+&2Pi a2a24-b2P2 o2 b2 a2 P2
536 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 27. If a, p and y are real numbers, without 1 +2ax + a2x2 1 + 2bx + b2x2 1 + 2cx + c2x2
2 2
expanding at any stage, prove that 1 + 2ay + a2y2 1 + 2by + b2y2 1 + 2cy + c y
1 + 2az + a2z2 1 + 2bz + b2z2 1 + 2cz + c2z2
1 cos(p-a) cos(y-a)
cos (a -0) 1 cos(y-p) = 0. [multiplying row by row]
t2
cos(a-y) cos(P-y) 1 (1 + ax)2 (1 + bx)‘ (1 + ex)2
(1 + ay)2 (J + by)2 (1 + cy)2 = RHS
1 cos(P-a) cos(y-a)
(1 + az)2 (1 + bz)2 (1 + cz)2
Sol. LHS = cos(a - p) 1 cos(y-p)
cos(a - y) cos(P - y) 1

cos(a-a)
cos(a-P)
cos(p-a)
cos(P~P)
cos(y-a)
cos(y-p)
System of Linear Equations
cos(a-y) cos(P-y) cos(y-y)
(i) Consistent equations Definite and unique solution
[Intersecting lines]
cos a sin a 0 cosa sina 0
A system of (linear) equations is said to be consistent,
cosP sinP 0 x cosP sinp 0
if it has atleast one solution.
cosy siny 0 cosy siny 0
x +y =2
For example, System of equations is
= 0x0 = 0= RHS x-y=6
I Example 28. If a,b,c,x,y,z eR, prove that consistent because it has a solution x = 4, y = -2.
Here, two lines intersect at one point,
(o-x)2 (b - x)2 (c - x)2 i.e., intersecting lines.
(a-y)2 (b-y)2 (c-y)2 (ii) Inconsistent equations No solution [Parallel lines]
(o-z)2 (b-z)2 (c-z)2 A system of (linear) equations is said to be
(1 + ax)2 (1 + bx)2 (1 + ex)2 inconsistent, if it has no solution.
Let fljX + b^y + Cj =0 and a2x + b2y +c2 =0, then
(1 + ay)2 (1 + by)2 (1 + cy)2 fli — -A ci
(1 + az)2 (1+bz)2 (1 + cz)2 a2 b2 c2
(a-x)2 (b-x)2 (c-x)2 => Given equations are inconsistent.
Sol. LHS = (a-y)2 (b-y)2 (c-y)2 x +y = 2
For example, System of equations is
(u-z)2 (b-z)2 (c - z)2 2x +2y =5
inconsistent because it has no solution i.e., there is no
a2 - 2ax + x2 b2 - 2bx + x 2 c2 -2cx + x2 value of x and y which satisfy both the equations.
a2 - 2ay + y2 b2 - 2by + y2 c2 -2cy + y2 Here, the two lines are parallel.
_i_ —2
a - 2az + z b2 - 2bz + z2 c2 - 2cz + z2 (iii) Dependent equations Infinite solutions
[Identical lines]
1 2x x2 a2 -a 1
2 A system of (linear) equations is said to be dependent,
1 2y y x b2 -b 1 [row by row]
if it has infinite solutions.
1 2z z2 c2 —c 1
Let axx + bxy + cj =0 and a2x + b2y + c2 =0, then
Qi by Ci „. , j .
1 2x x2 1 a a2
— = — = — => Given equations are dependent.
1 2y y 2 x(-l)(-l) 1 b b.2 a2 b2 c2
1 2z z2 1 c c2 F . c , r .. x+2y=3
For example, System of equations is
[Cj <-» C3 and taking (-1) common from second 2x + 4y=6
determinant] dependent because it has infinite solutions i.e., there
1 2x x2 1 a a2 are infinite values of x and y satisfy both the
,2
1 2y y x 1 b b2 equations. Here, the two lines are identical.
1 2z z2 1 c c2
 Chap 07 Determinants 537

Cramer's Rule Thus,

Ai A? A3
x = —,y = —,z = —, where A * 0
AA A
, .

System of linear equations in two variables The rule given in Eq. (iv) to find the values of x, y and z is
Let us consider a system of equations be called the CRAMER’S RULE.
axx+bxi y +ct =0 Remark
where — —
a2x +b2y + c2 =0J a2 ^2 1. A, is obtained by replacing elements of /th columns by
On solving by cross-multiplication, we get d-i, d2, d3, where / = 1,2,3
2. Cramer's rule can be used only when A # 0.
x _ y ____ 1
(biC2-b2Ci) (Cifl2 — c2ax) (o1b2-a2bI)

or
x yV 1 Nature of Solution of System of
~b~i
bi Cl Cl
Linear Equations
b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 b2
Let us consider a system of linear equations be
Cl Cl 01 axx + bxy +CjZ =dx
&2 c2 c2 02 a2 x + b2y + c2z = d2
or x= >y = a3x + b3y + c3z =d3
bi bi
O2 b2 a2 b2 Now, there are two cases arise:
Case I If A 0
i1 •• Ai A? A3
System of Linear Equations
t
T LA I LA?
In this case, x = —,y = — ,z = —L
A A A
in Three Variables Then, system will have unique finite solutions and so
Let us consider a system of linear equations be equations are consistent.
axx + bxy + cxz=dx „.(i) Case II If A = 0
a2x+b2y+c2z=d2 ...(H) (a) When atleast one of A1, A2, A3 be non-zero
a3x +b 3y +c3z =d 3 ••.(Hi) (i) Let Aj / 0, then from A] = xA will not be satisfied
01 bi Cl di bi Ci for any value of x because A = 0 and A, 0 and
Here, A = o2 b2 c2 d2 b2 c2
hence no value of x is possible.
03 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
(ii) Let A2 * 0, then from A2 = yA will not be satisfied
for any value of y because A = 0 and A2 0 and
di Cl bi di hence no value of y is possible.
A2 - a2 d2 C2 and A3 = a2 b2 d2 (iii) Let A3 ^0, then from A3 = zA will not be satisfied
«3 d3 C3 a3 &3 di for any value of z because A = 0 and A3 0 and
If A/0, then hence no value of z is possible.
di bi Cl uix 'ruiy ‘rtiz ui Cl Thus, if A = 0 and any of Au A2, A3 is non-zero.
A,= d2 Then, the system has no solution i.e., equations
b2 C2 = a2x +b2y +c2z b2 c2
are inconsistent.
d2 b3 c3 a3x + b3y + c3z b 3 C3
(b) When A, = A2 = A3 =0
Applying Ci —> - yC2 - zC3, then Ai = xA
axx bi Cl bi Cl
In this case, A2 = yA will be true for all values of x,y
*i = a2x
b 2 c2 = x a 2 b 2 c2 = xA A3 =zA
a3x b3 C3 *3 b3 c3 and z.
A-
LAi . .
But, since axx + bxy + cxz=dx, therefore only two of
x = —where A 0
A x, y and z will be independent and third will be
Similarly, A2 = yA and A3 = zA dependent on the other two.
y = — and z = — Thus, the system will have infinite number of
A A solutions i.e., equations are consistent.
538 Textbook of Algebra

Remark Expanding along R3, then

1. If A * 0, the system will have unique finite solution and so 9 2
equations are consistent. Ai =(-l) = -(108- 104) = -4
52 12
2. If A = 0 and atleast one of A,, A2. A3 be non-zero, then the
system has no solution i.e., equations are inconsistent. 1 9 1
3. If A = A! = A2 = A3 = 0, the equations will have infinite A2 - 2 52 7
number of solutions i.e. equations are consistent.
2 0 -1
I Example 29. Solve the following system of Applying Cj —> + 2C ’3, then
equations by Crameds rule. 3 9 1
x + y = 4 and 3x-2y = 9
i i
Sol. Here, A = =-2-3=-5*0 A2 - 16 52 7
3 -2
4 1
A,= = -8-9 = -17 0 0 -1
9 -2
1 4 Expanding along R3, then
and A2 = = 9 - 12 = -3 1 1 9
3 9 3 9
^2 - (~1) =-(156- 144) = -12 and A3 = 2 5 52
Then, by Cramer’s rule 16 52
2 1 0
Aj -17 17 A2 -3 3
x - — =----- = — and
A -5 5 -5 5 Applying Cj —> C\ - 2CZ, then
17 3 -1 1 9
x = —,y = -
5 5
A3 = -8 5 52
I Example 30. Solve the following system of
equations by Cramers rule.
0 ••• 1 ••• 0

Expanding along R3, then

2x + y -z = 0 -1 9
A3=(-l)
1 1 1 -8 52
Sol. Here, A = 2 5 7 = -(-52 + 72) = -20

2 1 -1 Then, by Cramer’s rule

Applying C2 —> C2 - and C3 -» C3 - Cb then A! -4 , -12 ,

x = —- = — = l,y =----- = 3
A -4 -4
1 ••• 0 0
A3 -20 c
and
A -4
2 3 5
x = 1, y = 3, z = 5

2 -1 -3 I Example 31. For what values of p and q, the system

Expanding along Rit then of equations
9 1 1
3 5 x +y +z =6
A=1 = -9+5 = -4^0, Aj = 52 5 7
-1 -3 x+2y + 3z =10
0 1 -1
x + 2y + pz = q has
Applying C2 —* C2 + C3, then (i) unique solution?
9 2 1
(ii) an infinitely many solutions?
(iii) no solution?
Ai = 52 12 7
Sol. Given equations are
x + y + z=6 => x + 2y + 3z = 10
0 0 -1 x + 2y + pz = q
 Chap 07 Determinants 539

1 1
1 6 1 1 I Example 32. Find the value of X, if the following
A = 1 2 3 = (p-3) => Aj = 10 2 3 equations are consistent
x+y-3=0
1 2 p <7 2 p
(1 + X)x + (2+X)y-8 = 0
= 6(2p-6)-l(10p-3q) + (20-2q) x- (l + X)y + (2+X) = 0
= 2p + q - 16 Sol. The given equations in two unknowns are consistent, then
1 6 1 1 1 -3
A2 = 1 10 3 (1 + X) (2 + X) -8 = 0
19 P 1 —(1 + X) (2 + X)
= l(10p — 3q)-6(p — 3) +l(g —10) = 4p-2g+8 Applying C2 —> C2 - and C3 —> C3 + 3C\, then
1 1 6 1 0 0
and A3 = 1 2 10
1 2 q (1 + 1 (3X — 5) = 0
= l(2q - 20) - l(g -10) + 6(2 - 2) = q - 10
(i) For unique solution, A^0=>p*3, qe R 1 —(2 + X) (5 + X)
(ii) For infinitely many solutions, A = A] = A2 = A3 = 0 Expanding along Rlt then
p = 3, q = 10 1 3X - 5
(iii) For no solution, A = 0 and atleast one of A],A2,A3 is 1- =0
—(2 + X) (5 + X)
non-zero is p = 3 and q # 10.
=> (5 + X) + (2 + X)(3X - 5) = 0
3X2 + 2X-5 = 0 or (3X + 5)(X - 1) = 0
Condition for Consistency of Three X = l,-5/3
Linear Equations in Two Unknowns
Let us consider a system of linear equations in x and y System of Homogeneous
alx + bly + c1=Q ...(i)
a2x+b2y +c2 =0 ...(ii)
Linear Equations
a3x + b3y + c3 =0 ...(iii) Let us consider a system of homogeneous linear equations
will be consistent, the values of x and y obtained from any in three unknown x, y and z be
two equations satisfy the third equation. aix + b, ctz =0 ...(i)
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z =0 -(ii)
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii) by Cramer’s rule, we have
a3x +b 3y + c3z =0 ...(iii)
x y 1
Qi b, Cl
b2 c2 c2 a2 «2 ^2
Here, A = a2 b2 c2
&3 C3 c3 a3 a3 &3
a3 b3 c3
These values of x and y will satisfy Eq. (i), then
Case I If A 0, then x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 is the only solution of
b2 ^2
a
C2
+ &1
c2 “2
+ Ci
«2
=0 above system. This solution is called a Trivial solution.
1 b3 C3 C3 a3 a3 *3 Case II If A = 0, atleast one of x, y andz is non-zero. This
solution is called a Non-trivial solution.
a•; J2 C2

C3
«2

a3
C2

C3
+ Cj
*2

o3
b2
&3
=0
Explanation From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
x _ y _ z
Cl
(^2 c3 ~ b3c2) {c2a3—c3a2) (a2b 3 - a3b2)
a2 b2 c2 = 0
x y z
a3 ^3 c3 or = k[say] (^0)
b2 c2 c2 ^2 «2 b2
which is the required condition.
bz c3 c3 a3 a3 b3
Remark b2 c2 c2 a2 a2 ^2
For consistency of three linear equations in two knowns. the x=k ,y = k and z = k
number of solution is one.
b3 c3 c3 a3 a3 h3
540 Textbook of Algebra

On putting these values of x, y and z in Eq. (i), we get Expanding along R2, we get
X — 1 5X + 1
-k
b2 c2
■ + b} X
c2 a2 > + Cj ■ k
°2 ^2
1=0 (X-3)
3-X X-3
=o
b3 c3 C3 a3 fl3 b3
=> (X-3) [(X - 1) (X - 3) - (3 - X) (5X + 1)] = 0
b2 c2 a2 c2 a2 b2 => (X - 3)2-6X=0
=> = 0 [vfc*0]
b3 c3 a3 C3 b3 X=0,3
fli bi Cl Here, smallest value of X is 0.
;. The first two equations can be written as x - y = Oand
or «2 b2 c2 = 0 or A = 0 x + 2y - 3z = 0.
a3 b3 c3 Using Cramer’s rule, we get
x y z
This is the condition for system have Non-trivial solution.
-1 0 0 1 1 -1
Remark 2 -3 -3 1 1 2
1. If A * 0, the given system of equations has only zero solution x y z x _ y _ z_
for all its variables, then the given equations are said to have 3 ” 3 " 3 1 " 1” 1
Trivial solution.
2. If A = 0, the given system of equations has no solution or x:y :z = 1:1:1
infinite solutions for all its variables, then the given
equations are said to have Non-trivial solution. I Example 34. Given, x = cy + bz, y = az + ex and
z =bx + ay, where x,y and z are not all zero, prove
I Example 33. Find all values of X for which the that a2 +b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1.
equations
Sol. The given equation can be rewritten as
(X-1)x+(3X + 1)y + 2Xz = 0 x - cy - bz = 0
(X -1) x + (4X - 2)y + (X + 3)z = 0 -cx+y-az = 0
2x+(3X + 1)y + 3(X-1)z = 0 -bx - ay + z = 0
possess non-trivial solution and find the ratios x:y :z, Since, x, y and z are not all zero, the system will have
where X has the smallest of these values. non-trivial solution, if
1 —c -b
Sol. The given system of linear equations has non-trivial solu­
tion, then we must have —c 1 -a = 0
X - 1 3X + 1 2X -b -a 1
X-l 4X-2 X + 3 = 0 Applying C2 —> C2 + cCj and C3 —> C3 + bCb then
2 3X + 1 3(X - 1) 1 ... 0 0

Applying R2 -> R2 - jRi and R-.‘3 —> R3 - Ru then

-c 1-c2 -a - be = 0
X-l 3X + 1 2X
0 X-3 —X + 3 = 0
-b -a-be 1-b2
3-X 0 X-3
Expanding along we get
Applying C3 —> C3 + C2, then
X-l 3X + 1 5X + 1 1-c2 -a - be
1 =0
-a-be 1-b2
0 X-3 0 =0 (1 - c2)(l - fr2) - (a + fee)2 =0
_i_ b
1 - b2 - c 2 + 1.2^2
2c2 _ q2 _ ^2 _ 2a(jC = fl

3-X 0 X-3 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1

 Chap 07 Determinants 541

g Exercise for Session 3

1. Number of second order determinants which have maximum values whose each entry is either -1 or 1 is equal to
(a) 2 (b)4 (c)6 (d) 8
2. Minimum value of a second order determinant whose each entry is either 1 or 2 is equal to
(a)0 (b)-1 (c)-2 (d)-3
A r?-i
3. If/2+m2+ n2 =1, (f = 'l213)and//y+ +n,ny =0, (/*;;/,/= 1,2,3)and A=/2 m2 n2 , then

I3 n3
(a)|A|=3 (b) |A|= 2 (c) |A| = 1 (d)|A|=0
a11 a12 a13
4. Let Ao = a21 a22 a23 and A-i denotes the determinant formed by the cofactors of elements of Ao and A2

a31 a32 a33

denote the determinant formed by the cofactors of Ai and so on. An denotes the determinant formed by the
cofactors of A,>n_i, the determinant value of A„ is
(a) A2” (c) Aq2 (d)A20

1 X x2 X3 - 1 0 x-x4
5. if X x2 1 = 3, then the value of 0 x-x4 x3 -1 , is
,4 x3 -1
x2 1 x X-X 0

(a) 6 (b)9 (c)18 (d)27

(a,-b ,2 (a,-b3j.2‘
2))2‘
(ai -b2 (ai~b4)2
(a2 - b 02 (a2 - b2 )2 (a2 - b 3)2 (a2 - b4 .2
6. The value of the determinant .is
(a3-bi)2 (a3-b2)2 (a
(a3 3 )2
-b3
3 -b (a3-b4)2
(a4 - b O2 (a4 - b2 )2 (a -b
(a4 - b 3)2 (a4 - b4 )2

(a) depends on at,i = 1,2, 3,4 (b) depends on b h i = 1,2, 3, 4 (c) depends on c h i = 1, 2, 3, 4 (d) 0

1 + Xt 1 + XjX 1+ x,x2
7. Value of 1 + x2 1+x2x 1+x2x2 depends upon
1 + x3 1 + X3X 1 + X3X
2

(a) only x (b) only x, (c) only x2 (d) None of these

8. If the system of linear equations x + y+ z=6, x+2y + 3z=14 and 2x + 5y + Xz = p (X, p g R) has a unique
solution, then
(a) X # 8 (b) X = 8 and p * 36 (c) X = 8 and p = 36 (d) None of these
9. The system of equations ax - y -z = a -1, x-ay-z=a-1, x-y-az=a-1
has no solution, if a is
(a) either-2 or 1 (b)-2 (c) 1 (d) not (-2)

10. The system of equations x + 2y -4z =3,2x -3y + 2z =5 and x -12y + 16z =1has
(a) inconsistent solution (b) unique solution (c) infinitely many solutions (d) None of these

11. If c < 1 and the system of equations x + y -1= 0,2x - y - c = 0 and -bx + 3by - c = 0 is consistent, then the
possible real values of b are
(a)te[-3^ (b)b ( a '
e|-|,4 (c)b ef--,3
(d) None of these
k 4 I 4 ,
12. The equations x + 2y = 3, y - 2x = 1 and 7x - 6y + a = 0 are consistent for

(a)a = 7 (b)a=1 (c)a=11 (d) None of these

13. Values of k for which the system of equations x + ky + 3z =Q,kx + 2y + 2z = 0 and 2x + 3y + 4z = 0 possesses
non-trivial solution

(a)M
I 4J
(b)/-2. f
l 4. (c,Hl 4
Session 4
Differentiation of Determinant, Integration of a
Determinant, Walli's Formula, Use of E in Determinant

Differentiation of Determinant Corollary II For n = 3, A(x) = [Q C2 C3 ], then

Let A(x) be a determinant of order n. If we write A'(x) =[C[ C2 C3 ] + [Cj C'2 C3] + [C, C2 CJ]
A(x) =[Cj C2C3...Cn\ where C1,C2,C3,...,Cn denotes ~R\~
R, Ri
1st, 2nd, 3rd, ...,nth columns respectively, then
Also, if A(x) = R2 , then A'(x) = r2 + R'z + ^2
A'(x) =[C[ C2 C3 • • • Cn ] + [Cj C'2 C3 • • • Cn ]
R3 _R3_ r3 ^3
+[Cj C2C3 •••Cn] + ---+[C1 C2C3-’-C'n]
«1(*) a2(*) a3(x)
= E[c/c2 c3....cn]
For example, Let A(x) = b](x) b2(x) b 3(x) , then
where C' denotes the column which contains the
derivative of all the functions in the zth column Ct. Also, if
C](x) c2(x) c3(x)
Ry' a{(x) a2(x) a3(x)
r2 A'(x) = &i(x) fe2(x) b3(x)
A(x) = R3 Ci(x) c2(x) c 3(x)
^(x) a2(x) a3(x) Gl(*) fl3(X)

+ h[(x) b2(x) b3(x) + t](x) b2(x) b3(x)

where R},R2,R3,.. ., Rn denote 1 st, 2nd, 3rd,..., nth rows Ci(x) c2(x) c3(x) c{(x) c2(x) c3(x)
respectively, then
~Ri [derivative according to rowwise]
R'C Ri *1 *1

r2 r'2 r2 R< R2
Remark
A'(x) = R3 + R3 + R3 + ••• + R. =E r3 1. In a third order determinant, if two rows (columns) consist
functions of x and third row (column) is constant, let
8|(x) <%(x)
R
nJ
Rn R
L "J R'n R
L n A(x) = bi(x) /^(x) b3(x) , then
C1 C2 c3
where R] denotes the row which contains the derivative of
af(x) ^(x) ^(x) aj(x)
a^(x) aj(x)
all the functions in the zth row Rit
A'(x)=b1(x) tyx) b3(x) + ^(x) tyx) b'3(x)
Corollary I For n = 2,
Ci c2 c3 Ci c2 c3
A(x) = [C, C2], then A'(x) =[C[ C2] + [Ci C2']
2. In a third order determinant, if only one row (column)
~R\~ consists functions of x and other rows (columns) are
Ri Ri
Also, if A(x) = , then A'(x) = + constant, let
.R2. R2. 3|(x) ^(x) aj(x) ai'(x) aj(x) a^(x)

bi(x)
A(x) = 4 ^2 , then A'(x) = b\ A>
k 63
aj(x)
For example, Let A(x) = then A c2 c3 Ci CC22 c3
a2(x) b2(x) ’
and in general
dn dn dn
a{(x) b'dx) Ql(x) h,(x) dx1
A'(x) = + dn
^L{A( x)} =
dx Hx/n
dx" Hv"
^3
fl2(x) b2(x) a2(x) fc2(x) dx
Cl c2 c3
[derivative according to rowwise]
 Chap 07 Determinants 543

Important Derivatives I Example 37. Let a be a repeated root of a

quadratic equation /(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x) and C(x) be
(Committed to Memory] • polynomials of degree 3, 4, and 5 respectively, show
If a and b are constants and n e N, then A(x) B(x) C(x)
1. if y = (ax + &)n, then = n\an
that A(a) B(a) C(a) is divisible by/(x), where
dxn
jn
A'(a) B'(a) C'(a)
. f nn ,'
2. if y = sin (ax + b), then —— = sin — + ax + b • a n prime (') denotes the derivatives.
dxn I 2 J Sol. Since, a is a repeated root of the quadratic equation
f(x) = 0, then f(x) can be written as f(x) = a(x - Ct)2,
3. if y = cos (ax + b), then —— = cos | — + ax +b -a n
where a is some non-zero constant.
dxn 2 >
A(x) B(x) C(x)
cos x sin xsinx Let g(*) = A(a) B(a) C(a)
I Example 35. If/(x) = cosx -sinx cosx A'(a) B'(a) C'(a)

X 1 1 g(x) is divisible by f(x), if it is divisible by (x - a)2 i.e.,

find the value of 2^(0) + {/'(I)}2, g(a) - 0 and g'(a) = 0. As A(x), B(x)and C(x)are
polynomials of degree 3, 4 and 5, respectively.
cosx -sinx icosx sinx cosx sinx
.'. Degree of g(x) > 2
So/. /'(x) = cosx -sinx icosx + -sinx -cosx -sinx
A(a) B(a) C(a)
X 1 1 X 1 1
Now, g(a) = A(a) B(a) C(a) = 0
sinx cosx sinx
A'(ct) B'(a) C'(a)
+ cosx -sinx cosx [derivative according to rowwise]
1 0 0 [■/ Ri and R2 are identical]
cosx sinx A'(x) B'(x) C'(x)
=0+0+1 = cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
-sinx cosx Also, g'(x)~ A(a) B(a) C(a)
f'(x) = 1 => f'(Q) = 1 and /'(l) = 1 A'(a) B'(a) C'(a)
/'(O)
=> 22/<0)+{/'(l)}2 =2’+ 12 =3 A'(a) B'(a) C'(a)
g'(a) = A(a) B(a) C(a) = 0
cosx sinx COSX
A'(ct) B'(a) C'(a)
I Example 36. Let J(x)= cos2x sin2x 2cos2x
[•.■ Rt and R3 are identical]
cos 3x sin3x 3cos 3x
This implies that /(x) divides g(x).
i 7t i
then find the value of f 'I — |.
I Example 38. Find the coefficient of x in the
cos x sin
sinxx cos x determinant
Sol. Given, f(x)= cos2x sin2x 2cos2x (1 + x)°lbl
cos3x sin3x 3cos3x
(1+x)02bl (1+x)°lf* (1+X)°2bj
-sinx sinx cosx
(1+x)°5bl (1+x)°3b2 (1+x)°3bj
-2sin2x sin2x 2cos2x
-3sin3x sin3x 3cos3x Sol. We know that, if f(x) be a polynomial, then coefficient of
cosx cos x cos x cos x sin x -sinx x"in/(x) = ly"(0).
+ cos2x 2cos2x 2cos2x + cos2x sin2x -4sin2x n!
cos3x 3cos3x 3cos3x cos3x sin3x -9sin3x (1 + x)fl^ (1 + x)fl,h= (1 + x)^
[derivative according to columnwise] Let /(*) = (1 + x)a^ (1 + x)a-^ (1 + x)a-,f,J
-1 1 o 0 1 -i (1 + x)a^ (l + x)aj&1 (l + xp6’

Mir 0
3 -1
0 -2 + 0 + -1
0 0 -1
0 0
9
a^l + x)^-* aA(l + x)a|frj~* aAtl + x)^-1
r(x)= (1 + x)a^ (1 + x)a^
[v C2 = C3 in second determinant] (1 + x)a’* (1 + x)ajhj (1 + x)ajfc’
= 2(1 - 3) + 1(9 - 1)= — 4 + 8 = 4
544 Textbook of Algebra

(l + x)u,<’2 (l + x)01*’ a 0 X
+■a2b1(l + xrfc'-1 a2b2(l + xrb’-\Ml+x)a^-' sum of all cofactors in A(0),whereA(0) = PM
(1 + x)Ojfcl (1 + x)a>b> (1 + x)a’b> Y V v
A"(x) = 0 [v 5 is constant]
(1 + x)fllth (l + x)a'bi (l + x)fl,i’J
Since, A'(x) = S
+ (1 + x)a'b'
On integrating A(x) = Sx + C
a3&1(l + x)a’1'"1 fl3b2(l + x)fl’^-’ ^(l + x)0^'1 A(0) = 0 + C
ci]b\ a}b2 o^b2 1 1 1 Hence, A(x) = Sx + A(0)
1 1 1 + a2 fej O2 ^2 cij b3 xn sinx COSX
1 1 1 1 1 1 'nn' f nny
1 1 1 i Example 40. If/(x) = n! sin cos
+ 1 1 1 7t2 7t3
71
a3bi G3fr2 a3fe3 dn
= 04-0 + 0 = 0
then find the value of — {/(*)} at x = 0, n e I.
dx"
Coefficient of x in f(x)
1! dn dn dn
---- (xn) -----(sinx) ---- (cosx)
Aliter dx'~ dx' dx'
(1 + x)a'b' (l + x)°'fci (l + x)^’ . (rm I rm
sot n! sm — cos
Let (l + x)0^ (l + x)^ (1 + x)a^ = A + Bx + Cx22 +••• k 2 t2
7t 7I2 7t3
(l + x)0’^ (l + x)012’2 (1 + x)fl’6’

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x and then put x = 0 in i • InK , rm

n! sin — + x cos
both sides, we get I 2 2
@]b2 a^b3 1 1 1 1 i1 1
n! sin — cos nlt
B= 1 1 1 + #2 ^2 ^2 ^2 ^3 + 1 i1 1 V2J I2
1 11 1 1 1 1 n3^i a3b2 a3b3 7t 7l2 7t3

=0+0+0=0
i • I nn ,| nn
Hence, coefficient of x in given determinant is 0. n! sin — COS
I2. t2
a+x 0 + X A+x 77{/(^)}at(x = 0) = n! sin — . • C nn cos
(rm

I Example 39. If A(x) = p + x 0+ X [1 + X dx k 2 . t2

71 7t2 7t3
Y + x \|/ + x Y + x
show that A"(x) = 0and A(x) = A(0) + Sx, where S =0 [•/ Ri and R2 are identical]
denotes the sum of all the cofactors of all elements in
A(0) and dash denotes the derivative.
i 0+x X+X a+x 1 A+x
Integration of a Determinant
Sol. We have, A'(x) = i 0+X p+x + P+X 1 p+X /(x) g(x) h(x)
i V+X V+ X Y+ x 1 v+ X Let A(x) = P q r
a+x 0+x i I m n
+ P + x <|)+ x 1 where p, q, r, I, m and n are constants, then
Y+x +x 1 £ f(x)dx £ g(x)dx £h(x)dx
Applying C2 —> C2 - xCj and C3 -> C3 - xC, in first,
Cj -4 Cj - xC2 and C3 —» C3 - xC2 in second and j* A(x) dx - P q r
C] -> Ci - xC3 and C2 —> C2 - xC3 in third, then I m n
1 0 A a 1 A a 0 1
Remark
A'(x) = 1 4> P- + P 1 H + P 4> 1 If in a determinant, the elements of more than one columns or
1 v Y 1 v Y v 1 rows are functions of x , then the integration can be done only
after evaluation or expansion of the determinant.
 Chap 07 Determinants 545

a b c
Important Integrals (Committed to Memory) I Example 41. If A(x) = 6 4 3 , then
. ,.x («/2 sin" x x x2 x3
~dx = -
0 sin" x +cos" x 4 find £ A(x) dx.
/2 COS "x A n a b c
= --------------------- dx, V n 6 R
0 sin" x + cos" x Sol. J A(x) dx = 6 4 3

tan" x 72
f’xdx f x 2dx f x 3dx
dx Jo
®r 1 + tan" x
dx = —
4 ’
. n
1 + tan" x
,Vne/? Jo Jo

a b C
a b c
dx tc rft/2 cot" x
®r 1 +cot" x 4 Io
1 + cot" x
dx, VnG R 6
i
4
x^_
i
3
6
1
4
1
3

(«/2 . 7C . n 2 3 4
2. (i) £ Insinxdx = In cos x dx - ----- In 2 2 3 4
o Jo o
Io 2
7C.fl
7C a b c
or
C. —In -
2 U. Applying R2 -> R2 - 12R3, then J A(x)dx =
0 0 0
=0
I*1 12
1 1 2_
<< i .
In tan x dx = In cot xdx =0 2 3 4

«r In sec xdx =
rft/2
Io
71
Incosec x dx = — In 2
2
I Example 42. If
sin5x Insinx
Vsinx
Vsinx + Vcosx
n n
Walli's Formula f(x) = n
k=1
IV
k=1
(An easy way to evaluate sin"1 x cos" x dx, where 871. fl1 71
-In -
31/2 15 2 2 4
m, ne W) We have, sin"1 xcos" xdx then find the value of j^/2 f(x)dx.
Jo
_ {(m -l)(m-3)...2or 1} {(n-1)(n -3)...2or 1}
Sol. j*2f(x)dx
{(m + n) (m + n - 2) (m + n - 4)... 2 or 1}
f" rlt' 2 Vsinx
where, p is 7t 12, if m and n are both even, otherwise p = 1. • 5 xdx
I 72 sin . Insinxdx
Jo Jo Vsin x + V cos x
The last factor in each of three products is either 1 or 2. In
n n
case any of m or n is 1, we simply write 1 as the only factor to
replace its product. If any of nj or n is zero provided, we put 1
n
k=1
n*
t=i
as the only factor in its product and we regard 0 as even. s_ 711 f n1
— In | - |
7C

For example, 15 2 2 4
rrc/2 6 4 _ [5 • 3 • 1][3 ♦ 1] 7C 371
1. sin xcos xdx 4 2 71
"[10-8-6- 4-2] 2 --ln2
512 5 3 2 4
72 6 , , [5-3-l][2] n
sin xcos xdx • i=A n ip [by Walli’s formula]
[9- 7- 5-3-1] 63 k=l
k=. k=l
/2 . 5 7 , [4-2][6-4-2] £ 7C.fl1 7C
3. sin xcos xdx = —------ —--------- -— •1=-L 15
— In I -
2 2 4
[12-10-8-6-4-2] 120
tn I2 ,8 , [7-5-3-1] 7t 3571 8 n
[8-6-4-2] 2 256 15 4
72 - [6-4-2] j = 16
5. cos xdx
[7 • 5 • 3 • 1] 35
n
k=1
flfc = 0
k=1
[since and K3 are identical]

/2 . 10 , [9-7-5-3;l][l] £ n
sin x cos x dx = - --------------------- .1=1 15
—In
2 4
[11-9-7-5-3-1] 11
546 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 43. Let /(x)

sec x COS X sec2 x + cot x cosec x
Important Summation
= cos2x cos2 X cosec2x , then find (Committed to Memory)
n
n(n +1)
1 COS X cos2x 1. X r = Z n = 1+ 2+3+... + n =
r=1 2
the value of j^/2 f(x)dx.
n n(n + l) (2n 4-1)
2. S r2=Sn 2 = 12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2=
Sol. Applying C2 —> C2 - cos2 xCbthen r=l 6
n
2 3. Sr3=Xn3=l5+2’+33+... + n3
sec x o sec x + cot x cosec x r=l
2 4 2
/(x) = cos2 x COS x - COS X cosec2x _ n(n+l)
1 0 cos2 x 2
=(W
[expanding along C2 ] n
2 4. X a = Za = a + a + a+ ... + a=<zn
sec x sec 2 x + cot x cosec x r=1
= (cos2 x - cos4 x) „ 2 „ n times
1 cos”x
= (cos2 x - cos4 x) (cos x - sec2 x - cot x cosec x) 5. Z (X-l)X’’"1 = A." -1, V X * 1 and X > 1
r=1
1 cos x A
= cos2 x (1 - cos2 x) cos x------~2—
COS“ X
*7
~ 2
sin xj sin fa +
(n-l)P rsm •M
—
1 COS X
2 _
= cos2 x sin2 x cos x------ — - 6. £ sin[a+ (r -1) p] =----------
2
COS X sin2 x r=l
sin If
= cos3 x sin2 x - sin2 x - cos3 x 2J
= - cos3 x (1 - sin2 x) - sin2 x Particular For a = p = 0.
f(x) = - cos5 x - sin2 x 17 n + 1 n0
sin- 0 • sin
flt/2 x , fJt/2 5 fn/2 n 2 2
•••J. cos x ax -
j
Jo
sin2 x dx Z sin r0 =-----
r=l f0^
1 7t (8 71 | sin
15 3 2 2
=- —+-
U5 4 J 12J
[ by Walli’s formula]
cos fa +
(n-l) J.f
p>sin —
n
7. Z cos {a + (r -1) p} =
2 J UJ
Use of X in Determinant r=1
sin 1
2
f(r) g(r) h(r)
Particular For a = P = 0.
If A(r) = a b c
( n + 1") n0
«i b1 Ci
COS - Glsin
n 2 J 2
Z cos r0 =------
where a,b,c,a1, b^ and Cj are constants, independent of r, r=l 0
sin
then 2
n n n
n
£f(r) Xg(r)
r=1 r=1
S *(r) 8. S {/(r +!)-/«} = /(«+ !)-/(!)
n r=1
r=1
X A(r) = a b C
r=l n n (1
bi
1 1
Ci • Particular X —— = X
r=1 r(r + l) r=i r + ly
1 1 n
Remark 1 n+1 n+1
If in a determinant, the elements of more than one columns or
n
rows are function of r, then the Scan be done only after
9. X nCr =2"
evaluation or expansion of the determinant. r=1
 Chap 07 Determinants 547

Remark n2-l 2" n +1

n
Capital pie FI is not direct applicable in determint i.e., £ Ar = n2 - 1 2" n+1 =o
n n n r=0
FI/(r) n g(r) n/Xr) cos2(n2) cos2 n cos2 (n + 1)
n r =1 r = 41* r- -1’
Il A(r) * a b C [since R} and R2 are identical]
r°1
3 4 Ci
I Example 45. Let n be a positive integer and
n r2 + r r + 1 r-2
Explanation II A(r) = A(1) x A(2) x... x A(n)
rs1
Ar = 2r2 + 3r-1 3r 3r-3 and
/(1) g(D /XD f(2) p(2) /X2) f(n) g(n) tin)
a b c a b c r2 + 2r + 3 2r-1 2r-1
6 c X a X ... X
n
3| Ci 3 4 Cl a. 4 Cy
X Ar = an2 + bn + c, find the value of a+b + c.
n n n
r =1
Ylf(r) Ilg(r) FI fi(r)
r =1 r=1 t =• I
r2 + Ir r+1 r-2
* a b c
a. 4 Cl
So/. We have, Ar = 2r2 + 3r - 1 3r 3r -3
r2 + 2r + 3 2r -1 2r — 1
Applying R2 —» R2 - (R^ + R3), then
I Example 44. Let n be a positive integer and
r2 + r r+1 r-2
2r-1 ncr 1
Ar = n2-1 2 n , prove that
n+1
= -4 0 0
cos2 n2 cos2 n cos2 (n + 1)

1 Ar=0. r2 + 2r +3 2r - 1 2r - 1
r=0
Expanding along R2, we get
2r-l nCr 1
So/. We have, A, = n2 -1 2" n+1 r+1 r-2
=4
cos2(n2) cos 2n cos2(n +1) 2r - 1 2r - 1

n n = 4[(r + l)(2r-l)-(r-2)(2r-l)]
I (2r - 1) £ ncr 11 = 24r-12
r=0 r=0 r=0
n
£ Ar = n2 - 1 2" n+1
Now, E Ar = 24 X r - 12 £ 1
r= 0
cos2(n2) cos2 n cos2 (n +1) r=1 r=1 r=1

(n + 1)
n
= 24 — - 12n = 12n (n + 1 - 1)
n 2
Now, £ (2r - 1) = 2 £ r - £ 1
r=0 r=0 r=0 = 12n2 = an2 + bn + c [given]
= 2(0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n) - (1 + 1 +1 + ... + 1)
For n = 1, we have
2n(n + l) . , . <n + 1)tim“
=-------------(n + l) = (n + l)(n - 1)= n -1 a + b + c = 12
2
548 Textbook of Algebra

§ Exercise for Session 4

X x 2 x„3
1. Iff(x) = 1 2 3 , f '(1) is equal to
0 1 x

(a)-1 (b)0 (c)1 (d)2

secx x2 x
2. Letf(x)= 2sinx x3 2x2 , lim is equal to
x -> 0 X4
tan 3x x2 x
(a)0 (b)-1 (c)2 (d)3
x 2 x
3. Let x2 x 6 = Ax4 + Bx 3 + Cx 2 + Dx + E, the value of 5A + 4B + 3C + 2D + E is equal to
X x 6
(a)-16 (b)- 11 (c)0 (d)16
x3 sin x cos x
d3
4. Letf(x) = 6 -1 0 , where p is a constant. Then —, {f(x)} at x = 0 is
dx
P P2 P3

(a)p (b) p + p2 (c)p + P3 (d) independent of p

y y2 dn
dny
5. If y = sin mx, the value of the determinant y3 y4 y5 , where yn = —is
dx
Ye Ye
(a) m2 (b)m3 (c)m9 (d) None of these
2 cos2 x sin 2x -sin x
6. Letf(x) = sin2x 2 sin2 x cos x , the value of jo"/2{f(x) + f'(x)} dx, is
sin x -cosx 0
(3) = (b)n (c)| (d)27t

cos x ex
x2 2x cos2

7. Iff(x) = x2 sin x + x 3 , the value of f"/2 (x2 + 1)[f(x) + f\x)]dx , is

secx
J-n/2
1 2 x + tan x

(a)-1 (b)0 (c)1 (d)2

1
sin.2 x + cos4 x In cos x
1 + (tan x)‘
8. Iff(x) = 71 7l2 7l4 , the value of |"/2f(x) dx is
.7 1
--In2
16 2 4

(a) 2 (b)-1 (c)0 (d) None of these

1 n n
n
n22 + n + 1 2
9. If Ajf = 2k rr + n and £ A* = 56, then n is equal to
2k-1 n2 n2 + n + 1

(a) 4 (b)6 (c)8 (d) None of these

n-2 n~2Cr-, n~2Cr
Cr_2
10. The value of £ (-2)r -3 1 1 (n >2) is
r=2
2 -1 0

(a) 27-1+ (- 1)" (b)2r?+ 1+ (- 1)n (c) 2n - 3 + (- 1)" (d) None of these
 Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember
1 Symmetric Determinant The elements situated at equal 4 (i) If A = 0, then Ac = 0, where Ac denotes the
distance from the diagonal are equal both in magnitude determinant of cofactors of elements of A.
a h g (ii) If A * 0, then Ac = An "1, where n is order of A.
and sign. i.e. h b f - abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2-ch,2
3ii 3,2 313
g f c (iii) Let A = a2i 322 a23
2 Skew-symmetric Determinant All the diagonal elements a3i a^ 833
are zero and the elements situated at equal distance from
the diagonal are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. The sum of products of the elements of any row or
The value of skew-symmetric determinant of even order is column with the corresponding cofactors is equal to
always a perfect square and that of odd order is always the value of determinant, i.e.
0 c -b' 3iiCn + a12C12 + 813613 = a2iC2i + 322C22 + 333633
0 a
zero i.e. = a2 and -c 0 a =0 = 331631 + 833633 + 833633 = A
-a 0
b -a 0
and sum of products of the elements of any row or
3 Circulant Determinant The elements of the rows (or column with the cofactors of the corresponding
columns) are in cyclic order, i.e., elements of any other row or column is zero, i.e.,
1 a a2 3ii62i + 813633 + 313623 =3,3631 + Sis C32 + 813633
(«) 1 b b2 = (a-b)(b-c)(c -a) =0
1 c c2 5 A homogeneous system of equations is never consistent.
abcb 1 1 1
6 Conjugate of a Determinant If 4, b( and c, e 6 (/ = 1,2,3)
(ii) a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
C3 31 b| Ci 3i b] Ci
be ca ab a3 b3
and A = 32 ^2 O2 , then A = a2 &2 O3
= (a r- b) (b —c) (c - a) (ab + be + ca)
a3 bj C3 83 ^3 O3
a be abc a a2 a3
(i) If A is purely real, then A = A
(iii) b ca abc = b b2 b3 = abc(a-b)(b-c){c -a)
c ab abc c c2 c3 (ii) If A is purely imaginary, then A = - A

1 7 (i) If x1t x2, x3,...are in AP or a*', a*2, a*3,... are in GP,

1 1
(iv) a b • c = (a-b)(b-c)(c -a)(a + b + c) Xi x22
x x3

a3 b3 c3 then *n +1 *n++22
*n *3 =0
*2n + 1 %2n
x2n + 2 *2n + 3
abc
(v) b c a = -(a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc) (ii) If ai,a2,a3, ...are in GP and a, > 0, / = 1,2,3,...,
c a b
log an log^ + i log an + 2
Remark then log ^ + 3 log log Sf, + 5 = 0
These results direct applicable in lengthy questions as behaviour
log Sn + 6 log an + 7 log^ + 8
of standard results.
550 Textbook of Algebra

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. Sol. (&) We observe that,
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of 0 -b -c
which ONLY ONE is correct.
A= b 0 -a
• Ex. 1 lf(xy-x2)2 +(y, -y2)2 =a2, c a 0
(x2 — x3)2 +(y2 -y3)2 = b2 and
2
0 b c
Xi Xi 1 A = -b 0 a
(x3 -x,)2 + (y3 -y,)2 -c2 andk X2 X2 1 -c -a 0
*3 X3 1 [interchanging rows and columns]
= (a + b + c) (b + c - a) (c + a - b) (a + b - c), the value ofk 0 -b - c
is
b 0 -a
(a) 1 (b)2 (c)4 (d) 8
c a 0
Sol. (c) Consider the triangle with vertices ^x^yj, C(x2,y2)
and A(x3,y3) and [taking (- 1) common from each row]
AB = c, BC =a and CA = b => A = -A

A
(x3.y3)A
Hence, A is purely imaginary.

• Ex. 3 The equation

(1 + x)2 (1-x)2 -(2 + x2)
(Xpy^BA--------------------- A c (x2. y2)
a
2x+1 3x 1- 5x
X +1 2x 2- 3x
Xi yi 1
Area of AABC = - x2 y2 1 (i) (1 + x)2 2x+1 x+1
2
X3 yz 1 + (1-x)2 3x 2x = 0/105

Also, area of AABC = fs(s - a)(s - b)(s - c), 1—2x 3x-2 2x-3

where 2s = a + b +c -(ii) (a) no real solution

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (b) 4 real solutions
xj yi 1 (c) two real and two non-real solutions
1 (d) infinite number of solutions, real or non-real
x2 y2 1 = y/s(s -a)(s - b)(s - c)
2
x3 y3 1
Sol. (d) Interchanging rows and columns in first determinant,
On squaring and simplifying, we get then
2
Xi yi 1 (1+x)2 2x +1 x +1
4 X2 V2 1 = (a + b + c)(b +c -a) (1-x)2 3x 2x
x3 y3 1 -(2+x2) l-5x 2-3x
(c + a - b)(a + b -c)
Hence, the value of k is 4. (1 + x)2 2x+l x+1
• Ex. 2 Ifa, b andc are complex numbers, the determinant + (1-x)2 3x 2r = 0
1 -2x 3x-2 2x-3
0 -b -c
A= b 0 -a is (1 + x)2 2x +1 x+1
c a 0 => (1-x)2 3x 2x =0

(a) a non-zero real number (b) purely imaginary

-(1 + x)2 -2x-l — x —1
(c) 0 (d) None of these
1

Chap 07 Determinants 551

Applying R3 —> R3 + Rv then (l + x)fl (1+2x)h 1

(1 + x)2 2x +1 x+1 • Ex. 6 If /(x) = 1 (l + x)fl (1 + 2x)6 ■,a,b
=> (1-x)2 3x 2x =0 (1 + 2x)h 1 (1+x)‘
0 0 0
being positive integers, then
=$ 0=0 (a) constant term in /(x) is 4
which is true for all values of x . (b) coefficient of x in/(x)is0
Hence, given equation has infinite number of solutions, real (c) constant term in /(x) is (a - b)
or non-real. (d) constant term in /(x) is (a + b)
(l + x)fl (1 +2x)b‘ 1
• Ex. 4 IfX, Y and Z are positive numbers such thatY and
Sol. (b) Let 1 (l + xf
(1 x)‘ (1 + 2x)b
Z have respectively 1 and 0 at their unit’s place and
(l+2x)* 1 (l + x)fl
X 4 1
A= Y 0 1 = A + Bx + Cx2 + ...
Z 1 0 Put x = 0, then A = 0
//"(A +1) is divisible by 10, then X has at its unit’s place On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x and then put x = 0
(a)0 (b)l a 2b 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) 2 (d) 3 1 1 1 + 0 a 2b + 1 1 1 = B
Sol. (c) Let X =10x + X, Y = lOy + 1 and Z =10z, where 1 1 1 1 1 1 2b 0 a
x, y, z e N, then
0+0+0= B
X 4 1 lOx + X 4 1
=> B=0
A= Y 0 1 lOy+1 0 1
Hence, constant term in /(x) is zero and coefficient of x in
Z 1 0 lOz 1 0
/(x)is 0.
lOx 4 1 X 4 1 2
lOy 0 1 + 1 0 1 • Ex. 7lffj = X ajj x',j = \2,3andf'andf"aredenoted
i=0
lOz 1 0 0 1 0
,d2fj fl fz fi
x 4 1 by—-and respectively, theng(x) = is
fi fz fi
= 10 y 0 1 + (1-X) dx dx2
fi" fz fi"
z 1 0
(a) a constant (b) a linear in x
=> A + 1 =10fc +(2- X), (c) a quadratic in x (d) a cubic in x
x 4 1 fi fz fi fi fz fi fl fz fi
where k = y 0 1 . Sol. (a) v g'(x) = fl fz fi + fl" fz fi + f\ fz fi
z 1 0 fl" fz fi fl" fz" fi" rrr
It is given that (A +1) is divisible by 10. Therefore, 2 - X = 0 =0+0+0 [•.' fj is a quadratic function]
i.e., X = 2
g(x) = c = constant
X=10x+2
=> 2 is at unit’s place of X. (a —1) n 6
• Ex. 8 Let Aa = (a-I)1 2n2 4n-2
• Ex. 5 The number of distinct values of a 2x2 determinant
(a-I)3 3n3 3n2 -3n
whose entries are from the set {-1,0,1}, is
n
(a) 3 (b)4 (c)5 (d) 6 the value of £ Aa is
a =1
Sol. (c) Possible values are -2, -1,0,1,2
1 0 1 -1 0 1 (n ~ 1)n
i.e., = 0, (a)0 (b)
= 1, = -l, 2
-1 1 0 0 1 -1
(n ~1)n2 (dj(n ~l)n(2n -1)
1 -1 -1 1 (c)
= 2, = -2 2
1 1 1 1
552 Textbook of Algebra

Sol. (a) Applying C3 —> C3 + C2 - Cb then

S(a-l) n 6
a=1 1 COS X 0
,2
Sol. (a) £ Afl = 2n2 4n -2
a =1 a=1
A(x) = 1 + sin x cosx 0
,3 3n2 -3n
X(a-1): 3n3
a=1
sinx sinx ... 1
(n -l)n 1 .
n 6 = 1 (cos x - cos x - cos x sin x) = — sin 2x
2 2
(n -l)n(2n - 1)
2n2 4n -2 1 ■n/2
6 JfA(x)dx = 2 J°
sin2x dx
(n-l)2n2 3n3 3n2 -3n
= y [COS 2x]q/2 = ^(“ 1 -1) = "
4
4 4 4

1 1 6 • Ex. 10 Number of values of a for which the system of

(n -1>22n - 1
2n 4n -2 equations a2 x 4-(2 -a)y = 4 +a2 and ax + {2a- 1)y =as -2
2 3
(n-l)n possess no solution, is
3n2 3n2 -3n
2 (a)0 (b)1
(n-l)n (c)2 (d) infinite
[taking and n common from and C2]
2 a2 2-a
Sol. (c) •.* A = =a2 (2a-l)-a(2-a)
Applying C3 —» C3 - 6Cb then a 2a-1
= 2a{a + l)(a - 1)
1 1 0
n (n ~l)n2 2n -1 For no solution, A = 0
E Aa = 2n 0 =0
a = -1,0,1
0=1 2 3
(n -l)n 4 + a2 2-a
3n2 0
A.=
2 „5
a* -2 2a-1
1 cosx 1 - COS X Values of A! at a = -1,0,1 are -6,0,6 respectively and
• Ex. 9 lfk(x) = 1 + sin x cos x 1 + sin x -cos x , then a'2 4+a2
A2 -
sin x sin x 1 a a5 -2
rft/2 Values of A 2 at a = -1,0,1 are 2,0, - 6, respectively.
A(x)ax is equal to
’ (a)-2 For no solution,
(b)0 A = 0 and atleast one of A,, A2 is non-zero.
a = - 1,1

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each Sol. (a,c,d) Applying C2 —> C2 - Cj -2C3, then
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which b2+c2 be
a2 ~{b2 + c2) be a2
more than one may be correct.
b2 - (c2 + a2) ca b2 c2 +a2 ca
a2 a~2 -{b -c)2 be
c2 ~{a2+b2) ab c2 a2 + b2 ab
• Ex. 11 The determinant b2 b2 -(c-a)2 ca is
Applying C2 —» C2 + Cj, then
c2 c2-(a-b)2 ab
divisible by a2 a2 + b2 +c2 be
(a)a + b +c (b)(a + b){b +c)(c + a) = - b2 a2 +b2 + c2 ca
(c)a2 +62 +c2 (d)(a-b)(b-c)(c-a) c2 a2 + b2 + c2 ab
 Chap 07 Determinants 553

Applying R2-+ R2 - Rt and R3 —> R 3 - Rlt then 4 0=(2n-l)— => 0=(2n-l)—

a2 „2 , j.2 , „2 2 8
a2 + b2 +c be
7^ ^^7^
For n =0,2, then 0 =---- , — and A e R
8 8
b>2 — a„2 0 c(a - b)
• Ex. 13 The digits A, B, C are such that the three digit
c2 -a1 0 - b(c -a) numbers A88,6B8,86 C are divisible by 72, the determinant
A 6 8
- (a + b)(a - b) c(a - b)
= (a2 + b2 +c2)
(c +a)(c -a) - b(c -a) 8 e 6 is divisible by
8 8 C
-(a + b) c
= (a - b)(c-a)(a2 + b2 + c2) (a) 72 (b) 144 (c) 288 (d) 216
c+a -b
Applying C, -> Cj - C2, then
Sol. (a, b, c)
-(a + b+c) c
= (a - fe)(c-a)(a2 + b2 +c2) v A88,6B8,86C are divisible by 72.
(a + b+c) -b
:. A88,6B8,86C are also divisible by 9.
= (a - b)(b - c)(c -a)(a + b +c)(a2 + b2 +c2)
=> A + 8 + 8,6 + B+ 8,8 + 6 + C
are divisible by 9, then A =2, B = 4, C = 4
71 71
• Ex. 12 The value of 0 lying between----- and~ and A 6 8 2 6 8
Let A= 8 B 6 8 4 6
It
0 < A < — and satisfying the equation 8 8 C 8 8 4
2
1 + sin2 A cos2 A 2 sin 40 =2(16 -48) - 6(32 - 48) + 8(64 -32) =288
sin2 A 1 +cos2 A Hence, A is divisible by 72,144 and 288.
2sin40 = 0, are
sin2 A cos2 A 1 + 2sin40 • Ex. 14 If p,q, r ands are in AP and
3lt p + sinx q+sinx p-r + sinx
(a)A = —,0 = - — (b) A = — = 0
4 8 8 fM = q + sinx r + sinx
sin x -1 + sinx

(c)A = —,0 = - — (d)A = -,0 = — r + sinx s + sinx

sin x s-q + sinx
5 8 6 8
such that £/(x) dx = - 2, the common difference of the AP
Sol. (a, b, c, d)
1 +sin22 A cos2 A 2 sin 40 can be
v sin2 A 1 + cos2 A 2sin40 =0 (a)-1 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d)2
sin2 A cos2 A 1 +2sin40 Sol. (a, c)
p+sinx q +sin x p-r + sinx
Applying R2 -+ R2 - Rx and Rz -+R3 -Rb then
2q+2sinx 2r + 2sinx - 2 + 2 sin x
1 + sin2 A cos2 A 2 sin 40
r +sin x s +sin x s -q +sin x
-1 1 0 =0
0 1 . Applying R2 -+R2 ~(R\ + Rf), then
-1
p +sin x q + sin x p -r +sin x
Applying Cj -> Cj + C’2, then

2 cos2 A 2 sin 40 0 0 -2

0 1 0 =0
r +sinx s + sin x s -q +sinx
(v 2q = p + r,2r =q +s and p + s =q + r]
-1 0 1
(- 2) p + sin x q +sin x
=> l(2+2sin 40) = O r + sinx s + sin x
2
sin 40 =-l
554 Textbook of Algebra

Applying C2 —> C2 - Ct, then Sol. (a, b, c, d )

p +sin x D a2 -b = — a2b2 + b2 = —{a2 — l)b2
Here, A =
f(x) = p +2D + sin x D b -b2
[where D = common difference] If A = 0, then a2 = 1, b = 0
= D[p +sinx - p -2D -sinx] = - 2D2 a2 - b-b
Now, A,=
and £/(x)dx = - 4 2+ 4b -b 2
1-b - b
f1(-2D2)dx = - 4 => -2D2=-2 For a2 = 1, Aj = = b(b+l)(i>+2)
Jo 2 +4b - b2
D2 =1 => D = ±l a2 a2 - b
and A2 -
b 2+4b
• Ex. 15 If the system of equations a22 x - by = a2 -b and 1 1-b
For a2 = 1, A2 = = (b + l)(b + 2)
bx - b2y = 2 +4b possess an infinite number of solutions, b 2 + 4b
the possible values ofa and b are For infinite number of solutions, A = Aj = A2 = 0
(a)a=1,b = -1 (b)a=1,b = -2
a2 =1, b = -l, -2 => a = ± 1, b = -1, b = -2
(c)a = — \b = — 1 (d)a = -1,b = -2

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 2 solved passages based upon each 8 a 6
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be A,= 5 2 b = 8(6 - b)-a(15 - 4b) + 6(5-8)
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b), 4 1 3
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
= 4ab-15a - 8b+30 = (a-2)(4b-15)
Passage I
2 8 6
(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18)
a2 = 1 5 b =0 =2S,)
Consider the system of equations 1 4 3
2x+ay+6z=8; x+2y + bz=5
2 a 8
x + y + 3z = 4
A3 = 1 2 5 =2(8 -5) - a(4 -5) + 8(1 -2)
16. The system has unique solution, if
1 1 4
(a) a = 2, b = 3 (b) a = 2, b * 3
(c) a 2, b = 3 (d) a * 2, b + 3 = 6 +a - 8= a — 2

17. The system has infinite solutions, if 16. (d) The system has unique solution, if
(a) a = 2, beR (b)a = 3, beR A *0
(c) a e R, b = 2 (d) a G R, b = 3 => (a-2)(b-3)*0
18. The system has no solution, if => a / 2, b *3
(a) a = 2, b = 3 (b) a = 2, b * 3 17. (a) The system has infinite solution, if
(c) a * 2, b = 3 (d) a * 2, b * 3 A = Aj = A2 = A3 = 0
2 a 6 => a-2 = 0
Sol. A = 1 2 b =2(6 - b) - a(3 - b) + 6(1 - 2) or a=2,b&R
1 1 3 18. (c) The system has no solution, if
=ab - 3a -2b + 6 = (a -2)(b -3) A = 0 and atleast one of Ab A2 and A3 is non-zero.
=> a 2, b = 3
 Chap 07 Determinants 555

Passage II Taking x, x2 and x3 common from Rx, R2 and R3, then

(Ex. Nos. 19 to 20) (x-1) 1 (x-l)(x-2)
Let XC,, x‘Ci and x* f(x)=xx2-x3 1 (x2-l) (x2-l)(x2-2)
Cj (i = 1,2,3) be Binomial coefficients,
where xe N 1 (x3-l) (x3-l)(x3-2)

Xcx
r2
XC2 XC3
V2
1 1 x -2
and/(x) = 12 x C, x2C2 x C3 , then = x6(x-l)2 1 (x+1)(x2-2)
3 J
x3C2 XC3 1 x2 + x + l (x2 + x + l)(x3 -2)

19. /(x) is a polynomial of degree Applying R, —>RX - R2 and R3 —> R3 - R 2, then

(a) 6 (b) 10 0 -x x(3-x-x2)

(c) 14 (d) 18
/(x) = x6(x-l)2 1 x+1 (x+l)(x2-2)
20. If/(x)=(x-1) (x +1)p, where m,n;peN, then the
X2 x2(x2 +x3 -3)
value of E mn is 0
(a) 32 (b)43 Expanding along Cx, then
(c) 44 (d) 56 - x x(3 - x- x2)
= -x6(x-l)2
Sol. X2 x2(x2 + x3 -3)
’C, XC2 XC3
-1 3-x-xz
v/(x)=12 ’c,
’ x2C2 x2C3 = -x9(x-l)2
1 x2 + x3 -3
’’c, «’c2 ^C3
= - x9(x - I)2 (- x2 -x3 +3 -3 +x + x2)
x(x~l) x(x-l)(x-2)
x = x*°(x -l)2(x2 -1) = x10(x -l)3(x +1)
2 6
X2
x2(x2-l) x2(x2 -l)(x2 -2) 19. (c) f(x) is a polynomial of degree 14.
= 12
2 6
20. (b) Here, m = 3, n =10 and p =1
X3
x3(x33 -1) 3(x3 -l)(x33 -2)
x,3,„3
2 6 .'. £ mn = mn + np + pm = 30 + 10 + 3 = 43

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each • Ex. 22 If P, Q and R are the angles of a triangle, the value
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 tan P 1 1
(both inclusive).
of 1 tan Q 1 is
r-1 1 1 tan R
, where r is a natural number,
r tan P 1 1
11024
Sol. (2) 1 tan Q 1 = tan P(tan Q tan R-1)
the value of™ &r is
3/r=i
1 1 tan R
Sol. (4) v Ar = r2 -(r -l)2 -l(tan R -1) + 1(1 - tan Q)
1024 = tan P tan Q tan R - (tan P + tan Q + tan R) + 2
t A r = (1024)2 - (1 -I)2 = (1024)2 = 220
r=1
= 0+2
[•/ In APQR, tan P + tan Q + tan R = tan P tan Q tan R]
1024
>° Z Ar =22 =4 =2
Ur =1
556 Textbook of Algebra

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 eamples. Example 23 have four • Ex. 24 Suppose a, b and c are distinct and x, y and z are
statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and four 2 3
connected by the system of equations x + ay + a z=a ,
statement (p, q, r and s) in Column II and example 24
have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I x + by +b2z = b3 and x +cy +c2z = c3.
and four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any
given statement in Column I can have correct matching Column I Column H
with one or more statements(s) given in Column IL
(A) For x=l,y =2andz =3,(a + b + c)"^ab + +ctf> is (P) 3
• Ex. 23 Let /(x) denotes the determinant divisible by
x2 2x 1 +x2 (B) For x =4, y =3 and z =2,(ab + be + ca)abc is (q) 6

/(*) = X2 +1 x+1 1 divisible by

(C) For x =6, y = 4 andz =2, (abc)a + b + c is divisible by (r) 9
X -1 x-1

On expansion /(x) is seen to be a 4th degree polynomial (s) 12

given by f(x) =a0 x4 +ajX3 +a2x2 +a3x +a4.
Sol. (A) -> (p, r) (B) -» ( p, r); (C) -> ( p, q, r, s)
Using differentiation of determinant or otherwise match the
entries in Column I with one or more entries of the elements a/btc
of Column II. 1 a a2
Column I Column II A= 1 b b2 = (a-b)(b-c)(c-a)
(A) I ao + fl] is divisible by (P) 2 1 c c2

(B) af + a4 is divisible by (q) 3 a3 a a2 a a2 a3 1 a a2

(C) ag +a2 is divisible by (r) 4 Ai = b3 b b2 b b2 b3 = abc 1 b b2‘
e3 c c2 c c2 c3 1 c c2
(D) a4 + a3 + a2 is divisible by (s) 5
= abc(a - b)(b — c) (c -a)
Sol. (A) -> (p, s); (B) -> (p, r); (C) -> (p, q); (D) -> (q)
1 a3 a2 1 a2 a3
x2 2x 1 + x2
A2 - 1 b3 b2 1 b2 b3
/(x) = x2+l +11
x+ 1
c3 1 c3
1 c2 c-2
X -1 x -1
= -(a - b)(b - c)(c -a)(ab+ be + ca)
Applying Cj —> - C3, then
1 a a3
-1 2x 1 + x2
and A3 = 1 b b3 = (a - b)(b —c) (c -a) (a + b + c)
/(*) = x2 x +1 1
1 c c3
1 -1 x -1

Expanding along jRj, then By Cramer’s rule, we get

f(x) = - (x2 -1 +1) - 2x(x3 -x2 -1) A] ,
x = — =abc
+ (l + x2)(-x2-x-1) A
’ =-3x4+x3-3x22+x-1 (i) A
y = — = -(ab + be +ca), z = — =a + b+c
According to the question, we get A A
/(x) = a0*4 + fli*3 +a2 *2 + a3x + <?4 ...(ii) (A) (a + b + c)‘{ab + + M) =z y = 32 = 9, which is divisible
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get by 3 and 9.
□o = — 3,fli =1, a2 = — 3, a3 = 1, a4 — — 1 (B) (ab + be+ea)abc = (-y);* = (- 3)4 =81, which is
(A) aj +ai = (-3)2 +1 =9 +1 =10=2x5
divisible by 3 and 9.
2 + a4 =(-3)2 -1=9-1 = 8 =2x4
(B) a2 (C) (abe)a + b+c = x3 = 62 =36, which is divisible by 3,6,9
(C) a20 + a2 = (- 3)2 - 3 = 9 -3 = 6 = 2 x 3 and 12.
(D) a2A + al +a? = (-1)2 + (I)2 + (l)2 =1 +1+1 = 3
 Chap 07 Determinants 557

I JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
n +1
■ Directions Example numbers 25 and 26 are
Sol. (d) ■: n Ar = A2 • A3 • A<... A,n +1
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples r =2
contains two statements: 1 n! 6 2 n! 6
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) = 1 (n!)2 4 (n!)2
4n -2 X 4n -2
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices,
1 (n!)’ 3n3 -2n 8 (»!)’ 3n2 -2n
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select
the correct choice as given below.
n n! 6
X... X n2 (n!)2 4n-2 *0
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 n3 (n!)3 (3n2 ~2n)
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false • Ex. 26 Consider the determinant
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 0 ”2 -a x3 -b
X

/(x) = x2 +a 0 x2 +c
• Ex. 25 Statement-1 Let
x4 + b x -c 0
(r-1) n! 6
n +1
Statement-1 /(x) =0 has one root x =0.
Ar = (r-1)2 (n!)2 4n-2 , then II Ar =0.
r=2 Statement-2 The value of skew-symmetric determinant of
(r-D3 (n!)3 3n2 - 2n
odd order is always zero.
n +1 Sol. (a) For x = 0, the determinant reduces to the determinant
Statement-2 [] Ar = A2 • A3 • A 4 ••• An+1 of a skew-symmetric of odd order which is always zero.
r=2 Hence, x = 0 is the solution of given equation /(x) = 0.

Subjective Type Examples

■ In this section, there are 20 subjective solved examples. 1 +a 1 1
So/. Let A= 1 1+b 1
• Ex. 27 A determinant of second order is made with the 1 1 1+c
elements 0 and 1. Find the number of determinants with
Since, the answer contain abc, then taking a. b and c
non-negative values.
common from RX,R2 and R3 respectively, then
Sol. The number of determinants that can be made with 0 and 1
*+l £ 1
= 2 X2 X2 x2=16
a a a
and there are only three determinants of second order with
A = abc
£ >+l £
negative values b b b
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
i.e., 1+1
1 0 1 1 1 0 c c c

Therefore, number of determinants with non-negative 1 1 1

But answer also contains 1+-+-+-,
values =16-3 =13 V a b cJ
then applying R( —> Rt + R2 + R3
1 +a 1 1
A =abc
• Ex. 28 Prove that 1 1+b 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 +c 1+-+-+- 1 + - + T + - 1+-+-+-
a b c a b c a b c
, f, 1 1 1
L hence find the value of the
£ 1+1 £
< a b c b b b
1 1 1+1
determinant, if a, b and c are the roots of the equation
px3 -qx2 +rx- s =0. c c c
558 Textbook of Algebra

Taking (1 + - + -1 + -] common from Rb then Applying Cj —>C] +C3, then

\ a b c) P P 1
= log R <7 7 1 = 0 [since and C2 are identical)
1 1 1
_1 1_ r r 1
, f 111 -+1
A = abc 1 + — + — +—
I abc b b b = RHS
1 1
-+1
c c c • Ex. 30 Prove that
Applying C2 —>C2 -Cb then -2a a + b a +c
1 0 1 b+a -2b b + c = 4 (5 + c) (c + a) (a + b).
, f, 1 1 i 1 c +a c+b — 2c
A = abc 1 + - + - + - 1
{ a b c b b
1_ -2a a+b a+c
0 - +1
c c Sol. Let A = b +a -2b b +c
Expanding along C2, then c +a c+b -2c
1 1
, ( 111
A = a be 1 + - + - + - On putting a + b = Q, b = - a
{ a b c 1+1
c c -2a 0 a +c
„ * L L 1 1 Then, A= 0 2a c -a
Hence,A =abc 1 + - + - + -
V abc)
c+a c-a -2c
2nd Part A = abc |1 + - + - + -| = abc + be +ca + ab
\ a b c) Expanding along then
A --2a {-4ac - (c - a)2} - 0 + (a + c) {0-2a(c+a)}
s r
= -+—= = 2a(c +a)2 -2a(c +a)2 = 0
P P I P
Hence, (a + b) is a factor of A, similarly (b + c) and (c + a)
• Ex. 29 Ifa, b and c are positive and are the pth, qth and are the factors of A.
On expansion of determinant we can see that each term of
rth terms, respectively of a GP. Show without expanding that the determinant is a homogeneous expression in a, b and c
log a p 1 of degree 3 and also RHS is a homogeneous expression of
degree 3.
log b q 1 = 0-
Let A = k(a + b) (b + c) (c +a)
log c r 1 -2a a + b a +c
Sol. Let A be the first term and R be the common ratio of GP, or b+a -2b b +c = k(a + b)(b + c)(c +a)
then
c +a c+b -2c
a = p th term = ARP ~1
On putting a = 0, b =1 and c =2, we get
b = <7 th term= ARq -1
0 1 2
c =rth term = ARr -1
1 -2 3 = k(0 +1) (1 +2) (2 + 0)
log a = log A + (p -1) log R, 2 3 -4
log b = log A + (<7 - l)Iog R and
log c = log A + (r -1) log R 0-l(-4 - 6) +2(3 +4) = 6fc
log a p 1 24= 6k
k =4
LHS. = log b q 1
-2a a + b a +c
logc r 1
Hence, b+a -2b b + c = 4(a + b) (b + c) (c +a)
log A + (p-1) log R p 1
c +a c+b -2c
log A +(<? -l)logR q 1
log A + (r -1) log R r 1 • Ex. 31 If be + qr = ca + rp =ab + pq = -1,
Applying C} —- (log A)C3, then ap bp cr
(p-l)logR p 1 (P-1) P 1 show that a b c = 0.
= (<?-l)logR q 1 = log 2? (g-1) q 1
r
P
(r-l)IogR r 1 (r-1) r 1
 Chap 07 Determinants 559

Sol. Given equations can be rewritten as and Za5 =a5 +P5 = -32 co10 -32co5
be + qr +1 = 0 —(i) = - 32(ct) + co2) = -32 (-1) =32
ca + rp +1 = 0 -(ii)
ab + pq +1 = 0 ...(iii)
Za Za2 Za3 2 —4 - 16

On multiplying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) by ap, bq and cr

Let A= Za2 Za3 Za4 -4 -16 - 16
respectively, we get Za3 Za4 Za 5
-16 -16 32
(abc)p + (pqr)a + ap =0 1 -2 -8 1 -2 -8
(abc)q +(pqr)b + bq = 0 =2(-4)(-16) 1 4 4 = 128 1 4 4
(abc)r + (pqr)c + cr = 0 1 1 -2 1 1 -2
These equations are consistent, given equations three but
abc and pqr are two. Applying R 2 —>R2 -Rj and R3-+R3-Rb then
a ap 1 -2 -8
P
Hence, q b bq = 0 A =128 0 6 12

r c cr 0 3 6

r Expanding along Cb we get

P 7
=> a b c =0 6 12
A = 128-1- = 128(36-36) = 0
ap bq cr 3 6

[interchanging rows into columns]

• Ex. 33 Ifa2 + b2 + c2 =1, prove that
ap bq cr
a2 + (b2 + c2) cos 0 ab (1 - cos 0)
(-D a b c =0 [/?! <-> R3]
r ba (1 - cos 0) b2 +(c2 +a2)cos 0
P 9
ap bq cr ca (1 - cos 0) cb (1 - cos 0)
Hence, a b c =0 ac (1 - cos 0)
P <7 r be (1 - cos 0)
c2 +(a2 +b2) cos 0
• Ex. 32 Ifa andfi are the roots of the equations
is independent ofa, b and c.
Za Za2 Sa3 Sol. Let
x2 -2x + 4 = 0, find the value o/ Za2 Za3 Za4 a2 + (b2 + c2)cos 0 ab(l - cos 0)
Za3 Za4 Za5 A= ba(l - cos 0) b2 + (c2 +a2 )cos 0
ca(l - cos 0) cb(l - cos 0)
Sol. Given, x2 -2x + 4=0
ac (1 -cos 0)
x=
be (1 - cos 0)
a =1 + iv3
c2 +(a2 + &2)cos 0
and 3=1- ifi
On multiplying Cb C2 and C3 by a, b and c respectively and
taking a, b and c common from Rb R2 and R3 respectively,
/ / we get
=> a = -2 and p =-2
2 a2 + (b2 + c2) cos 0 &2(1 - COS 0)
abc
A =---- a2(l - cos 0) b2 + (c2 +a2)cos 0
a = -2co2 and P = — 2 cq where co is the cube root of unity. abc
a2(l -cos 0) b2(l - cos 0)
Za =a +p = -2(cd+cd)2 = —2(—1) =2
c2(l -cos 0)
Za2 =a2 +32 =4 cd4 +4 co2 = 4(cd + co)2 =4(-l) = -4
c2(l - COS 0)
Za3 =a3 +33 =~8co6 -8co3 =-8-8 = -16
c2 + (a2 + b2)cos 0
Za4 = a4 + p4 =16co8 +16 co4 =16(co2 + co)
Applying C\ -> Ct + C2 + C3, then
=16(—1) = —16
560 Textbook of Algebra

a2 + b2 +c2 b2l - cos 0) c2(l - COS 0) = xa3 + (x2 + a2x + ax + a3 -x2)

A = a2+b2+c2 b2 + (c2 +a2) cos 0 C Z(1 -cos 4>) = xa^3 + a 2 x +ax + a3 =
- a- 3” + x(a3 + a2 +a)
a2 + b2 +c2 b2(l - cos 0) c2 + (a2 + b2)cos0
x-a(a3 -1)
,2
= a3 + = a3 = RHS
Taking a + b2 + c2 common from Cb then (a-1) a2(a-l)_
A = (a2 + b2 + c2)
bc-a2 ca — b2 ab-c2
1 b2(l - cos 0) c2(1 -cos 0)
• Ex. 35 (i) Prove that ca - b2 ab-c2 bc-a2
1 b2 + (c2 + a2)cos 0 c2(l - cos 0)
ab-c2 be-a2 ca-b1
1 b2(l - cos 0) c2 + (a2 + b2) cos 0

Applying R] —» R2 - R} and R3 —> R3 -Ru then a2 P2 P2

A=1 = p2 a2 P2
1 b2(l -cos 0) c2(l - cos (|>) p2 P2 a2
0 (a2 + b2 + c2) cos 0 0
where a2 =a 2 + b2 +c2 and ft2 =ab + be + ca.
0 0 (a2 + b2 + c2) cos 0
be - a2 ca-b2 ab -c2
-(a2 + b2 +c2)2cos2 0 bc-a2 iis divisible
(ii) Prove that ca - b2 ab -c2
[by property, since all elements zero below leading ab - c2 be -a2 ca - b2
diagonal]
= 12 - COS 0 = COS2 0 [va2 + b2+c2 =1] by (a + b + c)2. Find the quotient.

which is independent of a, b and c. bc-a2 ica - b2 ab— c2

(iii) Prove that ca - b2 iab - c2 be-a2
Ex. 34 Ifa^Q and a £ 1, show that ca - b2
ab-c2 ibe-a2
x+1 x x
2
X x+a x =a3 1 + xfc3 -1) a2 c2 2ac - b

x+a2 a 2(a-l)_ 2ab — c2 b2 a2

X X
b2 2bc — a2 c2
Sol. Let
2
x +1 x x x +1 x
X 2bc-a c2 b2
LHS = A = X x +a x x +0 x +a x (iv) Prove that c2 2ca - b2 a2
2
X x x +a x+0 x x +a2 b2 a2 2ab-c2
X X x 1 X x = (a3 + b3 + c 3 -3abc)2.
X x +a X + 0 x+a X
a b c
X X x +a2 0 x x + a2
Sol. (i) Let A = b c a
c a b
Determinant of cofactors of A is
Applying R2 —> R2 - R\ and R3 —> R 3 - /?! in first
determinant, then be - a2 ca - b2 ab - c2
x x X 1 X x Ac = ca - b2 ab —c2 be -a2 = A3”’=A2
A= 0 a 0 + 0 x +a X
ab -c2 be - a2 ca - b2
0 0 a2 0 x x +a2 a b c
2

Expanding first determinant by property, since all elements b c a 40

below leading diagonal are zero and expanding second c a b
determinant along Ch then
x+a x a b c a b c
A = x-a-a2 +1- b c a x b c a
x x +a2
c a b c a b
= xa3 + {(x + a)(x+a2)-x2}
 Chap 07 Determinants 561

a„2 +, b>2 +c
,2
ab + be + ca ab + be +ca 2bc - a,2 c2 b2
ab + be + ca a2 + b2 +c2 ab+ be + ca [row by row] (iv) LHS = c2 2ca-b'.2 a2
ab + bc+ca ab + bc+ca a2 + b2 +c 2 b2 a2 2ab-c 2

a2 P2 P2 a b c -a c b

P2 a2 P2 b c a x -b a c [row by row]
P2 P2 a2 c a b -c b a
2
be - a,2 ca - b2 ab - c2 a2 02 02 a b c a b c a b c
Hence, ca - b2 ab-c2 be -a2 P2 2 02
a b c a x b c a b c a
ab—c2 be - a2 ca - b2 P2 P2 a2 c a b c a b c a b

(ii) From Eq. (i), we get =(a + b + c)z (a2 + b2 + c2 -ab - be -ca).2‘ [from Eq. (ii)]
2
be - a2 ca - b2 ab - c2 a b c = [-(a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc)]2
ca - b2 ab-c2 be -a2 b c a =(a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc)2 = RHS
ab-c2 be - a2 ca - b2 c a b

= (a3 +b3 +c3 - 3abc).2‘ • Ex. 36 Let a and fl be the roots of the equation

= (a + b + c)2(a2 +b2 + c2 -ab-bc- ca),2‘ ax2 + bx + c=Q. LetSn =an + 0” for n > 1. Evaluate the

be - a2 ca - b2 ab - c2 3 1 + 5] 1+S2

Therefore, ca-b2 ab-c2 be -a2 is divisible by determinant 1+5] 1+S2 1+S3 .

ab-c2 be-a2 ca - b2 1+52 1+53 1+S4
(a + t + c)2. Sol. Since, a and 0 are the roots of the equation
Hence, the quotient is (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be -ca)2. ax2 + bx + c = 0.

(iii) From Eq. (i), we get c D

2
a + 0 = - - ap = - and a - 0 =-----
be - a2 ca - b2 ab - c2 a b C a a a
ca - b2 ab -c2 be -a2 b c a 3 1 + 5] 1 + S2
ab-c2 be -a2 ca - b2 c a b Let A = 1+5! 1 + S2 1 + S3

2
1 + S2 1 + S3 1 + S4
a b c a b c a b c
Let A = b c a b c a x b c a 3 1 + a +p 1 + a2 +p2
c a b c a b c a b 1 + a +0 1 + a2 + p2 1 + a3 + 03
a
1 +a2 +0 2 1 + a3 +0 3 1 + a4 +04
b c a -c b
b c a x b -a c 1 1 1 1 1 1
c a b c -b a 1 a P x 1 a P = Aj x Aj [say]
a2 c2 2ac - b2 1 a2 P2 1 a2 P2
2ab -c2 b2 a2 [row by row] A = A2 —(i)
,2 c2
b2 2bc - a 1 1 1
be - a2 ca - b' .2
ab - c 2 A1 = 1 a P
Hence, ca - b2 ab -c2 be -a2 1 a2 P2
ab-c2 be - a2 ca - b2 Applying C2 —> C2 - Q and C3 —> C3 - Cb then
1 0 0
a2 c2 2ac - b2
A,= 1 a-1 p-1
2ab-c2 b2 a2
1 a2-l p2-l
b2 2bc - a',2 c2
562 Textbook of Algebra

Expanding along Rlt then -a cosC cos B

1
a-1 p-1 1 1 a cos C -1 cos A
A,= = (a-l)(p-l) a
a2-1 p2-l a+1 p+1 a cos B cos A -1
= {ap-(a +p)+l}(P-a) Applying C, —>Cj + bC2 + cC3, then
A = A2 = [ap - (a + P) +1]2 (p - a)2 cos B
cos C
0
1
(c b |2 D (a + b +c)2(b2 - 4ac) 0 -1 cos A = 0 = RHS
= - + -+1 a
(a a a2 a4 0 cos A -1

• Ex. 37 If A, Band C are the angles of a triangle, show • Ex. 38 Without expanding at any stage, evaluate the
that value of the determinant
sin 2 A sin C sinB 2 tan A cot B + cot A tan B

(i) sinC sin2B sin A = 0. tan B cot A + cot B tan A 2

sin B sin A sin2C tan C cot A + cot C tan A tan C cot B + cot C tan B

-1 +cos B cos C+cos B cos B tan A cot C + cot A tan C

(ii) cosC+cos A -1 +cos A cos A =0. tan 8 cot C + cot B tan C

-1 +cos B -1 +cos A -1 2

sin2A sin C sin B Sol. The given determinant can be written as the product of
two determinants
Sol. (i) LHS = sin C sin2B sin A
tan A cot A 0 cot A tan A 0
sin B sin A sin 2C
tan B cot B 0 x cot B tan B 0 =0X0=0
2ka cos A kc kb tan C cot C 0 cot C tan C 0
kc 2kb cos B ka [from sine rule]
kb ka 2kc cos C • Ex. 39 Suppose that digit numbers A28,3B9 and62C,
2a cos A c b where A, B and C are integers between 0 and 9 are divisible
= k3 c 2b cos B a A 3 6
b a 2c cosC by a fixed integer k, prove that the determinant 8 9 C

a cos A +a cos A a cos B + b cos A 2 B 2

= k3 a cos B + bcos A b cos B + b cos B is also divisible byk.

a cos C + c cos A c cos B + b cos C
a cos C +c cos A Sol. Given, A28,3B9 and 62C are divisible by k, then
b cos C + c cos B A28 = 100A +20 + 8 = njk
c cos C + c cos C 3B9 = 300 + 10B + 9 = n2k ...(ii)
and 62C = 600 + 20 + C = n3k ...(iii)
cos A a 0 a cos A 0
where nlt n2, n3 e I (integers).
= k3 cos B b 0 x b cos B 0 =0x0=0=RHS
cosC c 0 c cosC 0
A 3 6
Let A= 8 9 C
-1 + cos B cos C + cos B cos B
2 B 2
(ii) LHS = cos C + cos A -1 + cos A cos A
-1 + cos B -1 + cos A -1 Applying R2 —> R2 + 10B3 +100 R}, then
A 3 6
Applying Cj —>Cj -C3 and C2 —»C2 -C3, then
A = 100A +20 + 8 300 + 10B + 9 600 + 20 + C
-1 cos C cos B
. 2 B 2
cos C -1 cos A
cos B cos A -1
 Chap 07 Determinants 563

A 3 6 x+q x+a x+a

njc n2k n3k [using Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii)] Sol. Since, f(x) = x + b x + c2
2 B 2 x+b x+b x + c3
A 3 6 Applying C2 —> C2 - C] and C3 —> C3 - C2, then
= Jt n2 n3 a-q 0
2 B 2 /(x) = x + b c2 - b a - c2
Hence, A is divisible by k. x+b 0 c3 - b

sin x sin(x + /i) sin (x 4-2/1) 1 a-q 0 Cl a - C| 0

/(x)=x 1 c2 - b a-c2 + b c2 - b a-c2
• Ex. 40 If A = sin(x + 2h) sin x sin(x +/?)
1 0 c3 - b b 0 c3 - b
sin (x + /)) sin (x + 2h) sin x
find lim | — j. So, /(x) is linear.
h —> 0\^ /j I Let f(x) = Px + Q
Then, f(-a) = -aP + Q,f(-b) = -bP + Q
Sol. Let a = sin x, b = sin (x + h) and c = sin (x + 2/i)
a b c a b c /(0) = 0-P + Q = Q
_bf(-a)-af(-b)
A= c a b b c a = (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) -(ii)
(b-a)
b c a c a b
From Eq. (i), we get
1
= ~(a + b + c)[(a~b)2 +(b-c)2 +(c-a)2] Ci - a 0 0
2
f h b-a c2 - a 0
Now, a - b = sin x - sin (x + /i) = - 2 cos x + — sin -
\ 2J 2 b~ a b - a c3~ a
b-
/ 3h A hh = (q-g)(c2 -a)(c3 - a)
b-c =sin(x + h)-sin(x + 2h)= -2 cos x + — sin —
\ 2 j 22 Similarly, /(- b) = (c3 - b) (c2 - b) (c3 - b)
and c - a = sin (x+ 2h) - sin x = 2 cos (x + h)sin h and g(x) = (q - x)(c2-x)(c3-x)
A 1 . ,
— = -(a + b + c) g(g) = /(- g)
n
2 2 2 g(b) = f(-b)
a-b b- c c-a
~h~
I + ~h~
I + ~h~ Now, from Eq. (ii), we get

1 y(0) = b& (g) ~ aS (fe)

= - [sin x + sin (x + h) + sin (x + 2/1)] X (b-a)
2' ’
2
h . I.h'
f - „2 cos ( x + —h} sin — • Ex. 42 lff(x) is a polynomial of degree < 3, prove that
__2 2
h 1 a f(a) /(x-a) 1 a a2
\ 1 b /(6) /(x-h) 1 b b2
2 c2
f n ( 3/i . hP
3h} 1 c /(c) /(x-c) 1 C
- 2 cos x + — sin — 2
__ 2 2 (2 cos (x + h)sin h
+ /(x)
h A h
(x - a)(x - b)(x - c)
k 2
/(x) A _B _
C
Um ~ = - (3 sin x) (cos2 x + cos2 x + 4 cos2 x) Sol. (x-a) + (x-&) + (x-c) [let]
h->oh2 2 (x - a)(x-Z>)(x - c)
= 9 sin x cos2 x (i)
On comparing the various powers of x, we get
x + Ct x+a x +a /(g) _ /(g)
• Ex. 41 Iff(x) = x+b x + c2 x + a , show that (a-b)(a-c) (a-b)(c-a)
x+b x+b x+c3 => B= ™ f(b)
(b-a){b-c) (a-b)(b-c)
f(x) is linear in x. Hence, deduce that /(0) = c_ /(c) W
(b-a) (c-a)(c-b) (b-c)(c-a)
where g(x) =(q -x)(c2 -x)(c3 -x).
564 Textbook of Algebra

Now, from Eq. (i), we get • Ex. 44 LetS be the sum of all possible determinants of
/(x) order 2 having 0, 1, 2 and 3 as their elements. Find the
(x - a)(x - t)(x - c) common root a of the equations
x2 +ax +[m + 1] =0,
f(c)
(c-b) -(c-a) + (b-a)
(x - a)________ (x - b) (x-c) x2 +bx + [m + 4] =0
(a - b)(b-c)(c - a) and x22 — ex + [m+15] = 0,

1 a f(a)/(x - a) such that a > S, where a + b + c = 0 and

1 b f(b)/(x-b) 1 2n r
m= lim — X — • ----
1 c f(c)/(x-c) +r2)

1 a a2 and [.] denotes the greatest integer function.

1 b b-.2 Sol. Let a be a common root of the given equations, then
1 c c2 a2 + aa + [m + 1] = 0
=> a2 + aa + [m] + 1 = 0 • A)
_ f(b) - /(a)
• Ex. 43 Iff(a, b) and a2 + ba + [m+ 4] = 0
b-a
=> a2 + fea + [m] + 4 = 0
_f(b,c)-f(a,b)
f(a,b,c) prove that
(c-a) and a2 - ca + [m + 15] = 0

/(*) f(b) /(c) 1 1 1 => a2 - ca + [m] +15 = 0 ...(iii)

/(a,b,c) = 1 1 1 a b c On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii) and subtracting Eq. (iii), we get
a b c a2 b2 c2 a2 + (a + b + c) a + [m] - 10 = 0

_ f(b, c) - /(a, b) a2 +0 + [m]-10 = 0 [•.•a + h + c = 0]

Sol. LHS =? f(a,b, c)
(c-a) => a2 + [m] - 10 = 0 ...(h)
f(c)~f(b) f(b)-f(a) 1 2n r
Also, m = lim — X
_ (c-b) (b — a) n n r=1 2
(c-a)
2n ,
r/n
(b-a) {/(c) - f(b)} -(c-b) {f(b) - f(a)} = lim £—•
n —> °° r = 1 n Jl + (r/n)2 '(1 + x2)
(b-a)(c - b)(c-a)
_ (f(a)-(c -b)- f(b) (c - a) + f(c)-(b - a)) (7(l + x2)]o=^-l
(a - b) (b - c) (c - a) Now, [m] = [V5 - 1] = 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 From Eq. (iv), we get
f(a) b c
-m a c
+ f(c)
a b a2 +1-10 = 0 => a2 =9
1 1 1
a =±3
a b c Now, number of determinants of order 2 having
a2 b2 c2
0,1,2,3 = 4! = 24
f(a) f(b) f(c) flj a2
1 1 1 Let A] = be one such determinant and their exists
a3 a4
a b c another determinant.
1 1 1
a3 a4
Let A2 = [obtained on interchanging and P»]
a b c al a2
a2 b2 c2
such that Aj + A2 = 0
f(a) f(b) f(c) 1 1 1 V 5 = Sum of all the 24 determinants = 0
1 1 1 + a b c = RHS Since, a > S => a > 0
a b c a2 b2 c2 a =3
 Chap 07 Determinants 565

• Ex. 45 lfax,a2,a3 andbx,b2,b 3 G R and are such that which is true.

Ojbj tlforl <i,j<3, Case II If at > a2 > a3 and bj > b2 > b 3
ai -a2 >0, a2 -a3 >0
l-a3b32
and b] ~ b2 > 0, b2 ■ b3 > 0
1-a^i 1 -af>2 1-^to
ax -a3 > 0 => a3 -ax <0
1 -a32bl 1 -a2bl 1-a%bl
> 0 provided either and bj b3 > 0 —b3 bx <0
1 -a2b} 1 -a2b2 1 — a 2 b3 Hence, to-a2)(a2-a3)(a3-aJcO
1 —a^bl and (^ - b2)(b2 - b3)(b3 - bj <0
1 — a3b2 1 “ a3b3
to -a2)to -aJto ~b2)
flj <a2 <a3 andbx <b2 <b 3 ora} >a2 >a3 and to - b3)(b3 - bj > 0
b)>b2 >b3. which is true.

x3-y3 = (x-y)(x2 +xy + y2) = 2 • Ex. 46 Show that a six-digit number abcdef is divisible by
Sol. Since,
x-y (x-y) 11, if and only ifab +cd + ef is divisible by 11. Hence or
otherwise, find one set of values of two-digit numbers x, y
Hence, the given determinant becomes
x 23 42
1 + a^! 4-af bf 1 + axb2 + al b2
2 1 + at b3 + a2x bl
and z, so that the value of the determinant 13 37 y is
1 + a2 bx + al bf l+a2b2+a2b2 l+a2b3+albl >0
19 z 34
1+ + al bf 1 + a3b2 + al b2 1 +a3 b3 + al bl
divisible by 99 (without expanding the determinant).
1 al 1 b. a? Sol. Since, abcdef = abOOOO + cdOO + ef
=> 1 a2 a2 x 1 b2 bl >0 = (9999 + 1) ab + (99 + 1) cd + ef
1 a3 *3 1 b3 bl = 9999 ab + 99 cd + ab + cd + ef
Given, abcdef is divisible by 11, if and only if ab + cd + ef is
=> to -a2)(a2 -a3)(a3 - ax)(br - b2)
divisible by 11. Now, let x = ab,y = cd and z = ef.
to - b3)(b3 — bj) > 0
[each being a two-digit number]
1 a a2 x 23 42 ab 23 42
1 b b.2 = (a- b)(b-c)(c - a)' Again, let A = 13 37 13 37 cd
y
1 c c2 19 z 34 19 ef 34
Case I If at <a2 < a3 and bj < b2 < b3, then Applying RX—>RX + 100 R2 + 10000 R 3, we get
to -a2)<0,(a2 -a3)<0 1913abe/3723 34cd42
and to — b2) < 0, (b2 — b3) < 0 A= 13 37 cd
(a, -a3)<0 19 eeff 34
and to -b3)<0
(a3-a1)>0 Now, 1913ab is divisible by 11, if and only if
19 + 13 + ab = 32 + ab is divisible by 11 => ab = 01,12,23,...
to - kJ > 0
Again, 1913ab is divisible by 9, if and only if
Then, to -a2)(a2 -a3)(a3 -a,)>0
l+9 + l+ 3 + a + b = 14 + a + bis divisibe by 9.
and to — b2) (b2 - b3) (b3 — bx) > 0
The above two conditions are satisfied for a - 6, b = 7. Thus,
(al ~a2) (a2 ~ aj) (a3 — ai) to ~ ^2)
x = 67. Similarly, y = 23 and z = 39.
to — b3)(b3 - bj) > 0
g Determinants Exercise 1:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. 7. If /(x) = a + bx + ex 2 and a, 0 and y are the roots of th<
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of a b c
which ONLY ONE is correct
equation x3 = 1, then b c a is equal to
3 1 + /(1) l + /(2)
c a b
1. If/(n) = an +Pn and 1 + /(1) l + /(2) l + f(3)
(a) /(a) + /(p) + /(y)
l + /(2) l + /(3) l + /(4) (b) /(a)/(P) + /(P)/(y) + /(y)/(a)
= k(l-a)2 (1-P)2 (a -p)2,/c2dis equal to (c) /(a)/(p)f(y)
(a) 1 (b) - 1 (d) -/(a)/(P)/(Y)
(c) ap (d) apy cos 2x sin2 x cos 4x
x+a x+b x+a-c 8. When the determinant sin2 x cos 2x cos2 x is
2. Let A(x) = x + b x-1 and cos2 x cos2x
cos 4x
x+c x+d x-b + d
expanded in powers of sin x, the constant term in that
f■22
A(x) dx = - 16, where a, b, c andd are in AP, then the expression is
Jo
(a) 1 (b)0 (c)-l (d) 2
common difference of the AP is equal to
(a) ±1 (b) ± 2 (c) ± 3 (d)±4 9. If [ ] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to

1 + x2 x3 the real number under consideration and

X
X
3.IfA(x)= Iogf(l + x2) e sin x , then
sin2 x M+1 [y] [*]
COS X tan x

(a) A(x) is divisible by x (b) A(x) = 0

determinant to [y]+i [z] is

(c)A'(x) = 0 (d) None of these to [y] [z] + l

(a) [x] (b)[y)
4. If a, & and c are sides of a triangle and (c)[Z] (d) None of these
a2 b2 c2 y2 x2
-xy
(a + 1)2 (b + l)2 (C + 1)2 = 0, then 10. The determinant a b c is equal to
(a-I)2 (t-1)2 (c-1)2
a b' c'
(a) AABC is an equilateral triangle bx + ay ex + by a'x + b'y bx + cy
(b) AABC is a right angled isosceles triangle (a) (b)
b'x+a'y c'x+b'y ax + by b'x+c'y
(c) AABC is an isosceles triangle
(d) None of the above bx + cy ax + by ax + by bx + cy
(c) (d)
a X x X
b'x+c'y a'x + b'y a'x + b'y b'x + c'y

5. If
X p X X
= f(x) - xf'(x), then f(x) is equal to
11. If A, B and C are angles of a triangle, the value of
x X y x e2iA e~iC e~iB
x x x 8 e-iC e2iB e-“ is (where i = -/-T)
(a) (x - a) (x - P) (x - y) (x - 8) e-* e~iBA e 2iC
(b) (x + a) (x + p) (x + y) (x + 8)
(a) 1 (b)-l (c)-2 (d)-4
(c) 2(x - a) (x - P) (x - y) (x - 8)
(d) None of the above % n+2 x 2n
xn
a b-c c+b 12. If 1 xa a = 0, V x G R, where n G N,
X n+5 % a+ 6 x 2n + 5
6. If a + c b c - a = 0, the line ax + by + c = 0
a-b a+b c the value of a is
passes through the fixed point which is (a)n (b) n -1
(a) (1,2) (b)(l, 1) (c)(-2,1) (d) (1, 0) (c) n + 1 (d) None of these
 Chap 07 Determinants 567

13. If x, y andz are the integers in AP lying between 1 and 19. If f(x), g(x) and h(x) are polynomials of degree 4 and
9 and x51, y 41 and z 31 are three digits number, the /(x) g(x) h(x)
5 4 3 a b c = mx4 +nx3 + rx2 + sx +1 be an
value of x51 y 41 z31 is P 9 r
x yy z identity in x, then
(a) x + y + z /•'"(0)-/"(0) g"'(0)-r(0) h"'(Q)-h"(Q)
(b) x - y + z a b c
(c) 0
P <7 r
(d) None of the above
is equal to
14. If b{ cba2 b2c 2 and a 3b 3c 3 are three digit even
(a) 2 (3n + r) (b) 3 (2n - r)
Cl ai bi (c) 3(2n + r) (d)2(3n-r)
natural numbers and A = c2 a2 ^2 , then A is cos(x + a) cos(x + 0) cos(x + y)
c3 a3
bj 20. If /(x) = sin(x + a) sin(x + 0) sin (x + y) , then
(a) divisible by 2 but not necessarily by 4 sin(0-y) sin(y-a) sin(a-0)
(b) divisible by 4 but not necessarily by 8
/(0) - 2/(0) + /(\|i) is equal to
(c) divisible by 8
(a) 0 (b)a-p
(d) None of the above
(c) a + p + y ‘ (d) a + P - y
15. If a, b and c are sides of AABC such that
1 1 1
c bcosB + cp acosA + ba+cy
21. If a b c = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (a + b + c), where
a ccosB + a0 bcosA + ca + ay = 0 a3 b3 c3
b a cos B + b0 c cos A + aa + by
• a, b and c are all different, then the determinant
I Tt i 1 1 1
• I where a, 0, y G R + and Z.A, Z.B, Z.C * — L AABC is
(x-a)2 (x-b)2 (x-c)2 vanishes
(a) an isosceles (b) an equilateral (x-i»)(x-c) (x-c)(x-a) (x-a)(x-b)
(c) can’t say (d) None of these
when
16. If xb x2 and yb y2 are the roots of the equations
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) x = - (a + b + c)
3x2 - 18x + 9=0 and y2 - 4y + 2 = 0, the value of the 3

*1*2 yi?2 1 (c) x = - (a + b + c) (d) x = a + b + c

2
determinant xi + x2 ?i+y2 2 is
22. beta, b, c G I? such that no two of them are equal and satisfy
sin(7tx1x2) cos (n/ 2y^2) 1
2a b c
(a)0 (b)l
b c 2a =0, the equation24ax2 + 4bx + c =0has
(c)2 (d) None of these
io r 10 z*> c 2a b
u4 C5 "Cm
n r 12
17. If the value of A = nc7 cm + 2 is equal to (a) atleast one root in 0, -
12 12 13 r
'-8 C9 '-'m + 4
(b) atleast one root in - -, -
zero, then m is equal to 2 2.
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) atleast one root in [-1, 0]
(c) 5 (d) None of these
(d) atleast two roots in [0,2]
18. The value of the determinant
1 sin (a-3)0 cos (a-0)0 23. The number of positive integral solution of the equation
x3++l1 x2y x2z
a sin a0
ctG cos a0 is independent of
a2 sin (a
(a -0)9
- 0) 9 cos (a-0)0 A2 y3+l A = 11 is
XZ yz2 z3 +1
(a) a (b)0
(c) 0 (d) a (a)0 (b)3 (c)6 (d)12
568 Textbook of Algebra

24. If/(x) = ax"2 + bx + c, a, b, c E R and equation 27. Given, /(x) = log10 x and g(x) = enix.
M- x = 0 has imaginary roots a, 3 y and § be the roots /■(x)-g(x) 1
2 a 5 If«x)= f(x2)g(x2) (/(x2))*”2’ 0 , the value of
/(/(*)) ~ x = 0, then 3 0 a is Z(x3)-s(x3) (/(x3))*1’’1 1
Y p 1 4>(10), is
(a)0 (b) purely real (a) 1 (b)22
(b) (c) 0 (d) None of these
(c) purely imaginary (d) None of these 28. The value of the determinant
25. If the system of equations 2x - y + z = 0, x - 2y + z = 0, 1 (a2x -a-2x)2 (a2x + a 2x)2
tx - y + 2z = 0 has infinitely many solutions and /(x) be 1 (32x-3'2x)2 (P2x + p-2x)2 , is
a continuous function, such that J(5 + x) + /(x) = 2, 1 (y2x ~y”2x)z (y2x + y-2x)2
21
then Jo f(x) dx is equal to (a) 0 (b) (aPy)2x (apy)- 2x (d) None of these
(c) (aPy)
(a) 0 (b) - 2t (c) 5 (d)t 29. If a, b and c are non-zero real numbers and if the

26. If (1 + ax + bx2 )4 = a0 + a! x + a2 x 2 +... + a8 x8, equations (a - l)x = y + z, (b - 1) y = z + x,

(c - 1) z = x + y has a non-trivial solution, then
where a, b, a0, an.... a8 G Ksuch that a0 + + a2 * 0 ab + be + ca equals to
o0 O1 o2 (a) a + b + c (b) abc (c) 1 (d) None of these
and ai o2 Go = 0, then 30. The set of equations Xx - y + (cos 0) z = 0,
a2 Oo «i 3x + y + 2z = 0, (cos 0) x + y + 2z = 0,0 < 0 < 2n, has non­
5 trivial solution(s)
(a) a = b=- (b) a = b=— (a) for no value of X and 0
4 8 4 32
(b) for all value of X and 0
(c) a = 1, b = - (d) None of these (c) for all values of X and only two values of 0
3
(d) for only one value of X and all values of 0

g Determinants Exercise 2:
More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. (a)0 (b) independent ofn
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of (c) independent of 0 (d) independent of x, y and z
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct. a b aa +b
2,2
a ab ac 34. The determinant b c ba + c is equal to
31. The determinant A = ab b2+x2 be is aa + b ba + c 0
ac be e2 + 2
zero,if
divisible by
(a) a, b and c are in AP
(a) x (b) x 2 (c)x3 (d) x4 (b) a, b, c, are in GP
32. The value of the determinant (c) a, b andc are in HP
/6 2i 3 + ^6 (d) (x - a) is a factor of ax2 + 2bx + C

12 V3 + V81 3V2 + V6 i , is (where i - J-l) 2 cos x 1 o

18 V2 + V12 i V27 + 2i 35. Let/(x) = 1 2 cos x i , then
(a) complex (b) real (c) irrational (d) rational 0 1 2 cos x

2*"’ 1
sin kQ
»<(?)-'
k(k + 1) n '3
33. Iffy = X y z , then £ Dk
n+1 k=l (c) f’r(x)dx=o
sin lO sin -0
n 2 , 2
2n -1 (d) /”j(x)dx = 0
n+ 1 6
sin -
2
is equal to
 Chap 07 Determinants 569

x2 -5x4-3 2x-5 3 4x - 4 (x-2)2 x3

36. If A(x) = 3xZ 4-X4-4 6x +1 9 41. IfA(x) = 8x-4>/2 (x-2V2)2 (x + 1)3 , then
7x2 -6x4-9 14x-6 21 12x - 4>/3 (x-2V3)2 (x-1)3
= ax3 +bx2 +cx + d, then (a) term independent of x in A(x) = 16(5-72-73)
(a)a = 0 (b) b = 0 (c)c = 0 (d)d = 47 (b) coefficient of x in A(x) = 48(1 4- -J2 - 73)
37. If a, b and c are the sides of a triangle and A, B and C are (c) coefficient of x in A(x) = 16 (5 + 72 - -J3)
the angles opposite to a, b and c respectively, then (d) coefficient of x in A(x) is divisible by 16
a2 bsin A C sin A 42. If
A = bsin A 1 cos A is independent of 3 3x 3x2 +2a2
C sin A cos A 1 f(x) = 3x 3x2 4-2a2 3x3 +6a2 x
(a) a (b)b (c)c (d) A, B.C 3x2 4-2a3 3x3 + £-‘2 x 3x4 + 12a2x2 +2a 4
-* 6a

a a2 0 then
38. Letf(a,b) = 1 (2a 4- b) (a 4- b)2 , then (a) /'(x) = 0
0 1 (2a + 3b) (b) y = /(x) is a straight line parallel to X-axis

(a) (a + b) is a factor of f(a, b) (c) Jo7(x)dx = 32a4

(b) (a 4 2b) is a factor of f(a, b)
(c) (2a + b) is a factor of f(a,b) (d) None of the above
(d) a is a factor of f(a, b) 43. If a> b>c and the system of equations ax + by 4- cz = 0,
sec2 x 1 1 bx 4- cy + az = 0, ex + ay + bz = 0 has a non-trivial
39. If/(x) = cos2 x cos2 X cosec 2x .then solution, then both the roots of the quadratic equation
at2 + bt + c, are
1 cos2 X cot2 x
(a) real
(.) dr = -(}« + ») (b) of opposite sign
(c) positive

MS- 0

(c) maximum value of f(x) is 1

(d) complex
44. The values of X and b for which the equations
x + y + z = 3, x + 3y + 2z = 6 and x + Xy + 3z = b have
(d) minimum value of f(x) is 0
(a) a unique solution, if X * 5, b e R
2
a a+x a + x2 +x 4 (b) no solution, if X * 5, b = 9
40. If 2a 3a + 2x2 4a + 3x2 4-2x4 (c) infinite many solution, X = 5, b = 9
(d) None of the above
3a 6a + 3x2 10a 4-6x2 +3x4
45. Let X and a be real. Let S denote the set of all values of X
2 + U3 X 3 4 5
= a0 4-Oj x 4-a2 x + a4 x +a5 x for which the system of linear equations
+ a6 x6 +a7 x7 and Xx + (sin a) y + (cos a) z = 0
x + (cos a) y + (sin a) z = 0
f(x) = + fl0 x 2 4 a3 x 4 a6, then
(a) /(x) > 0, V x 6 R if a > 0 - x + (sin a) y - (cos a) z = 0
(b) f(x) = 0, only if a = 0 has a non-trivial solution, then S contains
(c) f(x) = 0, has two equal roots (a) (-1.1) • (b) [-72,-1]
(d) f(x) = 0, has more than two root if a = 0 (c)[l,V2] (d) (—2,2)
570 Textbook of Algebra

g Determinants Exercise 3:
w Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 7 passages. Based upon each of the 51. If a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc = -3 and A = be -a2, B = ca-b2
passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be and C = ab - c2, then the value of aA + bB + cC, is
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a), (b),
(a)-3 (b)3 (c)-9 (d) 9
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
Passage III
Passage I (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
(Q. Nos. 46 to 48) Ifa, p, y are the roots ofx3 + 2x 2-x-3=0
Consider the system of equations
a P Y
The system is called smart, brilliant, good and lazy 52. The value of y a P is equal to
according as it has solution, unique solution, infinitely P Y a
many solutions and no solution, respectively. (a) 14 (b) -2 (c)10 (d) 14
46. The system is smart, if 53. If the absolute value of the expression
(a) X * 5 or X = 5 andp = 13(b) X 5 andp = 13 a-1 B-l y-1
---------- 1----------- 1--------- can be expressed as —, where m and
(c) X * 5 and p # 13 (d) X 5 or X = 5 and p + 13 a+2 p + 2 y+2 n
47. The system is good, if m n2 .
(a) X * 5 or X = 5 and p = 13(b) X = 5 andp = 13 n are co-prime, the value of , is
m-n m+n
(c) X = 5 andp 13
(d) X * 5, p is any real number (a) 17 (b)27 (c)37 (d)47

48. The system is lazy, if 54. Ifa = a2 +p2 +y2, b = ap + pY+Ya>the value of
(a) X * 5 or X = 5 and p = 13 (b) X'= 5 and p = 13 a b b
(c) X = 5 andp * 13 (d) X /5 or X = 5 andp * 13 b 1a b > is
Passage II b b a
(Q.Nos. 49 to 51) (a) 14 (b) 49 (c) 98 (d) 196

«11 a12 a]3 Passage IV

Z/A = a21 a 22 fl23 and Cy = (-l)'+y My, where My (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
<bi a 32 a33 Suppose f(x) is a function satisfying the following
is a determinant obtained by deleting ith row and conditions:
C|2 Cj3 (i) f(9) = 2, /(1) = 1
5
jth column, then C21 C22 C23 = A2. (ii) f (x)has a minimum value atx = -
2
C31 £<32 C33
2ax lax -1 lax + b +1
1 x x2 x3-l 0 x-x4 (iii)Forallx,f' (x) = b 5+1 -1
49. If X X2 1 = 5andA = 0 x-x4 X 3-l 2(ax + b) 2ax+2b + l lax + b
X2 1 X x-x4 x3-l 0
55. The value of f(2) + /(3) is
then sum of digits of A2, is (a)l (b)i3 (c) 2 5
(d)i
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 13 (d) 11 Lt Lt

50. Suppose a, b, ce R, a + b+c >0, A = be -a2,B = ca-b 2 56. The number of solutions of the equation /(x)+l = 0 is
A B C
9
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite
and C = ab-c and B c A = 49, then the value of
57. Range of /(x) is
C A B
a3 +b3 +c3 -3abc,is 7 3
(a) ’’ 16 (b) « (d)
4 ’ 4
(a)-7 (b) 7 (c) -2401 (d) 2401
 Chap 07 Determinants 571

Passage V 62. If a, b, c are in GP, then

(Q. Nos. 58 to 60) (a)r3=p3q (b)p3=r3q (c)p3=q3r (d) <?3 = p3r
X e*-’ (x-l)3 63. If A =27 and a2 +b2 +c2 =2, then the value of Y.a2b, is
.2
If x-lnx cos(x-l) (x—1)‘ = a0+ “i (x-l)+a2(x-l)2 + ... (a)X2^-p) (b) 3(2-72 - r)
tanx sin2x cos2 X (c) 3(2-72—q) (d)X2^-p-q)

58. The value of cos ’(aj, is

Passage VII
(a)0 (b)- (c)^ (d)7t (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
4 2
59. The value of lim (sin x)x is a2 +n ab ac
7fAn = ab b2 +n be , nE N and the equation
(a)l (b) e (c)e-l (d) None of these
ac be c2 +n
60. The equation whose roots are a0 and at, is
(a) x2 - x - 0 (b) x2-2x = 0 x3 -Xx +1 lx - 6 = 0 has roots a, b, c and a, b, c are in AP.
(c) x2 -3x = 0 (d) None of these 7
64. The value of X A„ is
Passage VI r=l

(Q. Nos. 61 to 63) (a)(12)3 (b)(14)3 (c)(26)3 (d)(28)3

-be b2 +bc c2 + be 65. The value of ^2- is
2
Let A = a +ac -ac c2 + ac and the equation A„
a2 +ab b2 + ab -ab (a) <8 (b) =8
x3 - px + qx - r = 0has roots a, b, c, where a,b,cER . (c)>8 (d) None of these
30 27 A, -A3/
61. The value of A is 66. The value of £ is
r= l 27r2 >
(a)<9r3 (b)>27r2 (c) < 27r2 (d)>81r3
(a) 130 (b) 190 (c) 280 (d) 340

g Determinants Exercise 4:
Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each 1 cos a COS P 0 cos a COS P
question is a single digit integer, ranging from 70. If cos a 1 cos y cos a 0 cos Y
0 to 9 (both inclusive). cos P cos Y 1 cos P cos y 0
32 + k 42 - 32+3 + fc
cos2 a + cos2 P + cos2 y is equal to
67. If 42 +fc 52 42 + 4 +k = 0,
52 + k 62 52 + 5 + k (b + c)2 a2 a2
71. Let f(a, b, c) = b2 (c + a)2 b2 the
the value of d2‘
ik
2k ^2k ...°o is c2 c2 (fl + b)2

68. Let a, p and Y are three distinct roots of greatest integer n E N such that (a + b + c)n divides
x-l -6 2 f (a, b, c) is
, . fill 1 . 1Y 1
-6 x-2 -4 = 0, the value of — + - + - is 72. If 0 < 0 < 7t and the system of equations
2 -44
— x-6
la P y..J
x = (sin 0) y + (cos 0)z
X ex"' (x-l)3 y-z + (cos0)x
n
2
69. If x - In x cos (x - 1) (x -1) z = (sin0) x + y
r-0
tan x sin2 x cos2 X 80
has a non-trivial solution, then — is equal to
the value of (2a° +3°* )a’ +1 is 71
572 Textbook of Algebra

1 1 1 1 1+a 1 1
1 2 3 4 75. If a * 0, b * 0, c 0 and 1 + b 1 + 25 1 = 0,
73. The value of the determinant is
1 3 6 10 1+c 1+c 1 + 3c
1 4 10 20 the value of|a-1 + 5-1 + c-1 | is equal to
74. If a, 5, c and d are the roots of the equation 76. If the system of equations
x4 + 2x 3 + 4x2 + 8x + 16 = 0, the value of the ax + hy + g = 0, hx + by + f = 0
1+a 1 1 1 and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c + X = 0 has a
1 1+5 1 1 unique solution and
determinant is
1 1 1+c 1 abc + 2 fgh -af2 - bg2 - ch 2
— = 8, the value of X is
1 1 1 1+d h2 - ab

g Determinants Exercise 5:
Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 questions. Questions 77 to 81 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and four
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more
statements) given in Column BE.

77. Column I Column II

(A) If a,b,c are three complex numbers such that a2 + b2 + c2 = 0 and (P) 2
b2 + c2 ab ac
ab c„2 +, a„2 be = Xa252c2,then X is divisible by
ac be a2 + b 2
a a+b a+b+c
(B) If a,b,c & R and 2a 5a + 25 7a + 55 + 2c = -1024, then a is divisible by (q) 3

3a 7a + 35 9a + 75 + 3c
x-1 2x‘
2x 2-5 x3-l 4
(C) (r)
Let A(x) = 2x2 + 5 2x + 2 x3 + 3
2x and ax + b be the remainder, when A(x) is
x3 —1 x+1 3x2-2
x+1
divided by x2 -1, then 4a + 2b is divisible by
js) 2
(t) 6

78. _________ Column I _____________ Column II

(A) Let/;(x) = x + a1,/z(x) = x2‘ + 6jX + b2, Xj = 2, x2 = 3 and x3 = 5 and (P) Even number
1 1 1
A = fiM fi(x2) yj(x3) then A is
_f2(*i) ^(^2) ^2(^3)
1 5,
(B) If | aj — | = 6 and f(x) = 1 5j 2a1 - x , then the minimum value of /(x) is (q) Prime number
1 2b} - x flL
x-2 (x —1)',2 x3
If coefficient of x in f(x) = x-1 x2
(x+1)3 is X, then | X| is (r) Odd number
(C)
x (x+1)2 (x + 2)3

(s) Composite number

(0 Perfect number
 Chap 07 Determinants 573

79. Column I Column II

x2 + 3x x-1 x + 3
(A) If x2 +1 2 + 3x x-3 = ax4 + bx3 + ex2 + dx + e, then e + a is divisible by 2
(P)
x2-3 x+4 3x

x-1 5x 7
(B) if x2-l x-1 8 = ax3 + bx2 + ex + d, then (e + a - 3) is divisible by (q) 3
2x 3x 0

x.3 + 4x x + 3 x-2
(r) 5
(C) If x-2 5x x-1 = ax5 + bx* + ex3 + dx2 + ex + f, then (/ + e) is
x-3 x+ 2 4x
divisible by
6

(t) 7

80. Column I Column II

(A) If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 and (P) independent of a
a2 + (b2 + c2)d ab(l-d) ca(l -d)
A= ab(l-d) b2 + (c2 + a2)d bc(l-d) , then A is
ca(l-d) bc(l-d) c2 + (a + b2)d

1 1 ~(a+b)
c c2
(B) If A =
~(b + c) 1 £ , then A is (q) independent of b
a2 a a
-bd(b + c) (ad + 2bd + cd) -(a + b)bd
a2c ac ac2
sin a cos a sin(a + d) (r)
(C)
IfA = sinb cosb sin(b + d) , then A is independent of c
sine cose sin(c + d)

(s) independent of d
(0 zero

81. Column I Column II

(A) If n be the number of distinct values of 2 x2 determinant whose entries are from (P) 2
the set {-1,0,1}, then (n-1)2 is divisible by

(B) If n be the number of 2 X2 determinants with non-negative values whose entries (q) 3
from the set {0,1}, then (n -1) is divisible by

(C) If n be the number of 2 x2 determinants with negative values whose entries from (r) 4
the set {-1,1}, then n(n +1) is divisible by

(s) 5

(t) 6
574 Textbook of Algebra

g Determinants Exercise 6:
w Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 82 to 87) are Assertion-Reason type Statement-2 The value of skew-symmetric determinant
questions. Each of these questions contains two of odd order equals zero.
statements:
(1 + x)11 (1 + x)13
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
Each of these questions also has four alternative choices, 85. Statement-1 /(x) = (1 + x)21 (1 + x)23
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select (1 + x)31 (1 + x)33
the correct choice as given below.
the coefficient of x in /(x) = 0
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
3
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 Statement-2 If P(x) = a0 + arx + a2 x‘2 + a3x
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 +... + an xn, then a, = P' (0), where dash denotes the
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
differential coefficient.
(c) Statementl is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 86. Statement-1 If system of equations 2x + 3y = a
r+ 1 n
82. Statement-1 If A(r) = then X A(r) = -3n and bx + 4y = 5 has infinite solution,
r+3 r+4 r=1 15 , 8
then a = — ,b = -
fi(r) f2(r) 4 5
Statement-2 If A(r) =
/3(r) fM Statement-2 Straight lines a tx + + c, = 0
n n
S />(r) I f2(r) and a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0 are parallel,
n
r=l r=l if£i = h^£L.
then E A(r) = n n
r=l
S /3(r) r t= 1 f4(r)
r=1
a2 ^2 c2

1 2 3
83. Consider the determinant 87. Statement-1 The value of the determinant 4 5 6 *0
a1 + b,x2 atx2 + hj ci
7 8 0
A = a2 + b2 x2 a2x2 +b2 c2 = 0,
3 + b 3 x2 a3 x2 + b3 C3 Statement-2 Neither of two rows or columns of
1 2 3
where ait bh ct e R(i = 1,2,3) and xe R
4 5 6 is identical.
Statement-1 The value of x satisfying A = 0 are 7 8 0
x = 1, - 1 *i Cl
88. Statement-1 The digits A, B and C re such that
Statement-2 If a2 b2 c2 = 0, then A - 0.
the three digit numbers A88, 6J38, 86C are divisible
^3 ^3 C3
A 6 8
84. Statement-1 The value of determinant by 72, then the determinant 8 B 6 is divisible
I 71 8 8 C
sin 7t COS I X + — tan x----
4J k 4 by 288.

I
71
sin x---- - cos
4. u
y'
In
\yj
is zero. Statement-2 A = B = ?

71
cot In tan 7t
4

(
 Chap 07 Determinants 575

g Determinants Exercise 7:
Subjective Type Questions
■ In this section, there are 20 subjective questions. 98. Show that the determinant A(x) is given by A(x) =
b+c c b sin(x + a) cos(x + a) a + xsina
89. Prove that c c +a a = 4abc. sin(x + p) cos(x + P) & + xsinP . is independent ofx.
b a a+b sin(x+y) cos(x+y) c + xsiny
a-b-c 2a 2a
Xcx xc2 xc3
90. Prove that 2b b-c -a 2b = (a + b + c)3.
99. Evaluate yC2 yc3
2c 2c c-a-b
zcx ZC2 ZC3
V13 + 73 2^5 75
100. (i) Find maximum value of
91. Find the value of determinant V15 +V26 5 fa 1 + sin2 x COS 2 X
— 4 sin 2x
3 + V65 V15 5
fM = sin2 x 1 + cos2 X 4 sin 2x
be ca ab
sin2 x cos2 X 1 + 4 sin 2x
92. Find the value of the determinant P ? r , where
(ii) Let A, B and C be the angles of a triangle, such that
1 1 1
A > B > C.
a, b and c respectively are the pth.q th and rth terms of a
harmonic progression. Find the minimum value of A, where
93. Without expanding the determinant at any stage, prove sin2 A sin A cos A cos2 A
A = sin2 B sin B cos B cos2 B
-5 3 + 5i - - 4i
2 sin2 C sin C’cos C cos2 C
that 3-5i 8 4+5i has a purely real value.
x -4x + 6 2x 2 +4x
- ■
■
+ 10 3x 2 -2x + 16
-

- + 4i 4 - 5i 9
2 101. Iff(x) = x-2 2x+2 3x-l
ah + bg g ab + ch
1 2 3
94. Prove without expanding that bf + ba f hb +be = a *3 x2sinx
then find the value of J ■f(x)dx.
ah + bg a h af + bc c bg+fc '-3 1+x6 ‘
bf + ba h b 102. IfY = sX andZ =tX all the variables beings functions of
af + bc g f X y Z
'i
x, then prove that x, Zx = X3
95. If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle and s2 t2
x2 y2 Z2
1 1 1
where suffixes denote the order of differentiation with
1+sinA 1+sinB 1+sinC = 0, respect to x.
sin A + sin2 A sinB + sin2B sinC+sin2C 103. If f,g and h are differentiable functions of x and
then prove that AABC must be isosceles. f S h
Py Py' + P'y PY A = (xfY (xgY (xhY , then prove that
96. Prove that ya yaz + y 'a y zaz (*2fY' (X2g)" (X2/!)"
ap ap' + a'P azpz f S h
= (aP'-a'P)(Py'-P'Y)(Ya,-Y/a). Az = f' g' h'
(*3f"Y (*3g"Y (*3h"Y
97. If y = where u and v are functions of x, show that
v 104. If[ai|>|a2| + |a3|,|b2|>|M + |b3|and
u v 0
a3
sdJy = u' V V
al a2

dx2 I c3 I > I ci I +l c2 |. then show that '2

u" v" 2v'
Cl C2 c3
576 Textbook of Algebra

(a-a,) (a-a,)' 107. Eliminates

(«-o2)‘2 (0-^2)
105. Show that «2 (i) a, feand c
(a-a3)'2 (a-a3) <*3 (ii) x, y, z from the equations
a2 n(a, — , r, , . by cz , czcz ax n
± — -------- -—. Write out the terms of the product m -a + -2- + — =0, -b + — + — =0
Ha, fl(a - a, )2 z y x z
the numerator and give the resulting expression its ax by n
correct sign. and -c + — + — = 0.
y x
106. Show that in general there are three values of t for
which the following system of equations has a 108. If x, z and y are not all zero and if
non-trivial solution (a - t)x + by + cz = 0,
ax + by + cz = 0, bx + cy + az = 0
bx + (c - t)y + az = 0 and ex + ay + (b - t)z = 0.
and ex + ay + bz = 0, then
Express the product of these values of t in the form of a prove that x:y:z=l:l:lorl:(O:(D or 1:0) :0)
determinant.

g Determinants Exercise 8:
Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year's Exam
■ This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, 113. Consider the system of equations
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 to x-2y+3z = -l
year 2017.
-x + y-2z = k
109. If a2 + b2 + c2 = -2 and
x-3y + 4z = 1
l + a2x (l + fc2)x (l+c2)x
Statement-1 The system of equations has no solutions
/(*) = (l + a2)x l + b2x (l + c2)x , then f(x) is a
for k 3. [IIT-JEE 2008,3M]
(l + a2)x (l+b2)x l + c2x
and 1 3
polynomial of degree [AIEEE 2005, 3M] Statement-2 The determinant -1 -2 k * 0, for k t1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d)0 1 4 1
110. The system of equations (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2
ax+y + z = a-l, is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
x + ay + z = a-l (b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is
and x + y+az=a-l not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
has no solution, if a is [AIEEE 2005, 3M] (c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(a) not -2 (b)l (d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(c)-2 (d) Either -2 or 1
114. Let a, b, cbe any real numbers. Suppose that there are
111. If Op #2> a3,..., a.n >• .. are in GP, then the determinant
real numbers x, y, z not all zero such that
logan logan+i l°gfln + 2 x = cy + bz, y = az + ex and z = bx + ay. Then,
A = logan+3 logan+4 logan + 5 is equal to a2 +b2 +c2 +2abc is equal to [AIEEE 2008,3MJ
log an +6 log A‘n + 7 log an +8 (a)-l (b) 0 (c) 1 (d)2
[AIEEE 2005, 3M]
(a)l (b)0 (C)4 (d)2 115. Let a, b, c be such that b(a+c) / 0. If
1 1 1 a aa+1
+1 a-1 a+1 b+1 c-1
112. IfD = 1 1+x 1 -b b+1 b-1 + a-1 b-1 c+1 =a
n
1 1 1+y [AIEEE 2007, 3M] c c-1 c+1 (-l)n+2 a (-l)n^b (-l)kc
(a) divisible by neither x nor y then the value of n is [AIEEE 2009,4M1
(b) divisible by both x and y (a) any integer (b) zero
(c) divisible by x but not y (c) an even integer (d) any odd integer
(d) divisible by y but not x
 Chap 07 Determinants 577

1 tan0 1 122. Which of the following values of a satisfy the equation

116. If/(0)=-tan0 1 tan0 , then the set (1+a)2 (l + 2a)2 (l+3a)2
-1 -tan0 1 (2+a)2 (2+2a)2 (2+3a)2 = -648a?
71
f(0):O<0<- is
/(0):O<0<- (3+a)2 (3 + 2a)2 (3+3a)2
I 2. [IIT-JEE 2011.2M]
[JEE Advanced 2015, 4M]
(a)(-~,-l)u(l,«>) (b)[2,~) (a)-4 (b)9
(c)(-~,0]u[2,oo) (d)(-«>,-l]u [!,«■) (c)-9 (d) 4
117. The number of values of k for which the linear equations 123. The system of linear equations
4x + ky + 2z = 0 x+Xy-z=0
kx + 4y + z = 0 Xx-y-z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0 x+y-Xz=0
Possess a non-zero solution is [AIEEE 2011,4M] has a non-trivial solution for [JEE Main 2016, 4M]
(a) zero (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 (a) exactly one-value of X
118. If the trivial solution is the only solution of the system (b) exactly two values of X
of equations (c) exactly three values of X
(d) infinitely many values of X
x-ky+z = 0
• kx+3y-kz = 0 124. The total number of distinct x e R for which
3x + y-z = 0 x x2 1 + x3
Then, the set of values of k is 2x 4x2 l+8x3 = 10 is
(a) {2,-3} (b)R-{2,-3} 3x 9x2 l + 27x3
(c) R - {2} (d) R - {-3} [AIEEE 2011, 4M] [JEE Advanced 2016, 3M]
119. The number of values of k for which the system of 125. Let a, X, [16 R Consider the system of linear equations
equations (k + l)x + 8y = 4fc; kx + (k + 3)y = 3k -1
ax + 2y = X
has no solution, is
3x-2y =n
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) infinite [JEE Main 2013, 4M] Which of the following statement(s) is (are) correct?
[JEE Advanced 2016, 4M]
120. If a, 3 *0 and f(n) = a" + pn and
(a) If a = -3, then the system has infinitely many solutions
3 1 + /(1) l + /(2) for all values of X and |1
1+/(1) 1+7(2) 1+7(3) =fc(l-a)2(l-P)2(a-p)2. (b) If a * -3, then the system has a unique solution for all
1+7(2) 1 + 7(3) 1 + 7(4) values ofXandp.
(c) If X + [1 = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions
then k is equal to [JEE Main 2014, 4M]
for a = -3
(a)l (b)-l (d) If X + p * 0, then the system has no solution for a = -3
(c)ap (d) 1/ ap
126. If S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the
121. The set of all values of X for which the system of linear
following system of linear equations
equations
2xj -2x2 + x3 = Xxj x+y+z=l
x + ay + z = 1
2x1 -3x2 +2x3 = Xx2
ax + by + z =0
-Xj +2x2 = Xx 3
[JEE Main 2015,4M] has no solution, then S is [JEE Main 2017, 4M]
has a non-trivial solution
' . (a) an infinite set
(a) contains two elements
(b) a finite set containing two or more elements
(b) contains more than two elements
(c) a singleton
(c) is an empty set
(d) is a singleton (d) an empty set
 Answers
Exercise for Session 1 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (a) 57. (c)
l.(d) 2. (d) 3.(c) 4- (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 58. (c) 59. (a) 60. (d) 61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (b)
7. (b) 64. (b) 65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (2) 68. (9) 69. (2)
70.(1) 71.(3) 72. (6) 73.(1) 74.(8) 75.(3)
Exercise for Session 2 77. (A) -»(p, r); (B) —> (p, r); (C) —> (p, q, s, t)
76.(8)
1.(C) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4.(c) 5. (a) 6.(b)
78. (A) ->(p,s,t); (B) -> (r,t); (C) ->(p,q)
7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (d)
79. (A) -> (r); (B) -> (r, t); (C) -> (p, q, s)
Exercise for Session 3 80. (A) -> (p, q, r); (B) -> (p, q, r, s,t); (C) -> (p, q,r, s,t) -
l-(b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6- (d) 81. (A) ->(p,r); (B) —»(p,q,r,t); (C)-»(p,r,s)
7.(d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (a) 82. (c) 83. (b) 84. (a) 85. (a) 86. (b) 87. (b)
13. (a) 14. (a) 88. (c) 91.15V2-25V3

Exercise for Session 4 92.0 99. — xyz(x- y\y-z)(z-x)

12
l.(c) 2.2-(b)
(b) 3.(b) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b)
100. (i) 6(ii) 0 101.0
7. (b) 8.8.(c)
(c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
105. -a2 (a, - a2)(a2 -a3)(a3-ai')
Chapter Exercises a b c
l.(a) 2.(b) 3. (a) 4- (c) 5. (a) 6- (b) 106. b c a
7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (c)
c a b
13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (a)
19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) zx ^+1 = 0 (ii) a3 + b3 + c3 = 5 abc
30. (a)
107.(i)4 + ^ +
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (b) z2
31. (a, b, c, d) 32. (b, d) 33. (a, b, c, d) 34.(b, d)
109. (b) 110. (c) 111. (b) 112.(b) 113. (a) 114. (c)
35. (a, c, d) 36. (a, b, c) 37. (a, b, c, d) 38. (a, b, d)
115. (d) 116. (b) 117. (c) 118.(b) 119. (a) 120. (a)
39. (a, b, c, d) 40. (a, c, d) 41. (a, b) 42. (a, b)
43. (a, b) 44. (a, c) 45. (a, b, c) 46. (a) 121. (a) 122. (b,c) 123. (c) 124. (2) 125. (b,c,d)

47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (b) 51. (b) 126. (c)
 Applying R2 -» R2 - Rit then

Solutions
1. v/(n) = a" + p" Also,
f2
Jo
A(x) =
x + a x+a+D
2D 2D
= 2D(x+ a -x-a - D) = -2D2

I A(x)dx = -16

3 1 + /(1) l + /(2) => -2D2(2) = -16

Let A = 1 + /(I) l + /(2) l + f(3) D2 = 4 or D = ±2
1 + f(2) l + /(3) l + /(4)
x 1 + x2 x3
3 1+a+p 1 +a2 + p2
3. Let A(x) = loge(l + x2) ex sin x
1 + CL + P 1 +a2 + P2: 1 + a3 + P3
COS X tan x sin2x
l + a2 + p2: 1 + a3 + p3: 1 + a4 + P4
2
= a + bx + ex 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
On putting x = 0, we get
1 a P X 1 a P 1 a P 0 1 0
1 a2 P2 1 a2 P2 1 a2 P2 0 1 0 =a
Applying C2 -> C2 - C( and C3 —» C3 - Cv then
2
1 0 0
1 0 0
0=a
or a = 0, then
A= 1 a -1 P-1 ^x) = bx + cx2 +...
Hence, A(x) is divisible by x.
1 a2-l P2 -1
a2 b2 c2
Expanding along Rp we get
2 2 4. Given, (a + I)2 (b + 1)2 (c+1)2 = 0
a-1 p-1 1 1
A= = (a-l)2(p-l)2 (a-1)2 (fr-1)2 (c-1)2
a2-l p2-l CL + 1 P + 1
= (a -1 )2(P -1)2 (p -a)2=(1 - a)2 (1 - P)2 (a - p)2: a2 b2 c2
2
= fc(l-a)2(l-p)2(a-p)2 [given] => a2 + 2a + 1 b2 + 2b + 1 c2 + 2c + 1 = 0
a2 -2a + 1 b2-2b + 1 c2 -2c + 1
k=l
2. v a, b, c and d are in AP. Let D be the common difference.then Applying R2 —» R2 - R 3, then
b = a + D, c = a + 2D, d = a + 3D ...(i) a2 b2 c2
x+a x+b x+a-c 4a 4b 4c =0
and A(x) = x + b x+c x-1 a2-2a + l b2-2b + l c2-2c + l
x+c x+d x-b+ d 1
Applying R3 —> R3 - Rx + -R2, then
On putting the values of b, c and d from Eq.(i) in ^x), then 2
x+a x+a+D x-2D a2 b2 c2
A(x) = x + a + D x + a + 2D x-1 4 a b c =0
x + a + 2D x + a + 3D x + 2D 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
Applying R2 -> R2 - - (R} + R3), then
’ 2 => a c =0
b [■•' R\ R 3]
x+a x+a + D x-2D 2
b2 c2
1 1 1
A(x) = 0 0 -1
a b c =0
a„2 bA22 x.c 2
x + a + 2D x + a + 3D x + 2D
=> (a-b) (ft-c)(c-a) = 0
Expanding along R2, then a-b = 0orb-c = 0orc-a = 0
x+a x+a+D => a-b or b = c or c = a
A(x) =
x + a + 2D x+ a + 3D Hence, zLABC is an isosceles triangle.
580 Textbook of Algebra

a X x x a b c

5. LetA =
X p x x 7. v b c a = - (a3 + b2 + c3 - 3abc)
x X Y x c a b
x x x 8 = -(a + b + c)(a + bco + cco2)(a + bco2 + cco)
Applying C2 —> C2 — Cv C3 —> C3 - C] and Cp then [where co is cube roots of unity]
a x-a x — a x -a = -/(a)/(P)/(Y) [va = l,p=(o,Y=<o2]
x P-x 0 0
cos2x sin2x cos 4x
A=
X 0 y-x 0 2 2
8. LetA = sin x cos2x cos x
x 0 0 8-x
cos 4x cos22x cos 2x
Expanding along first column, then
A = a (P - x) (y - x) (8 - x) - x (x - a) (y - x) (8 - x) 1-2 sin 2 x sin2x 1 -8sinzx(l -sin2x)
+ x (8 - x) (x - a) (x - P) - x (x - a) (p - x) (y - x) sin2x 1 -2sin2x 1 -sin2x
= (x-a)(x-p) (x — y) (x-8)-x[(x-a)(x-y) (x-8) 1 -8sin2x(l -sin2x) 1 - sin2x 1 -2sin2x
+ (x-P)(x-y)(x-8) i 0 1
+ (x - a)(x - P) (x - 8) + (x - a) (x - p) (x - Y)] [given] The required constant term is o 1 1
= f(x)-x/'(x) i 1 1
/(x)=(x-a)(x-p)(x-Y)(x-8) Applying C3 -> C3 - C}, then
a b-c c+ b 1 0 ••• 0
6. Given, a+c b c-a =0
a—b a+ b c 0 1 • 1 = 1(0-1) = -!
a2 b -c c+b
1_
=> a2 + ac b c-a =0 1 1 0
a
a2 - ab a + b c 9. v -1 <x<0 => [x] = -l
Applying Cj —> C\ + bC2 + cC3, then Q<y <1 => [y] = o
a2 + b2 + c2 b-c c+b 1 <z <2 =* [z] = l
0 0 1
=> a2 + b2 + c2 b c-a =0
a W+l [y] [X]
a2 + b2 + c2 a+b c
Let A = [x] [y] +1 [x] -1 1 - 1
Applying R2 —> R2 ~ and f?3~> R3- Rt, then [x] [y] [x] + l
a2 + b2 + c2 ••• b-c c-b -1 0 2
0 1
1 Expanding along C2, then A = = l=[z]
=> - 0 c -b - a = 0 -1 2
a
y2 -xy x2 xy2 -xy x2y
0 -b 1
10. Let A = a b c ax b cy
a' *y b'
Expanding along Cp then b' c' a'x c'y
(a2 + b2 + c2) c -b -a
=> =0 Applying Cj —> C\ + y C2 and C3 —> C3 + xC2, then
a a+c -b 0 ••• -xy ••• 0
(a2 + b2 + c2)
=> [(- be + (b + a) (a + c)] = 0
fl A = — ax + by b bx+ cy
(a2 + b2 + c2) (- be + ab + be + a2 + ac) xy
=>
a b' b'x + c'y
=> (a2 + b2 + c2) (a + b + c)= 0
Expanding along Rv then
a2 + b2 + c2 #0 1 ax + by bx + cy
=---- xy-
a + b+c=0 xy a
Therefore, line ax + by + c = 0 passes through the fixed point ax + by bx+ cy
(1, !)• a'x+b'y b'x + c'y
 Chap 07 Determinants 581

11. v In a triangle A + B + C = n and eK = cos n + i sin n = -1 14. AsOjbtCj,a2b2c2 and a3b 3c 3 are even natural numbers each of
ei(B + C) _el(x-A) _eU __e-M
Cp c2, c3 is divisible by 2.
e"i(fl + C) =-e'x Let Cj = 2 X, for i = 1,2,3 and X, e N, then
Similarly, e~1 {A + B) = - e>c and e'‘(C + A} = - e IB 2Xi fli bt

Taking e,A, e iB,eiC common from R,, R 2 and R 3 respectively, A = 2X2 b2 = 2 X,2 a2 b2 = 2m
2X3 a3 ^3 a3 b3
we get
e,A g-i(A + C) 1(4 + B)
where m is some natural number. Thus, A is divisible by 2.
1(4+ B)
a
A -
= ea M-eo e«iC e-/(B + Q That A may not be divisible by 4 can be seen by taking the
e-HB + Q e-KA + C) elC three numbers as 112,122 and 134.
2 1 1
-e‘c A= 2 1 2 = 2(3-2)-1(6-8) + 1(2 - 4) = 2
-eIA eiB -eiC 4 1 3
-elA -e^ eiC
which is divisible by 2 but not by 4.
Taking e iA,e iB iC
common from Cp C2 and C3 respectively, c b cos B + cP a cos A + ba + cy
>
we get 15. LetA = a ccosB + ap bcosA + ca + ay
1 -1 -1 b a cos B + bp c cos A + aa + by
A = (-l)e'A-e IB ■elC
-1 1 -1 Applying C2 -+ C2 - PCj and C3 —> C3 - yCp then
-1 -1 1 C b cosB a cos A + ba

1 -1 -1 A= a c cosB b cos A + ca
= (-l)eiR -1 1 -1 b a cosB c cosA + aa
-1 -1 1 Applying C3 —> C3 - a sec B C2, then
1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 c b cos B a cos A c b a
= (-!)(-!) -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 A= a c cos B b cos A = cos A cos B a c b
-1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 b a cos B c cos A b a c
a c
Applying C2 —> C2 + Q and C3 -> C3 + Q, then
Applying C, ++ C3, then A = - cos A cos B b c a
1 0 0
c a b
A = -1 0 -2 = 1(0 -4) = -4
= - cos A cos B (a + b + c)-^[(a - b)2 + (b -c)2 + (c - a)2]
-1 -2 0
Given, cos A * 0, cos B * 0 and a + b + c * 0
12. Taking x 5 common from R 33,’ then
A=0
xn + 2 x2"
xn (a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 = 0
x5 1 a = 0, V x e R which is independent, when a-b = 0, b-c = 0 and c - a = 0
xn xa + l x2" i.e., a=b=c
a+l-n+2 => a = n + 1 Hence, AABC is an equilateral.

16. Here, x, + x2 =6, XjX2 =3 ...(i)

(i) and yj + y2 = 4. yiy2=2
5 4
Let A = x51 y41 *1*2 7172 1

x z Let A = *1 + *2 71 + 72 2
y
sin (TtXjX,) cos ^7i72
5 4 3 1

lOOx + 50 + 1 lOOy + 40 + 1 lOOz +30 + 1

X z 3 2 1
y
1 6 4 2 [from Eq. (i)]
Applying R2 -> R2 - -(Rj + R 3), then (71
2 ‘ sin 3n cos — 1
\4
5 0 3
lOOx + 50 + 1 0 lOOz + 30 + 1 [from Eq. (i)] 3 2 i
x 0 z Applying R, -+ R2 - 2RP then A = 0 0 0 =0
1
=0 [•.• all elements of C, are zeroes] 0 1
y?
582 Textbook of Algebra

10^
10C4 C5 ”C Now, subtracting Eq. (iv) from Eq. (v), we get
17. vA = '-6 nC
C7 ,2rum+ 2 no) -P(O) g"(0)-g'(0) no) -h"(0)
I2C
I2C 13c’-'m + 4 abc
P 9 r
Applying C2 —> C2 + C] and use Pascal’s rule
(nCr +nCr_1=n+1Cr), then = 6n - 2r = 2 (3n - r)
cos (x + a) cos (x + P) cos (x + y)
10z>
c4 nC5 ucm 20. •.• f(x) = sin (x + a) sin (x + p) sin (x + y)
A= ‘^6 % ,2C
um+ 2 = 0 [given] sin(p-y) sin(y-a) sin(a~P)
12c8 13c9 13ccm+ 4
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, then
m =5 -sin(x + a) -sin(x + P) -sin(x+y)
1. sin (a - P) 0 cos (a - P) 0 /'(*) = sin (x + a) sin (x + P) sin (x + y)
18. Let A = a sin a0 cos a0 sin (P - y) sin (y-a) sin (a - P)
a2 sin (a - P)
p) 0 cos (a - P) 0 cos (x + a) cos (x + P) cos (x + y)
Applying R, —> jR, - R3, then + cos (x + a) cos (x + p) cos (x + y)
1 - a2 ••• (0 0
sin(p-y) sin(y-a) sin(a-P)
sin(x + a) sin(x + p) sin(x + y)
A= a sin a0 cos a0 sin (x + a) sin (x + P) sin (x + y)
sin (P - y) sin (y - a) sin (a - P)
a2 sin(a - P) 0 cos (a - p) 0 cos(x + a) cos(x + P) cos(x + y)
+ cos(x + a) cos(x + P) cos(x + y)
Expanding along Rv then
sin(P-y) sin(y-a) sin(a-P)
sin a0 cos a0
A=(l-a2) = 0+0 [•.■ R, and R 2 are identical]
sin (a - P) 0 cos (a - p) 0
=0
= (1 - a2) [sin a0 • cos (a - P) 0 - cos a0 sin (a - P) 0] .-./(x) = c [constant]
= (1 - a2) sin (a0 - a0 + p0) = (1 — a2) sin P0 Now, /(0) - 2/((|)) + /(y) = c - 2c + c = 0
1 1 1
f(x) g(x) ft(x) 21. LetA = a b C
4 3 2
19. Let F(x) = abc = mx + nx + rx +sx+ t a3 b3 c3 1 1 1
P 9 r a b c
...(i) Taking a, b, c common from Cp C2, C3, then = abc 1 1 1
On differentiating twice and thrice of Eq. (i) w.r.t.x, then a2 b2 cJ
f"(x) g*(x) h"(x) On multiplying in R j by abc, then
F"(x) = a b c
be ca ab 1 1 1
P 9 r
A= 1 1 1 be ca ab [K, hR:]
= 12mx2 + 6nx + 2r ...(ii) 2J,2z.2
abc b2 a2 b2 c2

f"'(x) g"'(x) h"'(x) 1 1 1

F"'(x) = abc = 24mx + 6n (iii) a2 b2 C2 [fl2 +» R J
P 9 r be ca ab

On putting x = 0 in Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get = (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) (a + b + c)

1 1 1
/"(0) g"(0) h"(0)
Now, D = (x-a)2 (x-6)2 (x-c)2
abc = 2r -(iv)
(x-b)(x-c) (x-c)(x-a) (x-a)(x-b)
P 9 r
= (b -a)(c - b) (a - c) (3x - a - b - c)
f"(0) g"(0) h"(0) Now, given that a, b andc are all different, then D = 0
and a b c = 6n (v) 3x -a - b - c = 0
P 9 r 1 ,
x = - (a + b + c)
 Chap 07 Determinants 583

22. Given, determinant Similarly, /[/(x)] - x<0, VxgR

2a (be - 4a2) - b (b2 - 2ac) + c (2ab - c2) = 0 Thus, roots of the equation f[f(x)] - x = 0 are imaginary
=> - [(2a)3 + b3 + c3 -3-2a b-c] = 0 2 a 8
Let z= p 0 a
=» l(2a + b + c) [(2a-&)2 + (t-c)1+(c-2a)2] = 0
Y P 1
=> 2a + b + c = 0 ...(i) [v b * c ]
2 a 8 2 ? y 2 a 8
Let /(x) = 8ax3 + 2bx2 + ex + d
Then, z= p 0 a = a 0 P p 0 a =z
r fl
/(0) = d and. for (-| =a + - + - + d = 2a + b + c + d Y P 1 6 a 1 Y P 1
' '' ' 12
\2J 2 2 2
Hence, z is purely real.
=~+d=d [from Eq. (i)] 25. For infinitely many solutions
2
A = Aj = A2 = A3 = 0
2-11
-1
So, /(x) satisfies Rolle's theorem and hence f'(x) = 0 has A = 0 => 1 -2 1 = 0 => t = 5
1* t -1 2
atleast one root in 0, - .
. '2. ‘
For t = 5, A, = A2 = A3 = 0
x3 + 1 x2z r-2t f-10 f-5 f-io
Now, f /(x) dx = [ /(x) dx = J /(x) dx + J /(x) dx
23. Given, xy2 y3 + 1 y2* = 11 J0 JO JO J-5
e-10 f-10
xz2 y*2 z3 + 1 = J s /(x + 5)dx+J_s f(x)dx
Taking x, y, z common from Q, C2, C3 respectively, then f-10
x3+l
= J_5 [/(x + 5)+ f(x)]dx
x2 x2
x f-10
= J 5 2dx = 2(-10 + 5)
y3 4-1
=> xyz y2 y2 = 11
y = -10 = -2t
z3 + 1 26. On putting x = 0, we get a0 = 1
z2 z2
z
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x and putting x = 0, we get
On multiplying R , by x, R2 by y and R3 by z, we get
a, =4a
x3+ 1 x3 x3
On differentiating again w.r.t. x and putting x = 0, we get
=> y3 y3+l y3 = 11
2a2 = 12a2 + 8b
z3 z3 z3+l
or a2 =6a2 + 4b
Applying R] Rj + R2 + R3, then
ai a, a2
x3 + y3 + z3 + l x3 + y3+z3 + 1 x3+y3+z3+l
Also, given a0 a2 a0 = 0
y’ y3 + 1 = 11
a2 a0 al
z3 z3 z3 + l
-(a3 + a3 + a 2 3a 0O] a2) — 0
Applying C2 -» C2 - Cj and C3 -> C3 - Q, then
1 2 2
x3 + y3 + z3 + l 0 0 -(a0 + a, + a2)[(a0-a1) +(a!-a2)
+ (a2“ao)2l = 0
y3 1 0 = 11
z3 0 a0 + a, + a2 * 0
■ 1
(a o — a J + (a j — a 2) + (a 2 — a 0) =0
=> x3 + y 3* + z 3s + 1 = 11
=> a0-a!=0,0^00 = 0, a2-a0 = 0
=> x3 + y3 + z3=10 a0 = a, = a,
Therefore, the ordered triplets are (2,1,1), (1,2,1) and (1,1,2).
=> 1 = 4a =6a2 + 4b
24. v /(x) - x = 0 has imaginary roots.
1 □ l 5
Then, f(x) - x > 0 or /(x) - x, 0, V x e R => a = - and b = —
4 32
for f(x) - x > 0, V x 6 R, 27. v /(x) = log10 x and g(x) = e xix
then Ox)]-/(x)>0,VxeR
/(10) = log,010 = l
On adding, we get
/[/(x)] -x>0, VxeR and gdO) = e10x(=(-l),0 = l
584 Textbook of Algebra

/(10!) = log,0102=2 => (cos 0 - 3) (2 + cos 0) = 0

and g(102) = e1“"'=(-l)'00 = 1 cos0 = 3,-2, where —2 is neglected.
X -1 cos 0
/(10’) = loglo10’=3
Hence, 3 1 2 > 0 only trivial solution is possiHe-
and =1
cos 0 1 2
f(x)g(x) [/(x)]«("> 1
a2 + x2 ab ac
Given. <j>(x) = /(x2)-g(x!) [/(x2)]2<’!| 0 31. v A = ab b2 + x2 be
/(x’)g(x2) [/(xJ)]«<’’> 1 ac be c2 + x2
fWgW [/(10)]",0) 1 Taking a, b, c common from Rp R 2> R 3 respectively, then
4.(10)= y<io2) g(io2) [/(io2)]!l,°!) 0 a 2 + x2
b c
/(102)-g(10s) [/(IO3)]2""’’ 1 a
b2+x2
1 1 1 A = abc a c
b
2 2 0 =0 z.2 . „2
C + X
a b
3 3 1 c
2x
1 (a -a"2x)2 (aZx + a -2X)2 On multiplying in Cp C2, C3 by a, b, c respectively, then
(P2X + P-2X'2
2_)2
28. LetA = 1 (P2z-0 a2 + x2 b2 c2
1 (Y2x - Y-2x^2 (Y2x + Y,-2x)2 A= a2 b 2 + x2 c2
1 (a2x -a"2x)2Z 4 a2 b2 • c2 + x2
Applying C3 —> C3 - C2, then A = 1 (p2x - pr2x )2 4 =0 Now, applying Q —> + C2 + C3, then
1 (y2x - Y,-2xj2 4 x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2
29. The given equations can be written as A = x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 + x2 c2
(a-1) x-y-z = Q, x2 +a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2 + X 2
-x + (b-l)y-z=0
Applying R2 -> R2 - Rj and R3 -> R3 - Rp then
and -x-y + (c-l)z = 0
x2 + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2
For non-trivial solution
a-1 -1 -1 A= 0 x2 0
-1 b-1 -1 = 0 0 0 x2
-1 -1 c-1 = x4 (x2 + a2 + b2 + c2)
Applying C\ —> C\ - C3 and C2 -> C2 - C3, then /6 2i 3 + 76
a 0 -1 32. LetA = T2 73 + 78 i 3^2 + 76 i
0 b -1 =0 Ti 7z + 712 i 727 + 2i
-c —c c-1
Applying R2 —> R 2 - 72 Rj and R 3 -> R 3 - 73 Rv then
Expanding along Rv then
=> a (be - b - c) - 0 — 1 (0 + be) = 0 76 ••• 2i ••• 3 + 76
=> ab + be + ca = abc
X -1 COS0 A= 0 3 -2^3 + 6i
30. For non-trivial solution 3 1 2 =0
cos 0 1 2 0 2 -3V2 + 2i
Applying R 3 —> R3 - R2, then Expanding along Cv we get
X -1 cos 0 73 -2^3 + -J6i
= V6
y[i -372+21
3 1 2 .= 0
= V6 [- 3^6 + 2173 + 2^6 - 21^3 ]

0 0
= 76 (- 76) =-6 [real and ration^
cos 0-3 •••
n
Expanding along R 3, then 33. X2*"1 = 1 + 2 + 2Z + ... + 2" = 2" -1
=> (cos 0 - 3) (- 2 - cos 0) = 0 k=l
 Chap 07 Determinants 585

i.e. a, b and c are in GP and (x - a) is a factor of

£—— = yn fl
11 —lr 4._
It
1
1 ax2 + 2bx + c = 0.
fc=l
k k+ 1
2 cosx 1 0
1 1 n
=—
1 n+1 n+1 35. v /(x) = 1 2 cosx 1
0 1 2 cosx
n sin = 2 cosx (4 cos,22x - 1) - 1 (2cosx - 0) + 0
2
and £sinfc0 = —
0 = 2 cosx(4 cos2x - 1-1)
k=l sin
2 = 4 cosx(2cos2x -1)
= 4 cosx cos 2x
2*’1 1
sink© = 2(cos3x+ cosx)
Jt(fc +1)
Option (a)
x y 2
7t | , 1
Given, I\ =
n
sin
n + l']
2 J
'(?)■ 2 f cos —
31t
3
+ cos— =2-1 + -
3 2
7t
= -1

2n -1
n+1 0 Option (b)
sin
2 f\x) = 2 (- 3 sin 3x - sin x)
. n
- 3 sin K - sm — '3

n 1
n
3. i 2j
^sin fc0
y~*—
t=i Option (c)

J /(x) dx = 2 £ (cos3x + cos x) dx = 2 sin3x + sin x

n X
2
x y
. (n + 1V. (n0^ 3 o
k=l n sin ------ 0 sin —
2n -1 I 2 J \2/ = 2[(0 + 0)-(0 + 0)]= 0
n+1
fPi Option (d)
sin
2j j /(x) dx = 2 J (cos3x + cos x) dx = 4 £ (cos 3x + cos x) dx

n
sin
n+1
2
0 sing) =0 [from option (c)]
2" -1 x2-5x + 3 2x-5 3
n+1
sin -I 36- vA(x) = 3x3 + x+ 4 6x+ 1 9
2j
x 2 =0 7x2-6x + 9 14x-6 21
y
n + 1^Q . (
sin ------ 0 sin — Applying R2 —» R2 - 3K, and R3 —> R 3 - 7Rl, then
n 2 )
2" -1
n+1 x2-5x +3 — 2x-5 — 3
sin
2)

a b aa + b 16x-5 16 0
34. We have, b c ba + c = 0
aa + b ba + c 0 29x -12 29 0

Applying C3 -> C3 - aCj - C2, then 16x-5 16

Expanding along C3, we get = 3
a b 0 29X-12 29

Applying C, -+ C\ - xC2, then

b c 0 =0
-5 16
A(x)=3 = 3(- 145 + 192) =3X47
-12 29
aa + b ••• ba + c -(aa2 + 2ba + c)
= 141 = ax3 + bx2 + ex + d [given]
Expanding along C3, we get
- (aa2 + 2ba + c) (ac - b2) = 0 /. a - 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 141
=> (aa2 + 2ba + c) (b2 - ac) = 0 a2 bsinA csinA
=> b2 - ac = 0 and aa2 + 2ba + c = 0 37. vA = bsinA 1 cos A
csinA cos A 1
586 Textbook of Algebra

Taking common a from each and C,, then sec2x o i

b sinA csin A
i
a a 1 sinB sinC
b sin A f(*) = cos2x cos22 x-cos4 X •• cosec2x
A= 1 cos A sinB 1 cos A
a
c sin A sinC cos A 1 1 0 cot2x
cos A 1
a
Expanding along C2, then
[ by sine rule] sec22x 1
Applying C2 -» C2 -sinBCj and C3 —> C3 -sinCCp then f(x) = sin2 x cos,22 x
1 cot2x
1 0 0
= sin2 x cos2 x (cosec2 x -1)

A = sinB 1 - sin2 B = sin2 x cos2 x cot2 x = cos4 x

cosA-sinB sinC
option (a)
fn/4 ~ fjt/4 4 K/4
rn'
sinC cos A -sinB sinC 1 -sin2C f f(x) dx = J-
f k/4 cos xdx = 2 cos4 xdx
J-n/4J Jo
Expanding along Rv then 2
-2 fn/4 f1 + C0S dx
cos2B
cos [tc - (B + C)] I 2
A= - sin B sin C 2
1 flt/2 1 + cosx
cos [n - (B + C)] - sin B sin C cos2C =2 x
2 Jo I dx
2
(v A + B + C = 7i ] 1 f!t/2 ,
=— (1 + 2 cos x + cos x) dx
cos2B - cos (B + C) - sin B sin C 4 Jo

- cos (B + C) - sin B sin C cos2C 1 r| n/2 1 ■ dx + 1 rK/2

=-
1 pK'2 2
cos xdx
J
- cos x ax + -
4 Jo 2 J0 4 Jo
cos2B - cosB cosC _£ (71 /].!/'■
---- 0 + - (sin x)
x’t/2 1 1 7C
- cos B cos C cos2C " 4 <2 J 2 0 4 2 2
= cos2 B cos2 C - cos2 B cos2 C = 0 1 . 7t 1 .
= — + - (1 - 0) + — = — (2n + 8 + 7t) = — (371 + 8)
8 22 ’ ' 16 16 16
a a2 0
option (b)
38. v f(a, b) = 1 (2a + b) (a + b)2
f'(x) = 4 cos3 x • (- sin x)
0 1 (2a + 3b)

Applying C2 -> C2 - aC^, then ■ 4D- 0

a 0 0 option (c) and (d)

0 < cos4 x < 1
ffrb) = 1 (a + b) (a + b)2 v Maximum value of f(x) is 1.
and minimum value of f(x) is 0.
0 1 (2a + 3b) a a + x2 a + x2 + x*
40. Let A = 2a 3a + 2x2 4a + 3x2 + 2x4
Expanding along Rv then
3a 6a + 3x2 10a + 6x2 + 3x4
(a + b) (a + b) 2
f(a,b) = a Applying R2 R2 - 2R} and R3 -> R3 - 3 jRpthen
1 (2a + 3b)
a a + x2 a + x2 + x4
1 (a + b) A= 0 a 2a + x2
= a (a + b)
1 (2a + 3b) 0 7a + 3x2
3a
= a (a + b) (2a + 3b - a - b) Applying R 3 -> R 3 - 3R 2, then
= a (a + b)(a + 2b) a a + x2 a + x2 + x4
sec2x 1 1 A= 0 a 2a + x2
39. ' f(x) = cos2x cos2x cosec2 x 0 0 a
1 cos2x cot2x
= a3 = a0 + a, x + a2 x + a3x3 + a4 x4 + a5 x5
2

Applying C2 -> C2 - cos2 x Cp then + a6 x6 + a-fX1 [give:

 Chap 07 Determinants 587

a0 = a3, a} = 0, a2 = 0, a3 = 0, a4 = 0, a5 = 0, a6 = 0, a7 = 0 Applying C3-» C, -xC2, then

and f(x) = aox2 + a3x + a6 = a3x2 3 0 2a2
= 3x 2a2 2a 2x
option (a)/(x) > 0 => a3x2 > 0
3x2 + 2a2 4a2x 2a2x2 + 2a4
If a3 > 0, then x2 > 0
3 0 i
a > 0, x G R
= 4a* 3x 1 x
option (b) If a = 0, then f(x) = 0
and If x = 0, then /(x) = 0 3x2 + 2a 2 2x x2 + a2
Aliter (b) is fail Applying C, -> C, - 3 C3, then
option (c) f(x) = 0 0 0 1
=> a3x2 = 0 or x.22 = 0

x = 0, 0 f(x) = 4a4 0 1 x
option (d) For a = 0, f(x) = 0 is an identity, then it has more
than two roots. 2 x2 + a2
-a” ••• 2x •••
4x-4 (x-2)2 x3
Expanding along Cp we get
41. Let A(x)= 8X-4V2 (x-2a/2)2 (x+1),3:
= 4a* [-a2 (0-1)]= 4a6
12x-4n/3 (x-2J5)2 (x-1)3
f'(x) = 0
= a0 + OjX + a2x2 +........ (i) i.e. y = f(x) is a straight Line parallel to X-axis.
On putting x = 0 in Eq. (i), then 43. v a>b>c and given equations are
-4 4 0 ax + by + cz = 0,
-4^2 1 ~ ao 8 bx + cy + az - 0
-4yfi 12 -1 and ex + ay + bz = 0

or a0 = - 4 (- 8 - 12) - 4 (4^2 + 4^3) For non-trivial solution

a b c
= 16 (5 - -Ji - -Ji) = term independent of x in A
b c a =0
Also, on differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x and then put x = 0, we cab
get
3abc - (a3 + b3 + c3) — 0
4 -4 0 -4 4 0
-4^2 a+ b+ c=0
8 1 + 8 -4^2 3
If a andp be the roots of at2 + bt + c = 0
-4^3 12 -1 -4^3 12 -1

-4 4 0 a + P = - - and ap = -
a a
+ -4>/2 8 1 and D = b2 - 4ac =(- a - c)2 - 4ac = (a -c)2 > 0
12 -4>5 3
For opposite sign | a - p | > 0
= 4(-8-12) + 4(4>/2 + 4^3) (a - P)2 > 0 => (a + P)z - 4ap > 0

-4(4a/2 -36)-4(-8 + 12^) b2 4c „ . x2

=> —------>0 => (— a — c) — 4ac > 0
- 4 (24 + 4>/3) - 4 (- 12^2 - 12) a a
(a - c)2 > 0, true
= 48 + 48-72 - 48^3 = 48 (1 + 72 - V3)
Hence, the roots are real and have opposite sign.
= Coefficient of x in A(x) 1 1 1
3 3x 3x2 + 2a2 44. Here, A - 1 3 2 = 1(9-21) - 1 (3 — 2) + 1 (X-3)
«• /«= 3x 3x2 + 2a2 3x3 + 6a 2x 1 X 3
3x2 + 2a2 • .3J +
3x z-2zx 3x4 + 12a2x2 + 2a 4
_i_ 6a
= -(X-5)
Applying C3 -> C3 - xC2 and C2 -> C2 - x Cp then 3 1 1

3 0 2a2 A,= 6 3 2 = 3(9 - 2X) -1 (18 - 2b) + 1 (6X - 3b)

b X 3
f& = 3x 2a22
2a 4a 2x
3x2 + 2a2 4a2x 6a2x2 + 2a* = -(b-9)
588 Textbook of Algebra

1 3 1 47. The system is good, if

a2 - 1 6 2 =1 A = Aj = A2 = A3 = 0
1 b 3 => X = 5 and p = 13
(18 - 2b) - 3 (3 - 2) + 1 (b - 6) = - (b - 9) 48. The system is lazy, if
1 1 3 A = 0 and atleast one of Ap A2, A3 0
and A3 = 1 3 6 =1 => X = 5 and p 13
Sol. (Q. Nos. 49 to 51)
1 X b 2
bc-a2 ca-b2 ab-c2 a b C
(3fe-6X)-l(fe-6) + 3(X-3)=(2fe-3X-3)
Aliter (a) for unique solution A 0
v ca-b2 ab-c2 bc-a2 b c a 4)
i.e. X*5,b eR ab-c2 bc-a2 ca-b2 c a b
Aliter (b) for no solution For a = 1, b = x and c = x.2
D = 0 and atleast one of Ap A2, A3 is non-zero 4
2
X2
X=5,b*9 x3 — 1 0 x-x 1 X

x-x4 x3-l X2 1
Aliter (c) For infinite many solution 0 X

x-x4 x3-l 0 X2 1 X
A = Aj=A2=A3 = 0
X=5,b=9 A=52=25
45. For non-trivial solutions 49. v A2 =(25)2 =625
X sina cosa Sum of digits of A2 = 6 + 2 + 5 = 13
1 cosa sin a =0 50. From Eq. (i), we get
-1 sina - cosa A B C a b c
2

Expanding along Cj, we get B C A b c a

=> X (- cos2a -sin2a) -1 (- sina cosa - sina cosa) C A B c a b
2
-1 (sin2a - cos2a) = 0 a b c
=> - X + sin2a + cos 2a = 0 49 = b c a

X = (sin 2a + cos 2a) c a b

-Ji < sin2a + cos2a < Ji a b c

q b c a = ±7
-Ji<\<Ji c a b
s = [— Ji, Ji] => -(a3 + b3 + c3-3abc) = ±7
So/. (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) => a3 + b3 + c3-3abc = +7
1 1 1 a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc =7 [va + b+c>C]
A= 1 2 3 = (X—5), a b c
1 3 X 51. •/ aA + bB + cC = b c a = -(a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc)

5 i 1 c a b

A,= 9 2 3 = (X + p-18), = 4-3) = 3

p 3 X Sol. (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
v a,+ P + y = -2,ap + pY+ Y^ =-landaPy = 3
1 5 1
a p y a P Y
A2 - 1 9 3 = (4X-2p + 6)
52. Y a P p Y a =a3 + p3 + y3-3a0Y
1 p X
1 1 5
P Y a Y a P
= (a + p + y)(a2 + p2 + y2 -ap -Py-ya)
and A3 = 1 2 9 = (H-13)
1 3 p - (a + p + y)[(a + p + Y)2 -3(a0+PY+7°)!
= (-2)(4-9) = 10
46. The system is smart, if
a-1 2x+l
A £ 0 => X # 5 53. Let x = ------ =>a =--------
a+2 1-x
or A = A; = A2 = A3 = 0
a is a root of x3 + 2x2 - x-3 = 0
X = 5 and p = 13 a3 + 2a2-a-3 = 0
=>
 Chap 07 Determinants 589

2x+l
3
2x + l 2x+l 55. •■•/(2) + /(3) = [i-y + 2] + ^ 15 ]
=> -3 = 0 ---- + 2=1
+2 V4 4 J \4 4 J
1-x 1-x 1-x
--
x3 + 6x.22 + 21x-l x2 5x
=> =0 ...(i) 56. f(x) +1 = 0 => -------- + 3 = 0
4 4
Hence, ———- and ——- are the roots of Eq. (i), then „ 25 o 23 „
a+2 P+2 y+2 D=----- 3 =----- <0
16 16
a-1 + £P-1
------ — + -iy
—-1 = -6
:. Number of solutions = 0
a+2 P+2 y+2
25-2
--------- p-1 4.--------
a-1 1--------- y-1 — — m
6 =— 16 _7_
a+2 p+1 y+2 1 n 57. Minimum value of f(x) = -—
4a 1 16
m = 6 and n = 1, f7 1
Hence, range of /(x) is —, °° I
m 6 1 n2
then = 42-5 =37
m-n m + n 5 7 Sol. (Q. Nos. 58 to 60)
2 Put x = 1 on both sides, we get
a b 5 a p y
1 1 0
54. v 5 a 5 = p y a =(a3 + p3 + Y3-3apy),2
1 1 0 = a0 => 0 = aQ
b b a Yap
tanl sin2l cos2l
= (a + p + Y)2[(a + p + Y)z -Xap + PY+ 7«)]i2:
we observe that
= (-2)2[(-2)2 + 3]z = 4 X 49 = 196 =/'(!)
Sol. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57) x e (X-1)3
,2
2ax 2ax-l 2ax +5 + 1 where f(x) = x-lnx cos(x-l) (x-1)
V /'« = 5 5+1 -1 tan x sin22xx
sin cos* x
2(ax+5) 2ax + 25 + 1 2ax+ 5
1 e 3(x-l)2
Applying C2 —> C2 - and C3 -> C3 - Q, then 2

2ax -1 5+1
r(x)= x-lnx cos(x-l) (x-1)
tanx sin2 x cos2 x
/'(x) = 5 1 -1-5
2ax + 25 1 -5 X e (x-1)3

Applying R3 -> P3 - , then -sin(x-1) 2(x-l)

x
2ax -1 5+1 tanx sin2 x cos2x
f'M = 5 1 -1-5 ex-! ( ,3
x (x-1)
25 2 -25-1
+ x-lnx cos(x-l) I(x-1)2
Applying R3 -+ R3 -2R2, then sec2x sin2x -sin2x
2ax -1 5+1
1
1
1 0
0
I1
+ 0
1
0
0
0
/'(!) = 1
rw= 5 1 -1-5 =>
tanl sin2l cos‘l
2
tanl sin2l cos 1
2

0 ••• 0 1 1 1 0
+ 1 1 0
=> /(x)=(2ax+5)
sec21 sin 2 -sin 2
_f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
=0+0+0=0
/(0) = 2 => c = 2 ...(0
and /(l) = l=^a + 5 + 2 = l=>a + 5 = -l at = 0

f| - | = 0 5a + 5 = 0 58. cos l(a1) = cos"1(0) = y

Also, -(iii)
59. Let P = lim(sinx)x= lim(sinx)
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get x-»a0 x~*0
1 5
j .
a = — and 5 = — .’. Inp = limxlnsinx
4 4 x—»0 (form (0 x oo)]
x2 5x .. Insinx cotx
Z(x) = y-y + 2 = lim-------- = hm------ [ by L' Hospital's Rule]
4 4 x-»o Yx *->o-Yx
590 Textbook of Algebra

x2 ^a2b = a2b + a2c + b2a + b2c + c2a + c2b

= -lim ----- = -1X0 = 0
x-»o tanx
= (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)-iabc
P = e° = 1
= 3p-3r
60. Required Equation is = 6-j2-3r
(x-ao)(x-ai) = O
[•/ (a + b + c)2 = a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc+ ca)]
(x —0)(x —0) = 0
= 3(2^2-r) [.-.p2=8=»p=?/i
x2 =0
Sol. (Q. Nos. 61 to 63) Sol. (Q. Nos. 64 to 66)
Multiplying R1(R2,R3 by a,b,c respectively and then taking a,b,c Taking a,b,c common from R],R2,R3 respectively and then
common from Cj,C2,C3, multiplying by a,b,c is CVC2,C3 respectively, we get
we get a2 + n b2 c2
-be ab + ac ac+ab a2 b2 + n c2
A = ab + be -ac bc + ab a2 b2 c2 + n
ac + be bc + ac -ab
Applying Gj —> + C2 + C3, then
Applying C2 —> C2 -Q and C3 —> C3 -Cj and then taking n + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 e2
(ab + bc + ca) from C2 and C3, we get
An = n + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 + n e2
-be 1 1
n + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2 + n
A = (ab + be + ca)2 ab + be -1 0
ac + bc 0 -1 Applying R2 —> R2 - R, and R3 —» R3 - R,, then

n + a2 + b2 + c2 b2 c2
• Applying RI —> Rj + R2 + R3, we get
ab + bc + ca ••• 0 0 n 0
An = 0

= (ab + bc + ca)2 ab + bc -1 0
0 0 n
An =n 3 + n2(a2 + b2 + c2) -4
ac+ be 0 -1
Also, a + b + c = X
-1 0
= (ab + bc + ca)3 = (ab + bc + ca) .3
3b = X [va.b.careinAP:
0 -1
b=*
Also, a,b and c are the roots of 3
x3-px2+ qx-r = 0 Also, bis root of x3-Xx2 + llx-6 = 0
a + b + c = p,ab + bc + ca =q,abc = r => b3-Xb2 + lib—6 = 0
=> A = q3 ...(i) X3 X3 11X z n
=> ---------- + 6=0
61. v AM > GM 27 9------3
( ab + bc + ca => 2X3 -99X + 162 = 0
=> >(ab-bc-ca)xl3
3 X=6
Then, equation becomes x3 -6x2 + llx-6 = 0
-S(r.2x1/3
!y => q3> 27r2
3 x = 1,2,3
or A ^21 f2 Let a = 1, b =2andc =3
[from Eq. (i)] From Eq. (i), we get
62. v a,b and c are in GP.
An = n3 + 14n2
mb2 = ac => b3 = abc = r =$ b - rx'3
n
and b is a root of x3 -px2 + qx-r = 0 n(n + l)(3n2 + 59n + 28)
12
=3 b3 -pb2 + qb-r = 0 n=l

7
r~pr 2,3 + qrI,3-r = 0 7-8(147 + 59-7 + 28)
64. £Ar = = (14)3
=> p3r2=q3r 12

9? = p3r 65. =
63. v A=27=>q3=27 An (n +14)
^<8
9=3
ab + be + ca = 3 and a2 + b2 + c2 =2 Afl
or
 Chap 07 Determinants 591

66. 7 Ar = r3 4- 14r2 x e‘ • (x-1)3

27 Ar-A.j,=28 69. We have, x -Inx cos(x-1) (x-1)2
27r2 3 tanx sin2x cos2x
30
^(27A r-A.—) = —X30 =280
=> = a0 4- (x -1) 4- a2 (x - I)2 4- ...4- a„ (x - 1)'/1 l
—(i)
r=l J 3
On putting x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
32 + k 42 32 4- 3 4- k 1 1 0
67. We have, 42 + k 52 42 4- 4 4- k = 0 1 1 0 = a0 + 0 + 0 +...
2
52 + k 62 52 4- 5 4- k tan 1 sin2l COS 1

Applying C3 -» C3 - Q, then a0 = 0 [■.• Rt and R2 an identical]

On differentiating Eq. (i) both sides w.r.t.x, then
32 4- k 42 3
1 ex'* 3 (x-1)2
42 4- k 52 4 =0
x-lnx cos(x-1) (x-1)2
52 4- k 62 5
tanx sin2x cos2x
Applying R2 -> R2 - P, and R3 -» R 3 - Rv then ex“*
x (x-1)3
94- k 16 3
4- 1-1 -sin(x-l) 2(x-l)
7 9 1 =0 X.
16 20 2 tanx sin2x cos2x
X e-x-1* (x-1)3
(9 4- k) (18 - 20) - 16 (14 - 16) 4- 3 (140 -144) = 0
4- x -Inx cos(x-1) (x-1)2
=> -18 -2k 4-32 -12 = 0 =>2fc = 2
sec2x sin2x -sin2x
k=l
,2
1 1 1 = 0 4- Oj 4- 2a2 (x -1) 4- 3a, (x - 1) + ... + nan (x-1)"’*
Now, V2fc7A^Z« = (2t)2+4 + 8+“+'’
Now, on putting x = 1, we get
1 1 0 1 1 0
1
2
1 1 0 + 0 0 0
= (2*)
'rl 2 =2* =2 =2 tan 1 sin2l cos2l tanl sin2l COS21

x-1 -6 2 1 1 0
68. We have, -6 x-2 -4 =0 + 1 1 0
2
2 -4 x-6 sec 1 !sin 2 -sin 2
Applying C2 -> C2 4- 3 C3, then = al 4- 0 4- 0 4- ...4- 0
Ui =0 4- 0 4- 0 = 0
x-1 0 2
Hence,(2°° 4-3a>)“’ +1 = (2° 4- 3°)0 +1 = (14-1)* =2* =2
-6 x-14 -4 =0
2 3x-22 x-6 1 cos a COSp 0 cosa COsP
Expanding along 7?]( then 70. Given, cos a 1 cos y cosa 0 cos y

(x-1) {(x-14) (x — 6) 4- 4 (3x - 22)} - 0 4-2 cos P cos Y 1 cos p cos y 0

{-18x4-132-2x4-2} = 0 1 (1 - cos2 y) - cos a (cos a - cos p cos y)

=> (x -1)(x2 -8x - 4) 4- 2 (- 20x4- 160) = 0 4- cos p (cos y cos a - cos P)

=> x3 - 9x2 - 36x 4- 324 = 0 = 0 -cosa (0 - cosP cosy)+ C0SP (cosy cosa - 0)
=> 1 - cos2 a - cos2 P - cos2 y
=* (x-9)(x-6)(x4-6) = 0
x = 9 or 6 or -6 4- 2 cos a cos p cos y = 2 cos a cos P cos y
Now, let a = 9, p = 6, y = - 6 => 1 - cos2 a - cos2p - cos2 y = 0
1 11111 1 Hence, cos2a + cos2p 4- cos2y = 1
.'. — 4- — 4- — = —I-— — —
a P y 9 6 6 9
(h + c)2 a2 a2
-i
fl— 4-—if
4-— =9 71. -.•f(a,b.c) = b2 (c 4- a)2 b2
l<x P Y. c2 c2 (o + by.2
592 Textbook of Algebra

Applying C2 —> C2 - C, and C3 —» C3 - Cp then e=— [V0 6 [0, J»]]

(b + c)2 -(b + c)2 -(b
a22~(b a2 + c)2 4

b2 (c + a)2 - b2 Hence, »®=6

/(a, b, c) = 0
n
c2 0 (a + b)2 - c,2
1 1 1 1
(fe + c)2 (a + b + c) (a - b - c) (a + b + c) (a - b - c) 1 2 3 4
73. Let A=
b2 (c + a + b) (c + a - b) 0 1 3 6 10

c2 0 (a + b + c) (a + b - c) 1 4 10 20
Applying R2 -» R2 - R p R3 —> R3 - R j and R4 Ri-Rl, then
(b + c)2 a -b-c a -b -c
1 1 1 - 1
= (a + b + c) 2 b2 c+a-b 0
c2 0 a + b-c
0 1 2 3
Applying R}—> Rx -(R2 + R3), then
2bc -2c -2b A=
0 2 5 9
f (a, b, c) = (a + b + c)2 b2 c+ a-b 0
c2 0 a+ b-c
0 3 9 19
1 1 _ .
Applying C, —> C2 + — Q and C3 —> C3 + - Cp then
b c 1 2 3
2bc ••• 0 0 Expanding along Cp then A = 2 5 9
3 9 19

f (a, b, c)=(a + b + c)2 b2

£ 1 2 3
c
Applying R2 —> R2 - 2R{ and R3 -4 R 3 - 7? p then = 0 1 3
c* o 3 io;
c2 a+b
b 1 3
Expanding along Cp we get A = 1 = 10-9 = 1
Expanding along 7?p then 3 10
f (a, b, c) = (a + b + c)2 [2bc {(c + a) (a + b) - tc}] 1+a 1 1 1
= (a + b + c)2 { 2bc (ac + be + a2 + ab - be)} 1 1+b 1 1
74. Let A =
= 2bc (a + b + c)2 a (a + b + c) 1 1 1
1 1 1 1+d
= 2abc (a + b + c)3
We get, greatest integer n e N such that (a + b + c)" divides Taking a, b, c, d common from K p K 2> R3 andP4 respectively,
then
f(a, b, c) is 3. £
1 1. 1.
72. The system of equations has a non-trivial solution, then 1+-
a a a a
1 - sin 0 - cos 0 £ 1_ 1_
- COS0 1 -1 =0 A = abed b b b
-sin 0 -1 1 1 1 1+1 1
c c c c
Applying C3 —» C3 + C2, then 1 X £ 1
1+-
1 ■ -sin0 -sin0-cos0 d d d d
Applying P1->j?1 + 7?2 + 7?3 + jl?4 and taking
- cos 0 1 0 =0 ( 1 1 1 C
1 + - + - + -H— common, we get
\ abed)
-sin 0 -1 0 * L 4, 1 1 1 1
A = abed 1+-+-+-+-
Expanding along C3, then V abed,
1 1 1 1
(- sin 0 - cos 0) (cos 0 + sin 0) = 0
1 1 1
=> (sin 0 + cos 0)2 = 0 1+-
b b b b
=> sin 0 + cos 0 = 0 1 1 1
1+-
sin 0 = - cos 0 c c c c
=>
J_ 14
tan 0 = - 1
d d d ill
 Chap 07 Determinants 593

Applying C2 —> C2 - Cp C3 -» C3 - C, and C4 -> C4 - Cp then => x-0 + yO + gx + Jy + c+ X = 0 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
* L . (. 1 1 1 C => gx + fy + c + k = Q ...(iv)
A = abed 1+ — + - + - + —
V a 5 c dj
According to the question Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) has unique
1 o o o
1_ solution. So, Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iv) has unique solution,
i o o
b ah g
1 1 0 then h 5 f =0
0
c
J_ g f c+k
0 0 1
d =$ a(bc + bk- f2) - h(ch + hk - fg)+ g (hf - bg)
= abed [1 + - + - + - + -] 1-1-1 => (abc + 2fgh- af2 - bg2 - ch2) = X(h2 - ab)
\ a 5 c d)
= abed + (bed + acd + abd + abc) = a4 + a3 abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2 - ch2
or =x
16 h2 - ab
=—+ =8
1 According to the question, X = 8
1+a 1 1 77. (A) -4 ( p, r); (B) -> (p, r); (C) -4 (p, q, s, t)
75. Given, 1 + 5 1 + 25 1 =0
(A) Using a2 + b2 + c2 = 0, we get
1 + c 1 + c 1 + 3c
Taking a, 5, c common from R ? R 2 and R 3 respectively, then bi2 +, c„2 ab ac -a2 ab ac
1. A= ab c„2 + z.2
J. a be ab -b2 be
1+1 1_ a be a2 + b2 ac be -c2
a a ac
abc
1+i 2+l 5
=0 -a
= abc b -b
a a
b
1+- 1+- 3+-
c c c c c
( 1 1 1
Applying R, -> R t + R2 + R3 and taking 3 + - + - + - [taking a, b, c common from Cp C2, C3 respectively]
a 5 c.
common, we get Applying C2 —> C2 + C, and C3 —> C3 + Cp then
1 1 1 -a ... 0 ... 0
.rill
abc 3 + - + - + -
\ a b c. I+i 2+i b
=0
A =abc b 0 2b
1+- 1+- 3+-
c c c
c 2c 0
Applying C2 -> C2 - C, and C3 -> C3 - Q, then
1 0 — 0 = (abc) (-a) (-4 5c) = 4a2 52 c',2

X=4
L L 1 1 1
abc 3 + - + - + -
1+1. 1 -1 = 0 a a+b a+b+c
V a b c. 2
(B) Let A = 2a 5a + 2b la + 5b + 2c
1+1 0 2 3a 7a + 35 9a + 75 + 3c
c
Expanding along Rp we get Applying R2 -> R2 -2Rj and R3 —> R3 -3RP then
, f|3 + -1 + -1 + -1 = 0
„2 abc a ••• a + b ••• a + 5 + c
V a 5 c)
a * 0, 5 * 0, c 0 A= 0 3a 5a+ 35

- + - + - = -3 or |a-1+ 5-1+ c-1|=3

a 5 c 0 4a 6a + 4b
76. Given equations 3a 5a+ 35
ax + hy + g = 0, ...(i) = aI
4a 6a + 45
hx + by + f = 0 —(ii) = a(18a2 + 12a5 -20a2 - 12a5)
and ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c + X = 0 ...(iii) =-2a3 =-1024 [given]
Eq. (iii), can be written as => a’=512=83
x(ax + hy + g) + y (hx + by + f) + gx + fy + c + X = 0 a =8
594 Textbook of Algebra

x-1 2xz—5 x3-l

Minimum value of f(x) = -— =
(C) Let A(x) = 2x2 + 5 2x+2 x3 +3
x3-l 3x2—2 Jai-M\36_9

According to the question, 4 4

A(x) = (x2 -1) P(x) + ax + b (C) v f(x) is a polynomial of degree atmost 6 in x.
3 4 5 1
If /(x) = a0 + O]X + a2 x2 + d.3',x +a4x +asx +abx.6
A(l) = a + b and A(-l) = -a + b (ii)
From Eq. (i), we get => X = O] = /'(O)
0 3 0 1 1 0 -2 -2 0 -2 1 0
1 0 1 + -1 0 1 + -1 0 3
A(l) = 7 4 4 = 3(7 - 0) = 21 1 1 8 0 2 8 0 1 12

= -8-12+ 18 =-2
0 2 1 1*1=2
79. (A) -> (r); (B) -> (r, t); (C) —> ( p, q, s)
—2 -3 2
x2 + 3x x-1 x+3
(A) Let f(x) = x2 +1 2 + 3x x-3
and A(-l) = 7 0 2 = 3(7 + 4) = 33
x2-3 x+ 4 3x

-2 0 1 /(x) = ox4 + bx3 + ex2 + dx + e 41)

From Eq. (ii), a + b = 21 and -a + b = 33, 0-1 3

e = /(0) = 1 2 -3 = 0 + 1(0-9) + 3(4 + 6) = 21
we get a = -6, b = 27
-3 4 0
4a + 2b =-24 +54 =30
Dividing both sides of Eq. (i) by x4 i.e., C} by x2, C2 by x
78. (A) -> (p, s, t); (B) -> (r, t); (C) -> ( p, q)
and C3 by x and then taking lim, we get
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A)v A=/](X]) /](x2) )](x3) 1 1 1
fi(2) /i(3) )i(5)
a= 1 3 1 = 1(8) —1(2) +1(—2) = 4
y2(xi) y2(*2) /2(^3) T2(2) /2(3) /2(5)
1 1 3
1 1 1
Hence, e + a = 25
2 + 0] 3 + O] 5 +a,
x-1 5x 7
4 + 2bj + b2 9 + 3bj + b2 25 + 5b] + b2 .3
(B) Let/(x) = x2-l x-1 8 = ax3 + bx2 + ex + d 42
Applying C2 C2 - Q and C3 -> C3 - Q, then
2x 3x 0
1 0 0
1 0 7 -1 5 7

A= 2 + Oj 1 3 c = T(0) = 0 -1 8 + -1 1 8 +
2 .0 0 0 3 0

4 + 2bj + b2 5 + b2 21 + 3b = 2(0 + 7) —3(-8 + 7) + 0 = 17

1 3 Dividing both sides of Eq. (i) by x3 i.e.,Cj by x2,c2byxand
5+A 21 + 3bj taking lim , we get
X—>“

= 21 + 3bj-15-3b]=6 0 5 7
1 ai

(B)v/(x) = 1 b> 20] -x a= 1 1 ... 8 = -1(0-21) = 21

1 2b] - x 01

Applying R2 -+ R2 - R] and R3 -» R3 - Ry then 0 3 0

1 b> Hence, c + a-3 =35
3
x + 4x x+3 x-2
0 0 at-x
(C) Let g(x) = x-2 5x x-1
x-3 x+2 4x
0 t,-x 0
= ax5 + bx* + ex3 + dx2 + ex + f
= —(a, - x)(b, - x) = -x2 + (a1 + b])x-a1 b.
 Chap 07 Determinants 595

f = g(0) = -2
-3
0 3
0
2
-2
-1 = 0-3(0—3)-2(-4 —0) = 17
0
i.e.,
1
-1
-1
0
1
1
-t -1
0
= 0,
0
1
i
= -l,
1
1
-1
1
= 2,

= -2 .’. n =5 => (n-1)2 = 16

4 3 -2 0 1 -2 0 3 1 1 1
and e = g '(0) =■- 1 0 -1 + -2 5 -1 + -2 0 1 (B) There are only three determinants of second order with
1 2 0 -3 1 0 -3 2 4 negative value
0 1 1 1 0 1
= 1-23 + 11 =-11
1 0 ’ 1 0 1 1
Hence, f + e = 17-11 =6
80. (A) -+ (p, q, r); (B) -+ ( p, q, r, s, t); (C) -> (p, q, r, s, t) Number of possible determinants with elements 0 and 1
are 24 = 16. Therefore, number of determinants with
(A) Taking common a, b, c from Rv R2 and R3 respectively and non-negative values is 13.
then multiplying in Cp C2 and C3 by a, b, c respectively, then
n = 13
a + (b2 + c2)d b2(i-d) c2(l-d) => (n-1) = 12
A= n2(l-d) b2+(c2 + a2)d c2(l-d) (C) There are only four determinants of second order with
negative value
b2(l-d) c2 + (a2 + b2)d
-1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1
Applying Cj -» Cj + C2 + C3, then 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1
1 h2(l-d) c2(l-d) n = 4 => n(n + l)=20
A= 1 b2 + (c2 + a2)d c2(l-d) 82. Statement-1
1 h2(l-d) c2 + (a2 + b2)d A(r) = r r+1
= r(r + 4)-(r + 1) (r + 3)
r+3 r+ 4
[v a2 + b2 + c2 =1]
= (rz + 4r) -(r2 + 4r + 3) = -3
Applying R2 -> R2 - and R3 -> R3 - Rv then n n

1 b2(l-d) cXl-df Xd(r) = Z(-3)

= (-3) +(-3) +(-3)+ ... + (-3) = - 3n
A= 0 d 0 = d2
n times
=> Statement-1 is true.
0 0 d Statement-2
[v a2 + b2 + c2 = 1]
/iOO /2(r)
(B) Multiplying C] by a, C2 by b and C3 by c, then
A(r) =
W /4(r)
= f^r) ~ f2(r) fAr)
a b (a + fe)
c c XA(r) = X[/;(r)/4(r)-/2(r)/3(r)]
(b + c) b c r=I r=I
A=—
abc a a a
bd(b + c) bd(a + 2b + c) (a + b)bd =Z [r,wr.<r))-f (A(r)/,w] ...(i)
r=1 r=1
ac ac ac
Applying C, -» C4 + C2 + C3, then

b and
z/.w zw
r=1 r=1
0
c c
b £
ZW LAW
A=— 0 =0 r=l r=l
abc a a
( n n
X ( n W n )
bd(a + 2b + c) (a + b)bd
0
ac ac = Ew Er.w - Zaw Z»
V=i 7 V=i 7 V -1 >
(C) Applying C3 -> C3 - cosd C4 -sind C2 , then
sin a cos a 0 n
r=1 r=1
A = sinb cosh 0 =0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get y A (r) *

sine cose 0
r=l
Z/>w Z/.w
r=1 r=l
8t (A) -+ (p, r); (B) -»( p, q, r, t); (C) -> (p, r, s)
.’. Statement-2 is false.
(A) Possible values are -2, -1, 0,1, 2 and numbering
Hence, Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false.
determinant = 34 =81
596 Textbook of Algebra

fl]X2 2 3
a, + b}x2 + b, ci 86. Here, A= = 8 - 3b,
83. - A= „ , . 2 b 4
a2x2 + b2 C2

a“3 + -22 +
a„ 3x a 3
a3x 2
-t- bx '3 C3 A1 = = 4a -15
5 4
b, q 1 x2 0
(i) 2 a
°2 b2 c2 x x2 1 0 and A2 - = 10-at
b 5
«3 C3 0 0 1
For infinite solutions, A = At = A2 = 0
Statement-1 If A = 0, then
15 j k 8
01 <1 1 x2 0 We get, a = — and b = -
4 3
a2 b2 c2 x x2 1 0 =0
:. Statement-1 is true and if lines O]X + b}y + q = 0
a3 b3 c3 0 0 1
and a2 x + b2y + c2 = 0 are parallel, then
1 x2 0

a2 b2 c2
=> x2 1 0 = 0 => 1 - x4 = 0 or x4 = 1
Statement-2 is true, but in Statement-1
[vx2#-l] 2 3a
0 0 1 —=—=—
b 4 5
Statement-1 is true 3 3 3
— ——■ — 1—
O1 *1 Cl
4 4 4
Now, if o2 b2 c2 = 0, then [ both equation are identical]
03 b3 C3 Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
A=0 [from Eq. (i)]
1 2 3
Statement-2 is also true.
Hence, both the statements are true but Statement-2 is not a
87. •/ 4 5 6 = 1 (0 - 48) - 2 (0 - 42) + 3 (32-35)
correct explanation of Statement-1. 7 8 0
84. Statement-2 is always true for Statement-1 = - 48 + 84-9
( it 7t it = 84-57=27*0
cos = cos ----- x • I -----
= sm n x
4 2 .4 \4 Statement-1 is true.
Also, in given determinant neither two rows or columns are
= - sin I x----
4/ identical, Statement-2 is true, Statement-2 is not a correct
n (it explanation for Statement-1.
cot I —
n + x1 = cot 71
----- x = tan ------- X
88. A88,6B8,86 C are divisible by 72, then A88 = 721,6B8 = 72p
14 J 2 (4 4
■ *0 and 86 C = 721), where 1, |1, v e N.
= - tan x----
,V 4j A 6 8
Also, In -In — 8 B 6
8 8 C
Therefore, determinant given in Statement-1 is skew-symmetric Applying B3 —> /?3 + 10B2 + 100Bv then
and hence its value is zero. Hence, both statements are true and
Statement-2 is a correct explanation of Statement-1. A 6 8
(1 + x)11 (1 + x)12 (1 + x)13 8 B 6
85. (1 + x)21 (1 + x)22 (1 + x)23 = 2% + AjX + A2x2 + [let] 100A + 80 + 8 600 + 10B + 8 800 + 60 + c
(1 + x)31 (1 + x)32 (1 + x)33 A 6 8 A 6 8
On differentiating both sides w.r.tx and then put x = 0, we get = 8 B 6 = 72 8 B 6 ..4u

11 12 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 721 72p 72 V X

1 1 1 + 21 22 23 + 1 1 1 = 0 +A, + 0+0+... Now, A88 is also divisible by 9, then

1 1 1 1 1 1 31 32 33 A + 8 + 8 = A + 16is divisible by 9
A =2
0 + 0 + 0 = Aj A, = 0
and 6B8 is also divisible by 9, then 6 + B + 8 = B + 14is
Coefficient of x in /(x) = 0
divisible by 9
Both statements are true, Statement-2 is a correct explanation
B=4
of Statement-1.
 Chap 07 Determinants 597

From Eq. (i), we get 713 + 73 2y[5 75

2 6 8 1 3 4 91. LetA = (15 + 726 5 710
= 72 8 2 6 = 288 4 1 3 = 288 [integer] 3 + 765 715 5
X g V 1 |1 v
73 2^5 75 T5 275 75
Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false. ^15 5 + ^6 5 710
b+c c b
3 715 5 ^65 715 5
89. Let A= c c+ac +a a
Taking common from 1st determinant 75, 75 and 75 from
b a a+b
Applying R j -+ R. -(P 2 + R 3), then Cj, C2 and C3 respectively and taking common from 2nd
0 - 2a -2a
-2a determinant 713, 75 and 75 from Cp C3 and C3 respectively,
+a
A = c c +a a we get
b a a+b
Taking (-2a) common from Rl, then
1 2 1
0 1 1
A=(-2a) c c +a a
1 2 1 5 3 5
b a a+b
= ^x5 5 75 75 +0 [’.• C, and C3 are identical]
Applying C2 -> C2 - C3, then
0 0 1
75 75 75
A=(-2a) c c a 1 2 1
b -b a + b = 5-75 75 75 72
Expanding along Ru we get
75 75 75
c c Applying C2 -> C2 - Q,
A=(-2a)-l- = (-2a)(-2bc) 1 1 1
b -b
then A =573 4$ 0 72
Hence, A = 4abc
0 75
a-b -c 2a 2a
Expanding along C2, then
90. LetA = 2b b - c -a 2b
2c 2c c -a-b A = 573-(-l)
75 72 = -5^3(5-76)
75 75
Since, the answer is (a + b + c)3, we shall try to get (a + b +c).
Applying -> P, + R2 + R3, then
= -2575 + 1575
a + b + c a + b + c a + b+c =1575 -25-75
A= 2b b - c-a 2b 92. Given that, a, b and c are p th, q th and r th terms of HP => -, -
2c 2c c-a-b a b
and - are p th, q th and r th terms of an AP. Let A and D are the
Taking (a + b +c) common from Rv we get c
1 1 1 first term and common difference of AP, then
A = (a + b + c) 2b b-c-a 2b — =A + (p-l)D
a
—(0
2c 2c c-a-b
± = A + (q-l)D -.(ii)
Applying Q -> C2 - Q and C3 -> C3 - Q
1 0 0
A = (a + b + c) 2b -a-b-c 0 -=A + (r-l)D ...(iii)
c
2c 0 -c-a-b Now, given determinant is
[by property, since all elements above J. £ 1
be ca ab
leading diagonal are zero] a b c
A= P 9 r -abc P 9 r
= (a + b + c)-l(-a - b -c)(- c -a - b)
Hence, A = (a + b + c)3 1 1 1 1 1 1
598 Textbook of Algebra

1 1 Expanding along Rt, then

On substituting the values of—, — and - from Eqs. (i), (ii) and
b
aabc sin B - sin A
A=
(iii) in A, then (sin B -sin A) (sin B +sin A +1)
A + (p-1)0 A+ (9-1)0 A + (r-1)0 sin C -sin A
A = abc p q r (sin C -sin A) (sin C +sin A +1)
1 1 1 = (sinB -sinA)(sinC-sinA)
Applying R2 —> Rj -(A - O)/?3 - DR 2,then 1 1
sin B+sin A + lsinC+sinA +1
0 0 0
A = abc P <7 r =0 = (sinB -sin A) (sinC -sin A) (sinC -sin B)
1 1 1 But, given A = 0
3 .'. (sin B - sin A) (sinC -sin A)(sin C -sin B) = 0
-5 3 + 5i - -4i
2 .’. sin B -sin A = 0 or sin C -sin A = 0
93. Let z = 3 -5i 8 4 + 5i or sin C -sin B = 0
’+4i 4 -5i 9 => sin B =sinA or sinC = sin A or sinC=sinB
2 B = A or C = A or C =B
In all the three cases, we will have an isosceles triangle.
-5 3 -5i - + 4i
2 py P/ + P'y PY
Then, z = 3+5i 8 4-5i [i.e., conjugate of z]
96. LetA = y'a y'a' + fa fa'
4 + 5i 9 ap aP' + a'P a'p'
2
3 Taking p'y', y'a' and a'P' common from RVR2 and R3
-5 3 + 5i — 4i
2 respectively, then
3 —5i 8 4 + 51
P.1 P. + l 1
-+4i
2
4 — 5i 9 P' y' • P' Y
y a 1 + a_
[interchanging rows into columns] A = (PY)Ya')(a'P') 1
=> z =z
y' a' f Y a'
a P. a k P 1
Hence, z is purely real. a' p' a' P'
ah + bg g ab + ch
Applying R2 -» R2 - Rj and R3-^ R3 - R{
94. LHS = bf + ba f hb + be
af + be c bg + fc P.1 P_ + l 1
ah + bg g a ah + bg g h
P'Y P' f
Then, A=(a'PY)2
yf a _ p.1 fi P.V 0
= b> bf+ba f h + c bf + ba f b
af + be c f
y'la' P'J la' P'J
af + be c g
P. (1-1 1 fl y 0
In second determinant, applying C\ —> Cj - bC2 - aC3, then p' la' y\J la' f)
ah + bg bg a 0 g h
= bf + ba bf h + c 0 f b P.1 P. + I 1
af + be be g 0 c f P'r P' r
In first determinant, applying C2 —> C2 - Q, then = (a'PY)2 a P a_ 1 y 1 0
ah + bg -ah a ah + bg a h
a' P' a'
P 1 0
= bf + ba -ba h + 0 = a bf + ba h b = RHS
P'
af + be -af 9 of + be g f Expanding along C3, then
1 1 1
95. Let A = 1 + sin A 1 +sin B 1 +sin C A=(a'p'y')2
a p /
a 1 y £
sin A + sin2 A sin B + sin2 B sin C +sin2 C
a7 p7 r P'J
Applying C2 —>C2 — Cjand C3 —> C3 -Cp then
= (a'pY)2 a P P 1 'y a'
1 0 a' P' P' Y
A= 1 +sinA sin B -sin A
2 (ap' - a'p) (PY - p' y) (ya' - y'a)
sin A +sin2 A (sin B -sin A) (sin B + sin A +1) = (a'PY) (a'p'y')2
0
sin C -sin A Hence, A = (ap' - a' P) (Py' - p'y) (ya' - y'a)
(sin C - sin A) (sin C +sinA +1)
 Chap 07 Determinants 599

u sin(x+a) cos(x + a) sin a

97. Since, y=-
V = sin (x + p) cos (x + p) sin p
du dv
v------ u — sin (x + y) cos (x + y) sin y
dy = dx dx vi/ - uv'
dx v 2 Applying Q -+C] - (cos x) C3 and C2 —>C2 + (sinx)C3, we get
sin xcosa cos xcosa sina
=> vi/ - uv' —(i)
dx A'(x) = sinxcosP cos xcosP sinP

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get sinxcosy cos xcosy siny

v2^ + ^L.2w' =(vu' + uV) -(uv' + Si/) cos a cos a sin a
dx dx = sinx-cos x cos P cos p sin p
2d2y dy , , cos y cos y sin y
=> v —4+2w — = vu - uv
dx2 dx = sin x • cos x x 0 (v C, and C2 are identical]
, On multiplying both sides by v, then =0
Thus, A(x) is independent of x.
v34+2”' v2u’ - uw
dx) x(x-1) x(x-l)(x-2)
dx2 X
xc, XC2 rC3 1-2 1-2-3
y(y-D y(y-i)(y-2)
v3—y + 2v'(vu' -uv') - v2u' - uw [from Eq. (i)] 99. LetA = yc2 yC3 y
dx2 1-2 1-2-3
zc2 zc3 z (z -1) z (z - 1) (z -2)
3^y = z
=> v 2uv2 - uvV' - 2vt{ /+ v2u .(H) 1-2 1-2-3
dx2 .2
1 x —1 x -3x + 2
V v 0 xyz
1 y-1 y22-3y + 2
and v' V'
v' V = u (2\/2 - vu' ) - v(2i/v'- u' v) 12
1 z—
-11 zz-3z + 2
v' v' 2v'
Applying C2 —> C2 + C,, then
‘ -4w' -2vi/v'+v2u'
= 2uv’/2 ...(Hi)
1 x x2-3x + 2
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get A=^ 1 y y2 - 3y + 2
u v 0 12
2d2y 1 z z2 -3z + 2
v i/ V v
dx2 Applying C3 -» C3 + 3C2 - 2CP then
i/ v' 2v'
1 x x2
98. Here, we have to prove that A(x) is independent of x. So, it is A=^ 1 1
y y2 = — xyz (x-y)(y-z)(z - x)
sufficient to prove that A'(x) = 0 12 12
1 z z2
sin(x + a) cos(x + a) a+xsina
Now, A(x) = sin (x + P) cos (x + P) b + x sin P 1 + sin2 x cos2x 4 sin 2x
2
sin(x+y) cos(x + y) c+xsiny 100. (i) v /(*)= sin2x 1 + COS X 4 sin 2x
sin2x COS2X 1 + 4 sin 2x
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
cos(x + a) cos(x + a) a+xsina Applying R2 R2 - Rl and R3 -» /?3 - Rv then
A'(x) = cos (x + P) cos (x + P) b + x sin p 1 + sin2 x —2 X
COS 4 sin 2x
cos (x + y) cos (x + y) c + x sin y /(*) = -1 1 0

sin(x+a) -sin(x + a) a + xsina -1 0 1

+ sin (x + P) - sin (x + P) b + x sin p Applying C2-+ C2 + Cv then

sin (x + y) -sin (x + y) c + x sin y 1 + sin2 x 2 4 sin 2x

sin(x+a) cos(x + a) sina

+ sin (x + P) cos (x + p) sin p /(*) = -1 0 0

sin (x + y) cos (x + y) sin y

-1 -1 1
sin(x+a) cos(x + a) sina
Expanding along R2, then
= 0 - 0 + sin (x + p) cos (x + P) sin p
2 4 sin 2x
sin (x + y) cos (x + y) sin y /(X) = = 2 + 4 sin 2x
-1 1
600 Textbook of Algebra

Maximum value of Z] =tX] + Xtj ...(iii)

/(x) =2 + 4(1) = 6 and Z2 = tX2 + Xt2 + 2X^ Jivi
sin2 A sin A cos A cos2 A
X Y Z
(ii) v A = sin2B sin B cos B cos2B
LHS = T, Z,
sin2C sinC cos C cos2C *2
X2 Z2
tan2 A tan A 1
X sX . tX
= cos2 A cos2 B cos2 C tan2B tanB 1 sXy + XS] tXj + Xt,
tan2C tan C 1 X2 sX2 + Xs2 + 2XjS! tX2 + Xt2 + 2X^
2
1 tan A tan A [using Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)]
= - cos2 A cos2 B cos2 C 1 tan B tan2B Applying C2 —> C2 - sC\ and C3 -» C3 - tCp then
1 tan C tan2C
X 0 0
= - cos2 A cos2 B cos2 C (tan A - tan B)
= x, Xs j A
(tan B - tan C) (tan C - tan A) *2 Xs 2 + 2X]Sj Xt2 + 2X/,
= - sin (A - B) sin(B - C) sin (C - A)
Expanding w.r.t. R}, then
= sin (A - B) sin (B - C) sin (A - C) >0 [v A > B £ C]
A>0 = X2
XS2 + 2XJS] Xt2 + 2X1t]
Hence, minimum value of A is 0.
x2 - 4x + 6 2x2 + 4x+ 10 3x2 - 2x + 16 Applying R2 —> R2 - 2X}RU then

101. Let f(x) = x-2 2x + 2 Si t,

3x —1 = X2
Xs2 Xt2
= x3 ^2
= RHS
1 2 3 S2

On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 103. Given determinant may be expressed as

2x —4 4x + 4 6x-2 f g
A= xf' + f +g
/'(x) = x-2 2x + 2 3x-l
(x2f' + 4xf+ 2f) (x2g" + 4xg'+ 2g)
1 2 3 h
.2
x - 4x + 6 2x2 + 4x + 10 3x2 -2x+ 16 x/f + h
+ 1 2 3 (x2h" + 4x¥ +2h)
1 2 3 Now, applying R3 —> K3 - 4B2 +2BP then
x2 - 4x + 6 2x2 + 4x+ 10 3xz — 2x + 16 f g h
+ x-2 A = xf'+ f xg'+ g xK + h
2x + 2 3x —1
0 x2f" x2g" x2h"
0 0
g h
f'(x) = 0, V x e R and /(x) = Constant
Applying R2 —> R2 - Rv then A = xg' xK
6 10 16
As, /(0) = -2 2 -1 = 2/. f(x) = 2
x2r xY
■ x2h'
g h
1 2 3 => A =x ' f g' K
3 •
x.2z sin x /(x)dx = 2j_33 x2 sin x
Now,
'=J. -3 77? 1 + x6
dx x2f" ‘xY
g
x2h"
h
.2
Let g(x) =
xl sin x => A= f g' K
1 + x6 x?' xY x3h"
- x2 sin x s // g h
g(- x) = = ~gW
1 + x6 A' = g' // +■ r g” h’
Hence, g is an odd function. xY xV x3r xY x’/i'
I=0 g h
102. Since, Y =X and Z = tX + f g' K

Y{ =sX, + Xsj ...(i) (x3rr (x3rr I

Y2 =sX2 + Xs2 + 2Xj$! -(ii)

 Chap 07 Determinants 601

f g h A = 0 is a cubic equation in t.
=0+ 0+ f' g' So, it has in general three solutions Z,, t2 and ty
(x3f"Y (xYY (x3h'Y Let A = <J(/3 + alt2+a2t + a3
Clearly, a0 = Coefficient of t 3= -1,
f g h a, a,
Hence, A' = f' g' " so V2^ = - —= -~ = a3 = Constant term in the expansion
ao 1
(x3f"Y (x’f)' (xV)' of 21 i.e. A (at t = 0)
a b c
104. Let the given determinant be equal to zero. Then, there exist
ht2t3~a3~ b c a
x, y and z not all zero, such that
atx + a2y + a3z = 0, b{x + b2y + b3z = 0 C a b
and qx + c2y + c3z = 0 107. (i) Eliminating a, b and c from given equations, we obtain
Assume that, | x| > | y | > | z | and x * 0. Then, from >
aix = (- «2y) + (-a3z) -1 y l
z y
laix| =|-a2y -fl3z| S|a2y| 4- |a3z| z x n
-1 - - =0 =0
=> lflil |x| <|a2||y| + |a3||z| X z
But x*0i.e.|a1|<|a2| + |a3| -1 £ Z
Similarly, IMSIM + IM y z
IM slM + IM Applying R2 -> R2 - R^ and R3 -» R3 - /?,. then
which is contradiction. Hence, the assumption that the z
-1 y
determinant is zero must be wrong. z y
(a-a,)’2 (a-aj-
(a-fli)-11 af1 *__y X z
0 =0
(a -a2))"
105. LHS = (a-a2)-2 (a-a -1‘ a’1 X z z y
(a-a3)~2 (a-a3)-1 a3-1 x_y y.„L
0
1 (a-a,) af^a-ajX,2 y z x y
Expanding along Cp then
= (a-aI)-2(a-a2)~2(a-a3)~2 1 (a-a2) a2I(a-a2).2: \
y_ z
1 (a-a3) a3’(a-a3),2 =0
lx xJlx y) ly z> z y
Applying R2 -> R2- R{ and R3 -» - 1?3 - R p then >£+~ + £Z + 1 = o
=>
x 222 y z
1 (a-fli) a^(a-aj2 (u) To eliminate x, y and z.
y z x
1 (a2 - a,a2) (a, - a2) Let a = —, P = — and y = — in the given equations,
LHS = 0 («i - a2) z x " y
TI(a-a/)2 alfl2
, c
(fl2-QiQ3)(fli ~a3) ba + — =a, •(>)
0 (a, - a3) a
Oia3
(ii)
Expanding w.r.t. 1st column, then
(a2-a1a2)(a1 -a2) b
h ~a2) and ay + — = c .(Hi)
1 aia2 Y
LHS =
H(a-a()2 (a2-a1a3)(a1 -a3) Also, aPy = l
(ai - a3)
a1a3 From Eqs. (i), (u) and (iii), we get
2
a aia2 „ aaW M ,
1 ba + — cp + - 11 ay + - = abc
_ h ~ a2) (a, - a3) ala2 a PPJI Y>
Il(a-a,)2 a2 ~ aia3
1 „ . ■> py 2, ay , 2 ap
aja3 => 2abc + ac~ — + a b — + b c —
a P Y
= h ~Q2)(ai ~a3)a2(a2 -Q3) _ -a2Il(al -a^)
aia2a3 II(a - a()2r Ila, FI(a -aI)2 + a2c— + be2 — + ab2 — ~abc
aP ya py
Numerator = - a22 (^ - a2) (a2- a3) (a3 - a,) 2 1 2, 1 ['••aPy = i]
=> ac2 — + a 2b —
The resulting expression has negative sign. a2 p2
106, The given system of equation will have a non-trivial solution + b2c-\ + a^y2 + tc2p2 + ab2a2 = - abc
in the determinant of coefficients.
Y
a -1 b C
f 2 > („2 A (h2
A= b c-t a =>a — + b2a2 + b ^ + P2c2 + c
(a2 J
’2
b-^r
= - abc
c a b-t IP ;
-.(iv)
602 Textbook of Algebra

On squaring Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get Applying R2 —> R2 - Rt and R3 -+ R3-Rv then
2 2
b2a2 + -^7 = a2 - 2bc, c2 p2 + = b2 - 2ca and
a2 p2 1 (l + b2)x (l + c2)x
l2
= 0 1-x 0 =(i-x2)
a2/ + -r = c2 -2ab
V 0 0 1-x
On putting these values in Eq. (iv), we get
Hence, degree of f(x) = 2
a (a2 - 2bc) + b(b2 - 2ca) + c (c2 - 2ab) = - abc
a3 + b3 + c3 = 5abc 110. For no solution or infinitely many solutions
a b c a 1 1

108. Here, A = b c a . According to the question, x, y and z not 1 a 1 =0

cab 1 1 a
all zero. Hence, the given system of equations has non-trivial Applying C, —> Q + C2 + C3, then
solution. a+2 1 1
A=0
a b c a+2 a 1 =0
b c a =0 a+2 1 a
c a b Applying Rl —> R2 - Rx and R3-+ R3~R\< then
1 a + 21 1 1
=>
- (a + b + c) [(a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2] = 0
■

2 0 a-1 0 = 0 => (a-l)2(a + 2) = 0

a+b+c=0
0 0 a-1
or (a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 = 0
a =1,-2
Case I Ifa + b + c = 0
From first two equations, For a = 1, clearly there an infinitely many solutions and when
we put a = -2 in given system of equations and adding them
ax + by - (a + b)z = 0
together LHS * RHS. i.e., no solution.
bx - (a + b) y + ax = 0
111. v Oj, a2, a3,... are in GP.
[by cross-multiplication law]
Using an = a, r"-1, we get the given determinant, as
X y z
log^r""’) log^r") log^r"*1)
ab - (a + b)2 - b(a + b)-a2 -a(a + b)-b2
log(a/'+2) log(a1rn+3) log(«,r"+4)
x y z
log(fl,r"+5) log(a1rn+6) log(V"+7)
~(a2 + ab + b2} - (a2 + ab + b2) - (a2 + ab + b2)
x:y:z =1:1:1 Applying C2 -+ C2 - C, and C3 -> C3 - C, and
Case II If (a -b)2 + (b - c)z + (c -a)2 = 0 using log m - log n = log j,
we get
It is possible only, when
a - b = 0, b - c = 0 and c - a = 0 logfa/-1) logr 2 logr
Then, a=b=c
log^r”*2 ) logr 2logr = 0
In this case all the three equations reduce in the forms
log(fllr"+s ) logr 21ogr
x+y+z=0
Then, Eq. (i) will be satisfied, if [’.• C2 and C3 are proportional]
x = k, y = k(i), z = k(£>.2‘ 112. Applying R2 -+ R2 - P, and R3-+ R3-Ri, then
or x = k,y = ktt)2, z =k(i) 1 1 1
where co is the cube root of unity. D= o x 0 = *y
Then, x: y : z = 1: CD : CO2 or 1 : CD* : (0 2
o o y
1 -2 3
Hence, combined both cases, we get
X.y :z = l:l:l
113.-: D = -1 1 -2 = 0

1 : CD : CD2
1 -3 4
or
-i -2 3
2
or 1: CD : CD and k 1 -2 = (3-/c) = 0, ifJt = 3
109. Applying C, —> C} + C2 + C3, then 1 -3 4
1 (l + &2)x (l + c2)x 1 -1 3
1 1 + b2x (l + c2)x [-.' a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 = 0] D2 = -i k -2 = (k-3) = 0, if It = 3
1 (1 + Z>2)x l + c2x 1 -3 4
 Chap 07 Determinants 603

-1 -2 3 => 1(—3 + k) + k(-k + 3k) + l(k-9) * 0

D3 = k 1 -2 = (k = 3) = 0, if k = 3 2XZ + 2X-12*O
1 -3 4 => k2 + X-6*0
:. System of equations has no solution for k 3. (X + 3)(fc-2)*0
114. The system of equations X*2,-3
or ke 7?-{2,-3}
x-cy-bz = Q, -cx + y-az = 0 and -bx-ay + z=0
have non-trivial solution, if X+l 8
119. A = = (k + 1)(X + 3)-3k = k2 - 4k + 3
1 -c -b k k=3
—c 1 -a = 0 A=(X-l)(X-3)
-b -a 1 4k 8
A,= = 4k2 + 12k-24k+ 3 = 4k2-12k+ 3
=> 1 + 2(-a)(-b)(-c)-a2-b.2: -c2 = 0 3X-1 k + 3

or a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = l A, =4(X-l)(fc-2)
a a+1 a-1 a+1 b+1 c-1 X+l 4k
and A, = = (k + l)(3k -1) - 4k2 = -k2 + 2k + 1
115. -b b+1 b-1 + (-!)” a-1 b-1 c+1 = 0 k 3X-1
c c-1 c+1 a -b c .-. A2=-(fc-I)2

a + 1 a-1
a a+1 a+1 a-1 a As given no solutions
=> -b b+1 b-1 +(-l)n b+1 b-1 -b = 0 => A| and A2 * 0
but A=0
c c-1 c+1 c-1 c+1 c
k =3
[by property] 3 1 + 7(1) 1 + 7(2)
a + 1 a-1
a a+1 a + 1 a-1
a a+1 120. v 1 + 7(1) 1 + 7(2) 1 + 7(3)
=> -b b+1 b-1 +(-l)"+2 -b b+1 b-1 = 0 1 + 7(2) 1 + 7(3) 1 + 7(4)
c c-1 c+1 c c-1 c+1
1+1+1 1+a+p l + a2 + p2
116. Applying R{ -> Rx + Ry then = 1 +a+p l+a2 + p2 l + a3 + p3
e 0 2 l+a2 + p2 l + a3 + p3 1 + a3 +P‘
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7(6) = -tan0 1 tan 9
1 a P x 1 a P 1 a P
1 a 2 P2 1 a2 P2 1 a2 P2
-1 -tan 9 1
= {(l-a)(l-P)(a-P)}2:
= 2(1 + tan29) = 2sec29 >2
= (i-a)2(l-P)2(a-P)2:
.••7(6) g [2,oo)
So, k = 1.
117. Non-zero solution means non-trivial solution.
121. The given system can be written as
For non-trivial solution of the given system of linear equations
4X2 (2 - X)x, -2x, + x3 = 0
k 4 1 =0 2Xj -(3 + X)x, + 2x} = 0
2 2 1 - Xj + 2xz - Xx3 = 0
=> 4(4-2)-X(X-2) + (2X-8) = 0 For non-trivial solutions, A = 0
=> -X2 + 6X-8 = 0 2-X -2 1
=> X2-6k + 8 = 0 2 ~(3+ X) 2 =0
(X-2)(X-4) = 0
-1 2 -X
fc = 2,4
Clearly, there exist values of k. => (2-X)(X2 + 3X-4) + 2(-2X + 2) + 1(4-3-X) = 0

1 -k 1 X3 + X2—5X + 3 = 0
118. For trivial solution k 3 -k *0 X = 1,1, -3
3 1 -1 Hence, X has two values.
604 Textbook of Algebra

122. Applying R2 —> R2 - Rj and R3 -» R3 - Rlt then 3 5 or x3 = -1

=> X =-
(1 + a)2 (l + 2a)2 (1 + 3a)2 6
1/3
5
2a+ 3
4a+ 8
4a+ 3
8a+ 8
6a+ 3
12a+ 8
= -648a x=
6
I >~1
i.e. Two distinct values of x.
Applying R3 —> R3 -2R2 , then
a 2
(1 + a)2 (l + 2a)2 (1 +3a)2 125. A= = -2a-6,
3 -2
2a+ 3 4a+ 3 6a + 3 = -648a
2 2 2
X 2
A,= = -2(X + p)
-2
1
. _ C2. —> C2- —
Applying 2 (C,- + C3), then a X
or A2 - = ap -3X
(1 + a)2 - -a2 - (l+3a)2 3 H
System has unique solution for A 0
2a+ 3 4a + 3 6a+ 3 = -648a
a * -3 for all values X and p
2 0 2 System has infinitely many solution for
=> a2(4a + 6 -12a -6) = -648a A = Aj = A2 = 0
/. a = -3, X + p = 0, ap -3X = 0
-8a3 =-648a
and system has no solution
a3-81a =0 A = 0 => a = — 3
a = 0,9,-9 and X + Jl *0
123. For non-trivial solution 1 1 f
1 X -1 126. v 4 = 1 a 1 = 1 (a-b)-1(1-a) +l(b-a2) = -(a-l)2
X -1 -1 = 0 a b 1
1 1 -X 1 1 1
1(X +1) - X(-X2 +1)- 1(X +1) = 0 *i = 1 a 1 = l(a-fr)-l(l) +1(b) =(a-1)
=> X(X2-l) = 0 0 b 1
=> X = 0, ±1 1 1 1
1 1 A,2 = 1 1 1 = 1 (1) — 1(1 —a) 4-1(0 —a) = 0
124. x3 2 4 l + 8x3 = 10 a 0 1
3 9 l + 27x3 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 and A3 = 1 a 1 = l(-b) —1(—a) +l(b-a2) = -a(a-l)
.6 a b 0
x3 2 4 1 2 4 8 = 10
3 9 1 3 9 27 For a = 1, A = A, = A2 = A3 = 0
Applying C2 —> C2 - Q and C,3 C3-Cp then and for b = 1 only
1 0 0 1 0 0 x + y + z=1
x3 2 .6 x + y + z=1
2 -1 2 2 6 = 10
x+y + z = 0
3 6 -2 3 6 24
i.e. no solution (v RHS are not equal)
.3 .6 .6 .3
2x + 12x = 10 or 6x + xJ -5 = 0 Hence, for no solution b = 1 only.
or (6x3 — 5)(x3 + 1) = 0
 CHAPTER

'7

!
I

Matrices
Learning Part
Session 1
• Definition
• Types of Matrices
• Difference Between a Matrix and a Determinant
• Equal Matrices
• Operations of Matrices
• Various Kinds of Matrices
Session 2
• Transpose of a Matrix
• Symmetric Matrix
• Orthogonal Matrix
• Complex Conjugate (or Conjugate) of a Matrix
• Hermitian Matrix
• Unitary Matrix
• Determinant of a Matrix
• Singular and Non-Singular Matrices
Session 3
• Adjoint of a Matrix • Inverse of a Matrix
• Elementary Row Operations • Equivalent Matrices
• Matrix Polynomial • Use of Mathematical Induction
Session 4
• Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using Matrix Method

Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

Arihant on Your Mobile! I

i
Exercises with the § symbol can be practised on your mobile. See inside cover page to activate for free.
606 Textbook of Algebra

J. J. Sylvester was the first to use the word “Matrix" in 1850 and later on in 1858 Arthur Cayley developed the theory of
matrices in a systematic way. ‘Matrices’ is a powerful tool in mathematics and its study is becoming important day by
day due to its wide applications in almost every branch of science. This mathematical tool is not only used in certain
branches of sciences but also in genetics, economics, sociology, modern psychology and industrial management.

Session 1
Definition, Types of Matrices, Difference Between
a Matrix and a Determinant, Equal Matrices, Operations
of Matrices, Various Kinds of Matrices

Definition I Example 1. If a matrix has 12 elements, what are the

A set of mn numbers (real or complex) arranged in the possible orders it can have? What will be the possible
form of a rectangular array having m rows and n columns orders if it has 7 elements?
is called a matrix of order mxnoranmxn matrix (which Sol. We know that, if a matrix is of order m x n, it has mn
is read as m by n matrix). elements. Thus, to find all possible orders of a matrix with
12 elements, we will find all ordered pairs of natural
An m X n matrix is usually written as numbers, whose product is 12.
«n a12 ai3 aln Thus, all possible ordered pairs are(l, 12), (12,1), (2,6),(6,2),
a2l a22 a23 “2n (3, 4), (4,3).
a31 a32 a33 a3n
Hence, possible orders arelxl2,12xl,2x6,6x2,3x4
and 4x3.
If the matrix has 7 elements, then the possible orders will be
1X7 and 7x1.
am2 ^mn
L ml I Example 2. Construct a 2 x 3 matrix A=[a^ ], whose
In a compact form the above matrix is represented by [aiy J elements are given by
i = 1,2,3,..., m, j = 1,2,3..... n or simply by [fly ]„, x n > where (i+2j)2
the symbols represent any numbers (ay lies in the zth (ii) 0,j =l|2i-3j|.
(0 a,j =
row (from top) and yth column (from left)). 2
Notations A matrix is denoted by capital letter such as A, B, (iii) Oy =<
C,...,X,Y,Z.
Note 4 i
(IV) Oy'y =
1. A matrix may be represented by the symbols [a,? ], (a,?). || a,y || UJ
or by a single capital letter A (say) where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
~ ] mxn ^ij )/n x n || 3/ ||
2/'
Generally, the first system is adopted. (v) Gjj
2. The numbers 3,, a,2.... etc., of rectangular array are called 3j]’
the elements or entries of the matrix. where {.} denotes the fractional part function.
3. A matrix is essentially an arrangement of elements and has no 2 )
value.
(vi) atj =
4. The plural of ‘matrix’ is ‘matrices'. where (.) denotes the least integer function.
 Chap 08 Matrices 607
■

*11 *12 *13 2i

Sol. We have, A = (v) Since, a = < —k therefore [v0<{x}<l]
.*21 *22 *23. 2 x 3 [3j

(i) Since, atJ =

(1 + 2)2
2
therefore

9 (1 + 4)2 25
'■■IF
2
-.^2
XIH
*n = • *12 *13
2 2 2 2’
(1 + 6)2 49 (2 + 2) 4
*13 ~ ~
Li Li
T"> *21 “
2 °"={^}={5}=5anda” 9
_(2 + 4)2 (2 4- 6)2
*22 18 and a2i = 32 2 1 2
2 2
’9 Hence, the required matrix is A = 3 3 9
25 49 1 2 4
Hence, the required matrix isA = 2 2 2 .3 3 9.
8 18 32
_[3i + 4j
li-. -.1.. r
(vi) Since, at] , therefore [v(x)>x]
(ii) Since, ai} = - | 2i - 3j |, therefore k 2
- 2' ' 1
1 ■ 1
O11 = l|2-3| = l|-l|=l (3.5)= 4,
Li Li 2 Li 2
1 1 . 1
a]2=-|2-6| = -|-4| = - = 2,
Li
1 1
Li
. 1 4
Li -(X©- (5.5)= 6,

O1J=1|2-9| = 1|-7| = 1 *13 =

21 1 2 2
1 1
fl21 “ ~ | 2 3
| = 1|-1| = 1,
2 1 2 1 2 *21

1
a22=i|2-6| = l|-4| = | 4 =2
2 2 *22
1 5
and a = 1| 4 — 9 1 = 1| - 5 |a: -
221 1 21 1 2 and *23 —
1 2-1
Hence, the required matrix is A = 2 2 Hence, the required matrix is
1 2 5 4 6 8’
.2 2. A=
5 7 9
(iii) Since, atj = - ' J,therefore
i + j, i<j
an = 1 - 1 = 0, a12 = 1 + 2 = 3, a13 = 1 + 3 = 4,
a21 = 2 - 1 = 1, a22 =2-2 = 0 and a23 = 2 + 3 = 5
Types of Matrices
Hence, the required matrix is 1. Row Matrix or Row Vector
fo 3 4' A matrix is said to be row matrix or row vector, if it
A=
1 0 5 contains only one row, i.e. a matrix A =[a^ ]m xn is said to
be row matrix, if m = L
(iv) Since, = - .therefore [v[x]<x]
For example,
1 (i) A=[an a12 G)3 *ln 11 xn
*n =“ [1] “ 1> *12 “ _ = [0.5] = 0,
1. Lt (ii) B=[3 5 -7 9]1x4
1' are called row matrices.
*13 = = [0.33] = 0, a21 = y = [2] = 2
3
2 2 2. Column Matrix or Column Vector
and a22 = = [1] = 1 and *23 = " = [0-67] =0
2 A matrix is said to be column matrix or column vector, if
1 0 0 it contains only one column, i.e., a matrix A =[ai; ]m xn is
Hence, the required matrix is A = said to be column matrix, if n = 1. For example,
2 1 0
608 Textbook of Algebra

au 7 Thus, A = diag (2), B = diag (-1, 2) and C= diag (3, 5,7).

fl21 0
Remark
(i)A = fl31 (ii)B = -8 (i) No element of principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix is zero.
2 (ii) Minimum number of zero in a diagonal matrix is given by
n(n -1), where n is order of matrix.
L wn J m x 1 1 5x1

are called column matrices. 6. Scalar Matrix

A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix, if its
3. Rectangular Matrix diagonal elements are equal. Thus, A =[ay ]nxn is called
A matrix is said to be rectangular matrix, if the number of scalar matrix, if
rows and the number of columns are not equal i.e., a
matrix A=[a y]mxn is called a rectangular matrix, iff aU = k, if i = j , where k is scalar.
mtn. For example,
1 3 4 5 2 -3 For example,
5 0 0
(i)A = 2 0 -3 8 (ii)B = 3 0 2 0
(i) [7] (ii) (iii) 0 5 0
7 4 2 5 4 8 0 2
3x4 3x2 0 0 5
are called rectangular matrices. are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively. They
can be written as diag (7), diag (2, 2) and diag (5, 5,5),
4. Square Matrix respectively.
A matrix is said to be a square matrix, if the number of
rows and the number of columns are equal i.e., a matrix 7. Unit or Identity Matrix
[^i/lmxn is called a square matrix, iff m =n. A diagonal matrix is said to be an identity matrix, if its
For example, diagonal elements are equal to 1.
«n al2 a13 Thus, A =[ay ]nXll is called unit or identity matrix, if
a b
(i) 4 = a21 a22 a23 (ii) B =
c d 2x2 aij =
_a31 a32 a33_ 1, if i = j
3X3

are called square matrices. A unit matrix of order n is denoted by In or I. For example,
1 0 o'
Remark 1 0
If A= [a7 ] is a square matrix of order n, then elements (entries) (i) I, =[1] (ii) 12 = (iii) 1, = 0 1 0
0 1
a33 are said to constitute the diagonal of the matrix A 0 0 1
The line along which the diagonal elements lie is called principal
’14 0] are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
or leading diagonal. Thus, if A = 8 3 -2 . then the elements
8. Singleton Matrix
9 2 5
A matrix is said to be singleton matrix, if it has only one
of the diagonal of A are 1.3,5.
element i.e. a matrix A =[tZy ]m Xn is said to be singleton
5. Diagonal Matrix matrix, if m = n = 1.
For example, [3], [fc ], [-2] are singleton matrices.
A square matrix is said to be a diagonal matrix, if all its
non-diagonal
„ elements are zero. Thus, A =[a - ijy ].L xn is 9. Triangular Matrix
called a diagonal matrix, if atj =0, when i * j.
A square matrix is called a triangular matrix, if its each
For example, element above or below the principal diagonal is zero. It is
3 0 0
-1 0 of two types:
(i) A = [2] (u) B = (iii) C = 0 5 0
0 2 (a) Upper Triangular Matrix A square matrix in
0 0 7
which all elements below the principal diagonal are
are diagonal matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A zero is called an upper triangular matrix i.e., a matrix
diagonal matrix of order n having d1,d2,d3,...,dn as A =[a,y ]n xn is said to be an upper triangular matrix,
diagonal elements may be denoted by diag(dp d2, d3,.., dn). if a(j = 0, when i > j.
 Chap 08 Matrices 609

For example, 2 3 4
0 -1 7
3 -2 4 T
For example, A = 3 5 4 is a vertical matrix.
0'v 2 -3 2
(i) 2 7 9
0 (K 7 5
-1 2 -5 5x3
0 0 0X8
[v number of rows (5) > number of columns (3)]

all ai2 ^-3- 12. Null Matrix or Zero Matrix

Ox “a-22 A matrix is said to be null matrix or zero matrix, if all
a23 fl24 a2s :
elements are zero i.e., a matrix A =[al7tj ] m xn is said to be a
(ii) 0 0 X^33 a34 fl35
I zero or null matrix, iff atJ = 0, V i, j. It is denoted by O.
0 0 6'' '^44 a45 :
For example,
0 0 0 0'' ''*55 J5J 0 0 0
0 0 0
(0 ^2x3 “ (ii) ^3x3 ~ 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
are upper triangular matrices. are called the null matrices.
(b) Lower Triangular Matrix A square matrix in
which all elements above the principal diagonal are 13. Sub-Matrix
zero is called a lower triangular matrix i.e., a matrix A matrix which is obtained from a given matrix by
A = [al7 ]n xn is said to be a lower triangular matrix, if deleting any number of rows and number of columns is
X =0, when i < j. For example, called a sub-matrix of the given matrix.

I \
8 9 5
3 4
■ io\o 0 o' For example, is a sub-matrix of 2 ! 3 4
o’ -2 5
8 9\0 0 3L2 5
(i) !5 4\0 (ii)
5 6 7''43
\2 3 4' \3x3 14. Trace of a Matrix
r1 2 3 4 X4 The sum of all diagonal elements of a square matrix
are lower triangular matrices. A =[a,7 ]n Xn (say) is called the trace of a matrix A and is
denoted by Tr (A).
Note n
Minimum number of zeroes in a triangular matrix is given by Thus, Tr(A) = £aH
n(n-1) , . , .
------- where n is order of matrix.
2 2-7
-7 9
For example, IfA = 0 33 2 , then
10. Horizontal Matrix
A matrix is said to be horizontal matrix, if the number of 8 99 4
rows is less than the number of columns i.e., a matrix Tr(A)=2+3 + 4=9
Xn is said to horizontal matrix, iff m < n. Properties of Trace of a Matrix
2 33 4 5’ LetA=[aj7]„xn,B=[biy]nxn and k is a scalar, then
For example, A = 8 99 7 -2 is a horizontal (i) Tr(fcA) =fc-Tr (A)
2 -2 -3 J3X4 (ii) Tr(A±B) = Tr(A)±Tr(B)
matrix, [v number of rows (3) < number of columns (4)] (iii) Tr (AB) =Tr(BA)
(iv) Tr(A)=Tr(A')
11. Vertical Matrix (v) Tr(/„) = n
A matrix is said to be vertical matrix, if the number of (vi) Tr (AB) *Tr (A) Tr(B)
rows is greater than the number of columns i.e., a matrix (vii) Tr(A)=Tr(CAC-1),
A =[aj? ]m Xn is said to vertical matrix, iff m >n. where C is a non-singular square matrix of order n.
610 Textbook of Algebra

15. Determinant of Square Matrix Thus, if A=[a1-/]mxn ■j ]Px<r then A = B, iff

Let A=[a,y]nxn be a matrix. The determinant formed by (i) m = p, n = q (ii) a
the elements of A is said to be the determinant of matrix ’-1 2 4
A.This is denoted by | X |. For example, If A = and
3 0 5 J2x3
For example,
a b c
3 4 5 3 4 5 B- are equal matrices, then
If A = 6 7 8 then | A | = 6 7 8 = -39.
d e f. 2x3
a=~l, b = 2,c = 4d = 3, e =0, f = 5
2 -3 5 2 -3 5
’x + 3 ly + x ” -X-l 0
Remark 0 Example 3. If then
z-1 4w-8 3 2w
1. if a. 4 4 A are square matrices of the same order,
then| A A? A••• A | = | A || A 11 A I••• |4 |■ find the value of | x + y |+| z + iv|.
2. If A is a scalar and A is a square matrix of order n, then So/. As the given matrices are equal so their corresponding
| kA | = kn | A | elements are equal.
x+3=-x-l => 2x = - 4
16. Comparable Matrices
x = —2
Two matrices A =[fly ]m xn and B =[Byi/Jpxq
]j are said to be 2y + x = 0
comparable, if m = p and n=q. [from Eq.(i)]
=> 2y - 2 = 0
For example, => y=l •••(ii)
a b c P <7 r z-l=3
The matrices and are comparable => z=4 ...(iii)
d e f. s t u
4w - 8 = 2w
T 2 2 4 6‘
2w =8
but the matrices and are not comparable.
4 8 5 3 1 w=4 ...(iv)
Hence, | x + y | + | z + w | = | -2 + 1 | + | 4 + 4 |= 1 + 8 = 9

Difference Between a Matrix [i Example 4. if

2a + 1 30 oc+3 02 + 2
and a Determinant 0 02-5p 0 -6
(i) A matrix cannot be reduced to a number but find the equation whose roots are a and 0.
determinant can be reduced to a number. So/. The given matrices will be equal, iff
(ii) The number of rows may or may not be equal to the 2a + l = a + 3=>a = 2
number of columns in matrices but in determinant the 30 = 02 + 2=>02 -30 + 2 = 0
number of rows is equal to the number of columns.
0 = 1,2 and 02 - 50 =-6 -(i)
(iii) On interchanging the rows and columns, a different
matrix is formed but in determinant it does not => p2—50+6 = 0
change the value. 0 = 2,3 ...(ii)
(iv) A square matrix A such that | A | & 0, is called a From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 0 = 2
non-singular matrix. If | A | = 0, then the matrix A is => a = 2, 0 = 2
called a singular matrix. Required equation is x2 -(2 + 2)x + 2-2 = 0
(v) Matrices represented by [ ], (), || || but determinant is
=> x2 —4x + 4=0
represented by | |.

Equal Matrices Operations of Matrices

Two matrices are said to be equal, if
(i) they are of the same order i.e., if they have same
Addition of Matrices
number of rows and columns. Let A, B be two matrices, each of order m X n. Then, their
(ii) the elements in the corresponding positions of the sum A + B is a matrix of order m x n and is obtained by
two matrices are equal. adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
 Chap 08 Matrices 611

Thus, if A=[fl, 7]_x_

l y jm xn and B=[by]mxn
, then Properties of Matrix Addition
A + B=[a h
*■ ij
+ b. /]mx _,
tj ini x n *
Property 1 Addition of matrices is commutative,
1 3 5 0 3 i.e. A+B=B+A

I Example 5. Given, A = -2 0 2 B = -2 0 where A and B are any two m x n matrices, i.e. matrices of
the same order.
0 4 -3 0 -4
Property 2 Addition of matrices is associative
4 1 -2
i.e. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
and C = 3 2 1 Find (whichever defined) where A, B and C are any three matrices of the same order
2 -1 7 m x n (say).

(i) A + B. Property 3 Existence of additive identity

(ii) A +C.
i.e. A+O=A=O+A
Sol. (i) Given, A is a matrix of the type 3x3
and B is a matrix of the type 3x2. where A be any m x n matrix and 0 be the m x n null
Since, A and B are not of the same type. matrix. The null matrix 0 is the identity element for
matrix addition.
:. Sum A + B is not defined.
(ii) As A and C are two matrices of the same type, Property 4 Existence of additive inverse
therefore the sum A + C is defined. If A be any m x n matrix, then there exists another m x n
1 3 5 4 1 -2 matrix B, such that A + B = O = B + A
:. A + C = -2 0 2 + 3 2 1 where 0 is the m x n null matrix.
0 4 -3 2 -1 7 Here, the matrix B is called the additive inverse of the
matrix A or the negative of A.
1+4 3+1 5-2 5 4 3
-2 + 3 0 + 2 2 + 1 1 2 3 Property 5 Cancellation laws
0+2 4-1 -3 + 7 2 3 4 If A, B and C are matrices of the same order m x n (say),
■
then A+B=A+C => B = C
C=$B [left cancellation law]
B Example 6. If a,b;b,c and c,o are the roots of and A=$B = C [right cancellation law]
B + A = C + A=>B
x2 -4x + 3 = 0, x2 -8x +15 = 0 and x2 -6x + 5 = 0,
o2 + c2 a2+b2' Scalar Multiplication
respectively. Compute
b2 + c2 a2 + c2 Let A =[a^ ]m xn be a matrix and k be any number called a
’ 2ac -2ab~ scalar. Then, the matrix obtained by multiplying every
+ element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by k
-2bc -2qc and is denoted by kA.
Sol. v x2 -4x + 3 = 0 Thus, kA=[fcaj7]mxn
=> (x-l)(x —3) = 0 x = 1,3
x2 -8x + 15 = 0
Properties of Scalar Multiplication
x = 3, 5
If A = (fly ]m x „, B = [by ]m x n are two matrices and k, I are
(x-3)(x-5) = 0
scalars, then
and x2 - 6x + 5 = 0
=> (x-5)(x-l) = 0 x = 5,1 (i) k(A +B) = kA + kB (ii) (k + l) A = kA + LA
It is clear that a = 1, b = 3 and c = 5 (iii) (fcZ)A = fc(ZA) = Z(fcA)
?+c2 a2+b2' 2ac -2ab (iv) (-fc)A = -(fcA) = fc(-A)
Now, +
b2 +c2 a2 + c2 -2bc -2ac (v) 1A = A,(-1)A = -A
a2 + c2 +2ac a2 + b2 - 2ab (a + c)2 (a-b)2 I Example 7. Determine the matrix A,
b2 + c2 - 2bc a2 + c2 - 2ac (b - c)2 (a~c)2_ 12 3 5 4 1
= (1 + 5)2 (1-3)2 = '36 4* when A = 4 -1 -2 -3 + 2 3 2 4
(3-5)2 (1 — 5)2J L4 16 4 2 6 3 8 2
612 Textbook of Algebra

4 8 12 10 8 2 3- 1 -1-2 2 + 3'
Sol. A= -8 -12 + 6 4 8 4- 5 2-0 5-2
16 8 24 6 16 4 2-1 0+1 3-1

4+10 8+8 12 + 2 14 16 14 2 -3 5 2 -3 5
-4+6 -8 + 4 -12 + 8 2 -4 -4 2C = -1 2 3 => C = - -1 2 3
2
16 + 6 8 + 16 24 + 4 22 24 28 1 1 2 1 1 2

1 -3/2 5/2'
0 2 0 3a -1/2 1 3/2
I Example 8. If A = and k A = , then
3 -4 2b 24 1/2 1/2 1

find the value of b - a - k.

I Example 10. Solve the following equations for X and
o 2 0 2k 4 1 5 ‘
5
Sol. We have, A = => k A = 3-3 0
3 -4 3k -4k Y. 2X - Y = ,2Y + X =
3 3 2 -1 4 -4
0 3a
But kA = 3 -3 0
2b 24 Sol. Given, 2X -Y =
3 3 2
0 2k ' 0 3a
On multiplying both sides by 2, we get
3k -4k 2b 24
3 -3 0 6 -6 0
2/c = 3a, 3k = 2b, -4k = 24 4X-2Y = 2 ; 4X-2Y = •••(*)
3 3 2 6 6 4
k = -6, a~- 4, b = -9
4 1 5
Hence, b-a-k=-9- (-4) - (-6) = - 9 + 4 + 6= 1 also given X + 2Y =
-1 4 -4

Subtraction of Matrices Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

6 -6 0 4 1 5
Let A, B be two matrices, each of order m x n. Then, their 5X = +
6 6 4 -1 4 -4
subtraction A - B is a matrix of order m x n and is
6+4 -6 + 1 0+5 10 -5 5
obtained by subtracting the corresponding elements of A
and B. Thus, if A = [afy ]m x „ and B =[by ]m xn, 6-1 6+4 4-4 5 10 0

then A - B = [fly - byij }Jm x n • 1 10 -5 5 2 -1 1

X =- x=
‘2 3 a b 5 5 10 0 1 2 0

For example, If A = 4 5 and B = c d Putting the value of X in Eq. (ii), we get

2 -1 1 4 1 5
6 7 e + 2Y =
1 2 0 -1 4 -4
2 3 a b 2-a 3-b
4 1 5 2 -1 1
then A-B = 4 5 c d 4-c 5-d 2Y =
-1 4 -4 1 2 0
6 7 e f. 6—e 7~f. 4-2 1+1 5-1 2 2 4

1 2 -3 -1-1 4-2 -4-0 -2 2 -4

I Example 9. Given, A = 5 0 2 and 1 1 2

Y=
-1 1 -2
1 -1 1
3 -1 2 2 -1 1 1 1 2
Hence, X= and Y =
1 2 0 -1 1 -2
B= 4 2 5 . Find the matrix C such that A+2C = B.
2 0 3
Remark
Sol. Given, A +2C = B If two matrices A and B are of the same order, then only their
3 -1 2 1 2 -3 addition and subtraction is possible and these matrices are sad
to be conformable for addition or subtraction. On the other
2C = B- A = 4 2 5 5 0 2 hand, if the matrices A and Bare of different orders, then their
2 0 3 1 -1 1 addition and subtraction is not possible and these matrices are
called non-conformable for addition and subtraction.
 Chap 08 Matrices 613

For convenience of multiplication we write columns in

Multiplication horizontal rectangles.
Conformable for Multiplication 0 1 2 I 9J 2|
If A and B be two matrices which are said to be I-2 o -■!
i 2 3 112 3 |
conformable for the product AB. If the number of columns
in A (called the pre-factor) is equal to the number of rows
1 -1 2 I-2P-1I
2 3 4 | 2 3 4 |
in B (called the post-factor) otherwise non-conformable
1 -1 2 1-20 -1]
for multiplication. Thus,
(i) AB is defined, if number of columns in A = number of 0x1 + 1 x (-1) + 2x2 0x(-2) + lx0 + 2x (-1)'
rows in B. lxl + 2x(-l) + 3x2 1 x(-2) + 2x0 + 3x(-l)
(ii) BA is defined, if number of columns in B = number of 2xl + 3x(-l)+ 4 x2 2 x (-2)+ 3x0+ 4 x(-l) 3x2
rows in A.
0 — 1 + 4 0 + 0-2 3 -2
Multiplication of Matrices 1- 2 + 6 -2 + 0-3 5 -5
Let A=[a,JmXn and B = [bij]nXp be two matrices, then 2- 3 + 8 -4 + 0-4 J 3 x 2 7 -8J 3 x 2
the product AB is defined as the matrix C = [Cy ]m xp,
n Since, the number of columns of B is 2 and the number of
where Ctj =^a(J b jk,l<i<m,l<k <p rows of A is 3, BA is not defined (v 2^3).

Remark
=an bxk +ai2 b2k +ai3 b3k +... + ain bnk
Verification for the product to be correct.
i.e., (i, k) th entry of the product AB is the sum of the From above example
product of the corresponding elements of the ith row of A '0 1 2' ■ 1 -2 '3 -2
(pre-factor) and kth column of B (post-factor). 1 2 3 X -1 0 5 -5
Note 2 3 4 2 -1 7 -8
A = Pre-factor
In the product AB, 1 Sum 3 6 9 15 -15
B = Post-factor

0 1 2 1 -2 1 = 3x 1 + 6 x(-1}+9 x2
Now, 369 -1 =3-6 + 18
I Example 11. if A = 1 2 3 and B = 0
2 =15
2 3 4 2 -1
obtain the product AB and explain why BA is not defined? -2 = 3(-2) + 6 x 0 + 9 x (-1)
and 369 0 =-6+0-9
Sol. Here, the number of columns in A = 3 = the number of
-1 =-15
rows in B. Therefore, the product AB is defined.
C] C2 0 - tan (a/2)'
0 1 2 *1 1 -2 I Example 12. If A = and I is
AB = 1 2 3 r2 x 0
tan (a/2) 0
2 3 4 r3 2 -1 a 2 x 2 unit matrix, prove that
cos a -sina'
Rv R2, R3 are rows of A and Clt C2 are columns of B. l+A = (l-A) .
sin a cos a
R& B]C2
AB = R2 ^2 ’i o' 0 - tan(a 12)
Sol. Since, I = and given A =
P3Cj BjC2 3X2 0 1 tan (a/2) 0

1 -2 1 -tan (a/2)
0
/+A= -(i)
0 1 2 0 1 2 tan(a / 2) 1
2
cos a - sin a
T -2 RHS = (I- A)
1 2 3 1 2 3 0 sin a cos a
2
1 tan(a/2) cosa -sina
“T -2
2 3 4 -1 2 3 4 0 - tan(a / 2) 1 sina cos a
2 -1 3x2
614 Textbook of Algebra

1 tan (a/2) Property 5 If product of two matrices is a zero matrix, it

- tan(a / 2) 1 is not necessary that one of the matrices is a zero matrix
1 - tan2(a/2) -2 tan (a/2) For example,
1 + tan2(a/2) 1 + tan2(a/2) 1 1 -1 1 l-l + l-(-l)
(i) x
2tan (a/2) 1 - tan2(a/2) 2 2 1 -1J [2-(-l)+2.1 2-l + 2-(-l)
1 + tan2(a/2) 1 + tan2(a/2) To 0
Let tan (a/2) = k, then = 0
—2 X 0 0
1-X2
1 X‘ 1 + X2 1 + X2 0 0 0 0 0-0+00 0-0+01 0 0
RHS = x =0
-X 1 2X 1-X2 1 0 0 1 1-0+0-0 1-0+01 0 0
1 + X2 1 + X2
None of the matrices on the LHS is a null matrix
1 - X2 + 2X2 -2X + X(1-X2) whereas their product is a null matrix.
1 + X2 1 + X2 Note If A and 8 are two non-zero matrices such that AS = 0. then
-X(1-X2) + 2X 2X2 + 1 - X2 A and 8 are called the divisors of zero. Also, if
1 + X2 1 + X2 48 = 0 => |4B| = 0 =>| A|| B| = 0
=> 14| = 0or|B| = 0 but not the converse.
1 + X2 -X(l + X2)
T -X' Property 6 Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix
1 + X2 1 + X2
conformable with A for multiplication.
X(1 + X2) 1 + X2 X 1 "3 4
1 + X2 1 + X2 0 0 0
For example, If A = 5 6 and O = I

1 -tan(a/2) 0 0 0 2x3
[v X = tan (a/2)] 7 8 3X2
tan(a/2) 1
0 0 0
= / +A [from Eq. (i)]
= LHS then AO = 0 0 0 , which is a 3 x 3 null matrix.
0 0 0 3x3

Pre-multiplication and Property 7 Multiplication of a matrix by itself

Post-multiplication of Matrices The product of A A A ... m times = Am and (Am)n = Amn
The matrix AB is the matrix B pre-multiplied by A and the
Note
matrix BA is the matrix B post-multiplied by A.
1. If / be unit matrix, then /2 = /3 = ... = / m =/ (me/J

Properties of Multiplication of Matrices 1 2. If A and 8 are two matrices of the same order, then
(i) (4+ B)2 = A2 + AB+ BA+ B2
Property 1 Multiplication of matrices is not commutative
(ii) (4-B)2 = 42-AB-BA+ B2
i.e. AB -A BA
(iii) (4-6)(4+8) = 42+46-64+B2
Note (iv) (4+B)(4-B) = 42- AB+BA-B2
1. If AB = - BA then A and Bare said to anti-commute. (v) 4(-B) = (-4)(B) = -4B
’1 O’ '3 0‘ ’3 0‘
2. If 4 = and B = then AB = BA = 1 2 2 1
0 2 0 4 ' 0 8 I Example 13. If A = ,B = and
Observe that multiplication of diagonal matrices of same order -2 3 2 3
will be commutative. -3 1
Property 2 Matrix multiplication associative if C= verify that (AB) C = A(BC)
2 0 ’
conformability assumed.
and A(B + C) = AB + AC.
i.e. A(BC)=(AB)C
Property 3 Matrix multiplication is distributive with
respect to addition, i.e. A(B + C) = AB + AC, whenever
Sol. We have, AB =

1-2 + 2-2
[1 R 3
11 + 2-3 6 7
both sides of equality are defined.
(-2)2 +3-2 (-2)-l + 3-3j [2 7
Property 4 If A is an m x n matrix, then Im A = A- AIn.
 Chap 08 Matrices 615

2 1 -3 1 2-(—3) + l-2 2-1+ 1-0* o o 1

BC = x
2 3 2 0 2(-3) + 3-2 2-1 + 30 P 9 r
. 2
-6+2 2+0 -4 2 • Pr P + 9r 9+r
—6 + 6 2 + 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 2 -3 1 l-(-3) + 2-2 1-14-2-0 A3 = A2•A = P 9 r X 0 0 1
AC = x 2
-2 3 2 Oj |_(-2)-(-3) + 3-2 (-2)1 + 3 0 pr p+qr q + rL P 9 r
-3 + 4 1+0 Fl 1 P 9 r
6+6 -2 + 0 12 -2 pr p + 9r q + r2 (i)
2 . _2 . 2
-1 2’ pq + r p pr + q + qr p + 2qr + r3
2 1 2-3 1+1
B+C= + 1-3 1
2 3 2 2+2 3 + 0 4 3 i o o 0 1 0

1 -18 + 14 6 + 0 and pl + qA + rA2 = p 0 1 0 +9 0 0 1

Now, (AB)C = 7]X[ -3 0 0 1
2 0 -6 + 14 2+0 P 9 r
F-4 61 o 0 1
“ 8 2 (i)
P 9 r
1 2 -4 2 Pr p + qr q + r2
A(BC) = x
-2 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 r
P 9
-4+0 2+4 -4 6 0 P 0 + 0 0 9 + pr qr r2
(ii) 2
8 + 0 —4 + 6 8 2 0 0 PJ P9 9 9''. pr2 pr + qr 2 qr + r3

Thus, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get, (AB)C = A(BC) p +0 + 0 0 + q +0 0+0+r
1 2 -1 2 -1+8 2+6 0 + 0 + pr p + 0 + qr Q + q + r2
Now, A(B + C) = x n , „2 - 2
-2 3 4 3 2 + 12 -4+9 0 + pq + pr2 0 + q + pr + qr p + qr + qr + r3
7 8 P 9 r
(iii)
14 5 pr p + qr <? + r 2 -(ii)
2
6 7 1 1 6+1 7+1 pq + pr2 q + pr + qr 2 p + 2qr + r3
and AB + AC = +
2 7 12 -2 2 + 12 7-2 Thus, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get A3 = pl + qA + rA 2
7 8
-(iv) 1- 3 2 1
14 5
I Example 15. Find x, so that [1 x 1] 0 5 1 1 = 0.
Thus, from Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
0 3 2 x
A(B + C) = AB + AC 1 3 2 1
0 1 0 Sol. We have, [1 x 1] 0 5 1 1 =0

I Example 14. if A= 0 0 1 show that 0 3 2 X

1
P q r
[1 5x + 6 x + 4] 1 = 0
A* =pI+qA + rA2.
x
Sol. We have, A2 = A ■ A
=> [1 + 5x + 6 + x2 + 4x] =0
0 1 0 0 1 0
or x2 +9x + 7 = 0
0 0 1 x 0 0 1
- 9 + 7(81 -28) => x = -- ~ -53
P 9 r |P 9 r x=
2 2
616 Textbook of Algebra

Various Kinds of Matrices I Example 17. Show that

1
5
1
2
3
6 is nilpotent

Idempotent Matrix -2 -1 -3
matrix of order 3.
A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it ’ 1
1 3
satisfies the relation A2 = A.
Sol. Let A = 5 2 6
Note
-2 -1 -3
An = AV n £ 2, ne N.
1 1 3 1 1 3
I Example 16. Show that the matrix
/. A2 = A • A = 5 2 6 x 5 2 6
' 2 -2 -4
-2 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3
A = -1 3 4 is idempotent.
1 + 5-6 1 + 2-3 3 + 6-9
1 -2 -3
5 + 10-12 5 + 4-6 15 + 12-18
2 -2 -4 2 -2 -4 -2-5+6 -2-2+3 -6-6+9
2
Sol. A=A'A = -1 3 4 x -1 3 4 0I 0 0
1 -2 -3 1 -2 -3 3i 3 9
'2-2 + (-2) -(- l) + (—4)4 -1 -1 -3
= (-l)-2 + 3(-l) + 41
0 0 0 1 1 3
1 2+(—2)-(—1) + (—3) ■ 1 3 2
/. AJ = A" A = 3 3 9 x 5 2 6
2-(—2)+(—2) • 3 + (—4) • (—2)
-1 -1 -3 -2 -1 -3
(—!)•(—2) + 3-3+ 4 •(— 2)
1 •(—2) + (-2) • 3 + (—3) • (—2) 0+0+0 0+0+0
0+0+0 0+0+0 0 0 0
= 3+ 15- 18 3 + 6-9 9 + 18-27 0 0 0 =0
2-(—4) + (-2)-4 + (—4)-(—3)"
-1-5+6 -1-2+3 -3-6+9 0 0 0
(—1)-(—4) + 3-4 + 4-(—3)
l-(-4) + (-2)-4 + (-3)-(-3) A3 = Oi.e.,A* = 0

2 -2 —4 Here, k=3

-1 3 4 =A Hence, the matrix A is nilpotent of order 3.

1 -2 -3
Involutory Matrix
Hence, the matrix A is idempotent.
A square matrix A is called involutory provided it satisfies
the relation A2 = I, where I is identity matrix.
Periodic Matrix Note A = A~' for an involutory matrix.

A square matrix A is called periodic, if Afc + 1 = A, where

I Example 18. Show that the matrix
k is a positive integer. If k is the least positive integer
-5 -8 0
for which Ak + 1 = A,then k is said to be period of A
A= 3 5 0 is involutory.
For k - 1, we get A = A and we called it to be
1 2 -1
Note -5 -8 0 -5 -8 0
Period of an idempotent matrix is 1. Sol. A2 =A-A = 3 5 0 x 3 5 0
1 2 -1 1 2 -1
Nilpotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called nilpotent matrix of order m 25-24 +0 40- 40 + 0 0+0+0 1 0 0
provided it satisfies the relation Ak = O and A*-1 O, - 15 + 15 + 0 -24 + 25 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 1 o =1
where k is positive integer and 0 is null matrix and k is the -5+6-1 -8 + 10-2 0+0+ 1 0 0 1
order of the nilpotent matrix A. Hence, the given matrix A is involutory.
 Chap 08 Matrices 617

§ Exercise for Session 1

a 2]
1. If A = and | A31 = 125, a is equal to
2 a
(a) ±2 (b) ±3
(c)±5 (d) 0
’1 -1‘ a 1‘
2. If A = ,8 = and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, the value of a + b is
2 -1 b -1
(a) 4 (b)5
(c)6 (d)7
'1 2
3. lfA = and A2 - AA -12 = O, then A. is equal to
2 3
(a)-4 (b)-2
(c)2 (d)4
0 a' a b'
4. Let A - and (A + Z)50 -50A = , the value of a + b + c + d, is
0 0 c d
(a)1 (b)2
(c)4 (d) None of these
' cos 9 sin 9'
5. lfA = , then A2 = I is true for
-sin9 cos9

(a) 9=0 (b)e=i

4

(c)9=£ (d) None of these

2
a p’
6. If is to be the square root of two rowed unit matrix, then a, p and y should satisfy the relation
y -a

(a) 1-a2 + py = 0 (b)a2 + py-1=0

(c) 1 + a2 + py = 0 (d)1-a2-py = 0
' 1 0]
7. lfA = , then A100 is equal to
1/2 1
’ 1 O' '1 O'
(a) (b)
25 0 50 1
' 1 O'
(c) (d) None of these
(1/2)100 1
’1 iiri 2iri 3' 1 n' ’1 378
8. If the product of n matrices is equal to the matrix the value ofn is equal
010101***0 1 0 1
to
(a) 26 (b) 27
(c) 377 (d)378
9. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A then A2 + B2 is equal to
(a) 2AB (b)2BA
(c)A+B (d) AB
Session 2
Transpose of a Matrix, Symmetric Matrix, Orthogonal
Matrix, Complex Conjugate (or Conjugate) of a Matrix,
Hermitian Matrix, Unitary Matrix, Determinant of a Matrix,
Singular and Non-Singular Matrices,

Transpose of a Matrix Sol. We have, AT A

Let A aij mxn be any given matrix, then the matrix cos 0 sin 0 cos 0 -sin 0 '1 0*
obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is => +
-sin 0 cos 0 sin 0 cos 0 0 1
called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is
2cos 0 0 1 0
denoted by A or A or A . In other words, if
aij mxn^benA'=[aji]nXm. 0 2 cos 0 0 1
For example, 1
cos 0 = - = cos — =$> 0 = 2mt ± —, n e
2 3 4 5 2 3

If A = -2 -1 4 8
7 5 3 1 3X4 Symmetric Matrix
2 -2 7 A square matrix A atijj nXn
nXn is said to be symmetric,if
3 -1 5 A'=A i.e., atJ =a
then A'=
4 4 3 For example,
5 8 1 4X3
a h a h g
If A h b f ,then A’ = h b f
Properties of Transpose Matrices
_S f c _g f c.
If A' and B' denote the transpose of A and B respectively,
then Here, A is symmetric matrix as A' =■ A.
(i) A')' = A Note
(ii) A ± B ' = A' + B'; A and B are conformable for 1. Maximum number of distinct entries in any symmetric matr.i
matrix addition. of order n is
2
(iii) kA ' = kA'-, A: is a scalar. 2. For any square matrix A with real number entries, then 4+ '
(iv) AB ' = B' A'; A and B are conformable for matrix is a symmetric matrix.
product AB. Proof (A + A)' = A+(A)'= A + A= A + A'
In general, AAA ...An_ AnY = A'n A'n_1
A'3 A'2 A'j (reversal law for transpose).
Skew-Symmetric Matrix
Remark A square matrix A = [a^ ]nxnis said to be skew-symmetric
/'= I, where / is an identity matrix. matrix, if A' = - A, i.e. a (j =-aji,^ i, j. (the pair of
conjugate elements are additive inverse of each other)
0 -sinO" Now, if we put i = j, we have au = - au.
•’ Example 19. If A , find the values
sin 0 cos 0 Therefore, 2ait = 0 or a = 0, V i’s
of 0 satisfying the equation AT + A /2- This means that all the diagonal elements of a
skew-symmetric matrix are zero, but not the converse.
 Chap 08 Matrices 619

For example, vr „ [3 21 f 0 3 3 5’
Now, P + Q = + =A
" 0 h g |_2 2] [-3 0 -1 2
If A = -h 0 f , then Hence, A is represented as the sum of a symmetric and a
skew-symmetric matrix.
,~g ~f o.
0 ~h -g 0
A' = h
h g
Properties of Symmetric and
0 -f -h 0 f =—A
_g f 0 L-g ~f o_
Skew-Symmetric Matrices
(i) If A be a square matrix, then AA' and A' A are
Here, A is skew-symmetric matrix as A' = - A. symmetric matrices.
Note (ii) All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are
1. Trace of a skew-symmetric matrix is always 0. symmetric, because
2. For any square matrix Awith real number entries, then A - A' (AnY=(A')n
is a skew-symmetric matrix. (iii) All positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric
Proof (A - A')' = A' -(A')'= A'-A = -(A- A') matrix are skew-symmetric and positive even integral
3. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are symmetric,
a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix. because (An)'=(A')n
i.e. If A is a square matrix, then we can write
1 1 (iv) If A be a symmetric matrix and B be a square matrix
A=2(A+ A') + -(A-A')
2 2 of order that of A, then -A kA A', A-1, A" and B' AB
are also symmetric matrices, where ne N and k is a
I Example 20. The square matrix A = [o/-/ ]mxni given scalar.
by o,y = (/ - j)n, show that A is symmetric and (v) If A be a skew-symmetric matrix, then
(a) A2'1 is a symmetric matrix for n 6 N.
skew-symmetric matrices according as n is even or odd,
respectively. (b) A2/1 + 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for neN.
(c) kA is a skew-symmetric matrix, where k is scalar.
So/. va/J=(i-j)n=(-l)n0 -f)n
(d) B' AB is also skew-symmetric matrix, where B is
a, n is even integer a square matrix of order that of A.
= (-l)n ajt =
-ajitn is odd integer (vi) If A and B are two symmetric matrices, then
(a) A ± B, AB + BA are symmetric matrices.
Hence, A is symmetric if n is even and skew-symmetric if
n is odd integer. (b) AB - BA is a skew-symmetric matrix
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, iff AB = BA
8 Example 21. Express A as the sum of a symmetric (where A and B are square matrices of same order)
" 3 5‘ (vii) If A and B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
and a skew-symmetric matrix, where A = (a) A ± B, AB - BA are skew-symmetric matrices.
-1 2 ‘
Sol. We have, (b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
53 3 -1 (where A and B are square matrices of same order)
A= , then A' =
-1 2 2J (viii) If A be a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a column
matrix, then C'AC is a zero matrix, where C'AC is
Let p = 1(a + a')=^1 6
conformable.
2 2 4
1
Thus, P = -(A + A')isa symmetric matrix.
2 Orthogonal Matrix
1 0 6 ‘0 3
Also, let Q = - (A-A') =- A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal matrix, iff
2 ’ 2 -6 0 -3 0 AA' = I, where I is an identity matrix.
’ 0 3
0 -3 Note
Then, Q'= = -Q
3 0 -3 0 1. If AA’ = /. then 4"’ = A
1 . . 2. If Aand B are orthogonal, then AB is also orthogonal.
Thus, Q = -(A-A')isa skew-symmetric matrix.
2 3. If A is orthogonal, then A*’ and A' are also orthogonal.
620 Textbook of Algebra

’0 20 Y So/. Since, AA' = 9I3

I Example 22. If a P ~Y is orthogonal, then find i 2 2' 1 2 a 1 0 0
2 1 -2 2 1 2 =9 0 1 0
L“ -P Y
a 2 b 2 -2 b 0 0 1
the value of 2a2 + 6p2 + 3y2.
9 0 a + 2b + 4 9 0 O'
‘o 20 y' 0 a a
=> 0 9 2a-2b + 2 0 9 0
Sol. Let A = a p -y , then A' = 2p p -P
a + 2b + 4 2a — 2b+ 2 a2+b2 + 4 0 0 9
a -0 y ~Y Y
Y -Y
Since, A is orthogonal. Equating the corresponding elements, we get
A4' = f a+ 2b + 4 = 0
2a —2b+ 2 = 0 ...(ii
'o 2p y ’ o a a 1 0 0
and a2 + b2 + 4 = 9 ..(iii
a P -Y 20 p -P 0 1 0
a -p y’. 0 0 1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
-y Y
ly
a = — 2 and b = - 1
402 + y2 2p2-y2 -2p2+y2 T o o Hence, |a | + p| = |-2| +1-1| = 2 + 1 = 3
2P2 -y2 a2+p2 + y2 a2 - P2 - y2 o 1 o
-20z+y2 <a2 - p2 - y2 a2 + p2 + y2 o o 1
Equating the corresponding elements, we get Complex Conjugate
4p2+y2=l
(or Conjugate) of 3 Matrix
2p2 -y2 =0 ••(ii)
If a matrix A is having complex numbers as its elements,
and a2 + P2 + y2 = 1 ■(iii) the matrix obtained from A by replacing each element of /
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get by its conjugate (a ± ib = a + ib, where i = 7-1) is called
P2 = - andy2 = 1 the conjugate of matrix A and is denoted by A.
6 3
’2+5i 3-i 7
From Eq. (iii),
For example, If A = —2i 6+i 7-5/ , where i=v-l,
a2 =1-P2 --yy2 =1-1
=l-pZ =1-1-1 = 1
6 3 2 1-i 3 6/
Hence, 2a2 +6p2+3y2=2xl + 6xl + 3xl = 3 2-51 3+i 7
2 6 3
then A= 2i 6-i 7 + 5i
Aliter
1+i 3 -6i
The rows of matrix A are unit orthogonal vectors
Note
RfR2 =o => 202-y2 =0 => 2p2 = y2 (i) If all elements of A are real, then A = A.

R2-R3 =0 => a2 -p2 -y2 =0 => p2 +y2 =a2 (ii)

Properties of Complex Conjugate
and R3R3 =1 => a2+p2+y2 =1 ...(iii) of a Matrix
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get If A and B are two matrices of same order, then
a2=A,p iandy
=ip2 = iand7!2=l
=A
2 6 3 (i) (A) = A
.-. 2a2+602+3y2 =3 (ii) (A + B) = A + B, where A and B being conformable for

2 2 'l addition.

I Example 23. If A= 2 1-2 is a matrix satisfying (iii) (kA) - kA, where k is real.

o 2 b (iv) (AB) = AB, where A and B being conformable for

AA' = 913, find the value of |a| + |b|. multiplication.

 Chap 08 Matrices 621

Conjugate Transpose of a Matrix Note

For any square matrix A with complex number entries, then
The conjugate of the transpose of a matrix A is called the 4+ A9 is a Hermitian matrix.
conjugate transpose of A and is denoted by A9 i.e. Proof (-4+ A9)9 = A9 + (A0)0 = A9 + A= / + A9
A9 = Conjugate of A' = (A')
For example, Skew-Hermitian Matrix
2 + 4i 3 5-9i A square matrix A=[a(? ]nXn is said to be skew-hermitian
If A= 4 5+2z 3i matrix. If A9 = - A, i.e. at) = - ay, V i,j. If we put j = i, we
2 -5 4-i have au = - an => au + an = 0 => au is purely imaginary
where i = 7-1, for all i’s. This means that all the diagonal elements of a
2-4i 4 2 skew-hermitian matrix must be purely imaginary or zero.
then A9 = (A') = 3 5 —2i -5 For example,
2i -2-3i -2 + i
5+9i -3i 4+i
If A = 2-3i -i 3i , where i = 7-1,
Properties of Transpose Conjugate Matrix 2+i 3i 0
If A and B are two matrices of same order, then 2i 2-3i 2 + i
W=(A') (ii) (A9)9 =A then A' = -2-3i 3i
(iii) (A + B)9 =A9 + B9, where A and B being -2 + i 3i 0
conformable for addition. -2i 2+3i 2-i
(iv) (kA)9 = k A 9, where k is real. A9 =(A') = -2+3i i -3i
(v) (AB)9 = B9 A9, where A and B being conformable for -2-i -3i 0
multiplication 2i -2-3i -2 + i
2-3i 3i = -A
Hermitian Matrix 2+i 3i 0

A square matrix A = ]nXn is said to be hermitian, if Hence, A is skew-hermitian matrix.

A = A i.e., ay - a jt, V i, j. If we put j = i, we have aH = an Note
=>aH is purely real for all i ’s. 1. For any square matrix A with complex number entries, then
A - A6 is a skew-hermitian matrix.
This means that all the diagonal elements of a hermitian
Proof (A - /40)0 = (Ae) - (A0)0 = - A = -(A- A9)
matrix must be purely real.
2. Every square matrix (with complex elements) can be uniquely
For example; expressed as the sum of a hermitian and a skew-hermitian
a A, + ip. 0 + z (j) matrix i.e.
If A is a square matrix, then we can write
If A = A.-ip P x + iy
A = 1(A+ A9) + 2 (A-A9)
0-4 x - iy y 2 2
where a, p, y, X, p,0,0, x, y g R and i = 7-1, then I Example 24. Express A as the sum of a hermitian
a A, - ip 0-4 and a skew-hermitian matrix, where
“2+3/ 7"
A' = A, + ip. P x-iy A= ,i =
1-i 2i
0 + z(j) x + iy y . 2 + 3i 7 2 —3i 1 + i
a A. + z|i 0+4 Sol. We have,A = , then A9 = (A') =
1-z 2i 7 -2z
Ae=(A') = X-ip P x + iy = A
44-2
2
Q-ty x - iy y Let P= -(A + ,4e) = 1 4 8 + i 2 = P9
Here, A is hermitian matrix as A 9 = A. 2 2 8-i 0 4-' 0
2
622 Textbook of Algebra

Thus, P = -(A + A6) is a hermitian matrix. 1 1+f

2' I Example 25. Verify that the matrix -^= . is
-1
' 6i 6-i
Also, let Q = -(A-Ae) = - unitary, where i =
2 2 -6-i 4i
Sol. Let A = -L 1 , then A9 = (A') =-4 1 1+i
3i 3-i -3i —3+- Ji l-i -1 ^[1-i
2 2 = -Q9
^-3-1 1 1 1 1+f
2i 3 + - ~2i AA e = _L| x
L 2 2 Ji |_i- -1 Ji 1-i -1
Thus, Q = -(A-Ae)isa skew-hermitian matrix.
2 =ip »1=p
3L° 3j L° d
2 <+i2 3i 3-i
Now, P+ Q = + 2 Hence, A is unitary matrix.
4-i 0 -3-i 2i
L 2 2
_ 2+3i
“ [1 — i
7
2i = A
Determinant of a Matrix
Let A be a square matrix, then the determinant formed by
Hence, A is represented as the sum of a hermitian and a the elements of A without changing their respective
skew-hermitian matrix. positions is called the determinant of A and is denoted by
det A or | A |.
Properties of Hermitian and «2 az ai a2 fl3

Skew-Hermitian Matrices i.e., IfA = b2 , then | A | = bi b2

(i) If A be a square matrix, then AA0 and A0 A are _ci c2 c3 _ ci C2 C3

hermitian matrices.
(ii) If A is a hermitian matrix, then
(a) iA is skew-hermitian matrix, where i = V-l.
Properties of the Determinant
(b) iff A is hermitian matrix.
of a Matrix
(c) kA is hermitian matrix, where keR. If A and B are square matrices of same order, then
(iii) If A is a skew-hermitian matrix, then (i) | A | exists <=> A is a square matrix.
(a) iA is hermitian matrix, where i = V-l. (u) |A'| = |A|
(b) iff A is skew-hermitian matrix. (iii) | AB\ = | A||B| and | AB| = |BA|
(c) kA is skew-hermitian matrix, where keR. (iv) If A is orthogonal matrix, then | A | = ± 1
(iv) If A and B are hermitian matrices of same order, then (v) If A is skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then
(a) fcj A + k2B is also hermitian, where k}, k2 g R. |A|=0
(b) AB is also hermitian, if AB = BA.
(vi) If A is skew-symmetric matrix of even order, then | A]
(c) AB + BA is a hermitian matrix.
is a perfect square.
(d) AB - BA is a skew-hermitian matrix.
(vii) | kA | = kn | A], where n is order of A and k is scalar.
(v) If A and B are skew-hermitian matrices of same order,
then kt A + k2 B is also skew-hermitian matrix. (viii)| A" | = | A|", where neN
(ix)IfA= (a1,a2,u3,...,an), then
Unitary Matrix |A| = aj -a2 a3 ...an

A square matrix A is said to be unitary matrix iff AA0 = I, I Example 26. If A, B and C are square matrices of
where I is an identity matrix. order n and det(A) = 2, det (B) = 3 and det(C)=5, then
Note find the value of 1 Odet (A3B2 C“1).
1. If AA6 = I, then A"1 = A° Sol. Given, |A| = 2 , |B| = 3 and |C| = 5.
2. If Aand Bare unitary, then AB is also unitary. Now, 10det(A3 B2 C’1) = 10 x |A3 B2 C-,|
3. If A is unitary, then A-1 and A' are also unitary.
 Chap 08 Matrices 623

= 10 x |A31 x | B21 x |C~’|= 10 x |A|3 x|B|2 x|C| 1+2CD2017 + CD2018 CD2018

Sol. Let A = 1+CD2018 + 2 CD20,7

_ 10 x |A|3 x |B2| _ 10 x 23 x 32 1
= 144 2018
iqi s CD2017 CD
1
o b C CD2017

I Example 27. If A= b c a abc = l, AtA = I, then 2 +CD2017 + 2 CD 2018

CD3 = 1 => CD2017 = CD

cab
find the value of a3 +b3 +c3. and CD 20,8 = CD2, then
2 CD2
So/. v ArA=I 1 +2CD +0) 1
A= 1 1 + CD2 + 2CO CD
=> |ArA|=l/| => |At||A| = 1
CD CD2 2 + CO +2CD2
=> |A||A| = 1 [••|At| = |A|]
=> |A = ±1 CO CD2 i
a b c 1 CD (0 [•.■ 1 + co + cd2 = 01
=> b c a = ±1 CD CD2 -co
c a b
CD CD2 1 CD co 1
3abc-(a3 + b3 +c3) = ±l
Now, |A| = 1 CD CD = CD 1 1 0) =0
or 3-(a3 + b3 + c3) = ± 1 ['.• abc = 1] CD CD2 -CD CD (0 -co
or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3 + 1 = 2or 4 [•••c, = c2]
Thus, | A | =0.
Hence, A is singular matrix.
Singular and Non-Singular I Example 29. Find the rea values of x for which the
Matrices I x+1 3 5
A square matrix A is said to be a singular, if | A[ =0 and a matrix 1 x+3 5 is non-singular.
square matrix A is said to be non-singular, if | A| ^0. 1 3 x+5
For example,
x+1 3 5
1 2 3
Sol. Let A = 1 x+3 5
(i)A = -1 0 2 is a singular matrix.
1 3
2 4 6
x+1 3 5
Since, |A| =0. |A| = 1 x+3 5
2 3 1 3 x+5
(ii) A = is a non-singular matrix.
4 5 Applying Q —» Cx + C2 + C3, then

Since,|A| = 10-12 = -2^0 x + 93 3 5

|A| = x + 9 x+3
x+3 5
I Example 28. If © 1 is a complex cube root of unity, x+9 3 x+5
then prove that Applying R2 —> R2 - Fj and — Rit then
1+2©2017+©2018 Q)2018
x+9 3 5
1 1+©2018 + 2©2017 |A| = 0 x 0 = x2(x + 9)
co2017 ©2018 0 0 **• x

1 v A is non-singular.
co2017 is singular. |A|*0 => x2(x + 9)?to
x # 0, - 9
2+©2017 + 2©2018
Hence, x e R - {0, - 9}.
624 Textbook of Algebra

g Exercise for Session 2

4 x+2
1 If A- is symmetric, then x is equal to
2x -3 x +1
(a) 2 (b)3
(c)4 (d)5
2 If A and 8 are symmetric matrices, then ABA is
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
(c) diagonal matrix (d) scalar matrix
3 If A and 8 are symmetric matrices of the same order and P = AB + BA and Q = AB - BA, then (PQ/ is equal to
(a)PQ (b)QP
(c) - QP (d) None of these
4 If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is odd positive integer, then An is
(a) a skew-symmetric matrix (b) a symmetric matrix
(c) a diagonal matrix (d) None of these
5 If A is symmetric as well as skew-symmetric matrix, then A is
(a) diagonal matrix (b) null matrix
(c) triangular matrix (d) None of these
6 If A is square matrix order 3, then | (A - A')')2015|is
(a)|A| (b)|A'|
(c) 0 (d) None of these
7 The maximum number of different elements required to form a symmetric matrix of order 6 is
(a) 15 (b)17
(c) 19 (d)21
8 If A and 8 are square matrices of order 3x3 such that A is an orthogonal matrix and 8 is a skew-symmetric
matrix, then which of the following statement is true?
(a) |A8|= 1 (b) |AB| = 0
(c) |AB| = - 1 (d) None of these
/ 1-2/“
9 The matrix A = , where / = V-1, is
-1-2/ 0
(a) symmetric (b) skew-symmetric
(c) hermitian (d) skew-hermitian
10 If A and B are square matrices of same order such that A = A and 8* = 8, where A*denotes the conjugate
transpose of A then (AB - BA) * is equal to
(a) null matrix (b) AB - BA
(c) BA - AB (d) None of these
ij 1
11 If matrix A = -7= /' i = V-1 is unitary matrix, a is equal to
/2 -i a '
(a) 2 (b)-1
(c)0 (d)1
12 lfAisa3x3 matrix and det (3A) = k {det( A)}, k is equal to
(a)9 (b)6
(c)1 (d)27
13 If A and 8 are square matrices of order 3 such that | A| = -1,181 = 3, then |3AB | is equal to
(a) - 9 (b) - 81
(c) - 27 (d) 81
 Chap 08 Matrices 625

14 If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then det (A) is equal to

(a)0or1 (b)-2or2
(c) - 3 or 3 (d) None of these
15 If / is a unit matrix of order 10, the determinant of / is equal to
(a) 10 (b) 1
(c)2 (d)9

2 3
16 if/\ = , then y det(^) is equal to
3 2 /=1

(b) —
24
(d) —
144
3-x 2 2
17 The number of values of x for which the matrix A = 2 4 -x 1 is singular, is
-2 -4 — 1 —x
(a)0 (b)1
(c)2 (d)3
3 -1+ x 2 '
18 The number of values of x in the closed interval [-4, -1], the matrix 3 -1 x +2 is singular, is
x +3 -1 2
(a)0 (b)1
(c)2 (d)3
-x X 2'
19 The values of x for which the given matrix 2 X -x will be non-singular are
x -2 -x
(a)-2<x<2 (b) for all x other than 2 and - 2
(c) x £ 2 (d)xS-2
Session 3
Adjoint of a Matrix, Inverse of a Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix),
Elementary Row Operations (Transformations), Equivalent
Matrices, Matrix Polynomial, Use of Mathematical Induction,

Adjoint of a Matrix Rule to Write Cofactors of

LetA =[fly ] be a square matrix of order n and let Cj be an Element a,y
cofactor of atJ in A. Then, the transpose of the matrix of
Cross the row and column intersection at the element
cofactors of elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is
and the determinant which is left be denoted by D, then
denoted by adj (A).
D, if i + j =even integer
Thus, adj(A) =[Ct7]' Cofactors of a- = <
-D, if i + j =odd integer
=> (adj A)J; = Cjt = Cofactor of a ji in A

an °12 a13 3 1 H
i.e. if A= fl21 a22 °23 ,then 0 Example 30. Find the cofactor of a23 in 0 2 -1
_fl31 a32 a33_ 1 -3 5
1 4-
^12 ^13 ^11 Qi ^31

adj A = ^21 ^22 C*23 ^12 ^22 ^32 Sol. Let A- 0 --2---- 1
_C31 ^32 C33_ ^13 C-23 ^33. Ll -3 5J
Cofactor of a23 = - D [-.• 2+3=odd]
where Cijti denotes the cofactor of a„ in A.
3 1
a22 a23 where D =
Here, — a22a33 a23 a 32, 1 -3
a32 a33 [after crossing the 2nd row and 3rd column]
a21 a23 = -9-1 = -10
C12 - - fl31a23 a33a21 > Hence, cofactor of a23 = - (- 10) = 10
a31 a33
Note
fl21 a22
^13 “
- a2ia32 a31fl22>
The adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 is obtained by
a31 a32 interchanging the diagonal elements and changing signs of
off-diagonal elements.
fl12 a13 'a b
Qi ~ - o13a32 “12a 33 > If A= then
fl32 a 33 c d
flU fl13 ~ d -b'
(adj A) =
C22 ~ 33 31fl13’ -c a
a31 a33

^23 ~
an fl12 ! Example 31. Find the adjoint of the matrix
~ai2a31 fllla32’
fl31 a32 1 2 31
fl12 a]3 A = 0 5 0.
C31 - - a12fl23 a22ai3 >
a22 a23 2 4 3
ail fl13 So/. If C be the matrix of cofactors of the element in | A|, then
C32 - - 013^21 alla23
a21 a23
Cn C 12
C12 C13
“11 ai2 C = C2i ^22
C22 C23
and C33 = ~flllfl22 a2iai2
a21 a22 C31 C32 C33
 Chap 08 Matrices 627

5 0 0 5
4 3
00
2 3 2 4
Properties of Adjoint Matrix
12 0 -10
2 3 1 3 1 2 Property 1 If A be a square matrix order n, then
6 -3 0
4 3 2 3 2 4 A(adjA) = (adj A)A=|A|/„
-15 0 5
2 3 1 3 1 2 i.e., the product of a matrix and its adjoint is commutative.
5 0 0 0 0 5
’ 12
Deductions of Property 1
6 -15 '
Deduction 1 If A be a square singular matrix of order n,
=> adjA = C' = 0 -3 0
then A(adj A) = (adj A) A = 0 [null matrix]
-10 0 5
Since, for singular matrix, | A| =0.
Deduction 2 If A be a square non-singular matrix of order
Maha Shortcut for Adjoint n, then | adj A | = | A |n ~1
(Goyal’s Method) Since, for non-singular matrix, | A | 0.
This method applied only for third order square matrix.
Proof A (adj A) = | A11n
1 2 3‘
Taking determinant on both sides, then
Method : Let A = 0 5 0
|A(adj A)1=||A|/„|
2 4 3. |A||adj A| = |A|n|/„|=|A|n [••|/n| = l]
Step I Write down the three rows of A and rewrite first two
|adj A|=|A|'’*1 [•••|A|*0]
rows.
i.e. Note
1 2 3 In general|adj (adj (adj... (adj A)))[ = |
0 5 0 ao> repeat m times

2 4 3 Property 2 If A and B are square matrices of order n, then

1 2 3 adj (AB) = (adj B)(adj A)
0 5 0 Property 3 If A is a square matrix of order n, then
Step II After Step I, rewrite first two columns, (adj A)' = adj A'
i.e. Property 4 If A be a square non-singular matrix of order
122 3 12 1
n, then adj (adjA) = | Aj"“2 A
0 5 0 0 5
Proof v A (adj A) = | A | In
2 4 3 2 4
Replace A by adj A, then
12 3 12
1
(adj A)(adj (adj A)) = | adj A | In
0 5 0 0 5
Step III After Step II, deleting first row and first column, then
= \A\n~lIn MadjAHAr1]
we get all elements of adj A i.e., = /n|A|"-1
1 ••• 2 ••• 3 1 ••• 2
Pre-multiplying both sides by matrix A, then
A(adj >1)(adj (adj A)) = AI„ | A |" = A| A’
0 5 0 0 5
=> |A|/n(adj(adjA)) = A|A|n"1
X =>15 0 -10
X first column of adj A (adj(adjA)) = A|A|"-2
2 4 3 2 4
=> 6 -3 0 or adj (adjA) = |A|"’2 A
X X
^second column of adj A
1 2 3 1 Property 5 If A be a square non-singular matrix of order
X X X => -15 0 5 n, then
third column of adj A (n-1)2
0 5 0 o 5 |adj (adj A)|=|A|
' 15 6 -15 Proof v adj adj A = | A|"-2 A
or adj A = 0 -3 0 Taking determinant on both sides, then
-10 0 5 |adj(adj A)| = |M|"-2X|
628 Textbook of Algebra

= | A|n(n“2) [vn=3j
1^1 [v|kA| = kn|A(] (i) |A||adj A| = |A||A|2
= |X|”!-2”+1 (n-l)2 = |A|3 = 43 =64
= 1*1 (ii) | adj (adj (adj A ))| = | A |(3"1)3 = | A |8 = 48 = 216
Note
In general, |adj (adj (adj... (adj A))) | =|A|(n“1)n’ (iii) | adj (3A)| = |32 adj A| = (32)3| adj A|
adj m times
= 36|A|2 = 729 X 42 = 11664
Property 6 If A be a square matrix of order n and k is a (iv) adj( adjA) = | A|2 A = 16A
scalar, then
adj (kA) = k"-1 - (adjA) 3-3 4
Proof v A(adj A) = | A | In „.(i) I Example 33. If A = 2 - 3 4 and B is the adjoint
Replace A by kA, then 0 -1 1_
kA(adj(kA)) = |kA|/n=k"|A|/n of A, find the value of | AB + 211, where I is the identity
=> A(adj(kA)) = kn-I|A|Zn matrix of order 3.
3 -3 4
= kn-1A(adj A) [from Eq. (i)] Sol. •/ A = 2 -3 4
Hence, adj (kA) = k" “1 (adj A) 0 -1 1
Property 7 If A be a square matrix of order n and me N, 3 -3 4
then (adj Am) =(adj A)m |A| = 2 -3 4
0 -1 1
Property 8 If A and B be two square matrices of order n
= 3(—3 + 4)+ 3(2-0) + 4(-2-0)=l*0
such that B is the adjoint of A and k is a scalar, then
|AB + k/„|=(|A| + k)n /. I AB + 2Z| = (I A| + 2)3 [by property S]
= (1 + 2)3 = 33 = 27
Proof */ B=adj A
AB = A(adj A) =|A\In
LHS = |AB + W„| = ||A|I„+«„| = |(|A|+fc)/„|
Inverse of a Matrix
(Reciprocal Matrix)
= (|A| + t)”|Z„| = (|A|+t)"=RHS
A square matrix A (non-singular) of order n is said to be
Property 9 Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal invertible, if there exists a square matrix B of the same
matrix. order such that AB = In = BA,
a 0 0 be 0 0 then B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denote
i.e. If A = 0 b 0 , then adj A = 0 ca 0 by A’1. Thus, A-1 = B <=> AB = In = BA
0 0 c 0 0 ab
Wehave, A(adj A) = |A|/n
Note => A^1 A(adj A) = A-1/J A|
adj (/„) = /„.
=> /„(adj A) = A-1|A|ln
-1 1 1
I Example 32. if A ~ 1 -1 1 find the values of A provided | A| £0
1 1 -1 Note The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix;
to be invertible is that | A * 0.

(i) | A|| adj 4 (ii) | adj (adj (adj A))|

(iii) I adj (3A)|
-1
(iv) adj adj A Properties of Inverse of a Matrix
1
-1 1 Property 1 (Uniqueness of inverse) Every invertible
Sol. *.* A= 1
matrix possesses a unique inverse.
1
1 -1.
Proof Let A be an invertible matrix of order n x n. Let B
.-. |A| = (-1)(1 -1) - (i)(-1 -1) + (i)(i +1) = 4 *o
and C be two inverses of A. Then,
=> A is non-singular.
AB = BA = In -.4
 Chap 08 Matrices 629

and AC = CA-I n -(ii) Proof We have,

Now, AB = In (Afc)-1 = (A x A x A x... x A)-1
■ " V '
=> C(AB) = CIn [ pre-multiplying by C ] repeat k times
(CA)B = CIn [by associativity] =A x A-1 x A-1 x...xA
=> InB = CIn [vCA = Z„ by Eq. (ii)] repeat k times
=> B=C [ by reversal law for inverse]
Hence, an invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse. = (A-’)‘=A-t
Property 2 (Reversal law) If A and B are invertible
Property 5 Let A be an invertible matrix of order n, then
matrices of order n x n, then AB is invertible and
(A’^-^A.
(AB)-1 =B"1A"1.
Proof We have, A-1 A = In
Proof It is given that A and B are invertible matrices.
|A| 0and|B | 0 => |A11B | 0 Inverse of A-1 =A => (A-1) -A
=> |AB|*0 Note
Hence, AB is an invertible matrix. z;’ = in as z;1 in = in
Now, (AB)(B -1 A"’) = A(BB -1)A [by associativity] Property 6 Let A be an invertible matrix of order n, then

= AA-1 [•••Afn=A]
|A“l=Ri-
Proof v A is invertible, then | A| ^0.
= In [•.AA-‘=Z,]
Now, AA = In = A A
Also, (B -1 A-1 )(AB) = B ~l(A~1A)B [by associativity]
= B~\lnB) [•.•A-‘A = Zn]
|A||A-‘| = 1
= B~lB [•••/„B = B]
[•.•|AB|=|A||B|and|I„| = l]
[vB-1B = l„]
Thus, (AB)(B~1A’1) = Zn = (B",A"1)(AB)
Hence, (AB)-1 =B -1A-1 Property 7 Inverse of a non-singular diagonal matrix is a
diagonal matrix.
Note
'a 0 0
If A B, C,.... Y, Z are invertible matrices, then
(ABC...YZ)-' =Z-1r’ ...C~]B~]A~' [reversal law] Le. IfA = 0 b 0 and | A | 0, then
0 0 c
Property 3 Let A be an invertible matrix of order n, then
A' is also invertible and (A')-1 = (A-1)'. j.
0 0
a
Proof •.• A is invertible matrix
A 0 0
|A| 0 => | A' | £ 0 1
Hence, A-1 is also invertible. 1
0 0
Now, c
AA = In = A A
Note
=> (AA-'Y=(InY = (A-'A)'
The inverse of a non-singular square matrix A of order 2 is
(A-'YA'
=> = In^A'(A-'Y obtained by interchanging the diagonal elements and changing
signs of off-diagonal elements and dividing by | A|.
[by reversal law for transpose] For example,
=> (A' )-1 = (A-1)' [by definition of inverse] a b
If A= and | A| = (ad - be) * 0. then
c d
Property 4 Let A be an invertible matrix of order n and
1 ' d -b'
| keN, then =
(ad - bcj -c a
(Aky'=(A-')k=A
630 Textbook of Algebra

I Example 34. Compute the inverse of the matrix I Example 36. Matrices A and B satisfy AB=B ,
0 1 2' F 2 -2
where B = , find the value of X for which
A= 1 2 3 . -1 0
3 1 1 XA-2B + 1=0, without finding B-1.
0 1 2 Sol. v AB = B"1 or AB2 = I
Sol. We have, A = 1 2 3 Now, kA - 2B-1 + 1=0
3 1 1 [post-multiplying by
=> kAB- 2B-1B + IB = O
0 1 2 B]
Then, Ml = 1 2 3 = 0 (2-3)-1(1-9)+ 2(1-6) kAB-2I + B = O
3 1 1 => kAB2 -2IB+ B2 = 0
= -2*0 [again post-multiplying by B,
.•. A-1 exists. => k AB2 - 2B + B2 = O
Now, cofactors along R} = - 1, 8, - 5 kI-2B + B2 =0 [v AB2 = 11
cofactors along R2 = 1, - 6, 3 fo 0
-2 2 -2 2 -2
cofactors along R3 = - 1, 2, - 1 "x[o 1H-1 0
+
-1 0 -1 0
=
0 0
l'

Let C is a matrix of cofactors of the elements in | A|

'k 0 4 -4 6 -4 0 0
-1 8 -5 +
0 k -2 0 -2 2 0 0
C = 1 -6 3
-1 2 -1 k +2 0 0 o'
=>
0 k +2 0 0
-1 1 -1
adj A = C' = 8 -6 2 => k +2 = 0
-5 3 -1 k = -2

-1 1 -1 I Example 37. If A, B and C are three non-singular

adj A 1
Hence, A 8 -6 2 square matrices of order 3 satisfying the equation
" W’2
-5 3 -1 A = A-1 and let B = A8 and C = A2, find the value of
1 1 1 ' det (B-C).
2 2 2 Sol. v B = A8 = (A2)4 = (A-1)4 [•.■A-1 = A:
-4 3 -1 = (a4)-1 = (a2-2)-1
5 3 1
. 2 2 2. = ((a2)2)-1 = ((a2)-1)2
= ((a-')-')2 = a2 = c
I Example 35. If A and B are symmetric non-singular
matrices of same order, AB = BA and A-1B-1 exist, So, B = C=>B-C=0
prove that A~1B-1 is symmetric. det(B-C) = 0
Sol. A' = A, B'= B and |A| * 0, |B|' * 0
(a-1b-1)'= (B"1)'(a-1)' Elementary Row Operations
[ by reversal law of transpose]
= (B ')~\A' )-1 [by property 3]
(Transformations)
The following three types of operations (transformations)
= B“1A'1 [‘.‘ A' = A and B' = B ]
on the rows of a given matrix are known as elementary
= (ABf [ by reversal law of inverse] row operation (transformations).
= (BA)~' [-.- AB = BA] (i) The interchange of ith and jth rows is denoted by
Rj Rj or Rjj.
[by reversal law of inverse]
(ii) The multiplication of the ith row by a constant
Hence, is symmetric. k(k *0) is denoted by Rt —> kRt or Rt(k)
 Chap 08 Matrices 631

(iii) The addition of the /th row to the elements of the jth 1 0 9
row multiplied by constant k(k *0) is denoted by A~ 0 1
Rj -> Rt +kRj or Rfj(k). 0 0 i

Note Applying R{ -> Rx - 9 R3 and R2 -> R2 + 2B3, we get

Similarly, we can define the three column operations, T 0 o'
qy(C; <-> C,). C,W(Ct -> AC,) and C- (k)^ -> Ct + AC,).
A- 0 1 0
0 0 1

Equivalent Matrices Hence, A~I

Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one is obtained 1 1 1

'2 3
from the other by elementary operations I Example 39. Given A = 2 4 1 8 = . Find
(transformations). The symbol ~ is used for equivalence. 3 4
2 3 1
Properties of Equivalent Matrices P such that BPA =
’1
0 1‘

0 1 0
(i) If A and B are equivalent matrices, there exist
non-singular matrices P and Q such that B = PAQ
1 0 1
(ii) If A and B are equivalent matrices such that B = PAQ, So/. Given, BPA =
0 1 0
then P-1 BQ"' = A
1 0 1
(iii) Every non-singular square matrix can be expressed P=B A ...(i) ( by property]
0 1 0
as the product of elementary matrices.
2 3 _1 4 -3 -4 3
1 3 3 B= => B
3 4 (-1) L-3 2 3 -2
I Example 38. Transform 2 4 10 into a unit -4 3
B (ii)
3 8 4 3 -2
matrix. 1 1 1
1 3 3 and A= 2 4 1
Sol. Let A= 2 4 10 2 3 1
3 8 4
.-. |A| = 1(4-3)-1(2-2)+1(6-8)=-1*0
Applying R2 -> R2 - 2B, and R3 -> R3 - 3Rlt we get => A-1 exists.
13 3 1 2 -3
A - 0-2 4 Now, adj A = 0 -1 1 [by shortcut method]
0 -1 -5 -2 -1 2

Applying R2 -> R2 and R2 -> (- 1)B2, we get -1 -2 3

adj A

1 3 3
A
w 0
2
1
1
-1
-2
(iii)

A - 0 1 -2
Substituting the values of A 1 and B 1 from Eqs. (ii) and (iii)
0 1 5 in Eq. (i), then
Applying R^-t R{- 3R2 and R3 -» R3 - R2, we get -1 -2 3
-4 3 1 0 1
‘1 0 9 P= 0 1 -1
3 -2 0 1 0
A- 0 1 -2 2 1 -2
0 0 7 -4 3 1 -1 1 -4 7 -7
1 3 -2 0 1 -1 3 -5 5
Applying R3 -+ - R3, we get
7
• 632 Textbook of Algebra

To Compute the Inverse of a Non-Singular Applying R3 P3, we get

Matrix by Elementary Operations
(Gauss-Jordan Method) 1 0 -13 -3 2 0
0 1 9 2 -1 0 A
If A be a non-singular matrix of order n, then write
0 0 1 5_ _£ 1
A = ZnA.
.21 7 21.
If A is reduced to In by elementary operations (LHS), then
Applying R2 —» R2 - 9P3 and Pj -» P( + 13P3, we get
suppose In is reduced to P(RHS) and not change A in RHS,
then after elementary operations, we get
2_ £ 13
1 0 0 21 7 21
A, = PA, £ 2 3
then P is the inverse of A 0 1 0 A
7 7 7
P = A-1 0 0 1 _5_ £ £_
21 7 21.
I Example 40. Find the inverse of the matrix _2_ £ 13
21 7 21
1 2 5 _£ 2 3
Hence, A
2 3 1 , using elementary row operations. 7 7 7
-1 1 1
J£ £ 1
21 7 21
1 2 5
Sol. Let A = 2
-1
3
1
1
1
Matrix Polynomial
1 2 5 Let/(x) =a0 xm 4-^ xm-1 + a2 xm~2

•• |A| = 2 3 1 = 1(3 - 1) - 2(2 4- 1) 4- 5(2 4- 3)= 21 * 0 be a polynomial in x and let A = [<iy ]nxn, then expression
-1 1 1 of the form
/(A)=a0A/n 4-aiAm-1
m-1 + a2Am~2 + ... + am_i
A exists.
We write A = IA called a matrix polynomial.
1 2 5 1 0 o' Thus, to obtain /(A) replace x by A in J(x) and the
constant term is multiplied by the identity matrix of order
=> 2 3 1 0 1 0 A
equal to that of A.
-1 1 1 0 0 1
For example, If/(x) = x2 -7x 4- 32 is a polynomial in x and A
Applying P2 —> P2 - 2R{ and P3 —> P3 4- Pp we get is a square matrix of order 3, then /(A) = A2 — 7 A + 3213 is a
T 2 5 1 0 0‘
matrix polynomial.
0 -1 -9 -2 1 0 A
Note
0 3 6 1 0 1
1. The polynomial equation f(x) = 0 is satisfied by the matrix
1 A = [^]nxn, then/(A) =0.
Applying R2 -> (- 1)P2 and P3 -» - P3, we get
3 2. Let A = [a,y]nx0 satisfies the equation
^4-^X4- ^X2 4- ... 4- arXr =0,
1 2 5 1 o o then A is invertible of * 0, | A| = 0 and its inverse is given by
0 1 9 2 -1 o A
A-1 = — (a]ln 4- A 4- ...4- a, Ar~').
0 1 2 1 •
0
£ A
3.
Applying P, —> Pj — 2P2 and P3 —» P3 - R.■2, we get Z1
I Example 41. If A = and kn * Im, show that
m n
1 0 -13 -3 2 0
A2 -(k + n)A + (kn-lm)l=O. Hence, find A"1.
0 1 9 2 -1 0 A
0 0 -7 5 £ 'k r k I
1 Sol. We have, A = , then | A| =
. 3 3. m n m n
 Chap 08 Matrices 633

= kn - ml 0 [given] 11
A-1 exists.
=>
8 'J-E H :]■[::]
Now, A2 = A • A =
lll> r k2 + lm kl + ln =>
I’ll + 3a + b 4 +a 1 _ To 01

m n m n ml + n2
I 8 + 2a 3+a+ ~ [o 0]
mk + nm
A2 - (k + n)A + (kn - lm)I Equating the corresponding elements, we get
11 + 3a + b = 0 —(i)
= F k2 + Im kl + ln
-(k + n)
[A: r +(kn - Im) 1 0 4 +a=0 -(ii)
mk + nm ml + n2 m n 0 1
8 + 2a = 0 ...(iii)
k2 + lm kl + In k2 +nk kl + nl 3+a+b=0 -(iv)
mk + nm ml + n2 km + nm kn + n2 From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get a = - 4 and b = 1
|a|+|fe|=|-4|+|l|= 4 + 1 = 5
kn - Im 0
+ As A2 +aA + bl = O
0 kn — Im
A2-4A + I = O => I = 4A-A2
k2 + Im - k2 - nk + kn - Im
=> IA~' =(4A - A2) A"*
mk + nm - km - nm
A’’ = 4(AA"’)- A(AA-1)
kl + In - kl - In
= 41 - Al = 41 - A
ml + n2 - kn - n2 + kn - Im
0 0
0 0
=0 -[:
ri
H H :]
A
As A2 - (k + n) A + (kn - Im) 1 = 0 “ -2 3

=> (kn-lm)I = (k + n)A- A2

=> (kn - lm)IA~l =((k + n) A- A2)A-1 Use of Mathematical Induction
(kn - lm)A~l =(k + n) AA“’ - A(AA~1) 0 1
= (k + n)I-AI [vAA_1 = 7]
I Example 43. Let A- show that
0 0
= (k + n)I-A (o/ + bA)n = an I + nan~l bA, V n e N.
1 0 k I
= (k + n) Sol. Let P(n):(al + bA)n = anI + nan~'bA
0 1 m n
Step I For n = 1,
k+n 0 k r LHS = (a/ + bA)l = a7 + M
0 k+n m n and RHS = a* I + 1- a” bA = al + bA
n -I LHS = RHS
(kn - lm)A~x =
-m k Therefore, P(l) is true.

Hence, A
1 n -r Step II Assume that P(k) is true, then
P(k):(aI + bA? = ak I+kak~xbA
(kn - /m)[_-m k
Step III For n = k +1, we have to prove that
’3 1' P(k +1) :(al + bA)k + 1 = a" I + (k + 1) akbA
I Example 42. If A = find the value of |o| + |b|
LHS = (al + bA)k + i =(al + bAf (al + bA)
2 1_
such that A2 + aA + bl = O. Hence, find A"1. = (akI + kak~xbA)(aI+ bA) [from step II]

3 1 3 i = a■t+112 + akb(LA) + kakb(AI)+k ak ~xb2 A2

Sol. We have, A = , then | A| = = 3-2 = 1 0
2 1 2 1 = ak+l I + (k + l)akb A + 0
[v A/= A, A2 = Oand I2 = I ]
A exists.
= ak"l +(k + V)akbA = RHS
Now,
—E:1E
Since, A2 +aA +bl =0
4
3
Therefore, P(k + 1) is true.
Hence, by the principal of mathematical induction P(n) is
true for all n e N.
634 Textbook of Algebra

3 -4 Step II Assume that P(k) is true, then

I Example 44. If A = use mathematical T + 2k -4k '
1 -1 ’ P(k): Ak =
k l-2k
1 + 2n -4n Step III For n = k + 1, we have to prove that
induction to show that An , V n e N.
n 1-2n P(k + l):Afc + 1
3 +2k -4(k + l)
1 + 2n -4n k +1 -1 - 2k
Sol. Let P(n):An = LHS = Ak + l = Ak-A
n 1 -2n
_ T + 2k -4k 3 -4
[from step II]
k l-2k 1 -1
Step I For n = 1,
_f3(l+2fc)- 4k -4(l + 2k) + 4k
LHS = A’ = A
[3k + 1(1 - 2k) -4k- <l-2k)
1+2 -4 3 -4 _3 + 2k -4(k + l)
and RHS = —A = RHS
1 1-2 1 -1 -[k + l — 1 — 2k
=> LHS = RHS Therefore, P(k + 1) is true.
Therefore, P(1)is true. Hence, by the principal of mathematical induction P(n)is
true for all n e N.

§ Exercise for Session 3

-1 -2 -2
1 If A = 2 1 -2 , then adj A equals to
2 -2 1
(a) A (b)Ar (c)3A (d) 3Ar
2 If A is a 3 x 3 matrix and B is its adjoint such that | B | = 64, then | A| is equal to
(a) 64 (b) ± 64 (c) ± 8 (d)18
’10 O'
3 For any 2 x2 matrix A, if A (adj A) = then | A] is equal to
0 10 ‘
(a) 0 (b) 10 (c)20 (d) 100
4 If A is a singular matrix, then adj A is
(a) singular (b) non-singular (c) symmetric (d) not defined
-1'
T 1 2
5 \fA = -1 1 2 , then det (adj (adj A)) is
2 -1 1
(a) 14* (b) 143 (c) 142 (d)14
6 If A e Ro, then det adj (k/n)) is equal to

(a)kn-1 (b)kn(n"1) (c)kn (d)k

7 With 1, co, co2 as cube roots of unity, inverse of which of the following matrices exists?
'1 (0 CO2 1
(a) CO CO2 (b)
1 (0

to CO2
(c) (d) None of these
co2 1
 Chap 08 Matrices 635

-1 2 ‘-4 1‘
8 If the matrix A is such that A then A is equal to
3 1 7 7 ’

(a)
'1
2 -3
1‘
(b) 1 11
-2 3
(c)
1 -1'
2 3
(d)
-1 1'
2 3
cosx sinx 0'
9 lfA = -sinx cos x 0 = f(x), then A"1 is equal to
0 0 1
(a)f(-x) (b)f(x)
(c)-f(x) (d)-f(-x)
'1 2 -31
10 The element in the first row and third column of the inverse of the matrix 0 1 2 . is
0 0 1
(a)-2 (b)0 (c)1 (d) None of these
CO 1 -f
11 IM = 2 1 3 , then (A(adj A) A~}) A is equal to
3 2 1

0
1 r
r-6 0 O' 6 6 3 0 O' '1 0 O'
(a) 0 -6 0 (b)
_1 1 J (c)2 0 3 0 (d)2 0 1 0
3 6 2
0 0 -6 0 0 3 0 0 1
J J J
.2 3 6.
0 1 -1‘
72 A is an involutory matrix given by XI = 4 -3 4 , then the inverse of — will be
2
3 -3 4

(a) 2A (b)£i
(dM2
(c)i
73 If A satisfies the equation x3 -5x2 +4x + X =0, then A"1 exists, if
(a) X # 1 (b) X * 2
(c) X * -1 (d) X * 0
14A square non-singular matrix A satisfies the equation x2 - x + 2 = 0, then ?T1 is equal to
(a)/-A (b)(l-A)l2
(c)l + A (d)(/ + Xt)/2
75 Matrix A is such that A2 =2A-1, where I is the identity matrix, then for n > 2, An is equal to
(a) nA - (n - 1) I (b)nA-l
(c) 2n~1 A - (n -1)/ (qr-'A-l
3 -4
16 ifx = , the value of Xn is
"1.
.1
'3n -An' '2n + n 5-n
(a) (b)
n -n n -n
3” (-4)n
(c) (d) None of these
f (-1)"
Session 4
Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations Using
Matrix Method
Solutions of Linear Pre-multiplying Eq. (ii) by A 1, we get
Simultaneous Equations Using A-1 (AX) = A-1 B => (A-1A)X = A-1B

Matrix Method => ZX'=A*1B

Let us consider a system of n linear equations in n. unknowns (adj A)B
=> x=a~'b =
say Xj, x2, x3,..., xn given as below \M
an Xj + a12 x2 + a a 13 x3 +... + a lnXn = b.
a21 *1 + a22 X2 +a+ a23
23 X3 + -+%rXn = b2 Types of Equations
a31 Xi +a32 x2 +a 33 x3 + ... + a3niXn
+ a33 = b3
(1) When system of equations is non-homogeneous
(i) If | A 10, then the system of equations is
consistent and has a unique solution given by
flnl X1 +an2 x,
A2 +a
~run3 A3 .......... “nn ~x=b
n ~ "n X = A-1B.
If b{ =b2 = b3 =... = bn =0, then the system ofEq.(i) is (ii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) ■ B 0, then the system of
called a system of homogeneous linear equations and if equations is inconsistent and has no solution.
atleast one of bif b2, b3,bn is non-zero, then it is called (iii) If | A | = 0 and (adj A) • B = O, then the system of
a system of non-homogeneous linear equation. We write equations is consistent and has an infinite
the above system of Eq. (i) in the matrix form as number of solutions.
all fl12 ai3 aln bl
*i (2) When system of equations is homogeneous
a21 a22 a23 a2n X2 b2 (i) If | A ^0, then the system of equations has only
a3l a32 a33 a3n X3 b3 trivial solution and it has one solution.
(ii) If | A | = 0, then the system of equations has
non-trivial solution and it has infinite solutions.
(iii) If number of equations < number of unknowns,
Qnl an2 an3 ••• &nn XnJ IAJ then it has non-trivial solution.
=> AX = B ...(ii)
Note
«n ai2 a13 aln
Non-homogeneous linear equations can also be solved by
fl21 a22 a23 ••• a2n Cramer's rule, this method has been discussed in the chapter on
a31 a32 a33 "• a3n determinants.
where A=
I Example 45. Solve the system of equations
x + 2y + 3 z = 1, 2x + 3y + 2z = 2 and 3x + 3y + 4 z = 1
anl an2 a713 &nn _
with the help of matrix inversion.
So/. We have,
X1
b2
x + 2y + 3z = 1, 2x +3y + 2z =2 and 3x + 3y + 4z = 1
X2
The given system of equations in the matrix form are
x3 b3 written as below.
X- and B =
’1 2 3 x 1
2 3 2 y 2
[A J 3 3 4 z 1
 Chap 08 Matrices 637

AX = B 1 1 1 X 6
=> X =A~}B 1 2 3 y 14
1 2 3 x 1 1 4 7 z 30
where A = 2 3 2 ,X = y and B = 2 AX =B
3 3 4 z 1 1 1 1' x 6

| A | =1(12-6)-2(8-6)+ 3(6-9) where, A = 1 2 3 ,X = y and B = 14

= 6-4-9 = -7 *0 1 4 7 z 30

A~1 exists and has unique solution. | A | = 1(14 - 12) -1(7 - 3) + 1(4 - 2) = 2 - 4 + 2 = 0
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in | A |. The equation either has no solution or an infinite
Now, cofactors along R{ = 6, - 2, - 3 number of solutions. To decide about this, we proceed to
find
cofactors along R2 = 1, - 5,3 (adj A)B.
and cofactors along R3 = - 5, 4, - 1 Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in | A [.
’ 6 -2
-2 -3‘
Now, cofactors along Rl = 2, - 4,2
C= 1 -5 3 cofactors along R2 = -3,6,-3
-5 4 -1 and cofactors along R3 = 1, - 2,1
adj A = CT 2 -4 2
T C = -3 6 -3
6 -2 -3 6 1 -5
1 -2 1
adj A = 1 -5 3 -2 -5 4
-5 4 -1 -3 3 -1 2 -3 1
=> adj =Cr = -4 6 -2
6 1 -5
A’1
_ adj A _ 1 2 -3 1
=> = “H =” -2 -5 4
7
-3 3 -1 2 -3 1 6 o'
_6 1 5 then (adjA)B = -4 6 -2 14 0 =0

7 7 7 2 -3 1 30 0
2 5 4
= — Hence, both conditions | A | = 0 and (adj A) B = O are
7 7 7 satisfied, then the system of equations is consistent and has
3 3 1
an infinite number of solutions.
L7 7 7
Proceed as follows:
From Eq. (i), X = A~ 1 1 1 : 6
6 1 5 3 [A:B] = 1 2 3 : 14
x 7 7 7 1 7 1 4 7 : 30
2 5 4 8
y 2 Applying R2 —) R2 -Rt and R3 -> R3 -Rx, then
7 7 7 7
z 3 3 £ 1 2 111:6 1 : ’
7 7 7 . 7 [A: B] = 0 12:8
2 :
3 8 2 0 2 4 : 16
Hence, x = —, y = - and z = — is the required solution.
7 7 7
Applying R3 -> R3 - 2R2,then
I Example 46. Solve the system of equations 1 11:6
x+y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 14 and x + 4y+ 7z = 30 (A:B] = 0 12:8
with the help of matrix method. 0 0 0:0
Sol. We have, x + y + z = 6, Then, Eq. (i) reduces to
x + 2y + 3z = 14 1 1 1 x 6 x+y+z 6
and x + 4y + 7z’ = 30 0 1 2 y 8 => y + 2z 8
The given system of equations in the matrix form are 0 0 0 z 0 0 0
written as below:
638 Textbook of Algebra

On comparing x + y + z = 6 and y + 2z = 8 AX = 0 ■40

Taking z =k G R, then y = 8 - 2k and x = k - 2. 2 3 -3 X 0
Since, k is arbitrary, hence the number of solutions is where A = 3 -3 1 ,X = y and 0 = 0
infinite. 3 -2 -3 z 0

I Example 47. Solve the system of equations | A | = 2(9 + 2) - 3(-9 - 3) - X-6 + 9)

x+ 3y -2z = 0, 2x - y + 4z = 0 and x-11y + !4z = 0. = 22 + 36 - 9 = 49 * 0
Sol. We have, x + 3y — 2z = 0 Hence, the equations have a unique trivial solution x = 0,
2x — y + 4z = 0 y — 0 and z = 0 only.
x - lly + 14z = 0
The given system of equations in the matrix form are Echelon Form of a Matrix
written as below.
A matrix A is said to be in echelon form, if
T 3 -2 x 0
(i) The first non-zero element in each row is 1.
2 -1 4 y 0
(ii) Every non-zero row in A preceds every zero-row.
1 -11 14 z 0
(iii) The number of zeroes before the first non-zero
AX =0 —(i) element in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, rows should be in
1 3 -2 0 increasing order.
where A = 2 -1 4 ,X = y and O = 0 For example,
1 -11 14 z 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 3
| A |=1(—14 + 44) — 3(28 — 4) — 2(—22 + 1) 0 1 4 5
= 30-72 + 42 = 0 (i) 0 1 4 (ii)
0 0 1 9
and therefore the system has a non-trivial solution. Now, 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
we may write first two of the given equations
x + 3y = 2z and 2x - y = - 4z 1 2 3 4 5
Solving these equations in terms of z, we get 0 1 2 4 3
(iii)
10 , 8 0 0 1 2 5
x =----- z and y = - z
7 7
0 0 0 0 0
10 8
Putting x =----- z and y = - z in third equation of the
7 7
given system, Rank of Matrix
10 88
we get, LHS =----- z------ z + 14 z = 0 = RHS The rank of a matrix is said to be r, if
7 7
Now, if z = 7 k, then x = - 10k and y =8k. (i) It has atleast minors of order r is different from zero.
Hence, x = — 10k, y = 8k and z =7k (where k is arbitrary) (ii) All minors of A of order higher than r are zero.
are the required solutions. The rank of A is denoted by p(A).
Note
I Example 48. Solve the system of equations
1. The rank of a zero matrix is zero and the rank of an identity
2x + 3y - 3z = 0, matrix of order n is n.
3x-3y + z = 0 2. The rank of a matrix in echelon form is equal to the number
and 3x-2y- 3z = Q of non-zero rows of the matrix.
Sol. We have, 2x + 3y - 3z = 0 3. The rank of a non-singular matrix (|4| *0) of order nis n
3x - 3y + z = 0
3x - 2y - 3z = 0 Properties of Rank of Matrices
The given system of equations in the matrix form are (i) IfA=[ay]mXB and B=[^]
B= [^] mXB, then
written as below. p(A+B)<p(A)+p(B)
2 3 -3 x O'
(ii) If A =[□,]„,„ and B=[By]BXp, then
3 -3 1 y 0
p(AB) <p(A) andp(AB) <p(B)
3 -2 -3 z 0
(iii) If A =[<!,, ]„x„, then p (A) =p(A')
 Chap 08 Matrices 639
f

3 2 We write the above system of Eq. (i) in the matrix form as

I Example 49. Find the rank of -3 1 2 fl12 *13 “in X1

x2 ^2
-6 2 4 “21 a22 a23 a2n

Sol. We have, a3l a32 a33 “3n X3

3 -1 2
Let A = -3 1 2
-6 2 4 “m2 “m3 ‘ a_„
mn XnJ bm

Applying R2 -» R2 + R{ and R3 -> R3 + 2RP we get => AX = B ...(ii)

3 -1 2
*11 a\2 *13 “in
A= 0 0 4
*21 a22 *23 a2n
0 0 8
*31 a32 fl 33 a3n
Applying R3 -> R3 - 2R.I2, we get where A =
3 -1 2
A= 0 0 4
0 0 0 Lami “m2 “m3 mn

Applying
1
and R2 ->
£ R2 , then X1
3 4 X2
1 2 x3 b3
1
3 3 X= and B=
A= 0 0 1
0 0 0

This is Echelon form of matrix A.

L*nJ LM
Rank = Number of non-zero rows => p(A) = 2 The matrix A is called the coefficient matrix and the matrix
3 -1 2 bi'
an *12 fl13 “in
Aliter |A | = -3 1 2 a2\ a22 fl23 °2n b2
-6 2 4 a3l a33 a3n b3
a32
C=[A:B] =
= 3(4 - 4) + 1(-12 + 12) + 2(- 6 + 6) = 0
Rank of A 3 but less than 3.
There will be 3C2 x 3C2 = 9 square minors of order 2. Now,
bm
we consider of there minors. Laml “m2 “m3 mn

1 2 3 2 is called the augmented matrix of the given system of

(i) =0 (ii) = 24 *0
2 4 -6 4 equations.
Hence, all minors are not zero.
Hence, rank of A is 2. => p(A)= 2 Types of Equations
Solutions of Linear Simultaneous 1. Consistent Equation If p(A)=p(C)
Equations Using Rank Method (i) Unique Solution If p (A) =p (C) = n, where n =
Let us consider a system of n linear equations in n number of knowns.
unknowns say xp x2, x3,..., xn given as below. (ii) Infinite Solution If p (A) = p (C) = r, where
+ ... + a
an x, +u12 x2 +a13 x3 +... Q lnxn =bx r < n.
+-
a2\ X1 +a22 X2 +a23 X3 + ...+a2nX
+a2n . n =b2 2. Inconsistent Equation If p(A) *p(C), then no
solution.
+ ...’ +
a31 X1 +a32 X2 "*■ a33 X3 +" +a 3n Xn =b3
a3n
—(i)
I Example 50. Determine for what values of X and p
the following system of equations
*mlXl + “m2 x2+a m3X3 +... + a mnn xn
= bm.
640 Textbook of Algebra

and x + 2y+A,z=p Xj = X
have (i) no solution? (ii) a unique solution? [O' is the mid-point of P and P'J
. Yi =-y
(iii) an infinite number of solutions?
Sol. We can write the above system of equations in the matrix These may be rewritten as
form Xj =1 • x +0-y
1 1 1 x 6 yx = 0-x+(-l)-y
1 2 3 y 10
1 2 X z These system of equations in the matrix form are written
P
as below.
AX =B
1 1 1
1 o X
X 6
where A = 1 2 3 , X- y and B = 10 7i. 0 -ij LyJ
1 2 A, z 7. 1 0
Thus, the matrix describes the reflection of a
.’. The augmented matrix 0 -1
111:6
1 1 : point P (x,y) in the X-axis.
C = [A :B] = 1 2 33 : 10
1 2 A,A, : p (ii) Reflection in the Y-axis
Applying R2 -> R2 -Rxand P3 —> P3 -Pp we get Let P(x,y) be any point and P' (xl,yi) be its image after
1 1 1 : 6 reflection in the Y-axis, then
C= 0 1 2 : 4 Xj = -x
0 1A.-1 : p-6 < [O' is the mid-point of P and P7]
7i =y
Applying R3 —» P3 - R.■2 >we get
’1 1
These may be written as
1 : 6
C= 0 1 2 4 : Xj = (-l)-x+0-y
0 0 A, -3 : p - 10 y-i = 0 ■ x +1 -y

(i) No solution p(A) p(C) y

i.e. A. - 3 = 0 and p — 10 A 0
X =3 and p * 10 (xi.ydp7- -P(x.y)
O'
(ii) A unique solution p(A) = p(C) = 3
i.e., A,-3^0 andp g P
X'- ■>x
A, 3 and p g P o
(iii) Infinite number of solutions
Y'
p(A) = p(C)(Z3)
i.e. A,-3 = 0 andp - 10 = 0 These system of equations in the matrix form are written
X =3 andp = 10 as below.
-1 0 x
Reflection Matrix 7i. 0 iJbd
-1 0
(i) Reflection in the X-axis Thus, the matrix describes the reflection of a
0 1
Let P(x,y) be any point and P'(x1,y1) be its image after
reflection in the X-axis, then point P (x,y) in the Y-axis.
y+
(iii) Reflection through the origin
^(x.y) Let P(x,y) be any point and P' (x1,yi) be its image after
reflection through the origin, then
o To7
*x x, = - x
[O' is the mid-point of P and P7]
7i =~y
y/P'M)
 Chap 08 Matrices 641

These may be written as Yl

'.P' (*. y)
y
•iP(x,y)
P'(x.iy;)
N !n X' ---------- ►x
X' -X 0
0 M

P'fXvY,) Y' Kt
Xj = (-l) x + 0 • y xx = x cos 20 + ysin20
<
yx =0x+(-l)-y yx = x sin 20-y cos 20

These system of equations in the matrix form are written [O' is the mid-point of P and P']
as below. These may be written as
-1 0 X
Xj = x-cos20+y sin20
7i. 0 -iJLxJ yx = x sin20 +y• (-cos20)
-1 o
Thus, the matrix describes the reflection of These system of equations in the matrix form are written
0 -1 as below.
a point P (x, y) through the origin. FxJ [cos 20 sin20 "IFxj
[yjj [sin20 -cos20 J|_yj
(iv) Reflection in the line y= x
Let P(x,y) be any point and P' (xx,yj) be its image after fcos20 sin20
Thus, the matrix describes the
reflection in the line y = x , then sin 20 -cos 20
PfryL reflection of a point P (x, y) in the line y = x tan0.
Y
7p' Note
& P'^Yy)
By putting Q = 0, —, —, we can get the reflection matrices in the
/45° 2 4
X' -*X
X-axis, Y-axis and the line y = x, respectively.

I Example 51. The point P (3,4) undergoes a reflection

Y'
in the X-axis followed by a reflection in the Y-axis. Show
y [O' is the mid-point of P and P*] that their combined effect is the same as the single
IXi = x reflection of P (3,4) in the origin.
These may be written as Sol. Let P, (xp yj be the image of P (3, 4) after reflection in the
Xj = 0x+l-y X-axis. Then,
yj = l-x+0-y
These system of equations in the matrix form are written
as below.
ffl) >[-.]
Therefore, the image of P(3,4) after reflection in the
X-axis is P, (3,-4).

0
M:][;]
1
Y
P (3. 4)

Thus, the matrix describes the reflection of a X' ■X

1 0
point P (x, y) in the line y = x.
P2 (-3.-4) Pi (3,-4)

(v) Reflection in the line y = xtanO

Let P(x,y) be any point and P'(xx,yx) be its image after Now, let P2 (x2> y2) he the image of P, (3, - 4) after reflec­
reflection in the line y = x tan 6, then tion in the Y-axis, then
642 Textbook of Algebra

CM MA
Therefore, the image of Px (3,-4) after reflection in the 0=—
8
7C
On comparingy — x tan — by y = xtan0

Y-axis is P2 (- 3,-4). 8
Further, let P3 (x3,y3) be the image of P (3, 4) in the fX]l Feos 20 sin 20 2
Now,
origin 0. Then, l_yj Lsin20 -cos2 0 7i

CM >[::]
Therefore, the image of P (3, 4) after reflection in the
~ i
. . 75
1 _J_
i
--Vz] [o'
vdT~2.
origin is P3 (- 3, - 4). It is clear that P2 = P3 .75 75.
Hence, the image of P2 of P often successive reflections in On comparing Xj = 0 and y, = - 2.
their X-axis and Y-axis is the same as P3, which is single
reflection of P in the origin. Therefore, the required image is (0, - 2).

I Example 52. Find the image of the point (-2,-7)

under the transformations (x,y)-> (x-2y,-3x+y).
Rotation Through an Angle 0
So/. Let (xp yj be the image of the point (x, y) under the Y
given transormations, then
Jxj = x - 2y = 1 x + (- 2) • y
[y, = - 3x + y = (- 3) • x + 1- y

- f:TU ■?]];] o N M ■X

r1 ~2 -2 -2+141 [121
Let P (x, y) be any point such that OP = r and APOX -
1-3 1 -7 6-7 n-ij
Let OP rotate through an angle 0 in the anti-clockwise
Therefore, the required image is (12, - 1). direction such that P' (xp yj is the new position.
OP'=r, [vOP = OPl
I Example 53. The image of the point A (2, 3) by the
Xj = xcos0 - y sin0
line mirror y = x is the point B and the image of B by then
Xj = xsin0 + ycos0
the line mirror y = 0 is the point (a, p). Find a and 0.
So/. Let B (xp yj be the image of the point A (2,3) about the These system of equations in the matrix form are written as
below.
line y = x, then

ch: :h
xi COS0 - sin 01 [xl
sin 6
cosO j|_yj
Yi.
cos0 -sin0
Therefore, the image of A (2, 3) by the line mirror y = x is B Thus, the matrix describes a rotation of a
(3,2). sin0 cos0
Given, image of B by the line mirror y - 0 (X-axis) is (a, 0), line segment through an angle 0.
then Remember Use of complex number
OP' = OP e * i = 7^1
(xj + iyj = (x + iy) (cos0 + isin0)
On comparing, we get a = 3 and 0 = — 2. = (x cos0-ysin0) + i(xsin0+ycos6)
I Example 54. Find the image of the point (-75,72) . Xj = x cos0- ysin0
and Yi = x sin0 + ycos0
by the line mirror y = x tan
I Example 55. Find the matrices of transformation
So/. Let (xp yj be the image of (- 75,72) about the line T|T2 and when T\ is rotation through an angle 60°
and T2 is the reflection in the Y-axis. Also, verify that
3'=xtan(i) U2^2T}.
 Chap 08 Matrices 643

1 4V Therefore, the coordinates of the vertices O,A,B and C are

fl
cos60° - sin 60' 2 2 1 (0,' 0), (2, 0),
Sol. T1 = (2, 2) and (0, 2), respectively. Let after rotation A map into
sin60° cos60° 7| 1 A',B map into B',C map into C’ but the O map into
. 2 2 . itself.
-1
and T2 = If coordinates of A',B'and C'are (x', y'), (x", y") and
0 J (x'", y'" \ respectively.

••• =
1 '■mi 0
1
1 -i + o 0-73
=—
2 -yfi + 0 0 + 1
x' i
y 'J
1 x'=l,y'=73 => A(2,0)-> A'(l,73)

and T2 Tj =
1
2
-1
-73

-1 o’ 1
x-
V3
1
2
JI
2 ■fl
V3 _ 1 -1+0 73+0
...(i)
43 =
=>
1 i
2 |_73
-TTipi ir2-2vq=ri-75i
1 JL2J

x" = l-73,y" = 73 + l
B(2»2)—> B'(l-73,73 + 1)
2L2^ + 2j [73 + 1]

0 1 1 2 0 + 73 0+1
x
1 V3 — —1 1
-1

L 2
fl2-
2
A
2
i
(ii)
y"’. 2 [73
x'" = -73,y '" = 1
C(Q,2)-*C'(-43,1)
It is clear from Eqs.(i) and (ii), then

Eigen Values or Characteristic roots

I Example 56. Write down 2x2 matrix A which
corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation of 60° about
and Characteristic Vectors of a
the origin. In the diagram the square OABC has its square matrix
diagonal OB of 272 units in length. The square is Let X be any non-zero vector satisfying
rotated counterclockwise about O through 60°. Find the AX = XX ...(i)
coordiates of the vertices of the square after rotating. where X is any scalar, then X is said to be eigen value or
Sol. The matrix describes a rotation through an angle 60° in characteristic root of square matrix A and the vector X is
counterclockwise direction is
called eigen vector or characteristic vector of matrix A
Y-
x Now, from Eq. (i), we have
C B
(A-X1)X = O
Since, X * O, we deduce that the matrix (A - X/) is
x X singular, so that its determinant is 0
i.e.
0 x A
-X | A - X/| =0 ...(ii)
Y' is called characteristic equation of matrix A
1 J3 If A be n x n matrix, then equation | A - XZ| = 0 reduces to
cos 60°
sin 60°
-sin60c
cos60°
L 2
A
2 2
1
2 -
1

fl polynomial equation of nth from degree in X, which given

n values of X i.e., matrix A will have n characteristic roots
or eigen values.
Since, each side of the square be x,
then x2 +x2 =(272)2
Important Properties of Eigen Values
(i) Any square matrix A and its transpose A have the
=> 2x2 = 8 => x 2 = 4
same eigen values.
x = 2 units (ii) The sum of the eigen values of a matrix is equal to the
trace of the matrix.
644 Textbook of Algebra

(iii) The product the eigen values of a matrix A is equal to I Example 58. If A and P are the square matrices of
the determinant of A. the same order and if P be invertible, show that the
(iv) If Xj, X2, X3, X4,.„, Xrt are the eigen values of A, then matrices A and P-1AP have the same characteristic
the eigen values of roots.
(a) XAare/cX1,XX2,XX3,XX4,...,XXn. Sol. Let P~XAP = B
(b) Am are X"X” X" Xm4,..„ X™
|B- X/| = |P-1AP — X/|
1111 1
(c) A are —, —, —,—. = |P'1AP-P'1XP|
Xj X2 X3 X4 X„
= |P-1(A — Xl)P|
Remark = |P-1| |A — XZ| |P|
1. All the eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real and
the eigen vectors corresponding to two distinct eigen values = Aj|A-X/||P|=|A-X/|
are orthogonal.
2. All the eigen values of a real skew-symmetric matrix are
purely imaginary or zero. An odd order skew-symmetric I Example 59. Show that the characteristic roots of an
matrix is singular and hence has zero as an eigen value. idempotent matrix are either zero or unity.
4 6 6 So/. Let A be an idempotent matrix, then
I Example 57. Let matrix A = 1 3 2 find the A2 = A -(>)

-1 -4 -3 If X be an eigen value of the matrix A corresponding to

eigen vector X, so that
non-zero column vector X such that AX = XX for some AX = XX (ii)
scalar X. where X *0
Sol. The characteristic equation is | A - XI| = 0 From Eq. (ii), A (AX) = A (XX)
f4-X 6 6 => (AA)X = X(AX)
=> 1 3- X 2 =o => A2X = X(XX) [from Eq. (ii)}
-1 -4 -3- X AX = X2X [from Eq. (i)]
XX = X2X [from Eq. (□)]
X3 - 4X2 - X + 4 = 0
=> (X - X2)X =0
or (X +1)(X— 1)(X —4) = 0
The eigen values are X = - 1,1, 4 X - X2 = 0 [vX*0j
If X = - 1, we get 5x + 6y + 6z = 0, x + 4y + 2z = 0 X =0
and -x - 4y - 2z = 0 or X—1
6
I Example 60. If 3, -2 are the eigen values of a
Giving * = y=^,x = 2
6 2-7 non-singular matrix A and | A| = 4, find the eigen values
-7
of adj (A).
If X = 1, we get 3x + 6y + 6z = 0, x + 2y + 2z = 0
Sol. v A = a^~~, if X is eigen value of A, then X-1 is eigen
and -x - 4y - 4z = 0
0
value of A"1.
Giving, ^=y=^,x = 1
Thus, for adj (A)X = (A-1X) | A| = | A|X-I7
0 1 -1
-1 4
Thus, eigen value corresponding to X = 3 is — and
If X = 4, we get 0-x + 6y + 6z = 0, x — y + 2z=0
and —x — 4y — 7z = 0 4
corresponding toX = - 2 is — = - 2
3 -2
x y 3
Giving, — = — = —, x = 1
3 1 -1
-1 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem
6 0 3 Every square matrix A satisfies its characteristic equation
Hence, vector are X = 2 1 1 |A-Xf|=0
-7 -1 -1 i.e., <20Xn +a1X"-1 + a2X'" 2 + =0
 Chap 08 Matrices 645

By Cayley-Hamilton theorem (2-X)2 -3 = 0

a0An +a1An~1 +a2An~2 + ... + anI = O => X2 - 4X + 1 = 0
a By Cayley-hamilton theorem,
=>A • — An~1+ — A"~2 + —An-3 + ... +-
an A2 — 4A + I = O or I = 4A - A2
Multiplying by A-1, we get
I Example 61. Find the characteristic equation of the A-1 = 4A-lA - A-1AA
2 1
matrix A = and hence find its inverse using = 4I-IA = 4I- A
3 2
Cayley-hamilton theorem.
Sol. Characteristic equation is
■■[::]
r 2 -ii
2-X 1
|A-X/| = o => =o I-3 2
3 2-X

g Exercise for Session 4

1 If the system of equations ax + y = 1, x + 2y = 3,2x + 3y = 5 are consistent, then a is given by
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
2 The system of equations x + y + z=2,2x-f-y-z=3,3x + 2y + Xz=4 has unique solution if
(a)X#0 (b)-1<X<1 (c)X = 0 (d)-2<X<2
3 The value of a for which the following system of equations a3x + (a + 1)3y + (a + 2)3z = 0,
ax + (a + 1) y + (a + 2) z = 0, x + y + z = 0 has a non-trivial solution is equal to
(a) 2 (b)1 -(c) 0 (d)-1
4 The number of solutions of the set of equations
2x2 v2 z2 x2 2v2 z2 x2 y2 2z2
Oi * 0,-^-4 + ^Ois
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c)8 (d)9
0 1'
5 The matrix is the matrix reflection in the line
1 o
(a) x = 1 (b) x + y = 1 (c) y = 1 (d) x = y
6 The matrix S is rotation through an angle 45° and G is the reflection about the line y = 2x, then (SG)2 is equal to
(a) 7/ (b)5f
(b)5/ (c) 3/ (d) /
-2 3'
7 If A = then A3 is equal to
-1 1 ’

(a) 2A (b)A (c)2/. (d)/

2 2 1'
8 If A = 1 3 1 and the sum of eigen values of A is m and product of eigen values of A is n, then m + n is equal
1 2 2
to
(a) 10 (b)12 (c) 14 (d)16
‘1 2
9 lfA = and 0 be the angle between the two non-zero column vectors X such that AX = XX for some
-1 4
scalar X, then 9 sec2 0 is equal to
(a) 13 (b) 12 (c)11 (d) 10
 Shortcuts And Important Results To Remember
7 | A exists <=> A is square matrix. 13 The adjoint of a square matrix of order 2 can be easily
2 No element of principal diagonal in a diagonal matrix is obtained by interchanging the principal diagonal elements
zero. and changing the sign of the other diagonal.
3 If A is a diagonal matrix of order n, then 'a b' I'd -b
i.e., If A = then adj (A) =
(a) Number of zeroes in A is n (n -1) c d a
(b) tfdvd2,d3......dn are diagonal elements, then 1
14 If | A * 0, then | A-1| = -—-
' ' Ml’
A = diag {d„d2,d3..... dn}
and | A =dpl^l3 ...dn 15 If A and B are invertible matrices such that AB =C, then
A"1 =diag (d^\d2\d3\ ...,d^) |B|=£1
' 1 Ml
(c) Diagonal matrix is both upper and lower triangular.
76 Commutative law does not necessarily hold for matrices.
(d) diag {a,,a2, a3..... an} x diag {b,. b,,.... bn}
17 If AB = - BA, then matrices A and 8 are called
= diag {a^, a2b2, a3b3, ...,anbn} anti-commutative matrices.
4 If A =
1 1
and B =
'1 o' then Ak =
'1 k'
and 78 If AB = O, it is not necessary that atleast one of the matrix
0 1 1 1 0 1 should be zero matrix.
Bk =
1 o' VkeN. '0 2' "3 O'
k 1 For example, If A = and B = then
0 0 0 0
5 If A and B are square matrices of order n, then 0 o'
AB = while neither A nor B is the null matrix.
(a) | kA | = kn| A], k is scalar 0 0
(b) |AB|=|A||B| 79 If A, B and C are invertible matrices, then
(c) \kAB\ = kn\A\\B\,kis scalar (a) (AB)"1 = B-1A“1
! (d) |AB|=|BA| (b) (ABC)-1 =C"1B-1A-1
I
1
(e) | Ar| = | A| = | Ae|., where A0 is conjugate transpose 20 If B is a non-singular matrix and A is any square matrix,
matrix of A then det (B~1 AB) = det (A)
(f) |A|m=|Am|,rne/V 27 If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then adj
i
(adj A) =| A|n“2 A
6 Minimum number of zeroes in a triangular matrix is given
■

by —where n is order of matrix. 22 If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then

|adj (adj (adj... (adj (adjA))))| = | A|(n“1)m
7 If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then | A| = 0
m times
and of even order is a non-zero perfect square.
0 a'
8 If A is involutory matrix, then 23 lfA = Am=0ym>2
0 0
(a) |A| = ±1
(b) ^ (/ + A) and (/ - A) are idempotent and (A +/)"=/ + nA

I 24 If A and B are two symmetric matrices, then

A ± B, AB + BA are symmetric matrices and AB - BA is a
skew-symmetric matrix.
9 If A is orthogonal matrix, then | A[ = ± 1 25 If A and B are two square matrices of order n and X be a
10 To obtain an orthogonal matrix 8 from a skew-symmetric scalar, then
matrix A then (i) Tr (AA) = %Tr(A)
B = (/-A)"1(/ + A)orfl = (/-A)(/ + A)’1 (ii) Tr (A±B) = Tr(A)±Tr(B)
7 7 The sum of two orthogonal matrices is not orthogonal (iii) Tr(AB) = Tr(BA)
while the sum of two symmetric (skew-symmetric) (iv) Tr(A) = Tr(A')
matrices is symmetric (skew-symmetric) (v) Tr(/n) = n
72 The product of two orthogonal matrices is orthogonal (vi) Tr(O)=0
while the product of two symmetric (skew-symmetric)
(vii) Tr(AB)*Tr(A)-tr(B)
matrices need not be symmetric (skew-symmetric)

contd__
26 If rank of a matrix A is denoted by p(A), then (iv) If r =2, s = 3, then planes form a triangular prism
(i) p (A) = 0, if A is zero matrix. (v) If r = s = 3 then planes meet at a single point
(ii) p (A) = 1, if every element of 4 is same. 28 If P is an orthogonal matrix, then det (P) = ± 1
(iii) If A and B are square matrices of order n each and (i) P represents a reflection about a line, then
p (A) = p (8) = n, then p (AB) = n det (P) = -1.
(iv) If A is a square matrix of order n and p (A) = n -1, then (ii) P represents a rotation about a point, then
p (adj >4) = 1 and if p (A) < n — 1, then p (adj A) = 0 det (P) = l
27 System of planes 29 Cayley-Hamilton Theorem : Every matrix satisfies its
aiiX + a12y + a]3z = b1, characteristic equation.
a21x + a22y + a23z = b? For Example, Let A be a square matrix, then | A - X/| = 0 is
and a31x + a32y + a^z = b. the characteristic equation for A.
Augmented matrix C = [A: 8] and if Rank of A = r and If X3 - 6X2 + 11X - 6 = 0 is the characteristic equation for
Rank of C = s, then A then A3 - 6A2 + 11A - 6/ = 0. Roots of characteristic
(i) if r = s = 1, then planes are coincident equation for A are called eigen values of A or
(ii) If r = 1, s = 2, then planes are parallel characteristic roots of A or latent roots of A If X is a
(iii) if r = s = 2, then planes intersect along a single straight characteristic root of A then X'1 is characteristic root of
line A"1.
JEE Type Solved Examples:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
I
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. = A2PTPAPT(PAPT)997P
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of = A2IAPt(PAPt)997 P
which ONLY ONE is correct.
= A3Pt(PAPt)997P
• Ex. 1 If A is a square matrix of order 2 such that
A J=^ = [J. The sum o/elements and _ A1000
PTP= A 1000 = I [v A is involutory]
Hence, B~x = 1^ = 1
product of elements of A are S and P, then S + P is
(a)-1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5 • Ex. 3 If A is a diagonal matrix of order 3x3 is
fa commutative with every square matrix of order 3x3 under
So/, (d) Let A = d|
c multiplication and trace (A) =12, then
(a) | A | = 64 (b)|A| = 16
From first part, A

a
[-M —(i) (c)|A| = 12 (d)|A| = 4
Sol. (a) A diagonal matrix is commutative with every square

or
c !][-W
a - b = -1 ...(ii)
matrix, if it is scalar matrix so every diagonal element is 4.
f4 0 0
A= 0 4 0
and c—d =2 ...(iii) 0 0 4
From second part,
| A | = 4 • 4 • 4 = 64

4H1 => a(Ia[L-11Jl=p

From Eq. (i), we get
) L°
Ex. 4 If A =[ajj]4x4, such that ajj = <
2, when i = j ,
0, when /1 j
., th"1

a b -1 1
- c d 2 “ 0_
det (adj (adj A))
<--------------------- > is [when {•} represents fractional part
7
or - a + 2b = 1 -(iv) function]
and - c + 2d = 0
From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
a = — 1, b = 0
<b>7 <4
(<

2 0 0 0
«>7
and from Eqs. (iii) and (v), we get
0 2 0 0
c = 4, d = 2 Sol. (a) v A=
S=a+b+c+d=5 0 0 2 0
and P = abed = 0 0 0 0 2
Hence, S+P=5 2 0 0 0
• Ex. 2 If Pis an orthogonal matrix and Q = PAPT and |A| =
0 2 0 0
= 24 = 16
B = PTQf000 P, then B -1 is, where A is involutory matrix 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 2
(a) A (b) A1000 (c) / (d) None of these
Sol. (c) Given, P is orthogonal v det (adj (adj A)) = | adj (adj A) | = | A |3 = | A |9
PTP = I —(0 = (24)9 = 236 = (23)12 =(l + 7)'2
and Q = PAP7 ...(ii) = 1 + 12C1(7)+12C2(7)2+...
Now, B = PtQ1000P= Pt(PAPt)}000P [from Eq. (ii)] det (adj (adj A)) 1
---- -——-—— = - + Positive integer
= PtPAPt(PAPt)999P
= IAPt -PAPt(PAPt)99SP fdet (adj (adj A))| _ 1
= AIAPt(PAPt')99SP 7
 Chap 08 Matrices 649

1 1 a b
• Ex. 5 If A = and det (An -/)=1-Xn ,neN, then Sol. (a) Let X =
1 1 c d

the value ofk, is = Fa2 + hc fe(a + d)l Fl 11

X2 [given]
(a)1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 [c(a + d) hc + d2J L2 3J
Sol. (t) v A a2 + be = l,b(a + d) = 1,

c(a + d) = 2 and be + d2 = 3

H: :]•“ => d2-a2=2

2 1
A3 = A2-A=2A2 =22A => d - a =------ = 2b and d + a = -
d+a b
Similarly, An =2"-1A

An -1 =
2"-’
2"’1
2"
"l-p °l
2n-iJ L° U Also,
2d = 2b + - and 2a = - - 2b

c = 2b
b b

2" "1 - 1 2" -1 i Now, from be + d2 = 3

2"-’ 2fl",-lJ
2 1
2b2 + [ b + — = 3 => 3b2 + —- -2 = 0
=> det(An -/) = (2n-1-l)2-(2n-1)z I 2b. 1 4fe2

= 1 - 2” = 1 - X" [given] 12b4 -8b2 + 1=0

X =2 or (6£>2 — l)(2b2 — 1) = 0

1 2 L 1 1 ' 1
b = ±—f= or b = + —^
• Ex. 6 If A = and f(x) - then f(A) is V6 V2
2 1 1-x
Therefore, matrices are
1 1 2 2
(a) (b) 2 2 1
1 1 2 2 1_
0 0 J6
-1 -1
f~2 Ji £ and
2 _4_
(c) (d) None of these 2 Ji 2 J~2
-1 -1 Jf> V6 V6.
1+x
So/.(c)v f(x) = 1 2r-1
1-x • Ex. 8 For a matrix A = , the value of
0 1
=> (l-x)/(x) = l + x
50 1 2r-1
(/-A)/(A) = (Z + A) n
r=1 0 1
is equal to

f(A) = (I - A)~l (I + A) ’l 4950"

1 100 1 5050 1 2500
r 1 0 (a) (b) (c) (d)
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

UP :])([: H 3) soi. (d) n

50

r=1
1 2r -1
0 1
i
o
1 +3 + 5 + ... + 99
1
0 -22T |2 21 _J_Fo 2jp 21
o] [2 2j ~ 4 [2 0] [2 2] 1 (SO)2 = 1 2500
-2
0 1 0 1
4
1 4
4 4 4 • Ex. 9lfA},A2,A3,.. .,A 2n ! are n skew-symmetric
n
• Ex. 7 The number of solutions of the matrix equation matrices ofsame order, then B = (2r -1) (A^ _ 1) 1 will be
1 1 r=1
X2 = is
2 3 (a) symmetric
(b) skew-symmetric
(a) more than 2 (b)2 (c) neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric
(c)0 (d)l (d) data not adequate
650 Textbook of Algebra

Sol. (b)'.' B = Aj + 3A3 + 5A| + ... + (2n - 1)(A2b 1 • Ex. 10 Elements of a matrix A of order 10 X10 are defined

A Bt = (A, + 3A33 4- 5A55 4-... 4- (2n - 1)(A2n j)2" ’*)T as ajj = CD'+ 7 (where (O is cube root of unity), then trace(A)

= A( 4-3(A3 )3 4-5(A3 )5 4-... 4-(2n — 1) (A2n j)2" ~1 of the matrix is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) None of these
= _A1 +3(-A3)3 +5(-A5)s + ...+ 10 io io
(2n - 1)(—A 2n - 1/\2n - 1 Sol. (d) tr (A) = \ a ‘j
i=j=1
= x®”
i=j= 1
= Z«>i=1
2i

= —(A]+3A3 +5A55 4-... 4-(2n — 1) A2" 2j) = CO2 4-CO4 4-CO6 4-CO8 4-... 4-CO 20

= -B = (CO2 4- CO 4- 1) 4- (CO2 4- CO 4- 1) 4- (CO2 4- (0 4-1) 4- CO20

Hence, B is skew-symmetric.
= 04-04-04-CO2 = CO2

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions i mita m ■ - ■ ■'rir~-r »-MKirii>mrwi>l i jli m wii - -j

■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each cos 0 sin 0 sin 0 cos 0
Sol. (a, c) sin A = and cos 0 =
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which - sin 0 cos 0 cos 0 sin 0
more than one may be correct.
| sin A | = cos20 4- sin20 = 1 0
a b Hence, sin A is invertible.
• Ex. 11 If A = (where be * 0) satisfies the
c d cos 0 sin 0"| f cos 0 - sin 0
Also, (sin A) (sin A)T =
equations x2 4- k = 0, then - sin 0 cos 0 sin 0 cos 0

(a) a 4- d = 0 (b)k = -|A| 1 0

=1
(c) k = | A | (d) None of these 0 1

a &ir<a b Hence, sin A is orthogonal.

a2 + be ab + bd
Sol. (a, c) We have, A2 = cos 0 sin 01 P sin 0 cos 0
c d <c d ac + cd be + d2 Also, 2 sin A cos A = 2
- sin 0 cos 0 cos 0 sin 0
As A satisfies x2 4- k = 0, therefore
sin 20 1
A2 4- kl = 0 =2 * sin 2A
cos 20 0
'a2 + be 4- k (a + d) b 1 fo 01
(a 4- d) c be + d2 + kJ ” [0 oj
• Ex. 13 Let A and B are two square idempotent matrices
such that AB ± BA is a null matrix, the value of det (A-B)
a2 + be 4- k = 0, (a 4- d) b = 0,
can be equal
(a 4- d) c = 0 and be 4- d2 4- k = 0
(a)-1 (b)0
As be b *0, c *0
(c) 1 (d)2
So, a 4- d = 0 => a = -d Sol. (a, b, c)

Also, k = - (a2 4- be) = - (-ad + be) = (ad - be) = | A | v(A - B)2 = A2 - AB - BA 4- B2

=A+B ['.• AB + BA =0and A2 = A,Bz = B]
and f is a function, we define
/. | A - B |2 = | A 4- B | ...(0
f»_
2
e e and (A 4- B)2 = A2 4- AB 4- BA 4- B2
= A + B [v AB 4- BA =0and A2 = A,BZ = Fj
/(^)=[/(^)]nxn . Let A = ,then
-e --0 => I A 4- B I2 = I A 4- B|
2
(b) sin A = cos A
=> |A4-B|(|A4-B|-l) = 0
(a) sin A is invertible
(c) sin A is orthogonal (d) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A | A 4- B | = 0,1
 Chap 08 Matrices 651

From Eq. (i), Sol. (a, b, d) It is clear that A = I and A =21 satisfy the given
| A - B |2 = 0,1 => | A - B | = 0, ± 1 equaionA3 - 2A2 - A + 21 = 0 and the characteristic
or det (A - B) = 0, — 1,1 equation of the matrix in (c) is
2-X -1 2
0 Ex. 14 If AB = A and BA = B, then
1 -X 0 =0
2
(a) A2B = A2 (b) B2A = B
0 1 -X
(c) ABA = A (d) BAB = B
Sol. (a. b, c, d) X3 - 2X2 + X - 2 = 0,
We have, A2B = A(AB) = A-A = A2, giving A3 -2A2 + A-22 = 0
B2A = B(BA)=BB=B2,
* A3 -2A2 -A + 21 = 0
ABA = A(BA) = AB = A, BAB = B(AB) = BA = B
and the characteristic equation of the matrix in (d) is
• Ex. 15 If A is a square matrix of order 3 and I is an Iden­ 2-X 1 -2
tity matrix of order 3 such that A3 -2A2 - A +21=0, then 1 -X 0 =0
A is equal to 0 1 -X
2 -1 2 2 1 -2
X3 - 2X2 - X + 2 = 0,
(a)/ (b)2/ (c) 1 0 0 (d) 1 0 0
giving A3 -2A2 - A + 21 =0
0 1 0 0 1 0

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 2 solved passages. Base upon each Sol. (Ex. Nos 16 to 18)
of the passage 3 multiple choice question have to be ’ 2 -2 -4
answered. Each of these question has four choices (a), (b), Ao = 3 4 =>|Ao| = O
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
1 -3
Passage I T
(Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) -4 1 4 -4 -3 -3
2 -2 -4 -4 -3 -3 and adjB0 = -3 0 4 1 0 1 = B0

lfA0 = -1 3 4 and Bo = 1 0 1 and -3 1 3 4 4 3

1 -2 -3 4 4 3 Bn = adj(Bn _t), n € N
Bn = adj (B„ _ |), n e N and I is an identity matrix of order 3. Bj = adj(B0)= Bo
16. det(Ao +/4q Bq + Aq +Aq Bq +...upto 12 terms) is B2 = adj(Bj) = adj(B0) = Bo,
equal to Similarly B3 = B0,B4 = Bo>...
(a) 1200 (b)-960 Bn = Bo
(c) 0 (d) -9600
16. (c) det (Ao + .Ao Bq + Aq + Aq Bq +... upto 12 terms) = det
17. B2 + B3 +B4 + ... + B50 is equal to
{Ao (/ + A0Bq + Ao + Aq Bq + ... upto 12 terms)}
(a)B0 (b)7B0
(c)49B0 (d) 49/ = | A0|(f + AqB20 + Ao + Aq Bq +... upto 12 terms)

18. For a variable matrix X, the equation Ao X = B0 will =0 [v|Ao| = O]

have 17. (c) B2 + Bj + B4 +... + B50 = Bq + Bq + Bo +... + Bo = 49Bq

(a) unique solution 18. (d) v|Ao| = O
(b) infinite solution
=> Aq1 is not possible.
(c) finitely many solution
Hence, system of equation Ao X = Bo has no Sol.
(d) no solution
652 Textbook of Algebra

1 0 O' 1 0 o' 1 0 0
Passage II
(Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) 20. (d) ■/ A2 = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 o' 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
Let A = 1 0 1 satisfies An = A" 2 4- A2 - I for n > 3 and 25 0 0 24 0 0
2
0 10 .-. A50 = 25A2 — 241 = 25 25 0 0 24 0
consider a matrix U with its columns as Ux, U2, U3, such that 25 0 25 0 0 24
3X3
1 o' 0 [from Eq. (i)]
1 0 o'
ASOUX = 25 ,A50U2 = 1 and A50(73 = 0 25 1 0
25 0 1 25 0 1
19. The value of |A50| equals Hence, trace of A 50 = 1 + 14-1=3
(a)-1 (b)0 I (c)l (d) 25 x
20. Trace of A50 equals 21. (c) Let U,= y
(a) 0 (b) 1 I (c)2 (d) 3 z

21. The value of |U\ equals 1 1 0 0 x 1

(a)-1 (b)0 (c) 1 (d)2 Given, A5OUX = 25 25 1 0 y 25 [from Eq. (ii)]
Sol. (Ex. Nos. 19 to 21) 25 25 0 1 z 25
An=An"2 4- A 2 -I => A SO = A48 4- A2 -I
x 1
Further, A48 = A46 4-A2 -Z 25x 4- y 25 , we get x = 1, y = 20 and z = 0
A 46 = A44 + A2 -Z 25x + z 25

1 0
A4 = A2 +A2 -Z4 Ui = 0 , similarly U2 = 1
On adding all, we get 0_ 0
y^SO _ oc A 2
= 25A -24Z (0 o' 1 0 0
50
1 0 0 and [/3 = 0 => U = 0 1 0 =Z
19. (c) |A50| = |A|50 = 1 0 1 = (-l)50=l 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 |U| = 1

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each a=P=y
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9 a 0 0
(both inclusive).
A= o a 0

• Ex. 22 Let A be a 3 X 3 diagonal matrix which commutes o 0 a

with every3 x 3 matrix. Ifdet(A) =8, then tr A is => det (A) = a3 =8 [given]
a 0 0 a=2
Sol. (6) Let A = 0 P 0
2 0 0
0 0 Y
A= 0 2 0
a 0 0 a A .1 a h g a 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 h b f h b f 0 P 0
trA=2 + 2 + 2 = 6
=>
0 0 yJLs f c. 1/ f c 0 0 y
 Chap 08 Matrices 653

• Ex. 23 Let A and B be two non-singular matrices such =$ A"’BBA(BA2)A4 = / [v AB= BA2]
that A * I, B3 = I and AB = BA2, where I is the identity A“*BB(AB)A6 = /
matrix, the least value ofk such that Ak = / is => A~'BB(BA2)Ab = I [v AB = BA2]
Sol. (7) Given, AB=BA2 =* B=A~' BA2 => B3 = I => =I
=> (A-1 BAA)(A“* BAA){A~}BAA)= I => (A~'I)A6 = I . [V B'=I]
(A"1 BA) (BA) {BAA) = I [•.•A-*A=Z] A-,A8 = 1
=> A-1B(AB)(AB)AA = I => A7 = I = A k [■.Ak=I]
=> A"*B(BA2)(BA2) AA = 1 [vAB = BA2] => Ak = A 7
=> A-1BBA (AB) A4 = / Least value of k is 7.

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. Example 24 have three => 2 det(A) det(B) = O => 4det(B) = 0 [v det (A) = 2]
statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and four det(B) = O
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II and example 25
have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I • Ex. 25
and five statements (p, q, r, s and t). In Column II any Column I Column II
given statement in Column I can have correct matching
(A) 1 2 a 1 18 2007 (P) 4
with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.
If 0 1 4 0 1 36
• Ex. 24 0 0 1 0 0 1
Column I Column II then (n + a) is divisible by_______
(B) If A is a square matrix of order 3 (q) 6
(A) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and (p) 3
such that | Aj = a, B = adj (A) and
det (A) =3, then
| B| = b, then (ab2 + a2b + 1 )X is
det (6A-1) is divisible by
divisible by,
(B) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and (q) 4
1. a a2 a3
det (A) = then det [adj (adj (2A))] is where - A = - + — + — + ... upto
4 2 b b' b5
divisible by ooanda =3
a b c (r) 10
(C) If A and B are square matrices of odd (r) 5
(C) Let A = P 9 r and B = A2.
order and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, if det
(A) = 2, then det(B) is divisible by 1 1 1

(s) 6 If(a-&)2 + {p-q)2 =25,

(b - c)2 + {q - r)2 = 36 and
Sol. (A) -> (p, q, s); (B) -4(q); (C) -»(p, q, r, s) (c - a)2 + (r - p)2 = 49, then det
(A) det(6A’l) = 63 det(A-,)=-^- = —= 72
is divisible by
det (A) 3
(B) det [adj (adj (2A))] = [det(2A)]4 = [23det (A)]4 12
= 212 [det(A)]4 (t) I 15

= 212
n4 = 24 =16 So/. (A) —> (p, r); (B) —>(t): (C)-» (q, s)
1 2 a
4J (A) V A= 0 1 4
(C) v (A + B)2=AZ +AB + BA + B2
0 0 1
=> A2 + B2 = A2 + AB +BA +B2
[v(A + B)2 = A2 + B2] 1 2 a 1 2 a 1 4 2u + 8
=> AB + BA = 0 => AB = - BA a2 = 0 1 4 0 1 4 0 1 8
det (AB) = det(- BA) = - det (BA) 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
=> det (A)-det (B) =-det B-det(A)
654 Textbook of Algebra

1 4 2a+ 8 1 2 a 1 6 3a + 24 1
a3 = 1 1 1 9_
0 1 8 0 1 4 0 1 12 = - + —+ ---------- 1- ...+ 00 = 3
3 81 27x8.1 1 26
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1- —
27
Similarly, we get

1 2n na + 8^r 13
1 18 2007
9
An = 0 1 4n 0 1 36 [given] Now, (ab2 4- a2b + 1)% = (3 X 81 + 9 x 9 +1) x -=225
13
0 0 1 0 0 1
a b c a P 1 a P 1
(C) det(A) = P <? r b 9 1 = 2x1 b q 1
=> 2n = 18 => n = 9 2
n-1 8
1 1 1 c r 1 c r 1
na 4- 8 ]£r = 2007 => 9a 4- 8^r = 2007
= 2 x Area of the triangle with vertices
r=0 r=0
(a, p), (b, q) and (c,r) with sides 5,6,7
8x9
=> 9a + 8- = 2007 => 9a = 2007 - 288 = 1719 = 2 x fs(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) = 2 X 6^6 - 12-76
2
a = 191
Hence, n 4- a = 9 + 191 = 200 Hence, det det (B) = det (A2)
(B) B = adj A
=> b = | B| = | adj A| = | A |2 = a2 =9 => a = 3, b = 9 = - (det A)2 = -(12V6)2 = 108
8 8
1. 3 32 33
and -A. = — 4- — 4—-4- ...4-00
2 9 93 95

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Direction example numbers 26 and 27 are • Ex. 27 Statement-1 If A and B are two matrices such
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples that AB ~B, BA = A, then A2 + B2 = A + B.
contains two statements:
Statement-2 A and B are idempotent matrices, then
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) A2 = A, B2 = B.
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices,
Sol. (b) v AB = B
ONLY ONE of which is the correct answer. You have to
select the correct choice as given below. B(AB) = BB
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 (BA)B = B2 [by associative law
is correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 AB = B2 [v BA = A
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 B = B2 [•:AB = E
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true and BA = A
A(BA)~ A- A
• Ex. 26 Statement-1 A is singular matrix of order n x n, (AB) A = A2 [by associative law
then adj A is singular. BA = A2 [vAB = J
n —1
Statement-2 | adj A | = | A |
A = A2 [v BA = A
Sol. (d) If A is non-singular matrix of order n x n, then
Hence,;. A2 +B2=A + B
ladjAMAI"-1
Here, both statements are true and Statement-2 is not a
Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true. correct explanation for Statement-1.
 Chap 08 Matrices 655

Subjective Type Examples

■ In this section, there are 12 subjective solved examples. Sol. Given, AB = BA

• Ex. 28 If An = 0, then evaluate

(i) l + A + A2 + A3 + ... + A"-1
[: !:■:]■[: 3:3
a + 2c b + 2d 1 pa + 3b 2a + 4b
=>
(ii) /-A + A2 - A3 +... 4- (— 1)n-1 A”-1 for odd ‘n\ 3a + 4c 3b + 4d] c+3d 2c+ 4d
where I is the identity matrix having the same On comparing, we get
order of A. a + 2c = a + 3b
Sol. (i) An = 0 => An - I = - I b-^
...(0
3
=> An -In =- I => In - A" = I b + 2d = 2a + 4b
=> (I-A)(/ + A + A2+A3+... + An"1)=I d=a+— (ii)
2
=> (I + A + A2 + A3 +... + A"-1)
3a + 4c = c 4-3d
= (/-A)-1f = (/-A)‘ d=a+c (Hi)
(ii) A" = 0=>Art + 1 = 1 and 3b+ 4d = 2c + 4d
b=*
=> An + r = i -(iv)
3
=> In+An=I d-b d-b
------ = 1 [from Eq. (iii)]
=> (I + A)(Z - A + A2 - A3 +... +A"-1) = I a+c-b d-b
[n is odd] 2c
2 3 d-c
=> I-A + A2-A3 + ... + A"-1 Now, 3
= (I + A)-1I = (I + A)' c d
20]
I a-pa —
• Ex. 29 If A is idempotent matrix, then show that If c = p and d - a, then B = 3
(A + I)n = / + (2n -1) A, V n G N, where I is the identity L 0 «
matrix having the same order of A.
3 5
Sol. v A is idempotent matrix
• Ex. 31 Given the matrix A = 1 -3 -5 and X be
A2 = A,
3 5
similarly A = A2 = A 3 = A4 = ... = An (i) the solution set of the equation Ax = A, where xeN - {!}.
Now, (A+/)"=(/ +A)' \3+1
Evaluate J~J where the continued extends for all
= I + "CjA + "C2 A2 + nC3A3 +... + nCn An kx3-V
[from Eq. (i)] XG X.
= I + CC1 + nC2 + nc3 +... + nCn )A
-1 3 5 -1 3 -1 3 5
= I + (2" - 1)A
Sol. v A2 = 1 -3 -5 1 -3 1 -3 -5
Hence,(A +/)n = I + (2" - 1)A, V ne N.
-1 3 5 -1 3 -1 3 5
=A
1 2 a b
• Ex. 30 If the matrices A = and B = (a,b,c, 2
= A3J = A 4 = A55 =... = A
3 4 c d
but given Ax = A
d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of
d-b x = 2,3,4, 5,... [•.• x # 1, given]
•--------- . Also, show that the matrix which commutes with A
n \3 + f =n
3
a + c-b
<x3-l> (x-l in
is of the form
a-P
3 On putting x = 2, 3, 4, 5,...
0 a.
656 Textbook of Algebra

r x22 - X + 1 \
n n
n
x3 + P = lim fl X+1
Sol. We have, First part
A O A 0
x3-l / n'*>°°x-2 x - 1 x - 2 v X2 + X + 1; B C - C~'BA C~
3-4-5...(n - l)n(n + 1) AA 0
= lim . .
n->^1-2-3...(n-3)(n -2)(n - 1)J BA - CC'^BA CC’1
3-7-...(n2 - n + 1) I O I 0
x lim
n —> 7-13.,.(n2 -n + l)(n2 + n + 1) BA -BA I 0 I
n(n + 1) 3
= lim ----------- x A-1 O A 6
n —» o» 2 (n2 + n + 1) Hence, is the inverse of
- C-1BA C" B C
(1 + -1
3 Inn y nJ 3 (1+0) 3 1 0 0 o'
=-
2"-*~ 2 (1 + 0 + 0) 2 1 1 0 0 A 0
i+i+4
n n .
Second part
1 1 0 B C
1
1 1 1 1
♦ Ex. 32 IfP is a non-singular matrix, with (P"1) in
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
terms of ‘P then show fhafadj(Q"1BP~1) = PAQ. Given where A = ,B = ,C = and 0 =
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
that, (B) = A and|P| = |Q |=1.
Sol. v adj(P~l) = IPKP"1)’1 = |P|P = P 1 0 1 0
[v|P| = l] and A ,C-1 =
-1 1 1
and adj(Q“1BP"1) = adj(P-1)- adjB - adj(Q-1)

= -La--Q-= PAQ
|P| IQI
MP| = |Q| = 1] Now, C~lBA 1 =

1 0
-1
1

0 0
0

M 1
1

0
0
1

0
0 1'
0 0
0
• Ex. 33 Let A and B be matrices of order n. Prove that if
1 1 0 0 -1 1 0 0
(/ - AB) is invertible, (/ - BA) is also invertible and .'. Inverse of is
(/ - BA)"1 = I + B(J - AB)"1 A, where I be the identity matrix 1 1 1 0 0 -1 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 -1 1
of order n.
Sol. Here, I - BA = BIB - BABB"1 = B(I - AB)B-1 -(i) 3 a -1
Hence, |/- BA] = |B||I - AB||B"’| = |B||I - AB| — • Ex. 35 LetA = 2 5 c is symmetric and
lBl b 8 2
= |/-AB|
If |/-AB|*0,then|7-BA|#0 d ' 3 a
i.e. if (I - AB) is invertible, then (7 - BA) is also invertible. B = b-a e -2b-c is skew-symmetric, find AB. If AB
Now, (/ - BA)[/ + B(I - AB)-1 A] -2 6
= (/ - BA) + (I - BA)B(7 - AB)-1 A [using Eq. (i)] is symmetric or skew-symmetric or neither of them. Justify
= (I - BA) + B(I - AB)B-1B(/ - AB)"1 A your answer.
= (I - BA) + B(7 - AB)(7 - AB-1)A Sol. A is symmetric
= (I - BA) + BA = I .'. c = 8, b = - 1 and a = 2 J.
Hence, (/ - BA)'1 = I + B(I - AB)-1 A. and B is skew-symmetric
d = e — f = 0 and 2b + c = 6, a-2, b - a = -3 -4’
A o From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
• Ex. 34 Prove that the inverse of is
B c a = 2,b = -l, c=8, d = 0, e = 0, f =0
' 3 2 -1 0 3 2
A o , where A, Care non-singular matrices and A = 2 5 8 and B = -3 0 -6
-C~'BA c~ -1 8 2 -2 6 0
1 0 0 0
-4 3 -6
1 1 0 0
O is null matrix andfind the inverse. AB = -31 54 -26
1 1 1 0 -28 9 -50
1 1 1 1 which neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric.
 Chap 08 Matrices 657

• Ex. 36 If B, C are square matrices of order n and if 3-X 2 2

A = B + C, BC = CB, C2 = 0, show that for any positive inte­ 2 4-X 1 =o
ger p, Ap + ' =Bp[B+(p+V)C]. -2 -4 -1-X

Sol..- A = B + C => Ap + ' = (B + C)P + 1 Applying B3 -+ R3 + R2, then

3-X 2 2
= P + ,COBP + 1 + P + IC1BPC + P + 1C2BP~1C2 + ...
2 4-X 1 =o
0 -X -X
= Bp + ,+ p + 1CtBpC+ 0+ 0 +...
Applying C2 —> C2 - C3, then
[vC2 = 0=>C2 =C3 =... = 0]
= Bp[B + (p + l)C] 3-X 0 2
=> 2 3-X 1 =o
Hence, Ap + 1 = Bp[B + (p + 1)C]
0 0 -X
• Ex. 37 If there an three square matrices A, B, C of same -X(3-X)2 =0
order satisfying the equation A2 = A-1 and let B = A2 and
=> X =0,3
_ <"-2>
C = A2 , prove thatdet(B - C) =0. It is clear that X = 0, p = 3
’ 3
2 2 x 0
so/.-.- b = a 2" = a2-2‘"=(a2)2"'=(a-,): [vA2=A-1]
For X = 0, AX = 0 => 2 4 1 y 0
= (A2"' )-’ = (A2-2 )-'=[(A2r’]- -2 -4 -1 z 0

= [(A-1)2” TMa-=1)-A1)2' =C 3x + 2y + 2z = 0 and 2x + 4y + z = 0

=> B-C = 0 => det(B-C) = 0 x y z
-6~1~ 8
• Ex. 38 Construct an orthogonal matrix using the
-6
~ 0 2'
skew-symmetric matrix A = So, X= 1
-2 0 '
8
0 2 1 -21
Sol. v A = =} I - A = Forp =3, (A-3I)Y =0
-2 0 2 1
' 0 2 2 a o'
1 2 1 2
=> (j-xj-'-l and (I + A) = => 2 1 1 P 0
-2 1 -2 1
-2 -4 - 7. 0
Let B be the orthogonal matrix from a skew-symmetric
matrix A, then B = (/ - A)~\l + A) 0a + 2p + 2y = 0and2a + p +y = 0

3 4 «=&=X
1 1 2 1 2 1 -3 4 5 5 0 4-4
5 -2 1 -2 1 5 -4 -3 4 3
-=A=I
5 5. 0 -1 1
3 2 2 'o'
• Ex. 39 If A = 2 4 1 and X, Y are two non-zero So, y = -1
“2 “4 -1 1
-4
column vectors such that AX = XX, AY =p.y, X *p,find If 0 be the angle between X and Y, then
angle between X and Y. 0(- 6) + (— l)l + l-8 7
cos 0 =
Sol. v AX = XX => (A - XI)X = 0 7(0 + 1 + 1)^36 +1 + 64 l202
X *0 7 A
0 = cos
det(A-Xl) = 0 ^202 J

I
g Matrices Exercise 1:
Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. -1 2 5
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of 8. The rank of the matrix 2 -4 a - 4 is
which ONLY ONE is correct
1 -2 a+1
1. If A5 =0 such that An 1 for 1 < n < 4, then (/ - A) is
(where a = -6)
equal to (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)4
(a) A4 (b)A3 1 -1
0
(c) I + A (d) None of these
9. A is an involutory matrix given by A = 4 -3 4 •the
a b c
3 -3 4
2. Let A = P <7 r and suppose that det (A) = 2, then
A
* y z inverse of — will be
4x 2a -p 2
I

det (B) equals, where B = 4y 2b -q (a) 2 A

2
(c>42 (d)A2
4z 2c -r
10. Let A be a nth order square matrix and B be its adjoint,
(a)-2 (b)-8 (c) -16 (d) 8
then | AB + kln |, is (where k is a scalar quantity)
1 1
3. If both A — I and A + - 1 are orthogonal matrices, then (a)(|A| + fc)"-2 (b)(| A| + fc)n
2 2 (c)(| A | + Ar)"-1 (d)(| A| + fc)n + 1
(a) A is orthogonal
(b) A is skew-symmetric matrix of even order 11. If A and B are two square matrices such that
B = -A~1BA, then (A + B)2 is equal to
4 (a) 0 (b) A2 + B2
(d) None of the above
(c) A2 + 2AB + B2 (d) A + B
Z x 1 f X 3 - 16x
4. Let a = lim , b= lim 12. If matrix A = [atj ]3 x 3, matrix B = [b,y ]3 x 3, where
X -» i ^ln x x In x 7 x—>0 k 4x + x
/
a{j + a;j = 0 and by - b^ = 0, then A4 • B3 is
fin (1 + sin x)l
c = lim and
x-> o \ x ) (a) skew-symmetric matrix (b) singular
. j. (* + l)3 (c) symmetric (d) zero matrix
a b
a = inn -------------------- -, then is
x-»-i 3[sin(x + l)-(x + 1)] c d 13. Let A be a n x n matrix such that An = aA, where a is a

(a) idempotent (b) involutory real number different from 1 and -1. The matrix A + /a is
(c) non-singular (d) nilpotent (a) singular (b) invertible
(c) scalar matrix (d) None of these
1 4 -1 -
5. Let A = . If 0 is the angle between the two
3 2 2i 2i , i = V-l and f(x) = x2 + 2
14. lfA =
non-zero column vectors X such that AX = XX for some l-H\/3 l-iV3
scalar X, then tan 0 is equal to 2i 2i
(a) 3 (b) 5 then /(A) equals to
(c) 7 (d) 9 '1 O’ 3 - ifi} r 1 o'
6. If a square matrix A is involutory, then A 2n +1
is equal to (a) (b)
0 1 2 / L
0 1
(a)/ (b)A
(c)A2 (d) (2n + 1) A (s-h/T 1 0
(d)(2 + ia/3)
0
(c)
cos 0 sin 0 4"
2 JL° 1 1
7. If A = ,then lim -----is (where 0 e R) 15. The number of solutions of the matrix equation X' = I
-sin0 cos 0 n-> « n
(a) a zero matrix (b) an identity matrix other than I is
0 1* 0 11 (a)0 (b)l
(c) (d) (c)2 (d) more than 2
-1 0 0 -1
 Chap 08 Matrices 659

16. If A and B are square matrices such that A 2006 = 0and 24. If A and B are different matrices satisfying A3 = B3 and

AB = A + B, then det (B) equals to A2B = B2A, then

(a) -1 (b)0 (a) det (A2 4- B1) must be zero
(c) 1 (d) None of these (b) det (A - B) must be zero
it . it (c) det (A2 4- B2) as well as det (A - B) must be zero
cos — sin —
1 1 (d) atleast one of det (A2 4- B2) or det (71 - B) must be zero
17. IfP = 6 6 ,A = and Q = PAPT, then
. it it 0 1
-sin — cos — 25. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order 2 and B, C are
6 6. Fl 41 r 9 -4"
pT q2007 matrices respectively, then
P is equal to
|2 9J [-2 1
1 a/3/2 1 2007
(a) (b) A3(BC)4-A5(B2C2)4-A7(B3C3) + ...
0 2007 0 1
+ AZn + '(BnCn\is
45/2 2007 45/2 -1/2
(c) (d) (a) a symmetric matrix (b) a skew-symmetric matrix
0 1 1 2007
(c) an identity matrix (d) None of these
18. There are two possible values of A in the solution of the a b c 9 -b y
2A4-1 -5 A-5 B 14 D 26. If A = x z ,B = ~P a -x and if A is
matrix equation y
-4 A 2A-2 C E F ’
p q r r —c z
where A, B, C, D, E, F are real numbers. The absolute
invertible, then which of the following is not true?
value of the difference of these two solutions, is
(a) |A|=|B|
(c>| (b) |A| = -|B|
(a)~
<“>T (c) | adj A |=| adj B |
cos2 0 cos 0 sin 0 - sin 0 (d) A is invertible <=> B is invertible

cos 0 sin 0 sin2 0 cos 0 , then / is 2 1 3 4

27. Let three matrices A = ,B = and
sin0 - cos 0 0 4 1 2 3
/ A(BC)2'
(a) symmetric (b) skew-symmetric 3 -4 ABC
C= .then tr (A) 4- tr 4-tr
(c) singular (d) non-singular -2 3 2 \ 4
20. In a square matrix A of order 3 the elements nl7’s are the A(BC)3>I
4- tr + equals to
sum of the roots of the equation x2 - (a 4- b) x 4- ab = 0;
a, j + j’s are the product of the roots, at ,■ _ t’s are all unity (a) 4
I 8 ) " (b) 9 (c) 12 (d) 6
and the rest of the elements are all zero.
28. If A is non-singular and (A - 21) (A - 41) = O, then
1 . . 4*
1 1
- A 4- - A is equal to
The value of the det (A) is equal to 6 3
(a)0 (b)(a-Fb)3
(a)O (b)/
(c)?-63 (d)(a2 + b2)(a + b)
(c)2/ (d)6/
21. If A and B are two non-singular matrices of the same 0 1 2 '1/2 -1/2 1/2
order such that Br = I for some positive integer r > 1. 29. If A = 1 2 3 and A = -4 3 b . then
Then A-1Br-1A-A" B~lA is equal to 3 a 1 5/2 -3/2 1/2
(a)Z (b)2/ (c)0 (d)-I
cos 0 sin 0 ’ 1 0
22. ]fA = ,B = , C = ABAT1, then (a) a = 1, b = -1 (b)a=2.b = --
sin 0 - cos 0 -1 1 2
1 1
ATCnA, ne I+ equals to (c) a = -1. b = 1 (d) a = -. b = -
2 2
-n 1 1 -n 0 1 1 0
(a) (b) (c) (d) x 3 2
1 0 0 1 1 -n -n 1
30. Given the matrix A = 1 y 4 . If xyz = 60 and
23. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that | A | = 2, then
2 2 z
|(adj A"1)"1 | is
8x 4- 4y 4- 3z = 20, then A (adj A) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c)4 (d)8 (a)64/ (b)88/
(b)88/ (c)68/ (d)34/
660 Textbook of Algebra

g Matrices Exercise 2:
More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. 39. Let A and B are two matrices such that AB - BA, then
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
for every n e N
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct.
(a) A"B = BA"
1 1 1
(b) (AB)" = AnBn
31. If A = 1 1 1 , then
(c) (A + B)" = "C0A" + nC1A"“1B + ... + "C„B"
1 1 1
(d) A2" -B2" = (An -Bn)(An + B")
(a) A3 = 9A (b) A3 = 27A
(c) A + A = A2 (d) A-1 does not exist 40. If A and B are 3 x 3 matrices and | A | * 0, which of the
following are true?
32. A square matrix A with elements from the set of real
numbers is said to be orthogonal ifA' = A-1.IfAisan (a) | AB | = 0 => | B | = 0

orthogonal matrix, then (b) | AB 1 = 0=^ B = 0

(a) A' is orthogonal (b) A-1 is orthogonal (c) | A-11 =| A T*
(c) adj A = A' (d) | A-1 | = 1
(d) |A + A|=2|A|
1 2 2 41. If A is a matrix of order m X m such that
33. Let A = 2 1 2 , then A2 + A + 21 = O, then
2 2 1 (a) A is non-singular (b) A is symmetric
(a) A2 - 4A — 5/3 = 0 (d) A'1 =-|(A + I)
(c) | A | * 0
(c) A3 is not invertible (d) A2 is invertible
42. If A2 - 3A + 21 = 0, then A is equal to
34. D is a 3 x 3 diagonal matrix. Which of the following
(a) I (b)2/
statements are not true? 3 -2 3 1
(a) Dt = D (c) (d)
1 0 -2 0
(b) AD = DA for every matrix A of order 3x3
(c) D-1 if exists is a scalar matrix 43. If A and B are two matrices such that their product AB is
(d) None of the above a null matrix, then
-122 5 (a) det A * 0 B must be a null matrix
35. The rank of the matrix 2 -4
—4 a - 4 . is (b) det B * 0 => A must be a null matrix
1 -2 a +1 (c) atleast one of the two matrices must be singular
(a) 2, if a = -6 (b) 2, if a = 1 (d) if neither det A nor det B is zero, then the given statement
(c) 1, if a =2 (d) 1, if a = -6 is not possible

3 -3 4 44. ]fDx and D2 are two 3x3 diagonal matrices where none
36. If A = 2 -3 4 .then of the diagonal elements is zero, then
(a) DJD2 is a diagonal matrix
0 -1 1
(b) DjD2 = D2Dt
(a) adj (adj A) = A (b) | adj (adj (A) | = 1 (c) D2 + D2 is a diagonal matrix
(c) | adj(A) | = 1 (d) None of these
(d) None of the above
37. If B is an idempotent matrix and A = I - B, then 0
45. Let, Ck = nCk for 0< k < n and Ak - for
(a) A2 = A (b) A2 = I
0
(c) AB = O (d) BA = 0 k> 1 and
fcj 0
38. If A is a non-singular matrix, then Aj + A2 + A3 +...+ An = .then
(a) A-1 is symmetric if A is symmetric 0 k 2.
(b) A-1 is skew-symmetric if A is symmetric (a) K = kz (b) + k2 =2
(c) |A-1|=|A| (c)fc1 = 2nCn-l (d)fc2 = 2nCfl + 1
(d) i a-1 1=1 a r*
 Chap 08 Matrices 661

g Matrices Exercise 3:
Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 6 passages. Based upon each of Passage IV (Q. Nos. 54 to 56)
the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be ’1 0 o'
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a),
Let A = 2 1 0 be a square matrix and C,, C2, C3 be three
(b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.
3 2 1
Passage I (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) 1 '2 'i
Suppose A and B be two non-singular matrices such that column matrices satisfying AC, = 0 , AC2 = 3 and AC3 = 3
AB = BAm, Bn = I and Ap = I, where I is an identity matrix. 0 0 1
46. If m = 2 and n = 5, then p equals to
of matrix B. If the matrix C=-( A • B).
(a) 30 (b) 31 3
(c) 33 (d) 81 54. The value ofdet(B-1), is
47. The relation between m, n andp, is (d)l
(a) 2 (b); (c) 3
(a) p = mn2 (b) p = m" -1 2
(c) p = nm - 1 (d) p = rn "1 55. The ratio of the trace of the matrix B to the matrix C, is
9 5 2 3
48. Which of the following ordered triplet (m, n, p) is false? (a)-; (V-- (C)-- (d)~
5 9 3 2
(a) (3, 4, 80) (b) (6, 3, 215)
56. The value ofsin-1(det A) + tan-1 (9detC), is
(c) (8, 3, 510) (d) (2, 8, 255)
(a) 7 (b)£ (c)5l (d)*
Passage II (Q. Nos. 49 to 51) 4 2 • 4
a b c
Passage V (Q. Nos. 57 to 59)
Let A = b c a is an orthogonal matrix and abc = X(< 0).
If A is symmetric and B skew-symmetric matrix and A + B is
c a b
non-singular and C = (A + B)“*(A - B).
49. The value of a2b2 4- b2c2 + c2a2, is 57. CT(A + B)C equals to
(a) 2X (b)-2X (a) A + B (b) A - B
(c) X2 (d) -X (c)A (d)B
50. The value of a3 + b3 + c3, is 58. Ct(A - B)C equals to
(a)X (b)2X (a) A + B (b) A - B (c)A (d)B
(c) 3X (d) None of these
59. CT AC equals to
51. The equation whose roots are a, b, c, is
(a) A + B (b)A-B
(a) x3 - 2x2 + X = 0 (b) x3 - Xx2 + Xx + X = 0 (c)A (d)B
(c) x3 - 2x2 + 2Xx + X = 0 (d) x3 ± x2 - X = 0
Passage VI (Q. Nos. 60 to 61)
Passage III (Q. Nos. 52 to 53) Let A be a square matrix of order 3 satisfies the matrix equation
Let A = [fy ]3 x 3. If tr is arithmetic mean of elements of rth row A3 - 6A2 + 7A-8I = 0 and B = A -21. Also, det A = 8.
and O/j +aJk + akl = 0 holds for all 1 <5 i, j, k<3. 60. The value of det(adj (I - 2A'1)) is equal to
ciy is not equal to , ,—
(a) 25 (b) —/M125
ISi ;S3 16 64
, , 64 ... 16
(a) t, + t2 + t3 (b) zero (c) — (d) —
(c)(det(A))2 125 25
(d) txt2t3

53. Matrix A is 61. If adj — B, where p,qeN, the least value of

(a) non-singular .9J
(b) symmetric (p + q) is equal to
(c) skew-symmetric (a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 29 (d)41
(d) neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric
662 Textbook of Algebra

g Matrices Exercise 4:
“ Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to each question is a single digit integer, ranging
from 0 to 9 (both inclusive).

62. Let A, B, C, D be (not necessarily) real matrices such and x c N, the minimum value of E (cos x 0 + sin 0),
that At = BCD-,Bt = CDA-, CT = DAB and DT = ABC 0 e Br>
A I mt
, n e /r > is
for the matrix S = ABCD, the least value of k such that I2
Sk =Sis 67. If A is an idempotent matrix and I is an identity matrix
1 tan x of the same order, then the value of n, such that
63. If A = and a function /(x) is defined as (A +/)" = f + 127 A is
- tan x 1
3a b c
/(x) = det (ATA'1) and if /(f(/(/.../(x)))) is (n > 2) X,
68. Suppose a, b, c e R and abc = 1, if A = b 3c a is such
the value of 2k is
c a 3b
X jX 2 X]X3 I and | A | > 0, the value of a3+ b + c3 is
that AT A = 41/3
64. If the matrix A = X 2A,j X2 X 2X 3 is idempotent,
0 1 and (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I)V = ° ,
X3Xj X3X 2 X23 69. IfA —
3 0
the value of X2 + X22 + X3 is
where V is a vertical vector and I is the 2 X 2 identity
65. Let A be a 3 x 3 matrix given by A = [a^ } If for every matrix and if X is sum of all elements of vertical vector
column vector X, XTAX = O and a23 = - 1008, the sum V, the value of 11X is
3 2
70. Let the matrix A and B be defined as A = and
of the digits of a32 is
'3 1 u 2 I
66. Let X be the solution set of the equation A x = I, where B= .then the absolute value of det 2/49 B *)is
‘0 1 -1 7 3j’
A = 4-3 4 and I is the corresponding unit matrix o a a-1 h-1
71. Let A = and(A+/)70 -70A = , the
3-3 4 J) c-1 d-1
value of a + b + c + d is

g Matrices Exercise 5:
Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 4 questions. Question 72 has four statements (A, B, C and D) given in Column I and four
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II and questions 73 to 75 have four statements (A, B, C and D) given ia
Column I and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.
72. Suppose a, b, c are three distinct real numbers and /(x) is a real quadratic polynomial such that
4a2 4a 1 7(-D‘ 3a2 + 3a
4b2 4b 1 /(i) 3b2 + 3b
4c2 4c 1 f(2)_ 3c2 +3c

Column I Column II
(A) x-coordinate(s) of the point of intersection of y = f(x) with the X-axis is (P) -2
(B) 3 1
Area (in sq units) bounded by y = - fix') and the X-axis is (q)

(C) Maximum value of /(x)is (r) 2

(D) Length (in unit) of the intercept made by y = f(x) on the X-axis is (s) 4
 Chap 08 Matrices 663

73. If A is non-singular matrix of order n X n, _____________ Column I____________ Column II

(D) If the equations x + y = 1, (t) 9
Column I Column II
(c + 2)x + (c+ 4)y= 6,
(A) adj (/T1) is (P) A (det A)”-2 (c + 2)2x + (c+ 4)2y = 36 are consistent
(B) det (adj (4-1)) is (q) (det 4)^' (adj A) and q, Cj (q > Cj) are two values of c, then
(C) adj (adj A) is (r) adj (adj A) q C2 is divisible by
(det4)"~1
(D) adj (A det (J)) is (det 4)'~"
75. Column I Column II
(s)
(A) If C is skew-symmetric matrix (P) invertible
(0 A
of order n and X is n x 1 column
(det 4)
matrix, then XTCX is
74.__ Column I Column II (B) If A is skew - symmetric, then (q) singular
(A) If A is a diagonal matrix of order 3 x 3 is Ip) 3 I - A is, where I is an identity
commutative with every square matrix of matrix of order A.
order 3x3 under multiplication and tr 'o i r (r) symmetric
(4) = 12, then |4| is divisible by If S = 10 1;and
(C)
(q) 4 J 1 0
(B) Let a,b,c e R+ and the system of equations (r) 6 b+c c-a b-a
(l-a)x+ y+z = 0,x+(l-6)y+z = 0, A = c-b c+a a-b
x+ y + (l-c)z = 0 b-c a-c a+b
has infinitely many solutions. If 1 be the (a, b, c * 0), then SAS~l is
minimum value of a be, then X is divisible by
(D) If A, B, C are the angles of a (s) non-singular
(C) Let A = [ag ]3x3 be a matrix whose (s) 8 triangle, then the matrix
elements are distinct integers from 1,2, 3,
sin 2.4 sinC sin 5
.... 9. The matrix is formed so that the sum
of the numbers is every row, column and A- sinC sin2B sin A is
each diagonal is a multiple of 9. If number sin B sin A sin 2C
of all such possible matrices is X, then X is
(0 non-invertible
divisible by

g Matrices Exercise 6:
Statement I and II Type Questions
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 76 to 85) are Assertion-Reason 77. Statement-1 If A and B are two square matrices of order
type questions. Each of these questions contains two n x n which satisfy AB = A and BA = B, then
statements: (A + B)7 =26 (A + B\
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
Statement-2 A and B are unit matrices.
Each of these questions also has four alternative
choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You 78. Statement-1 For a singular matrix A, if AB=AC=> B = C
have to select the correct choice as given below. Statement-2 If | A | = 0, then A”1 does not exist.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 79. Statement-1 If A is skew-symmetric matrix of order 3,
then its determinant should be zero.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 Statement-2 If A is square matrix,
(c) Statementl is true, Statement-2 is false det (A) = det (A') = det (- A').
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true 80. Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix, B = (/ - A) (I + A)"1
76. Statement-1 If matrix A = ]3x3, B = [b(y]3x3, where and X and Y be column vectors conformable for
multiplication with B.
atJ + ajj =0 and by - bJ{ = 0, then A4B5 is non-singular
Statement-1 (BX)T (BY) = XTY
matrix.
Statement-2 If A is non-singular matrix, then | A | * 0. Statement-2 If A is skew-symmetric, then (f + A) is
non-singular.
664 Textbook of Algebra

83. Statement-1 A = [ay ] be a matrix of order 3x3, where

81. Statement-1 Let a 2 x 2 matrix A has determinant 2. If
a(y = -—— cannot be expressed as a sum of symmetric
B = 9A2, the determinant of BT is equal to 36.
Statement-2 If A, B and C are three square matrices and skew-symmetric matrix.
Statement-2 Matrix A = [a]n x n, = -—— is neither
such that C = AB, then | C | = | A 11 B |. i + 2j
1 -1 -1 symmetric nor skew-symmetric.
82. Statement-1 If A = 1-1
-1 0 , then 84. Statement-1 If A, B, C are matrices such that
1 0 -1 |A 3X3 I ~ 3> I B3x3 |— 1 and I C2 x 2 I — 2,12ABC] -12
Statement-2 For matrices A, B, C of the same order
A3 + A2 + A = I.
|ABC| = |A||B||C|.
Statement-2 If 85. Statement-1 The determinant of a matrix A = [fly ]aX1.
det (A - kI) = Cok3 +CjV + C2X + C3 =0, where ajy- + a 7 = 0 for all i and j is zero.
thenC0A3 + Cj A2 + C3A + C3f = O. Statement-2 The determinant of a skew-symmetric
matrix of odd order is zero.

g Matrices Exercise 7:
' Subjective Type Questions
■ In this section, there are 12 subjective questions. Office superintendent ? 500, Head clerk ? 200, cashier
86. If S is a real skew-symmetric matrix, the show that I — S ? 175, clerks and typist
? 150 and peon ? 100. Using matrix notation find
is non-singular and matrix
(i) the total number of posts of each kind in all the offices
A = (Z+S)(I -S)-1 =(i-S)~1(l + S)is orthogonal.
taken together,
87. If Al is a 3 x 3 matrix, where det M = I and MMT = I, (ii) the total basic monthly salary bill of each kind of office
where I is an identity matrix, prove that det(A4 - I) = 0. (iii) the total basic monthly salary bill of all the offices taken
cos a - sin a cos 2(3 sin 2p together.
88. IfA = ,B = , where
sin a cos a sin 20 - cos 2p 92. In a development plan of a city, a contractor has taken a
contract to construct certain houses for which he needs
0 < p < —, then prove that BAB = A -1. Also, find the least building materials like stones, sand etc. There are three
2
firms A, B, C that can supply him these materials. At one
value of a for which BA4 B = A -1. time these firms A, B, C supplied him 40, 35 and 25 truck
89. Find the product of two matrices loads of stones and 10, 5 and 8 truck loads of stone and
cos20 cos 0 sin 0 cos2 (J> cos 0sin sand, respectively. If the cost of one truck load of stone
A= and sand are 1200 and 500 respectively, find the total
cos 0 sin 0 sin2 0 J [cos sin (J> sin2 0
amount paid by the contractor to each of these firms A,
Show that, AB is the zero matrix if 0 and <t> differ by an B, C separately.
odd multiple of —. 1 a a aa
'1 mi
93. Show that the matrix A = 1 b P bp is of rank 3
90. Show that the matrix m2 n2 is orthogonal,
1 c y cy
h m3 «3
provided no two of a, b, c are equal and no two ofa,p,Y
if I2 +m2 +n2 = Yl2=\ = Yl 22 =
- Z/2 and
<uiu are equal.
+nin2 = 0=2 ^3 = ^Mr 94. By the method of matrix inversion, solve the system.
91. A finance company has offices located in every division, 1 1 1 x u 9 2
every district and every taluka in a certain state in India. 2 5 7 y v 52 15
Assume that there are five divisions, thirty districts and 2 1 -1 z w 0 -1
200 talukas in the state. Each office has one head clerk,
one cashier, one clerk and one peon. A divisional office 95. IfXj = 3^ + 2y2 — y3, yi — '• Z1 %2 + Z3
has, in addition, one office superintendent, two clerks, x2 =~yi +4y2 + 5y3,y2, —* z 2 4" 3z 3
one typist and one poen. A district office, has in =yi-V2
* 3 =?1 y3. y3=2zl+Z2
-y2 +3T3«
addition, one clerk and one peon. The basic monthly express xp x2, x3 in terms of zp z2,z3.
salaries are as follows:
 Chap 08 Matrices 665

96. For what values of k the set of equations a 1 o a 1 1 a X

2x - 3y + 6z - 5t = 3, y - 4z +1 = 1, A= 1 b d ,B = Ode ,U = g ,v = 0 ,X = y
4r - 5y + 8z - 9t = k has 1 b c h 0
(i) no solution? (ii) infinite number of solutions?
f s h. z

97. Let A, B, U, V and X be the matrices defined as If AX = U has infinitely many solutions, show that BX = V
follows. cannot have a unique solution. If afd * 0, show that BX = V
has no solution.

g Matrices Exercise 8:
Questions Asked in Previous 13 Year's Exam
■ This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE, (i) The value of | U | is
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year (a) 3 (b)-3 (c) 3/2 (d)2
2005 to year 2017. (ii) The sum of the elements of U~l is
'1 0 0 1 0 0 (a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
98. A = 0 1 1 ;/ = 0 1 0 and r3y
0 -2 4 0 0 1 (iii) The value of(3 2 0) U 2, is
1 - [IIT- JEE 2006, 5+5+5M]
A“1 = - [A2 + cA + di ] wherec,de R, the pair of (a) 5 (b) 5/2 (c)4 (d) 3/2
6'
values (c,d) [IIT- JEE 2005, 3M] rl 2y 'a o'
103. Let A = and B = a, b e N. Then,
(a) (6,11) (b)(6, -11) (c)(-6,11) (d)(-6, -11) <3 [AIEEE 2006, 4%M]
j/3 1 ' (a) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
2 2 1 1 (b) there exist more than one but finite number of B’s such that
99. If P = ,A = and Q = PAP7, the
1 7[ 0 1 AB = BA
2 2 . (c) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA
P(Q2005 ) PT equal to (d) there exist infinitely among B’s such that AB = BA
[IIT- JEE 2005, 3M]
i 2005’ 73/1 2005 104. If A and B are square matrices of size n x n such that
(a) (b)
o 1 1 0 A2 - B2 =(A- B) (A + B\ which of the following will be
1 2005 1 73/2 always true? [AIEEE 2006, 3M]
(c) (d) (a) A = B (b) AB = BA
73/2 1 0 2005
(c) Either of A or B is a zero matrix
'i o’ 1 0 (d) Either of A or B is identity matrix
100. IfA = and I - , which one of the "5 5 a a
i i 0 1
following holds for all n > 1, (by the principal of 105. Let A = 0 a 5a . If| A2 | = 25, then | a | equals to
mathematical induction) [A1EEE 2005, 3M] 0 0 5 [AIEEE 2007, 3M]
(a) An = nA+ (n-l) I (b) An =2"-1 A + (n-l)I (a) 52 “ (b) 1 (c)l/5 (d)5
(c) An = nA -(n -1) I (d) A" = 2n-1 A-(n-l)/ 106. Let A and B be 3 x 3 matrices of real numbers, where A is
101. If A2 -A + I = 0, then A-1 is equal to [AIEEE 2005,3M] symmetric, B is skew-symmetric and (A + B) (A - B)
(a) A-2 (b) A+I (c)I-A (d)A-/ = (A - B) (A + B). If(AB)1 = (- l)fc AB, where (AB)' is the
(b)A +I
/1 0 0") transpose of matrix AB, the value of k is [IIT- JEE 2008,1’AM]
(a)0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
102. If A = 2 1 0 , Uj, U 2 and U3 are column matrices
107. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are integers.
I3 2 V Which one of the following is true? [AIEEE 2008,3M]
(1\ (2\ (a) If det A * ± 1, then A“1 exists and all its entries are
satisfying AU} = 0 , AU2 = 3 and AU3 = 3 and non-integers
(b) If det A = ± 1. then A-1 exists and all its entries are integers
w (c) If det A = ± 1, then A-1 need not exist
U is3x3matrix when columns areUp U2,U3, then (d) If det A = ± 1, then A-1 exists but all its entries are not
answer the following questions necessarily integers
666 Textbook of Algebra

108. Let A be a 2 X 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2x2 112. Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following
identity matrix. Denote by tr(A), the sum of diagonal set of2x 2 matrices.
entries of A. Assume that A2 = Z. [AIEEE 2008, 3M]
„ R b
; o,6,c,g {0,1,2,...,p-l}>
Statement-1 If A I and A #= - I, then det A = - 1. c a
Statement-2 If A I and A * — 1, then tr( A) 0. [IIT-JEE 2010,3+343J/J
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
correct explanation for Statement-1 (i) The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric w
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not skew-symmetric or both and det (A) divisible by p, is
a correct explanation for Statement-1 (a)(p — I)2 (b) 2 (p — 1)
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (c)(p-l)2 + l (d)2p-1
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(ii) The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is net
109. Let A be the set of all 3 x 3 symmetric matrices all of divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p, is
whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these entries are [Note The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries]
1 and four of them are 0. [IIT- JEE 2009,4+4+4M] (a)(p-l)(p2-p + l) (b)p3-(p-l)2
(c)(p-l)! (d)(p-l)(p2-Z>
(i) The number of matrices in A is
(a) 12 (b) 6 (iii) The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible
(c) 9 (d) 3 by p, is
(a)2p2 (b) p3 — 5p (c)p3 -3p (d)p’-ps
(ii) The number of matrices A for which the system of linear
x 1 113. Let k be a positive real number and let
equations A y 0 has a unique solution, is r2k -1 24k 2414 0 2k-l 4k
z 0
A = 24k 1 -2k and l-2fc 0 24k
(a) less than 4 (b) atleast 4 but less than 7
-24k 2k -1 -4k -24k 0
(c) atleast 7 but less than 10
(d) atleast 10 If det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106, then [Ar] is equal to
(iii) The number of matrices A in which the system of linear [IIT-JEE 2010,3 V]
x 1 Note adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [A]
equations A y 0 is inconsistent is denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k}.
z 0 114. The number of 3 x 3 non-singular matrices, with four

(a)0 (b) more than 2 entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is [AIEEE 2010,8M]
(c)2 (d)l (a) 5 (b) 6
(c) atleast 7 (d) less than 4
110. Let A be a 2 x 2 matrix
115. Let A be a 2 X 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let
Statement-1 adj (adj A) = A A2 = I, where I is 2 x 2 identity matrix. Define
Statement-2 | adj A | = | A | [AIEEE 2009, 4M]
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
| A | = determinant of matrix A.
correct explanation for Statement-1
Statement-1 Tr(A) = 0
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not
a correct explanation for Statement-1 Statement-21 A | = 1 [AIEEE 2010, Ui]
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is nc<
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
111. The number of 3 x 3 matrices A whose are either 0 or 1 (c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
x 1 (d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a
correct explanation for Statement-1.
and for which the systemA y 0 has exactly two
116. Let M and N be two 3x3 non-singular skew-symmetric
z 0
matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes the
distinct solutions, is [IIT- JEE2010, 3M] transpose of P, then M2N2 (A4rN)-1 (MN~')T is equal
(a)0 (b)2’-l
to . [IIT-JEE 2011,441’
(c) 168 (d)2
(a) M2 (b) - N2
(b)-N (c) - M2 (d) MN
!
Chap 08 Matrices 667

4
117. Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying 121. Let P = [a,y ] be a 3 x 3 matrix and Q = [by 1 where
’1 9 7 btJ = 21 +1 atj for 1 < i, j< 3. If the determinant of P is 2,
[a b c] 8 2 7 = [oooj -(E) the determinant of the matrix Q is [IIT- JEE 2012, 3M]
7 3 7 (a) 21’ (b)212
(c)213 (d)210
(i) If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (£), lies on
the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of 7 a + b + c 122. If P is a 3 x 3 matrix such that PT =2P+1, where Pr is
is the transpose of P and I is the 3 x 3 identity matrix, then
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 7 (d) 6 x 0
(ii) Let to be a solution of x3 -1=0 with lm(co)>0. If
there exists a column matrix X = y * 0 such that
a = 2 with b and c satisfying (£), the value of
3 13
z 0
—- + — + — is equal to 0 [IIT-JEE 2012, 3M]
<0° <o‘
(a) PX = 0 (b)PX = X (c)PX=2X (d)PX=-X
(a) — 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)-3
0
(iii) Let b = 6 with a and c satisfying (£). If a and 0 are
1 4 4
the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
123. If the adjoint of a 3 x 3 matrix P is 2 1 7 , then the
/
then£ -1 + -1 is 1 1 3
n = 0 Va [IIT-JEE 2011.3+3+3M] possible value(s) of the determinant of P is (are)
(a) 6 (b)7 [IIT-JEE 2012, 4M]
(a)-2 (b)-l (c)l (d)2
(d)oo
rl 0 O'

118. Let co * 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all 124. IfA = 2 1 0 , Uj and u2 are the column matrices such

1 a b <3 2 1,

non-singular matrices of the form CD 1 c , where

T (6}
CD2 that Au} = 0 and Au2 - 1 , then ut + u2 is equal to
CD 1
each of a, b and c is either CD or CD2. The number of [AIEEE 2012,4M]

distinct matrices in the set S is [IIT- JEE 2011,3M]

r-f rr
(a) -1 (b) -1 (c) 1 (d) 1
(a) 2 (b) 6
(c)4 (d)8 <0, -1,
0 -1 125. Let P and Q be 3 x 3 matrices with P Q. If P3 = Q3 and
119. Let M be a 3 x 3 matrix satisfying M 1 2 P2Q = Q2P, the determinant of(P2 +Q2) is equal to
0 3 [AIEEE 2012,4M]
(a)0 (b)-l (c)-2 (d)l
1 1 '1 'o'
1 a 3'
M -1 1 and M 1 0
0 -1 1 12
126. IfP = 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3 x 3 matrix A and
2 4 4
The sum of the diagonal entries of M is [IIT- JEE 2011,4M]
| A | = 4, then a is equal to [JEE Main 2013,4M]
120. Let A and B are symmetric matrices of order 3. (a) 11 (b) 5 (c)0 • (d)4
Statement-1A (BA) and (AB) A are symmetric matrices. •
127. For 3x3 matrices Al and N, which of the following
Statement-2 AB is symmetric matrix, if matrix
multiplication of A with B is commutative. statement(s) is (are) not correct?
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not (a) NTMN is symmetric or skew-symmetric, according as M
a correct explanation for Statement-1 is symmetric or skew-symmetric
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false (b) MN - NM is skew-symmetric for all symmetric matrices
(c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true M and N
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a (c) MN is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
correct explanation for Statement-1 [AIEEE 2011, 4M] (d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (AIN) for all invertible matrices M
and N [JEE Advanced 2013, 4M]
668 Textbook of Algebra

128. Let co be a complex cube root of unity with co 1 and 5a -b

134. If A = and A adjA = AAT, then 5a+Hs equal
P = [pjj ]be a n x n matrix with py = (Oi + J. Then, p2 0, 3 2
to [JEE Main 2016,4V]
when n is equal to [JEE Advanced 2013, 3M]
(a) 55 (b) 56 (c) 57 (d) 58 (a) 5 (b) 13
129. If A is a 3 x 3 non-singular matrix such that AA' = A' A (c) 4 (d)-l

and B = A “1 A', then BB' equals to [JEE Main 2O14,4M] 3 -1 -2

135. Let P = 2 0 a , where a e P Suppose Q - [q(y ] is a
(a)B-* (b)(B-‘y (c) 7 + B (d) I
3 -5 0
130. Let M be a 2 x 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.
matrix such that PQ = kl, where kGP,fc#0andIisthe
Then, M is invertible, if k
identity matrix of order 3. If g23 = — and
(a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of 8
M k2
(b) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column of det. (Q) = —, then
[JEE Advanced 2016,4 V]
M
(c) m is a diagonal matrix with non-zero entries in the main (a) a = 0, k = 8 (b) 4a -fc + 8 = 0
diagonal .9 (d) det (Q adj (P)) =213
(c) det (Padj (Q)) = 2
(d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the
square of an integer [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M] 136. Let z =--------- where i = J-l,and r,s = {1,2,3}.
131. Let M and N be two 3x3 matrices such that MN = NM. 2

Further, if M * N2 and M2 = N4, then = <-z)r z2s

LetP and / be the identity matrix of
z2'
(a) determinant of(M2 + MN2) is 0
oreder 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r,s)
(b) there is a 3 x 3 non-zero matrix 17 such that (M2 + MN2) U
for which p2 = -I is [JEE Advanced 2016,3V]
is the zero matrix
(c) determinant of (M2 + MN2) > 1 (a);|a-b| (b)lja + b|
Li

(d) for a 3 x 3 matrix 17, if (M2 + MN2) U equals the zero

(c)|a - b | (d)|a+ b|
matrix, then 17 is the zero matrix ’ 1
0 0
[JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]
1 2 2 137. Let P = 4 1 0 and I be the identity matrix of order

132. If A = 2 1 -2 is a matrix satisfying the equation 16 4 1

a 2 b 3. If Q = [?jj] is a matrix such that P50 - Q = I, then

AA = 91, where I is 3 x 3 identity matrix, then the ?31 +?32

equals
ordered pair (a, b) is equal to [JEE Main 2015,4M] 9 21 [JEE Advanced 2016,3M]
(a) (2,1) (b)(—2, —1) (c)(2,-l) (d) (- 2,1) (a) 52 (b) 103
133. Let X and Y be two arbitrary 3x3 non-zero, (c) 201 (d) 205

skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3x3 2 -3

138. If A = .then adj (3A2 +12A) is equal to
non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then, which of the following -4 1 (.IFF Main 20
[JEE Main 2017.4K]
matrices is (are) skew-symmetric? ' 72 -84’
72 -63
[JEE Advanced 2015, 4M] (a) (b)
-84 51 -63 51
(b)X44 + y44
(a) y3z4 - z*y3
51 63' 51 84
(c)X4Z3-Z3X4 (d) x23 + y23 (c) (d)
84 72 63 72
 Answers
Exercise for Session 1 68.(9) 69.(1) 70.(2) 71.(6)
l.(b) 2.(b) 3. (d) 4- (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 72. (A) -> (p, r); (B) (s); (C) -> (q); (D) -> (s)
7.(b) 8.(b) 9. (c) 73. (A) -»(r, t); (B) -> (s); (C) -> (p); (D) -> (q)
74. (A) -> (q. s); (B) -> (p, t); (C) -> (p, q, r, s); (D) -> (q, s)
Exercise for Session 2 75. (A) -> (q, t); (B) -> (p, s); (C) -> (p, r, s); (D) -» (q, r, t)
l.(d) 2. (a) 3- (c) 4. (a) 5.(b) 6- (c) 76. (d) 77. (c) 78.
78. (d)
(d) 79. (c) 80.
80. (a)
(a) 81. (d)
7.(d) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d) 82. (d) 83. (d) 84. (d)
84. (d) 85. (a)
13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) cos0cos0cos (0 - 0) cosOsin 0cos(0 ~ 0)
88.a = — 89.
19. (b) 3 sin0cos0cos(0-0) sinOsin 0cos(0 - 0)

Exercise for Session 3 91. (i) Number of posts in all the offices taken together are 5 office
superintendents; 235 head clerks; 235 cashiers; 275 clerks; 5
l.(d) 2.(c) 3- (b) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b)
typists and 270 peons.
7.(d) 8- (c) 9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (a) (ii) Total basic monthly salary bill of each division or district and
13. (d) 14.(b) 15. (a) 16. (d) taluka offices an ? 1675, ?875 and ?625. respectively.
(iii) Total basic monthly salary bill of all the offices taken together
Exercise for Session 4 is? 159625.
l.(a) 2-(a) 3.(d) 4.(d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 92. ?53000; ?44500; T34000, respectively
7.(d) 8. (b) 9.(d) 94. x = 1, u = -1, y = 3, v = 2, z = 5, h’ = 1
95. X] = Z] - 2z2 + 9z3,X2 = 9zt + 10z2 + I lz3,Xj = 7zt + z2 - 2z3
Chapter Exercises
96. (i) k *1 (ii)k = l
l.(d) 2.(c) 3.(b) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b)
98. (c) 99. (a) 100. (c)
7. (a) 8. (a) 9- (a) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12- (b)
101. (c) 102. (i) (a), (ii) (b). (iii) (a) 103. (b) 104. (b)
13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (d)
22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (d) 105. (c) 106. (b.d) 107. (d) 108. (c)
19-(d) 20. (d) 21. (c)
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (c) 109. (i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (b)
31. (a, d) 33. (a, b, d) 34. (b, c) 110. (b) 111. (a)
32. (a, b, d)
35. (b, d) 38. (a, d) 112. (i)(d), (ii)(c), (iii) (d) 113.(4) 114. (c)
36. (a, b, c) 37. (a, c, d)
39. (a,c,d) 40. (a, c) 41. (a, c, d) 42. (a,b,c,d) 115. (b) 116. (c)
43. (c, d) 44. (a, b, c) 45. (a, c) 117. (i)(d), (ii) (a), (iii) (b)
46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (d) 51. (d) 118. (a) 119.(9) 120. (a) 121. (c)
52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (a) 122. (d) 123. (a, d) 124. (b) 125. (a) 126. (a) 127. (c.d)
58. (b) 59. (c) 60. (a) 61. (a) 128. (a,b.d) 129. (d) 130. (c, d) 131. (a. b) 132. (b) 133. (c, d)

62.(3) 63.(2) 64.(1) 65.(9) 66. (2) 67.(7) 134. (a) 135. (b,c) 136.(1) 137. (b) 138. (c)
Solutions
.. In (1 + sin x)
c= bm —-------------
x-+o x
In (1 + sin x) sinx , < i
= lim • hm ------ = 1-1=1
x-» 0 sin x x-» 0 X

3
d= lim ---------
A4 (I -A) = A4I-A5=A4-0 = A4*I 3[sin(x + 1) -(x + 1)]
A\l - A) = A3! - A4 = A3 - A4 * I 3(x+ I)2
= lim [using L’Hospital’s Rule]
(I + A) (I - A) = I2 - A2 = I - A2 * I 3[cos (x + 1) - 1]

4x 2a ~P x a P = - lim ____ 1____= _2

[1 - cos(x + 1)]
2. v det (B) = 4y 2b = -8 y b Q (X+1)2
4z 2c -r z c r
2 -4
x y z a b c Let, A= =* A2 = 0
1 -2
= -8 a b c =8 x y z [by property]
5. •/ (A-AJ)X = 0
P 9 r P 9 r
| A - X/ | = 0
a b c
1 -X 4
= —8 P r = -8 det (A) = -16 =0
3 2-X
X y z
=> X2 - 3X -10 = 0
T
1
3. v A--I A--I I =1 X = -2,5
2 2
(0
x ' 4
T
For X =-2 =>
LyJ -3
and A + -/| A + -/|
2 J 2 J
I =/ ...(ii)
X 1
For X =5
(a-1 -! At _I_ 1_
=> =1 17 J
I 2 2 4-1+ (-3)1
_______ 1
cos 0 =
and A + -/I xr + b|=/ 7(16 + 9) 7(1 + 1) ~ 5^2
2 J 2 )
tan 0 = 7(sec20 -1) = 49 =7
A + AT = 0 [subtracting the two results]
=> 6. vA2"*1 = (A2)n-A =(/)n-A = IA = A
AT = -A
cos 0 sin 0
A is skew-symmetric matrix. 7. v A=
From first result, we get - sin 0 cos 0
cos n0 sin nd
AAt = - I An =
4 - sin n0 cos n0
=> ' bm cosn0 bm sin n0
4 r —= 0 0
=> lim n n
n->“ n ~ bm sinne bm cos nd 0 0
|A2|=
4 L n n
n = a zero matrix [v -1 < sin«> < 1 and -1 < cos» < 1]
Ml2 -i 2 5‘

8. Let A = 2 -4 -10 [va = -6]

=> n is even.
/ 1 -2 -5
x 1 "x2 -1
4. v a = lim = lim Applying R2 -> R2 + 2R} and R3 -> R3 + Rt, then
x-»i Ln x x In x, x-> i kx In x
’-I 2 5
/
2x A= 0 0 0 => p(A) = l
= lim [by L’Hospital’s Rule]
kl + In x,
0 0 0
rx3 -16x
b = lim 9. v A is involutory
x —> 0 . 4x + x2 A2 = I => A = A
x(x + 4) (x - 4)
= lim = lim (x - 4) = - 4 2A = 2A
x(x + 4) x —+ o
 Chap 08 Matrices 671

10. V B = adj A => det (B) = det (A)-det (B - /)= 0

=> AB = A(adj A) = | A | [v A2006 = 0 => det A 2004 = 0] [.-.det A = 0]
AB + Hn=|A|4 + k/,,=(|A| + k)/B 17. We have, PT = P"‘ [vPPT = f]
=> |AB + WB|=|(|A| + k)fB| = (|A| + k)n Now, Q = PAPT = PAP~X
11. •; B=-A~'BA Q™ =
=> AB=-BA PtQ2007P = P"’(PA 2OO7P-1) P
=> AB + BA = 0 1 2007'
= A2007
Now, (A+B)2=(A + B)(A + B) 0 1
= A2 + AB + BA + B2 1 2 1 3
v A2 = A3 =
= A2 + 0 + B2 0 1 0 1

= A2 + B2 A-5 B 2A + 1 -5 14 D
18. v
12. Since, A is skew-symmetric. 2A-2 C A E F
|A| = 0 => A -5 =28A + 14-5E
=> |A4B3|=|A4||B3| = |Ap|B|3 = 0
5E=27A + 19 •••(0
13. Let B = A + ln 2A-2 = -56 + AE
A = B-fn AE = 2A + 54 (ii)
Given, A" =aA From Eq. (i), we get
(B-fn)n=a(B-/„) 5A£=27A2 + 19A
B" -"QB”-1 + "C2Bn~ 2+ :.. + (-!)" In 5(2A + 54) = 27A2 + 19 A [from Eq. (ii)]
= aB -aln => 27AZ + 9A-270 = 0
l -2 + nC2Bn~‘> + ...+ (-l)n- 1/»-«/„)
=> B(Bn~'-nClBI"
9(A - 3) (3A + 10) = 0
= [(-l)n + 1 -a]/„#o [va #± 1] „ A« =----1°
A = 3,
Hence, B is invertible. 3
—1 + 173 -1 - i73 Absolute value of difference
14. cd = and co2 =
2 2 „ 10 19
= 3+— =
Also, CO3 = 1 and CD + CD2 = -1 3 3
-to -to cos20 cos 0 sin 0 -sin0
Thus, A =
to2 to 19. v|/(0)| = cos 0 sin 0 sin20 cos 0
-to -to -to -to -CD2 + CD 0 sin0 - cos0 0
A2 = 2
to2 to to2 to 0 —CD + CD On multiplying in R3 by cos 0 and then take common cos 0
from Cp then
-CD2 + CD 0 2 0
Now, f(A) = A2 + 21 = + cos 0 cos 0 sin 0 -sin0
0 -CD2 + CD 0 2
17(0)1 = sin 0 sin20 COS0
-CD2 + CD + 2 0
sin 0 - cos20 0
0 -CD2 + CD + 2
Applying R2 -» R2 - Rv we get
1 0 1 0
= (—CO2 + CD + 2) = (2 + 173) COS0 cos0sin0 -sin 0
0 1J 0 1
17(0)1 = 0 1 COS0 =1
15. •: X2 = I=>(X“1X)X = X“1I
sin0 -cos20 0
=> IX = X~l
Applying C, —> C2 - sin 0 Cp then
=> X = X-1 cos 0 0 -sin0
which is self invertible involutory matrix.
17(0)1 = 0 1 cos 0 =i
There are many such matrices which are inverse of their own. sin 0 -1 0
16. v AB = A + B
=> is non-singular matrix.
B = AB - A = A(B - I)
672 Textbook of Algebra

20. *.• (2] | — a22 ~ a33 — a 4- b, = A3 + A5 + A7 + ...+ A2"*1

°12 = a23 = ab' a21 = a32 = L ai3 = a31 = ®
= A(A2 + A4 + A6 + ... + A2”)
a+b ab 0
A= 1 a+b ab 0 a
Let, A=
0 1 a+b -a 0

a+b ab 0 -a2 0
A2 = = -a2I
=>MI = 1 a+b ab 0 -a 2
0 1 a+b :. D = IA(-a2 + a4 - a6 + ... + (-1)" a2") [a>0]
= (a + b) [(a + b)2 - afe] - ab(a + b) = (a + b) (a2 + b2) = A(-a2 + a4 -a6-i-... + (-l)noa’)
Hence, D is skew-symmetric.
21. Given, Br = I => BrB~1 = IB~'
Q -b y
Br~' =B"' 26. |B| = ~P a -x
A-1Br-,A = A‘’B-1A r -c z
A~IBr~1A-A“1B~1A = 0 Applying R2 -> (-1) R2, then
cos 0 sin 0 <7 ~b y
22. Here, A= |B| = p -a x
sin 0 - cos 0
r -c z
AAT = 1
Applying C2 -> (-1) C2, then
c = abat => atc = bat
Now, ATCnA = ATC-Cn~1A 9 b y 9 P r
|B| = P a X = |Br| = b a c
= BATCn~iA=BATCCn~2A
r c z y x z
= B2ATCn~2A b a c
9 P r [K[ H R,]
= Bn~'ATCA = Bn-\BAT) A y x z
b a c
1 0 [R2hRjO]
= BnATA = BnI = Bn = y x z
-n 1
9 P r
1
23. v | adj A-11 = | X-112 = a b c
Ml2 =- x y z = -M|
i
.-. | (adj A-1)*11 = = | A |2 = 22 = 4 P q r
1 adj A-11
=> |B|=-|A|
24. A3 - A2B = B 3 -B2A
Also,| adj B |=| B |2
A2(A - B) = B 2(B - A)
= |A|!=|adjA| [v| A | 0, then | B | #
or (A2 + B2)(A-B) = 0 ’3 4 3 -4 1 0
27. BC = =1
or det (A2 + B2) • det (A - B) = 0 2 3 -2 3 0 1
/ A(BC)2>|
ABC
Either det (A2 + B2) = 0 or det (A - B) = 0 tr (A) + tr
0 al
2 V 4 J I 8 J
25. Let, A=
-a 0 = tr(A)+ttg] + tr(A] + ...upto°°
1 4 9 -4 1 0
BC = =1
2 9 -2 1 0 1 = tr (A) + - tr (A) + ~ tr (A) + ... upto °°
2 2
.-. B2C2 =(BC)2 = I2 = I _ tr(A)
= 2 tr (A) = 2(2 + 1) =6
1
Similarly, B2C2 = B3C3 = ...= B’C" = I 1-
.2
Let, D = A3(BC) + A\B2C2) + A\B3C3) 28. We have, (A-2Z)(A-4Z) = 0
+ ... + A 2n + 1(B"Cn) => A2 -4A-2A + 8I2 = 0
 Chap 08 Matrices 673

=> A2-6A + 87 = 0 9 8 8 i 2 2 1 0 0

=> A"‘(A2-6A + 87) = A“10 8 9 8 -4 2 1 2 -5 0 1 0

8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1
=> A -67 + 8A’1 =0
0 0 0
=1
6 3 0 0 0 =0
29. We have, AA“* = 7 0 0 0
[ 1 1 r
=> 573 = A2 - 4A = A(A - 473)
0 1 22 2 2 1 0 0
=> 1 2 3 -4 3 6 0 1 0 => 73=|a(A- 473)
3 a 1 5 3 1 0 0 1
L2 2 2. A = l(A-4/3)
1 00 b+1 ' 1 0 0
Since, |A|=5
=> 0 11 2(b +1) 0 1 0
| A31=| A |3 = 125*0
4(1 -a) 3(a —1) ab + 2 0 0 1
=> A3 is invertible
On comparing, we get
Similarly, A2 is invertible.
i> + l = 0, ab + 2 = l, a-l = 0
a = l,b = -l fa 0 0] Oj a2 a3

30. A (adj A) =| A 11 ...(i) 34. Let, D = 0 b 0 = Dt and let A = b2 b3

x 3 2 0 0 c .Cl C2 C3.

Now, M| = 1 y 4 a 0 0 Oj a2 a3 aa, aa2 aa3

2 2 z DA = 0 b 0 *i b2 b3 bbx bb2 bb3
= x(yz -8)-3(z-8) + 2(2-2y) 0 0 c .q C2 C3 cc2 CC,

= xyz -(8x + 4y + 3z) + 28 Oj a2 a3 a 0 O' Oja ajo a3c

= 60-20 + 28 = 68 AD = b\ b2 b3 0 b 0 bxa bjb b3c * DA
From Eq. (i), A (adj A) = 687
.Cl c2 c3 0 0 cj c,a Cjh c3c
31. Here, | A | = 0
’1
’ :. A"1 does not exist. 0 0
a
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3‘
and D-1 = 0
£ 0
Now, A2 = 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 = 3A b
1 1 3 3 3 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
A3 = A2-2=3AA = 3A2=3(3A) = 9A
32. v [•/ a * 0, b * 0, c * 0]
A' = A-1=>AA' = 7 ...(i) a be
Now, (A')'A'= 7 -1 2 5
A' is orthogonal 35. Let A= 2 - a-4
From Eq. (i), (AA' )“l = 7-1 1 -2 a + 1
=> (A')-1 A"1 = 7 Applying R2 -> R2 + 2Rj and R3 -> R3 + R,. then
(A-’)'(A-1) = 7 -12 5
A= 0 0 a+6
A-1 is orthogonal 0 0 a+6
Since, adj A = A-11 A | # A'
1 Applying R3 —> R3 - R2, then
and I A-11 = —y—= ± 1 [for orthogonal | A |= ± 1] T-l 2 5
Ml
1 2 2 1 2 2 9 8 8 A= 0 0 a+6
33. v A2 = 2 1 2 2 1 2 8 9 8 0 0 0

2 2 1 2 2 1 8 8 9 Fora = - 6, p (A) = 1
For a = 1,2, p (A) = 2
We have, A2 -4A- 513
674 Textbook of Algebra

3-3 4 di 0 0 'd< 0 0
36. Here, | A | = 2-3 4 44. Let Dl = 0 d2 0 and D2 = 0 d, 0
0 -1 1 0 0 d3 0 0 d.
= 3(-3 + 4) + 3(2 - 0) + 4(—2 + 0)= 1 * 0 'dA 0 0
adj (adj A) = | A |3-2 A = A (i) £*1^2 0 dA 0 - D2Di
and | adj (A) | =| A |3-1 =| A |2 = I2 = 1 0 0 d3d6_
Also, | adj (adj (A)) | = | A | = 1 [from Eq. (i)] 0 0 dl 0 0
37. •.• A = I -B and D2 + D2 - 0 dl
i 0 + 0 dl 0
A2 = I2 + B2-2B = I - B = A [v B is idempotent] 0 0 dl 0 0 dl
and AB = B-B2 = B-B = 0 [null matrix] dl + dl 0 0
f2
and BA = B-B2 = B- B~Q [null matrix] 0 dl + d. 0

38. v |A| 0 => A-1 is also symmetric, if A is symmetric 0 0 d32 + d, 'I

C2 0 C2 <0
andM"ii=^j=i^r 45. Al + A2 + A3 + ... + An = (-o0 CiZ.
+ .2
0 c’2.
39. v A2B = A(AB) = A(BA) = (AB)A = (BA)A = BA 2 FcC22 0 Cl-1 0
+ + ...+
Similarly, A3B = BA3 0 c32 0 c«.
In general, AnB = BA", Vn £1 = c2 + c2 + c24-... + c2_1 0
and (A + B)n =nC0An + "CjAn
1 ~yB 0 cl + c2 + c3 + ...+q:,
= ^-1 o’
+ "C2c An~2B2 + ... n+ "C Bn 0 [given]
Also, (An - Bn)(An + Bn) = AnAn + AnBn - BnAn - BnBn 0 %~1 Lo k2.

= A2n - B2” [v AB = BA] K = ^2 = 1

40. | AB | = 0 => | A 11 B | = 0
Passage (Q. Nos. 46 to 48)
| B | = 0 as | A | # 0
AB = BAm
Also, lA-'MAr*
B = A~XBA'm
41. Here, A(A + I) = —21 ...(i) Bn = (A-1BAm)(A-1BA'n)...(A-1BA'")
| A(A + /) | = | —2/ | =(—2)m 0 n times

Thus, I A | * 0, = A-1BAm-1 BAm~x BA m~lA

J

n times
also, I = -±A(A + I) [from Eq. (i)]
Given, AB = BAm
A = -|(A+/) AAB = ABAm = BA2m => AAAB = BA3m
Ct
Similarly, AxB = BAmx\fmeN
2
42. v A2-3A + 2I =0 -(i) From Eq. (i), we get
A2-3AI + 2I2 = 0 B'1 = A-1BAm-1 BAm'1 BAm~Y BAm~'BA^A
(A - I) (A - 21) = 0 (n-1) times

A = I or A = 21 = A~1B(Am~1B)Am~1BA,n~1 ...BAm~'BA^A
‘
(n-2) times
Characteristic Eq. (i) is
= A~lBBA{m'1)mAm~l BAm~'...BAm~'BA‘m~lA
A.2 - 3X + 2 = 0 X = 1,2
(n-2) times
It is clear that alternate (c) and (d) have the characteristic
equation X2 - 3X + 2 = 0. = A-1B2ZA
A (m2~'}BAm
‘ ~'...BAm~lBA.^A
(n-2) times
43. AB = 0
=> | AB| = 0 => | A||B| = 0 = A~lBrn(A){m"~l}A
or (det A)(det B) = 0
I= A
=> Either det A = 0 or det B = 0
I = A~lA(mn~})A = A~lA^
Hence, atleast one of the two matrices must be singular
otherwise this statement is not possible. I =A{n,n~l}
p = mn-l
 Chap 08 Matrices 675

46. Put m = 2, n = 5 in Eq. (ii), we get Ou 012 013

p = 25 -1 =31 and det A = o2i a22 O23

47. From Eq. (ii), we get 031 O32 033

p = mn - 1 Applying -> C\ + C2 + C3, we get
48. From Eq. (ii), we get 0 012 Ojj
510*83-l = 0 a22 a2i = 0
0 a32 °33
Passage (Q. Nos. 49 to 51) (detA)2 = 0
v A is an orthogonal matrix
AAT = I 53. •: On + oB + an = 0, a,! + + a2I = 0,

a b c a b c 1 0 0 On + On +U31 = 0, + a22 + a22 — 0,

b c a b c a =1 0 1 0 a22 "*■ O12 fl21 = a22 + a23 + O32 = 0»

c a b C a b 0 0 1 O33 + O13 +O31 = 0. O33 + fl23 + O32 = 0

and a33 + Oj2 + a2l = 0, we get
a2 + b2 + c,2 ab + be + ca ab + be + ca 1 0 0
2 , I 2 , „2 On = a22 = O33 = 0
ab + be + ca ab + be + ca
a +b +c 0 1 0
and a12 = ~ ^2i> ^23 ~ ~ O32 > ^3 ~ ~ a3\
ab + be + ca ab + be + ca a2 + b2 + c2 0 0 1
Hence, A is skew-symmetric matrix.
By equality of matrices, we get
a + b + c =1 —(i) Passage (Q. Nos. 54 to 56)
ab + be + ca = 0 -(ii) «i Pi Yi
(a + b + c)2 + a2 = b2 + c2 + 2(ab + be + ca) Let B = a2 P2 Y2

=1+0=1 a3 P3 Y3.
a+ b + c=± 1 -(iii) 'Pl' Yi
49. •; a2b2 + b2c2 + c2a2 = (ab + be + ca)2 - 2abc(a + b + c) G= a2 • c2 = P2 and C3 = Y2
= 0-2ahc(± 1) = + 2X [vabc = X] a. K y3.
= - 2X [*•■ X < 0] 1
50. v a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc =(a + b + c) => AQ = 2a! + a2 0
(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be - ca) 3at + 2a 2 + a3j 0
=> a3 + h3 + c3-3X =(± 1)(1-0) => aj =l,a2 = -2,a3 = 1
[from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) and abc = X] Pi 2
=> a3 + b3 + c3 =3X ± 1 => ac2 = 2Pi + P2 ~ 3
51. Equation whose roots are a, b, c is 3Pi + 202 + P3 0
x3 - (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + be + ca)x - abc = 0 => p!=2,P2 = -l,P3=-4
=> x•3-(±l)x2 + 0-X = 0 Yi 2
x3 ± x2 - X = 0 and AC3 = 2Yi + Y2 3
3Yi + 2y, + Y3J 1
Passage (Q. Nos. 52 to 53)
=> Yi =2,Y2=-1. Y3=-3
au 012 on
‘ 1 2 2
A= a21 a22 a23
a31 B = -2 -1 -1
«32 033.
1 -4 -3
_ Oil 012 + 013 _
0, + ajk + aki
3 1 2 2
t _ a21 + °22 + a23 _ q => detB = -2 -1 -1
2 3
1 -4 -3
f _ a31 + 032 + 033 _ Q
and = 1(3 - 4)-2(6 + 1) + 2(8 + 1) =3
3 3
51 Z =3<^ + t2 + t3) = 0 = t, + t2 + t3 1 0 0 1 2 2
is;. ;$3 and cA 2 1 0 -2 -1 -1
3
* ^2f3 [’•’ tj = 0, t2 = 0, t3 = 0] 3 2 1 1 _ 4 -3
676 Textbook of Algebra

1 2 2 From Eq. (i), we get B = A - 2/

1
0 3 3 B3 =(A -2/)3 = A3 -6A2 + 12A -8/
3
o 0 1 = 5A [••• A3 -6A2 + 7 A -81 = 0]
1 2 2 |B3|=|5A|
3 3 3 1
detC = 0 1 1 |B|i = 5!|A|
1 9 => |B|3 = 53 X8
0 0
3 |B|3 = (10)3
1 1 |B| = 10
54. det(B“’) = ------- = —
det B 3 From Eq. (ii), we get
55.
Trace of B
Trace of C
(- 3)
f 5^
9
5 det[adj(f - 2A ')] w
= l|A|J
B B
56. sin-1(detA)+ tan-1(9detC) = sin~’(l) + tan-1(l)
61. adj 2 = 2 [v|B| = 10]
n n 3n B |B| 10
=—+—=
2 4 4 2
Passage (Q. Nos. 57 to 59) =2
-b = —B [given]
Given, AT = A, BT = - B, det(A + B) 0 5 9
and C=(A + B)"’(A-B) p = 2 and q = 5
(A +B)C = A-B Hence, p + <7=7
...(i)
Also, (A + B)T = A- B 62. S = ABCD = A(BCD) = AAT ..(D
••■(ii)

and (A - B)T = A + B S3 = (ABCD) (ABCD) (ABCD)

...(iii)
57. CT(A + B)C = Cr[(A + B)C] = (ABC) (DAB) (CDA) (BCD)
= DTCrBTAT = (BCD)tAt
= Ct(A - B) [from Eq. (i)]
= CT(A + B)t
= (At)t at = aat = s
[from Eq. (ii)]
= [(A + B)C]t
=> s3=s
Hence, least value of k is 3.
= (X-B)t [from Eq. (i)]
1 tan x
=A+ B [from Eq. (iii)] 63. v A-
- tan x 1
58. Cr(A - B)C = [Cr(A + B)t]C [from Eq. (ii)]
1 tan x
= [(A + B)C]rC det A = = (1 + tan2 x) = 2x
- tan x 1
= (A-B)TC [from Eq. (i)] det At = det A = sec21- x
= (A + B)C [from Eq. (iii)] f(x) = det (At A-1) = (det AT) (det A"1)
Now,
= A-B [from Eq. (i)]
det Ar j
A+B+A-B^ = (det Ar) (det A)“‘=
59. ctac = CTI det A

= -CT(A + B)C + -CT(A - B)C n times =1 ['•‘/(x)=l]

2 2
Hence, 2:x =2* =2
-(A +
=1 + |[from Q13 and Q15]
X? XtX2 XjXj 1^2
=A 64. -:A2=A-A= X2Xj X2 X2 X3 X2Xj X2, X,).j

X3 Xj X3X2 X2 X3X, X3X2

Passage (Q. Nos. 60 to 61)
B = A-2I X2 (X2 + X2 + X3) X]X2(X2 + X2 + X2)
A~1B = I—2A~1 ...(i) X|X2(X2 + X2 + X2) X2(X2 + X 2 + X3)
60. det{adj(/ - 2A-1)]= det[adj(A-1B)] [from Eq. (i)] X|X3(X2 + X2 + X2) X3X2(X2 + X2 + X3)
= |adj(A",B)| XjX3(X2 + X2 + XJj)
2 X2X3(X^ + X2j + Xj)
=|x-‘b|2=(|a-||B|)2 = (!^)
(ii) X3(X2 + X2, + X2)
 Chap 08 Matrices 677

- (X2 + X2 + X3) a => (A +/)" =/ + (2"-1)A ...(ii)

Given, A is idempotent Given, we get
=> A2 = A (A+ /)"= / + 127 A ...(iii)
X2 + X2 + X 3 = 1 From Eqs (ii) and (iii), we get
X1 2" -1 = 127
65. Let X = X2 and given XTAX = 0 2" = 128 = 27
_X3. n =7
*11 *12 *13 xi '3a b c
[%! X2 X3] *21 a22 *23 x2 = 0 68. *.* A= b 3c a
.*31 *32 .X3.
fl33. c a 3b
anXi +a12x2 + a13x3 3a b c
=> [Xj x2 x3] a21Xj + a22x2 + a23x3 =0 :. det (A) = b 3c a = 29abc - 3(a3 + b3 + c3)
a3iXi + a32x2 + a33x3 c a 3b
=> anXj + aiZx1x2 + 0^X3 + a2yxxx2 + a22x.222 + a23x2x3
2 Or
2 [ A1 = 29abc - 3(a3 + b3 + c3) •(>)
! + a31XjX3 + a32x2x3 + a33x3 = 0
Given, AtA = 41/3 I
i => aux2 + a22x2 + a33x2 + (a12 + a21) x,x2 + (a23 + a32) x2x3
+ (a31 + °13) X3X1 = 0
=> | Ar A | =| 41/3 11

it is true for every xp x2, x3, then => |Ar||A|=(4,/3)3|/|

^11 = a22 ~ a33 ~ 0 and °12 = — a21> fl23 = “ a32> flI3 = ~ a31 |AUA| = 4-1
Now, as a23 = - 1008 => a32 = 1008 |A|2 = 4
/. Sum of digits = 14-0 + 0 + 8= 9 |A|=2 [•/|A|>0]
0 1 -1 From Eq.(i), we get
66. -:A = 4 -3 4 2 = 29abc - 3 (a3 + b3 + c3)
3 -3 4 2 = 29 -3 (a3 + b3 + c3) [••• abc = 1]
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 .-. a3 + b3 + c3 =9
A2 = A-A = 4 -3 4 4 -3 4 0 1 0 =1
0 1
3 -3 4 3 -3 4 0 0 1 69. A=
3 0
=> a2 = /=>a4 = a6 = a8=... = / 0 1 0 1 3 0
.’. A2 = A-A = = 31
Now, Ax = I 3 0 3 0 0 3
=> x = 2, 4,6,8,... => A4 = (A2)2 =9/, A6 =27/, A8 =81/
£(cos* 6 + sin* 9) = (cos2 0 + sin2 0) + (cos4 0 + sin4 0) Now, (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 +/) V=(121)/V = (121) V ...(i)
+ (cos6 0 + sin6 0) + ... To'
Given,(A8 + A6 + A1 + A2 + 1)V= ••■(ii)
= (cos2 0 + cos4 0 + cos6 0 + ...)

+ (sin2 0 + sin4 0 + sin6 0 +...) 0 0

From Eqs.(i) and (ii), (121) V = => V =
cos2 0 sin2 0 11
=--------- 5—+ .11.
1 - cos2 0 1 - sin2 0 1 1
:. Sum of elements of V = 0 + — = — = X [given]
= cot2 0 + tan20>2 11 11
Hence, minimum value of £(cos* 0 + sin* 0) is 2. 11 X = 1
3 2 3 1
67. v A is idempotent matrix 70. vA = and B =
2 1 7 3
A2=A
=> A = A2=A3 = A4 =AS = ... det A = -1 and det B = 2
(i)
Now, det (2A9 B-1) = 22 • det (A9) • det (B-1)
Now, (A+ /)”=(/ + A)n
= 22(det A)9-(det B)"’
= I + "C, A + nC2 A2 + nC3 A3 + ... + "C„An
= 22(-l)’(2)~, = -2
= I + ("Q + nC2 + nC3 + ... + nC„) A
Hence, absolute value of det (2 A9B ~1) = 2
[from Eq.(i)]
678 Textbook of Algebra

0 a 73. (A) (r, t); (B) -> (s); (C H (p); (D) (q)
71. v A-
0 0 (A) adj(A-1)=(A-’)-'det(A-')=-A-
0 a o a 0 0 det(A)
A2 = AA = =0
0 °J o 0 0 0
Also,
adj adj A _ A[det(A)]n'2 A
(adj A)"-1 " (detA)"’1 det(A)
=> = AaS —... = 0
A2 = A3 = Aa _
(B) det(adj A“*))=(det A-1)”-1
Now, (A + J)70 =(/ + A)70
1
7°r a 70 = (detA)1-"
= I + 70CI A + 70C2 A2 + 70C3 A3 +.. + '-70 ™ "(det A)"-1

= I + 70 A + 0 + 0 + ... = I + 70A (C) adj [adj A] = A(det A)"-2

1 0 a-1 b-1 (D) adj (A det A) = (det A)"-1 (adj A)
=> (A + Z)70 -70A = / = [given]
0 1 c-1 d-1 74. (A)—>(q, s); (B)-»(p, t); (C)—»(p, q, r, s); (D)-»(q, s)
a - 1 = 1, b - 1 = 0, c - 1 = 0, d - 1 = 1 (A) A diagonal matrix is commutative with every square
=> a = 2, b = 1, c = 1, d = 2 matrix, if it is scalar matrix, so every diagonal element is 4-
Hence, a + b + c + d=6 4 0 0
72. (A) -> (p, r); (B) -> (s); (C) -» (q); (D) -> (s) Therefore, |A| = 0 4 0 = 64
On comparing, we get 0 0 4
{4/(-l)-3}a2 + {4/(1) - 3}a + /(2) = 0 1-al1 1
{4/(-l) - 3}b2 + {4/(1) - 3}b + /(2) = 0, (B) 1 1-b1 =0

and {4/(-l) -3}c2 + {4/(1) -3}C + /(2) = 0 1 1 1-c

Applying > 7?] - R3 and R2 —> R2 - R3, then
It is clear that a, b, c are the roots of
-a 0 c
{4/(-l) — 3}x2 + {4/(1) -3}x + /(2) = 0, then
0 -b c =0
4/(—1) — 3 = 0,4/(1) — 3 = 0,/(2) = 0
111-c
3 3
=> Z(-i) = 7./(i) = 7./(2) = o -a(-b + be - c) - 0 + c(b) = 0
4 4
ab + be + ca = abc
Let /(x)=(x-2)(ax + b)
Now, AM>GM
3 3 1 i
Now, /(-I) = - => (-3)(-<j + b) = - => a - b = - ab + be + ca
4 4 4 > (abbc-ca)3
3 3 3 3
/(!) = - => (-l)(a + b) = - =>a + b =—
4 4 4 [from Eq. (i)J
a =----1 ,bL = —1 3
i
4 2
=> (abc)3 >3
/(x) = l(4-x2)
4 abc > 27
Graph of y = /(x) Hence, X =27
y ^2 a13

(C) v A= <*21 a22 a23

a3i a32 a33_
1
3
Given, ^aik = 9X,, V i e {1,2,3};
X' -X k=l
-2 0 2
3
£afc7=9p j, V j e{l, 2,3} and
k=l
(A) x-coordinates of the point intersection of y = f(x) with an + a22 + a33 = ; where X(, p7 v e {1,2}
the X-axis are -2 and 2. Following types of matrices are possible:
(B) Area = | f ±(4 - x2)dx = - f2(4 - x2)dx T 2 7
2J-24 4Jo
2
A= 3 ;B = 3 ; C= 3
3 x3 5 4 8
4x------ = —X—= 4
4 3 . 4 3 6 3
1
(C) Maximum value of /(x) is 1. D= 3 £= 6 F= 6
(D) Length of intercept on the X-axis is 4. 9 2 9
 Chap 08 Matrices 679

4 5 i Now, (AX)T = XrAr=>X t=-XtA

G= 6 H= 6 /= 9 => XTX = - xtax = - XTX [from Eq. (i)]

8 7 8
=> 2XTX = 0 =5- |X| = O
2 3 4
(I - A)X = O has only trivial solution
J= 9 K- 9 L= 9
I - A is non-singular
7 6 5
=> (I - A) is invertible
Now, if we interchange 1 and 5 to obtain
0 1 1
5 4 9
(C) v S= 1 0 1
7 3 8
1 1 0
6 2 1
1 1
1 8 9 1
=> s 1 1
Also, At = 2 3 4 2
1 1
6 7 5
0 1 1 b + c c-a b-a
5 7 6
We have, SA = 1 0 1 c-b c + a a-b
and A] = 4 3 2
1 1 0 b-c a-c a + b
9 8 1
0 2a 2a
Then, from A we get four matrices A, APA T , AtT .
2b 0 2b
Similarly, from B, C, D,...,K,L we get 4 matrices.
2c 2c 0
Thus, total 12 x 4 = 48 matrices. Hence, X = 48.
1 1 1 0 2a 2a -1 1 1
1
(D) For consistent, c+2 c+4 6 =0 SAS 2b 0 2b 1 -1 1
2
(c + 2)2 (c+4)2 36 2c 2c 0 1 1
Applying C2 -+ C2 - Cp we get 0 a a -1 1 1 2a 0 0
1 0 1 b 0 b 1 1 0 2b 0
c+2 2 6 =0 c c 0 1 1 0 0 2c
(c + 2)2 4c+ 12 36 |SAS ’| =8abc * 0
1 0 1 sin2A sinC sinB
2 c+2 1 6 =0 (D) v A = sinC sin2B sin A
(c + 2)2 2c + 6 36 sin2C
sinB sin A
=> - 12c - 0 + l[(c + 2)(2c + 6) -(c + 2)2] = 0 2akcosA ck bk
c2 -6c+ 8 = 0 |A| = ck 2bkcosB ak
=> c = 2, 4 bk ak 2ckcosC
c, = 4, c2 = 2 a cos A + a cos A acosB + bcosA
=> c? = 42 = 16 = k3 acosB + bcosA bcosB + bcosB
75. (A) —>(q, t); (B) ->(p, s); (C) ->(p, r, s); (D) —>(q, r, t) acosC + ccosA bcosC + ccosB
(A) Here, X is a n x 1 matrix, C is n x n matrix and XT is a a cosC + ccosA
1 x n matrix. b cosC + c cosB
Hence, XTCX is a 1 x 1 matrix.
ccosC + ccosC
• Let XTCX = [X], then
a cos A 0 cos A a 0
(XTCX)T = XTCT(XT)T = XT(-C)X = - XTCX
= k3 b cosB 0 x cosB b 0 =k3-0-0= 0
W = -[X] c cosC 0 cosC c 0
=> X=0
=» XTCX = 0 76. Since, matrix A is skew-symmetric
|A| = 0
i.e., XTCX is null matrix.
(B) Consider the homogeneous system | A4B51 = 0
(/ - A)X = O => AaB 5 is singular matrix.
=> AX = IX=X (i) Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
680 Textbook of Algebra

77. v AB = A, BA = B => A2 = A and B2 = B 1 2

o
(A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + AB + BA = A + B + A + B 5 7
1_ 1
= 2(A + B) 83. A= 0
4 8
(A + B)3=(A + B)2.(A + B) 2 1
0
= 2(A + B)2 =22 (A + B) 5 7
which is neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric. Infact every
(A + B)7 = 26 (A + B)
square matrix can be expressed as a sum of symmetric and
Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false. skew-symmetric matrix. Hence, Statement-1 is false and
78. A 'exists only for non-singular matrix Statement-2 is true.
AB = AC => A~\AB) = A~\AC) 84. ABC is not defined, as order of A, B and C are such that they
are not conformable for multiplication.
=> (A'1 A)B=(A~' A) C
Hence, Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
IB = IC
85. Ar=-A
B = C, if A-1 exist
=> I AT| = |-A|
| A|*0
= (-1)51 A | =-| A |
Statement-1 is false and Statement-2 is true.
79. Statement-2 is false => I a| = -| a|
det (A~1) * det (- A') => 2| A| = 0
[•■• det (—A') = (-l)3 det(A') = - det(A')] |A| = 0
Both Statements are true but Statement-2 is a correct
but in Statement-1 explanation of Statement-1.
A' = — A=>A= — A'
86. •; S is skew-symmetric matrix
det (A) = det(— A')
ST=-S -(i)
= - det A' = - det (A)
=> 2 det (A) = 0 First we will show that I - S is non-singular. The equality
11 - S| = 0 => I is a characteristic root of the matrix S but this is
det (A) = 0 not possible, for a real skew-symmetric matrix can have zero
Then, Statement-1 is true. or purely imaginary numbers as its characteristic roots. Thus,
80. v(BX)7 (BY) = {(I -A) (I + A)-1 X}7 (I - A) (I + A)’1 Y 1I - S| * 0 i.e., I - S is non-singular.
We have,
= XT {(I + A)"1}7 (I - A)t (I — A)(I + A)-1 Y
At = {(I + S)(I -S)-')T = {(I -S)-'(Z + S)}7
= XT(I + A7)"1 (I - A7) (I -A)(I + A)’1 Y
= ((I - S)-1)7(I + S)T = (I + S)7{(I -S)’1}7
= XT (I - A)'* (I + A)(I -A)(I + A)"1 T = ((I - S)T)-'(I + S)T = (I + S)7((I - S)T)-'
= X7(I-A)"1(I-A)(I + A)(I + A)-1 Y = (IT -ST)-\IT + ST)=(IT + ST)(IT -ST)~l
[v At = - A and (I - A) (I + A) = (I + A) (I - A)] = (I + S)~1(I-S)=(I-S)(I + S) [from Eq. (i)]
= X7- IIY = XTY :. AtA = (I + S)"'(I - S)(I + S)(I - S)"1
Both Statements are true; Statement-2 is correct explanation = (I-S)(I + S)-\I-S)-1(I + S)
for Statement-1.
81. •: I A| =2
=d + syXi + s)(i-s)(i-s)-i
= (I-S)(I-S)~\I + S)-\I + S)
and B=9A2 (given)
= i-i = i-i = i = i.
| B | =| 9 A21 =92 |A |2
Hence, A is orthogonal.
= 81 X4 =324 => | BT | =| B| =324 87. v MMr = I • G)
Hence, Statement-1 is false but Statement-2 is true. Let B = M-I ...(ii)
1-X -1 -1 BT = MT -IT = MT - MtM [from Eq. (i)J
82. :. det (A - XI) = 1 -1-X 0 =0
= Mt(I -M) = - MtB [from Eq. (ii)]
1 0 -1 -X
Now, det(B7) = det(- MTB)
=> (l-X)(l + X)2-l-X-l-X = 0
X3 + X2 + X + l = 0 = (- I)3 det(AZ7)det(B) = - det(Mr)det(B)

a3 + a2 + a + z = o => det(B) = - det(M)det(B) = - det(B)

=> A3 + A2 + A=-I det(B) = 0

Statement-1 is false but Statement-2 is true. det(M -1) = 0

 Chap 08 Matrices 681

88. v BAB = A~' ll}l2 1 0 0

=> AB AB = I = ll2 11^ 0 1 0 =/
(AB)2 = I 1^3 ll2 0 0 1
cos (a + 2p) sin (a + 2P) Hence, matrix A is orthogonal.
Now, AB-
sin (a + 2p) - cos (a + 2P)
91. Let us use the symbols Div, Dis, Tai for division, district,
1 o' taluka respectively and O, H, C, Cl, T and P for office
and (AB)2 =(AB)(AB) = =/ [v(AB)(AB) = f]
0 1 superintendent, Head clerk. Cashier, Clerk, Typist and Peon
Also, b/4b = a-1 respectively.
or Then, the number of offices can be arranged as elements of a
A4B = B-1A = (AB)-1 = AB
row matrix A and the composition of staff in various offices
or A4 =A (i)
can be arranged in a 3 x 6 matrix B (say).
cos a - sin a cos a -sin a
Now, A2 = Div Dis Tai
sin a cos a sin a cos a A=[ 5 30 200]
cos 2a - sin 2a
sin 2a cos 2a 1 1 1 2+1 1 1+1
cos 4a - sin 4a and B= 0 1 1 1+1 0 1+1
Similarly, A4 - 1 1 0 1
sin 4a cos 4a 0 1
Hence, from Eq. (i)
cos 4a -sin 4a cos a -sin a 1 1 1 3 1 2
sin 4a cos 4a sin a cos a or B= 0 1 1 2 0 2
or 4a =2n + a 0 1 1 1 0 1
2n
a =—
3 The basic monthly salaries of various types of employees of
cos20 cos 0 sin 0I COS2 0 cos 0 sin 0 these offices correspond to the elements of the column matrix
89. AB = C.
cos 0 sin 0 sin20 cos 4> sin $ sin2 4>
O 500’
cos20 cos2 0 + cos 0 cos (j) sin 0 sin 0
H 200
cos2 0 cos 0 sin 0 + sin20 sin 0 cos 0 C 175
C=
cos2 0 cos sin <J> + sin2 4>sin 0 cos 0 Cl 150
cos 0 cos 0 sin 0 sin (|) + sin20sin2({) T 150
cos 0 cos 0(cos 0 cos § + sin 0sin (*>) P 100
sin 0 cos 0(cos 0 cos 0 + sin 0 sin 4>) (i) Total number of Posts = AB
O H C CI T P
cos <$> sin 4>(cos 0 cos <{> + sin 0 sin (p)
sin 0 sin 0(cos 0 cos 0 + sin 0 sin 0) Div Dis Tai 1 1131 3 12
= [5 30 200] x 01112
1 2 0 2
cos 0 cos 0 cos (0 - (j)) cos 0 sin <$> cos (0 - 0)
011110
1 1 1
sin 0 cos 0 cos (0 - (J)) sin 0 sin (|) cos (0 - <$>)
OH C Cl T
TP
Clearly, AB is the zero matrix, if cos (0 - 4>) = 0 i.e., 0 — 0 is an
K
= [5 235 235 275 5 270]
odd multiple of —.
i.e., Required number of posts in all the offices taken
mj n, together are 5 office Suprintendents, 235 Head Clerks,
90. Let A= ^2 235 Cashiers, 275 Clerks, 5 Typists and 270 Peons.
™2 n2
m, n3 (ii) The total basic monthly salary bill of each kind of office
-BC
R /2 /3
500 0
At = m2 m3
O H C Cl T P 200 H
.'h n2 n3J 1 1 1 3 1 2 175 C
x
'k 4 ^2 0 1 1 2 0 2 150 Cl
Now, AAr = m2 n2 x m, m2 mj
150 T
0 1 1 1 0 1
_/3 "h n3 nj n.
n, n3_
100 P
682 Textbook of Algebra

500 + 200 + 175 + 3 x 150 + 1 X 150 + 2 X 100 1 a a aa

= 0+ 1 X200+ 1 X 175 + 2X150 + 0 + 2 X100 A = 0 b - a P-a
P - a bp - aa
0 + 1 X 200 + 1 X 175 + 1 X 150 + 0 + 1 X 100 0 c-a y-a cy-aa
[16751 Applying C2 -> C2 - aC,, C3 -» C3 - aQ and
= 875 C4 —> C4 — aaC,, we get
625 1 0 0 0
i.e., The total basic monthly salary bill of each divisional, A = 0 b - a P-a Z?P - aa
district and taluka offices are ? 1675, ? 875 and ? 625, 0 c - a y-a cy-aa
respectively. Applying C4 —> C4 - aC2 - bC3, we get
(iii) The total basic monthly salary bill of all the offices taken 1 0 0 0
together
A- 0 b - a p -a o
= ABC = A(BC)
1675 0 c-a y-a (c-b)(y-a)
=[5 30 200] X 875 For p(A) =3
625 c-a* 0, y - a * 0, c-b* 0, b-a^O, P - a 0
i.e., a*b, b*c, c*a and a^p, P^y, y^a
= [5 X 1675 + 30 X 875 + 200 X 625]
= [159625] 1 1 1 x u 9 2
Hence, total basic monthly salary bill of all the offices 94. We have, 2 5 7 y v 52 15
taken together is ? 159625. 2 1 -1 z w 0 -1
92. The total load of stone and sand supplied by A can be or AX = B
represented by row matrix X! and cost of one truck load of
stone and sand can be represented by column matrix yp
or X = A-1B •••(>)
1200’ 1 1 1 X u 9 2
= [40 10], Y} =
500 Where, A = 2 5 7 ,X = y v and B = 52 15
Total amount paid by contractor to A = X,^ 2 1 -1 z CD 0 -1

1200' | A| = 1(- 5 - 7) - 1(- 2 - 14) + 1(2 - 10)

= [40 10]
500 = —12 + 16-8 = — 4 0
= [48000 + 5000] Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements of | A|.
= [53000] Qi C]2 £-13
/.Amount paid by contractor to A is ? 53000. C = £-21 C22 £■23
1200 .£-31 £-32 C33.
Similarly for B, X2 = [35 5], Y2 = ’ 5
500 7 2 7 2 5
Total amount paid by contractor to B = X2Y2 1 -1 2 -1 2 1
1200 1 1 1 1 1 1
= [35 5] = [42000 + 2500]
500 1 -1 2 -1 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
= [44500]
/.Amount paid by contractor to B is ? 44500.
5 7 2 7 2 5
Similarly for C, -12 16 -8
1200 2 -3 1
X3=[25 8],r3 =
500 2 -5 3
Total amount paid by contractor to C = X3T3 -12 2 2
1200’ /. adj A = C = 16 -3 -5
= [25 8]
500 -8 1 3
= [30000+ 4000] = [34000] -12 2 2
/. Amount paid by contractor to C is ? 34000. _ adj A _ 1
A 16 -3 -5
“W”4
1 a a aa -8 1 3
93. We have, A = 1 b P bP -12 2 2 9 2
1 c y <7 Now, A-1B = - — 16 -3 -5 x 52 15
4
Applying R2 -» R2 - Ri and R3 “* R3 ~ Rv we get -8 1 3 0 -1
 Chap 08 Matrices 683

-4 4 1 -1 Further, *3 = yt - y2 + 3?3
1
-8-12 3 2 yi
4
-20 -4 5 1 [x3] = [l -1 3] y2
From Eq. (i) X = A~‘B 73.
Putting the values of yp yt y-^ we get
x u Fl -1 zi -z2 + z3'
=> y V = 3 2
[x3] = [l -1 3] 0 + z2 + 3z3
z w' 5 1
2zx + z2 + 0
On equating the corresponding elements, we have ’1 -1
-1 1 Z1
x = 1, u = - 1
y =3,v = 2 = [1 -1 3] 01 13 z2

z = 5, w = 1 2 1 0 _Z3.

95. Since, Xj = 3yt + 2y2 - y3 zi

yi = [1-0 + 6 -1-1+3 1-3+0] z2

[xj = [3 2 -1] y2 .z3.

zi
173.
Putting the values of yp y2, y3, we get = [7 1 -2] Z2 = [7Zj + z2-2z3]
Zj — z2 + z3 lZ3.
[xj = [3 2 -1] 0 + z2 + 3z3 x3 = 7z, + z2 - 2z3 (iii)
2Z[ + z2 + 0 Hence, from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
’1 -1 1 Z1 Xj = Zj - 2z2 + 9z3, x2 = 9zt + 10z2 + 1 lz3, x3 = 7Zj + z2 -2z3
= [3 2 -1] 0 1 3 z2 96. Given equations can be written as,
2'11 0
2x - 3y + 6z = 5t + 3
_Z3.
y - 4z = 1 -1
Z1 4x - 5y + 8z = 9t + k
= [3 + 0-2 -3 + 2-1 3+6+0] Z2 which is of the form AX = B.
.Z3.
Let C be the augmented matrix, then
2 -3 6 : 5t + 3 '
Z!
C = [A:B] = 0 1 -4 : 1-t
= [1 -2 9] Z2
4 -5 8 : 9t + k
LZ3.
Applying R3 -> R3 - 2RV then
[*i] = [zi “2z2 + 9z3]
’2-3-3 6 : 5t + 3
Xj = z, - 2z2 + 9z3
C= 0 1 -4 :1-t
Further, x2=~y\+ 4y2 + 5y3
y/ 0 1 -4 i-t+k-6
=> [x2] = [-l 4 5] y2 Applying R3 —> R3 - R2, then
‘2-3 6 :5t + 3 ‘
73.
C= 0 1 - 4 : 1 -1
Putting the values of yp y2, y3, we get
000
0 :fc-7
z, - z2 + z3
[x2] = [- 1 4 5] 0 + z2 + 3z3 (i) For no solution
2Zj + z2 + 0
k*7
"1 -1 1 zi
(ii) For infinite number of solutions
= [-l 4 5] 0 1 3 Z2

21 10 _Z3. fc = 7
Z1
97. AX = U has infinite many solutions
= [-1 + 0 + 10 1 + 4 + 5 -1 + 12+0] z2
=> |A| = 0 = |A1|=|A2|=|A3|
_Z3.
Now, |A| = 0
zi a 1 0
= [9 10 11] z2 =[9z3+ 10z2 + llz3] => 1 b d = 0 => (ab — l)(c — d) = 0
,Z3. 1 b c
Hence, x2 =9Zj + 10z2 + llz3 (ii) => ab = 1 or c = d (i)
684 Textbook of Algebra

and l*r = 0 c 0 0 d 0 0
f 1 0 cA = 0 c c ;dJ = 0 d 0
g b d =0 0 -2c 4c 0 0 d
h b c 1
By A-1 = - [A2 + cA + di ]
6
=> fb(c - d) - gc + hd = 0
=> 6 = 1 4- c + d [By equality of matrices)
fb(c -d) = gc -hd ...(ii)
.'.(- 6,11) satisfy the relation.
|A2| = 0 99. If Q = PAPr
a f o then PtQ = APT [v PP7 = I)
=> 1 g d =0
=> PTQ2005'P = APtQ>2004
‘ p
1 h c
= A2PtQi2003p = A3PtQ|2002p
‘
a(gc - dh) — f(c — d)-Q
= A2004[Pt(QP)
=> a(gc - dh) = f(c-d) .(iii) [Q = PAPT=>2P = PA]
= A2004jPT (PA)
|A3 = 0 = A2005
a 1 f
=>
T 2005
1 b g =0 A2005
0 1
1 b h
1 0 1 0 1 0
=> (h-g)(ah-l) = 0 100. A2 =
1 1 1 1 2 1
=* h = g or ab = 1 (iv) 1 0 1 0 1 0
A3 =
Taking c = d => h = g and ab * 1 (from Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iv)) 2 1 1 1 3 1
Now, taking BX = V, 1 0
A" =
a 1 1 n 1
Then, |B[ = 0 d c =0 n 0 n -1 0
nA = ,(n-l)I =
g h n n 0 n -1
[v In view of c = d and g = h, c2 and c3 are identical]
1 0
=> BX = V has no unique solution. nA -(n -1) I = = Art
n 1
a2 1 1
101. A 2 -A + 1 = 0
and |BJ = 0 d c =0 [•/ c = d, g = h]
0 g h => I = A-A2 => I=A(I-A)

a a2 1 => A-1 1=A"’(A(/-A)) => A"’=/-A

|B2| = 0 0 c = a2fc = a2df [■’c = d]
V (1 0 o>i M T
f o h
102. (i) Let Ux be y so that 2 1 0 o
y
a 1 a2 V* 2 A
<z>
and |b3| = 0 d 0 ~-a2df (x\
f g 0 y -2
lfa2df * 0, then|B2| = |B3| * 0
Hence, no solution exist. ( 2 A f2y
1 0 0 6 0 0 Similarly, U2= -1 ,U3= -1
98. Given, A = 0 1 1 .a-'A 0 4 -1 <-4j 1-3,
6
0 -2 4 0 2 1 '1 2 2 >
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Hence, U= -2 -1 -1
a2 = 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 -1 5 <1 -4 “3,

0 -2 4 0 -2 4 0 -10 14 |l/|=3
 Chap 08 Matrices 685

r-l -2 0 ' 1/2 -1

and A~} =
(ii) v Adj 17= -7 -5 -3 0 2
<9 -6 3> 3 0
and let A=
_ Adj 17 Adj 17 -3 -1/3
U~>
~ |17| ’ 3
3 0
det A - = -l
=> sum of the elements of -3 -1/3
[/■’=-(-1-2 + 0- 7-5- 3 + 9 + 6 +3) = 0 A“* =
1/3 0
3 and
-3 -3
(iii) The value of
r3>
( 1 2 2 ' 1 0 -1 0
108. Let A = or
(3 2 0 ) 17 2 =(3 2 0) -2 -1 -1 2 0 -1 0 1

J U -6 -3> A Then, A2 = I
V .’. det A =
1 0
= - 1 and tr (A) = 0
= (-l 4 4) 2 0 -1
A 109. (i) If two zero’s are the entries in the diagonal, then
= (-3 + 8 + 0) = 5 3C2 x 3Cj = 9
'1 2 a 0 If the entries in the principal diagonal isl, then
103. A= ,B =
3 4 0 b 3Ct =3
a 2b => Total matrix = 9 + 3 = 12
=> AB-
3a 4b 0 a b
a 0 1 2 a 2a (ii) a 0 c either b = 0 or c = 0 => | A | * 0
and BA =
0 b 3 4 3b 4b b c 1

Hence, AB = BA only when a = b. => 2 matrices

104. A2-B2=(A-B) (A + B) 0 a b
a 1 c either a = 0orc = 0=>|A|*0
=> A2-B2 = A2 +AB-BA-B2
b c 0
=> AB = BA
5 5a a =$ 2 matrices
1 a bl
105. A = 0 a 5a =>| A-A| = | A|| A| = (25a)2=25
a 0 c either a = 0 or b = 0 => | A | * 0
0 0 5
b c 0
2 1
=> a =— => 2 matrices
25
1 a b
=> a=±‘ a 1 c
5
106..’ A‘ = A, Bf = - B b c 1

Given, (A + B)(A-B)=(A-B)(A+ B) If a = b = 0 =^| A | = 0

=> A2 - AB + BA - B2 = A2 + AB - BA - B 2 If a = c = 0 =>| A | = 0
If b = c = 0 =>| A| = 0
=> AB = BA
=> There will be only 6 matrices.
Also, given (AB)' = (-l)* AB
(iii) The six matrix A for which | A | = 0 are
=> B‘A‘ =(-1/ AB 0 0 1
-BA=(-l)fc AB 0 0 1 => inconsistent
=> (->)=(-1)* [v AB = BA] 1 1 1
jt = l, 3,5,... 0 1 0
2 1 1 1 1 => inconsistent
107. Let A =
0 1/2 0 1 0
2 1 1 1 1
det A = =1
0 1/2 1 0 0 => infinite solutions
1 0 0
686 Textbook of Algebra

1 1 0 => (2k + I)3 = 103

1 1 0 => inconsistent 2k + 1 =10
0 0 1 it = 4.5
1 0 1 [fc] = 4
0 1 0 => inconsistent 114. First row with exactly one zero
1 0 1 Total number of cases = 6
1 0 0 First row 2 zeroes, we get more cases.
Total we get more than 7.
0 1 1 => infinite solutions
a b
0 1 1 115. Let A = , abed * 0
c d
710.| adj A | =1 A |n-I = | A |2-1 =| A | a b a b'
adj(adj A) = | A |""2 A a2 =
c d c
= | A ( 2-2 A =| A |° A = A a"2 + be ab + bd
=> a2 =
111. Three planes cannot meet only at two distinct points. ac + cd be + d2;
Hence, number of matrices = 0 => a2 + be = l,bc + d2 =1
112. If A is symmetric matrix, then b = c ab + bd = ac + cd = 0
. ... a b c * 0 and b 0
det (A) = = a2-b2 =(a +b)(a-b)
b a and a+d=0
Trace A -a + d = 0
a,b,ce {0,1,2,3,..., p - 1}
| A | = ad -bc = -a2 - be = 1
Number of numbers of type
np = 1 116. MN-NM
np + 1 = 1 M2N2 (MtN)~1 (MN~')t M2N2N~' (MtY1 (N~')t ■ MJ
np + 2 = 1
= M2N • (N_,)t Mt = - M2 • N (M)-1 (Nr)-1
= + m2nm~ = -m- nmm~ ‘at1 m
np + (p — 1) = 1 V n e I
= - M2
(i) as det (A) is divisible by p => either a + b divisible by p
corresponding number of ways = (p -1) [excluding zero] or Note
(a - b) is divisible by p corresponding number of ways = p A skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 cannot be non-singular
Total Number of ways = 2p -1 hence the question is wrong.
(ii) as Tr (A) not divisible by p =>a # 0 117. (i) a + 8b + 7c = Q-, 9a + 2b + 3c = 0
det (A) is divisible by p => a2 - be divisible by p 7a + 7b + 7c = 0
Number of ways of selection of a, b, c Solving these equations, we get
= (P-!)[(P-I)xl]=(p-1)
,2 b =6a
=> c = ~7a
(iii) Total number of A = pxpxp = p3
Now, 2x + y + z = 0
Number of A such that det (A) divisible by p => 2a + 6a + (- 7a) = 1
= (p - I)2 + number of A in which a = 0 => a=l, b=6, c = -7
= (p-l)2 + p + p-l = p2 7a + b + c =7 + 6- 7 = 6
Required number = p3 - p2 (ii) v a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E)
:. 2 + 8b + 7c = 0,18 + 2b + 3c = 0
113. | A | = (2k -1) (-1 + 4k2) + 2-fk (2Vk + 4kjk)
and 2 + b + c = 0
+ 2-Jk (4kjk + 2-Jk)(2k -1) (4k2 -1)
we get b = 12 and c = -14
+ 4k + 8k2 + 8k2 + 4k 3 11
Hence, — + -r + — =
33 -2_
(02 (012 (0
1
-
3
14
(0a (D (0 6 (0 c co-"
= (2k -1) (4k2 -1) + 8k + 16k2
3(0
= 8k3 - 4k2 -2k + 1 + 8k + 16k2 ’
= 8*? + 12k2 + 6k+ 1
v+ i + W’1
= 3(0 + 1 + 3(02
| B | = 0 as B is skew-symmetric matrix of odd order. = 1 + 3((0 + (02)
=> (8k3 + 12k2 + 6k + l)z =(103)2 = 1 + 3(-l) = -2
 Chap 08 Matrices 687

(iii) 7 b = 6, with a and c satisfying (£) => A (BA) is symmetric

:. a + 48 + 7c = 0,9a + 12 + 3c = 0, a + 6 + c = 0 Now, let Q = (AB)A
we get a = 1, c = - 7 Q'=((AB)A)'
Given, a, 0 are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 = A' (ABJ = A' (B' A')
a + 0 = - - = - 6, = A (BA) [•/ A' = A, B' = B]
a = (AB) A [By associative law]
ap=-=-7 =Q
a
=> (AB) A is symmetric.
XT 1 11 _ a + p _ -6 6
Now, — + - /. Statement-1 is true.
a pp” ap a0 ~-7 ~7
n Statement - 2 (AB)' = B' A' = BA [•/ A' = A,B' = B]

•• X n=0
1 1'
—+—
a P.
6T
7)
= AB
=> AB is symmetric matrix
['/ AB = BA]

-(HP
=--------- =7
/.Statement-2 is true.
Hence, both Statements are true, Statement-2 is not a correct
explanation for Statement-1.
22fln 2’012 240j3
1-6/7
121. We have, |Q|= 23a2i 2*0^ 2’023
118. For the given matrix to be non singular
24<hi 25o32 26o33
lab
(0 1 c *0 On 0,2
*12 a,3
a)2 CO 1 = 2z-23-24 2a2, 2a22 2d23
22a31 22a32 22a3:I3
=> 1 -(a + c)co + act!)2 * 0
=> (1 - aco) (1 - ao) * 0 On °12 °13

a * co2 and c * co2

= 29 -2- 22 a2t aa22
22 a23 = 2121 P |
O31 o32 a33
a, b and c are complex cube roots of unity.
:.a and c can take only one value i.e., co while b can take two |Q|=212X2 = 2,J
values i.e., co and co2. 122. •/ Pt=2P + I — (i)
:. Total number of distinct = 2 (PT)T =(2P + I )T
a b
=> P = 2Pt + I ...(ii)
119. Let M = d e
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
L# h
P=2(2P + /)+ I
o' -1
=> P = -I
M i 2 =}£ = -!, e = 2,h=3 PX=-IX=-X
0 3 1 4 4
1 1 123. Given, adj P = 2 1 7
M -1 1 =>a = 0, d=3, g=2 1 1 3
0 -1 1 4 4
1 0 I adjP| = 2 1 7
M 1 0 1 1 3
1 12 = 1 (- 4) - 4 (-1) + 4 (1) = 4
/• Sum of diagonal elements = a + e+i = 0 + 24-7=9 => |P|S-1=4
120. Since, A and B are symmetric matrices => |P| = ±2
A’ = A and B' = B
Statement-1 Let P = A(BA)
y
P'=(A(BA))'=(BAX A'
= (A' B') A'
[•/ A' = A,B' = B]
T
= (AB)A
Now, Au, + Au, = 1
= A (BA) [By associative law]
=P <0,
688 Textbook of Algebra

co2 co3 CO4

=> A(ui + u2) = 1 to3 to4 CD5

128. P — [p^]rt xn = [w' + ?]nxn co5 Ci)6 ...COJ+
<0> to4
T 0 0> con + 2 con+3
2 1 0 y 1
0 0 0 ... 0
<3 2 b <0,
0 0 0 ... 0
/ X rr p2 =
0 0 0 ... 0
=0
2x4- y i
0 0 0 ... 0
k3x + 2y + z, <0,
If n is multiple of 3, so for P2 # 0, n should not be a multiple of
x = 1,2x + y = 1
and 3x + 2y 4- z = 0 3, i.e. n can take values 55, 56 and 58.
=> x = 1 ,y = - 1, z=-l 129.B=A~' A'
f 1 B'=(A~' A')'=A(A~1)'
Hence, “i + u2 = -1 . Now, BB' = (A~'A') A(A~')'=A~l (A' A) (A'1)'
= A~l(AA')(A~1)' [■: A'A = A.K']
.3
125. Given, P3 = Q = (A-’A)A/(A"1)'
and P2Q = Q2P ...(u) = (ZA/)(A"1)/=A,(A"1)'=(A‘1 A)'=r = I
Subtracting Eq. (i) and (ii), we get a b'
P3 - p2Q = Q3 - Q2p 130. Let M = , where a, b, c e I
b c
p2 (P-Q) = -Q2 (P-Q)
a b
M is invertible if 0 =>ac — b2 0
(P2 + Q2)(P-Q) = O b c
=> \(P2 + Q2)(P-Q)\=\O\ a fbl
(a) => a — b = c =5 ac — b2 = 0
=> |p2 + Q2IIP-QI = o b c
|P2 + Q2| = 0 [vP#Q] Option (a) is incorrect
126. Given, adj A = P (b) [b c] = [a b] => a = b = c => ac - b2 = 0

I adj A| = | P| Option (b) is incorrect

=> |A|3-*=|P| [v|A| = 4] a 0
(c) M — , then | M | = ac * 0
16 = PI 0 c.
1 a 3 :. M is invertible
16 = 1 3 3 .’. Option (c) is correct.
2 4 4 (d) As ac (Integer 2 => ac * b,2
=$ 16 = 1(0) - a (4 - 6) + 3(4 - 6) :. Option (d) is correct.
=> 16 = 2a -6 131. Given, MN = NM, M * N2 and M2 = N<
=> 2a =22
Then, m2 = n4
a = 11
127. (a) (NtMN)t = NtMt(Nt)t = NTMTN = NTMN => (M + N2) (M ~N2) = 0
m + n2 = o [7
or - NtMN According as M is symmetric or
skew-symmetric. => | M + N21 = 0
:. Correct. (a) | M2 + MN21 =| M| | M + N21 = 0
(b) (MN - NM)t = (MN)t - (NM)t = NtMt - MTNT Option (a) is correct.
= NM - MN [•/ M, N are symmetric] (b) (M2 + MN2) U = M(M + N2)U = 0
= -(MN-NM) :. Option (b) is correct.
;. correct (c) •/ | M2 + MN21 = 0 from option (a)
(c) (MN)T = NTMT = NM* MN [v M, N are symmetric]
| M2 + MN21 £1
Incorrect.
Option (c) is incorrect.
(d) (adjM) (adjN) = adj (NM) # adj (MN)
(d) If AX = 0 and | A | = 0, then X can be non-zero.
Incorrect.
 Chap 08 Matrices 689

(c) 7 | M2 + MN21 = 0 from option (a) or adj A = A7

~2 b 5a 3
| Af2 + AIN21 2:1 or
-3 5a -b 2
Option (c) is incorrect.
=> 5a =2 and b = 3
(d) If AX = 0 and | A | = 0, then X can be non-zero. 5a + b = 5
132.7 AAt=9I
135.7 PQ = kl =^^- = 1I =>
=>PP"’ = -
...(i)
1 2 2 1 2 a 1 0 0 k k
Also |P| = 12a + 20 ...(ii)
2 1 -2 2 1 2 =9 0 1 0
-k
a 2 b 2 -2 b 0 0 1 and given q23=~
o

9 0 a + 4 + 2b 9 0 0 Comparing the third element of 2^ row on both sides,

=> 0 2a+ 2-2b
9 0 9 0 we get ----- ------ (- (3a + 4)) = - x —
a + 4 + 2b 2a+ 2-2b a2 + 4+ b2 0 0 9 (12a+ 20)------ k 8
=> 24a + 32 = 12a + 20
On comparing, we get a = -l -(Hi)
a + 2b + 4 = 0 ••• (i) From (ii), |P| = 8 ..•(iv)
2a-2b+ 2 = 0 •••(ii) Also PQ = kI
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
a=-2,
b=-l k2>
Ordered pair is (- 2, - 1). 8x— =k3 7|p|=8,|Q| = y
2 2>
133. 7 x7 = -x,y7 = -y,z7 = z k=4 ...(v)
(a)(y3 z4 -z4y3)7=(y3z4)7-(z4y3)7 (b) 4a-k + 8 = -4-4 + 8 = 0
=(z4)7 (y3)7-(y3)7 (z4x7
4)7 (c) det (P adj(Q)) = IPI I adj Q|= IP11<?I2 = 8 X82 = 2'

=(z7)4 (y7)3-(y7)3 (z7)4 (d) det (Qadj (P)) = | Q| | adj P|= | Q| | P|! = 8 X82 = 2’

= -z4y3 + y3 z4 136. -. Z = = co ...(0

2
= y3z4 - z4y3
=> (D3 = 1 and 1 + (i) + (D2 =0
Option (a) is incorrect. (—co)f co21
(b) X44 + y44 is symmetric matrix. Option b is incorrect. Now, P= Cl)2’ (I)r

(c) (X4 Z3-Z3X4)7=(X4Z3)7-(Z3 X4)7 (—a>)r co2’ (-©)r (i)2’

■3x7
P2 =
= (Z3)7 (X4)7-(X4)7 (Z3)7 0)2’ cor (D21 (0r

= (Z7)3(X7)4 -(X7)4 (Z7)3 co^ + co4’ (02r((-G))r + C0r)

C02’((—co)r +(Dr) (O4* +0)^
= Z3X4 -X4Z3
co^ + co’ <O2,((-<O)r+(Or)
= -(X4Z3-Z3X4) (V CD3 = 1)
cd2s((—(I))r+ co’) CD1 +(02r
Option (c) is correct.
01
(d) X23 + y23 is skew-symmetric matrix. Option (d) is P2=-I = ...(ii)
0 -1
correct.
Form Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
134.7 A adj A = AAT
co^ + co’ =-l
=> A~l(A adj A) = A-1(AA7) and Ci)2’((-<i))r + (i)r) = 0

=> (A-1A) adj A =(A-1A)A7 => r is odd and s = r but not a multiple of 3. Which is possible
/(adj A) = 1At when r = s = 1
.-. Only one pair is there.
690 Textbook of Algebra

1 0 0 0 0 0
9u 912 913 0 0 0
137. P = 4 1 0 =/+ 4 0 0 =I+A
200 0 0
921 922 923
16 4 1 16 4 0
.931 932 933. 20400 200 0
0 0 0
On comparing, we get
Let A = 4 0 0
92i = 932 = 200, = 20400
16 4 0
<?3i + qi2 20400 + 200
0 0 0 0 0 0
921 200
A2 = 0 0 0 and A3 = 0 0 0
16
= 102 + 1 = 103
0 0 0 0 0
=> An is a null matrix Vn > 3 2 -3 2 -3 16 -9
138. ■■ A2 =
-4 1 -4 1 -12 13
P50=(Z + A)50 = 1 + 50A + 50X49 A2
2 16 -9 2 -3
3A2 + 12A=3 + 12
Q+J = J + 50A + 25X49A2 -12 13 -4 1
or Q = 50A + 25 X 49A2
72 -63
0 .0 0 0 0 0 -84 51
200 0 0 + 0 0 0 '51 63
=> adj (3 A 2 + 12A) =
800 200 0 19600 0 0 84 72