REPUBLIC OF BENIN

**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENTIST (MHERS)
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
**********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUE (NWI)
**********
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WSED)

Master1: Water Management and treatment

Course : English

WATER POLLUTION

KEY WORDS:

Pollution; Pollutant, Sewage; Global warming; Toxicity

Presented by: Teacher:

Divine Guercia MABIKA Dr OLORY-TOGBE
Bienvenue

ACADEMIC YEAR

2023-2024
1
Text: Water Pollution

Water pollution is the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water
unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Pollutants include
chemicals, trash, bacteria, and parasites. All forms of pollution eventually make their way to
water. Air pollution settles onto lakes and oceans. Land pollution can seep into an underground
stream, then to a river, and finally to the ocean. Thus, waste dumped in a vacant lot can
eventually pollute a water supply.

Water pollutants may cause disease or act as poisons. Bacteria and parasites in poorly treated
sewage may enter drinking water supplies and cause digestive problems such as cholera and
diarrhea. Hazardous chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides from industries, farms, homes and
golf courses can cause acute toxicity and immediate death, or chronic toxicity that can lead to
neurological problems or cancers. Many water pollutants enter our bodies when we use water
for drinking and food preparation. The pollutants enter the digestive tract. From there, they can
reach other organs in the body and cause various illnesses. Chemicals come in contact with the
skin from washing clothes, or from swimming in polluted water and may lead to skin irritations.
Hazardous chemicals in water systems can also affect the animals and plants which live there.
Sometimes these organisms will survive with the chemicals in their systems, only to be eaten
by humans who may then become mildly ill or develop stronger toxic symptoms. The animals
and plants themselves may die or not reproduce properly. Global warming: temperature rises
cause changes in water composition by reducing oxygen. Sometimes crude oil or gasoline
products end up in the oceans through leaks when being transported. The consequences are
terrible both for water and the biodiversity living in it.

However, despite its vast abundance, water is very much limited. It is a non-renewable resource.
Every single person must work to conserve water and restore the balance. If not, we all know
what the consequences are going to be.

2
 KEY WORDS

❖ Pollution: the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance

which has harmful or poisonous effects.

❖ Pollutant: a substance that pollutes something, especially water or the

atmosphere.

❖ Sewage: waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers.

❖ Global warming: a gradual increase in the earth’s temperature generally due to

the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and
other pollutants.

❖ Toxicity: The degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison) can harm humans
or animals.

3
COMMENTARY

The selected text tells us about water pollution the causes and consequences.

Water is the basic necessity for the functioning of all life forms that exist on earth. It is
impossible for life to function without water. water is the foundation of our existence. The
human body needs water for the day to day survival. We may be able to survive without any
food for a whole week but without water, we won’t even survive for 3 days. Moreover, our
body itself comprises of 70% water. This, in turn, helps our body to function normally.

We saw that water can be polluted and this has consequences not only for human but also for
all living beings. However, despite it’s vast abundance, water is very much limited. It is a non-
renewable resource.

We need to protect our water by:

- Making a proper sewage system and reducing the use of chemical detergent by
switching to organic soap
- Practicing organic farming and using fewer agricultural chemicals
- Planting trees on the river bank to prevent soil from being washed away
- Putting garbage into a bin and separating it into organic and other garbage

A little effort in our daily life can keep our water safe and clean. A little effort in our daily life
will reduce water pollution and consequences to human and all living beings.

4
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

*******

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENTIST

*******

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI

*******

AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION

*******

NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE

******

WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

STUDY OF A TEXT ON WATER, HYGIEN AND SANITATION

NAME OF TEACHER

M. OLORY Bienvenu

NAME OF STUDENT

ALANMANOU Adérite

ACADEMIC YEAR

2023-2024
5
Text 1: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Access to improved drinking water is essential, but its benefits can only be fully realized
alongside improved sanitation and adherence to good hygiene practices. Collectively known as
WASH, these components have profound socio-economic impacts, particularly for women and
girls. Currently, 2.1 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services, and
4.5 billion lack safely managed sanitation services. Unsafe hygiene practices exacerbate health
issues, contributing to over 340,000 annual deaths of children under five from diarrheal diseases
due to poor sanitation, hygiene, or unsafe drinking water—nearly 1,000 per day.

Those lacking access to improved drinking water, such as from protected borehole wells
or municipal piped supplies, are compelled to rely on potentially contaminated sources like
surface water, unprotected wells, or unverified water vendors. In many communities, water
sources are distant, burdening women and girls with the responsibility of fetching water, often
exposing them to risks of attack.

Without improved sanitation facilities, people resort to inadequate communal latrines

or open defecation, especially endangering women and girls who may face abuse or assault
while seeking privacy. Exposed faecal matter in the environment contaminates food and water,
spreading diseases like cholera. Insufficient waste disposal systems further contaminate
ecosystems and contribute to disease outbreaks.

In some regions, awareness of good hygiene practices is lacking, and even when
knowledge exists, the absence of soap, safe water, and washing facilities impedes positive
changes. Addressing these gaps is vital for safeguarding individuals and communities against
disease transmission.

Keywords : Sanitation ; Hygiene ; Mortality ; Unsafe ; Awareness

6
 KEYWORDS MEANING

1. Sanitation: Sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of
human waste, including toilets, sewage systems, and waste treatment plants, to prevent
environmental contamination and the spread of diseases.

2. Hygiene: Hygiene encompasses practices that promote health and prevent the spread of
illness or disease, such as handwashing, bathing, and maintaining cleanliness in living
environments.

3. Mortality: Mortality refers to the state of being subject to death. In the context of public
health, mortality rates indicate the number of deaths in a population over a specific period, often
expressed as a rate per 1,000 or 100,000 people.

4. Unsafe: Unsafe describes conditions or situations that pose risks to health, safety, or well-
being. In the context of water and sanitation, "unsafe" typically refers to water sources or
sanitation facilities that are contaminated or otherwise pose health hazards.

5. Awareness: Awareness refers to knowledge or understanding about a particular issue or topic.

In the context of hygiene practices and public health, awareness campaigns aim to educate
individuals and communities about the importance of adopting behaviors that promote health
and prevent disease transmission.

7
COMMENTS

The problem of sustainable access to drinking water and adequate sanitation remains a major
problem in the world.

In Benin, despite the coverage rate national drinking water supply and the construction of
sanitation facilities, a large part of the population, especially in rural areas, still does not have
access to these emergency services.

Faced with this situation, people continue to use water of dubious quality, which leads to
serious illnesses and infant mortality.

Also the lack of hygienic sanitary facilities and/or the inaccessibility of these facilities are at
the origin of the increase in the rate of defecation in the open air, thus polluting the surrounding
environment.

The lack of a water source close to homes and toilets force people, especially women, to travel
long distances. Their security is threatened and this constitutes an additional problem.

It is therefore urgent to take measures to mobilize all the actors concerned and to redouble
efforts in WASH policies in order to ensure better living conditions for the populations in terms
of drinking water supplies and nearby sanitation facilities. and sustainable.

8
 REPUBLIQUE OF BENIN
*****
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
*****
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
*****
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER
*****
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
*****
DEPARTMENT OF WATER ENGINEERING AND SANITATION
*****

TEXT : WATERBORNE
Master 2 DISEASES

ASSOKPE Luc Ferdinand

Teacher: Dr. OLORY-TOGBE Bienvenue

Academic year: 2023-2024

9
 TEXT: WATERBORNE DISEASES

Waterborne diseases are conditions (meaning adverse effects on human health, such as death,
disability, illness or disorders) caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted
in water. These diseases can be spread while bathing, washing, drinking water, or by eating food
exposed to contaminated water. They are a pressing issue in rural areas amongst developing
countries all over the world.

While diarrhea and vomiting are the most commonly reported symptoms of waterborne illness,
other symptoms can include skin, ear, respiratory, or eye problems. Lack of clean water supply,
sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are major causes for the spread of waterborne diseases in a
community. Therefore, reliable access to clean drinking water and sanitation is the main method
to prevent waterborne diseases.

Yet other important classes of waterborne diseases are caused by metazoan parasites. The term
waterborne disease is reserved largely for infections that predominantly are transmitted through
contact with or consumption of microbially polluted water. Many infections may be transmitted
by microbes or parasites that accidentally, possibly as a result of exceptional circumstances, have
entered the water. However, the fact that there might be an occasional infection need not mean that
it is useful to categorize the resulting disease as "waterborne".

Lack of clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are major causes for the spread of
waterborne diseases in a community. The fecal–oral route is a disease transmission pathway for
waterborne diseases. Poverty also increases the risk of communities to be affected by waterborne
diseases. For example, the economic level of a community impacts their ability to have access to
clean water. Less developed countries might be more at risk for potential outbreaks of waterborne
diseases but more developed regions also are at risk to waterborne disease outbreaks.

10
Key words :

➢ Waterborne : mean conveyed by, travelling on, or involving travel or transport on water;
➢ Desease : is a particular quality or disposition regarded as adversely affecting a person or
group of people;
➢ Microbe : is a microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation;
➢ Infection : is the invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria,
viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms;
➢ Polluted water : Pollution of water resources is characterized by the presence of micro-
organisms, chemical substances or even industrial waste. It can concern rivers, water
tables, brackish water but also rainwater, dew, snow and polar ice.

11
 COMMENTARY

Contaminated water and lack of sanitation lead to the transmission of diseases such as cholera,
diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid fever and poliomyelitis. The inadequacy or absence of
water supply and sanitation services or their poor management exposes the people concerned to
avoidable risks to their health. This is especially true in health facilities where patients and staff
are at additional risk of infection and disease when there are no water, sanitation and hygiene
services. Globally, 15% of patients acquire an infection during their hospital stay, with this
proportion being much higher in low-income countries. We can therefore see that the treatment or
the potabilization of drinking water, the respect of hygiene and the purification of waste water or
sanitation are essential and essential to the well-being and public health of man. This must be the
priority of water and sanitation specialists to promote public health and eradicate water-related
diseases and lack of hygiene and sanitation and especially in developing African countries and
under-developed countries.

12
 REPUBLIQUE OF BENIN
*****
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
*****
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
*****
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER
*****
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
*****
DEPARTMENT OF WATER ENGINEERING AND SANITATION
*****

Speciality Water, hygiene and Sanitation

Master 2

Course: English

Student. Teacher
RAMDE jamel ellior nikel Dr. OLORY-TOGBE Bienvenue

Academic year : 2023-2024

13
Text: Irrigation

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land for the purpose of agricultural production.
Effective irrigation will influence the entire growth process from seedbed preparation,
germination, root growth, nutrient utilisation, plant growth and regrowth, yield and quality.

The key to maximising irrigation efforts is uniformity. The producer has a lot of control over
how much water to supply and when to apply it but the irrigation system determines uniformity.
Deciding which irrigation systems is best for your operation requires a knowledge of
equipment, system design, plant species, growth stage, root structure, soil composition, and
land formation. Irrigation systems should encourage plant growth while minimising salt
imbalances, leaf burns, soil erosion, and water loss. Losses of water will occur due to
evaporation, wind drift, run-off and water (and nutrients) sinking deep below the root zone.

Proper irrigation management takes careful consideration and vigilant observation.

The value of irrigation

Irrigation allows primary producers,

-to grow more pastures and crops

-to have more flexibility in their systems/operations as the ability to access water at times when
it would otherwise be hard to achieve good plant growth (due to a deficit in soil moisture) is
imperative. Producers can then achieve higher yields and meet market/seasonal demands
especially if rainfall events do no occur.

-to produce higher quality crops/pastures as water stress can dramatically impact on the quality
of farm produce

-to lengthen the growing season (or in starting the season at an earlier time)

-to have ‘insurance’ against seasonal variability and drought.

-to stock more animals per hectare and practice tighter grazing management due to the
reliability of pasture supply throughout the season

-to maximize benefits of fertilizer applications. Fertilizers need to be ‘watered into’ the ground
in order to best facilitate plant growth.

14
-to use areas that would otherwise be ‘less productive’. Irrigation can allow farmers to open up
areas of their farms where it would otherwise be ‘too dry’ to grow pasture/crops. This also gives
them the capability to carry more stock or to conserve more feed.

-to take advantage of market incentives for unseasonal production

-to have less reliance on supplementary feeding (grain, hay) in grazing operations due to the
more consistent supply & quality of pastures grown under irrigation.

Key Words :

- A seedbed or seedling bed is the local soil environment in which seeds are planted.
- Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, it is one form of soil
degradation. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents,
that is, water, ice (glaciers), snow, air (wind), plants, animals, and humans.
- Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water
vapor and then become heavy enough to fall under gravity.
- Crop is a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit
or subsistence.
- Fertilizers is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that
is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the
growth of plants.

15
Comment

We can retain that irrigation is the artificial application of water to land for the purpose
of agricultural production.
Before making irrigation system, we must decide which irrigation systems is best for
your operation requires a knowledge of equipment, system design, plant species, growth
stage, root structure, soil composition, and land formation.
Irrigation help primary producers, to grow more pastures and crops, to have more
flexibility in their systems/operations as the ability to access water at times when it
would otherwise be hard to achieve good plant growth (due to a deficit in soil moisture)
is imperative, to produce higher quality crops/pastures as water stress can dramatically
impact on the quality of farm produce, to lengthen the growing season (or in starting the
season at an earlier time), to have ‘insurance’ against seasonal variability and drought,
to stock more animals per hectare, to maximise benefits of fertiliser applications, etc…

16
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

*****

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

******

NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE

*******

AFRICA CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION

*********

WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

*************

COURSE : Scientific English

SPECIALTY : WASH

LEVEL OF STUDY : Master 1

Title: WATER-RELATED DISEASES

Teacher :
Mr. OLORY Bienvenu
Student :
DAWOUSSOU Afi Messifa
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

[Date] 0
 TEXT : Water-related diseases

The importance of the impact of water-related diseases on human health has been recognized as a
major threat to sustainable human development in some international forums, including the
Millennium Development Goals, the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 26
August – 4 September 2002), the 3rd World Water Forum (Kyoto, Shiga and Osaka, Japan March 2003),
the Environment for Europe process and the Dushanbe International Freshwater Forum (Dushanbe,
Tajikistan, 29 August – 1 September 2003), among others. Within the WHO European Region, the
majority of WHO Member States committed themselves to a coordinated fight against water-related
diseases through the Protocol on Water and Health to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use
of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes.
Following the entry into force of the Protocol on Water and Health in 2005 and the first Meeting of
the Parties in 2007, the decision was made to focus on two groups of water-related diseases: those
with a high epidemic potential, including cholera, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hepatitis
A, bacillary dysentery and typhoid. A second group of emerging diseases were recognized to be of
increasing health concern in the region. These include campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis,
giardiasis and legionellosis. In addition, some pathologies are recognized to be locally important, such
as helminth infections. Over 30 million cases of water-related disease could be avoided globally each
year through water and sanitation interventions. Investing in water supply and sanitation has
produced benefits far greater than those directly related to the cost of treatment for water-related
diseases (Bartram, 2002).
Gastrointestinal infections are one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality among children.
For children under 5 years of age in developing countries it is estimated that a median of 3.2 episodes
of diarrhea occur per child per year (Kosek, Bern & Guerrant, 2003). Estimates of mortality revealed
that 4.9 children per 1000 die each year as a result of diarrheal illnesses in the first five years of life.
Emerging pathogens in drinking-water have become increasingly important since the late 1980s. The
newly identified and re-emerging water-related pathogens include Campylobacter spp., human-
pathogenic enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strains, Yersinia enterocolitica, and the parasites
Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Such emerging pathogens in drinking-water have led to
new demands in drinking-water hygiene, even in countries having achieved a high standard of water
treatment since the late 1980s.
In dependency on the route of transmission, waterborne pathogens must be subdivided into those
that are transmitted via ingestion and those that are transmitted via inhalation or contact.

1
 KEYWORDS

The Protocol on Water and Health defines “water-related disease” to mean “any significant
adverse effects on human health, such as death, disability, illness or disorders, caused directly or
indirectly by the condition, or changes in the quantity or quality, of any waters”.

Drinking-water: means “water which is used, or intended to be available for use, by humans for
drinking, cooking, food preparation, personal hygiene or similar purposes”

Groundwater: means “all water which is below the surface of the ground in the saturation zone and
in direct contact with the ground or subsoil”.

Waterborne diseases: are caused by the ingestion of faecally contaminated water. Cholera
and typhoid fever are classical examples of waterborne diseases, where only a few highly
infectious pathogens are needed to cause severe diarrhea. Shigellosis, hepatitis A,
amoebic dysentery and other gastrointestinal diseases can also be waterborne.

water-hygiene: diseases occur due to the lack of adequate water supply

for washing, bathing and cleaning. Pathogens are transmitted from person to person or by
contact with contaminated surfaces.

2
 COMMENT

The Protocol on Water and Health is a legally binding international agreement addressing the
protection of human health and well-being through linking sustainable water management and the
prevention, control and reduction of water-related diseases (WRDs). Amongst other objectives and
provisions, the Protocol supports the implementation of the International Health Regulations, in
particular the requirements to strengthen and maintain core public health capacities for surveillance
of WRDs and outbreak response systems.
Waterborne diseases with high potential for developing into epidemics, such as cholera, were
brought under control through the works of John Snow (1854), Filippo Pacini (1854) and Robert
Koch (1893), among others. Diseases such as hepatitis A, typhoid and paratyphoid, bacillary
dysentery and infections by Escherichia coli are still significant health concerns in many
countries of the Region, while endemic or imported cholera cases demand constant vigilance.
These differences have been taken into account as far as possible. It is hoped
that this guidance will assist all stakeholders, policy-makers, health professionals and water
utility managers, among others, in developing a common course of action to reduce the level of
water-related diseases in the WHO European Region, in line with the provisions of the Protocol
on Water and Health to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary
Watercourses and International Lakes.

3
 Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur et
de la Recherche scientifique
********
Centre d'Excellence d’Afrique pour l'eau et l'assainissement

Institut national de l'eau - Université d'Abomey-Calavi

Department: Water and Sanitation Engineering

Level: Master 1
English Courses

Course Leader : Dr. OLORY BIENVENU

Theme : Water Treatment Steps

Student : KPOGHOMOU Fidel

Academic Year 2023-2024

1
Introduction :
Drinking water treatment is a crucial process that transforms raw water, often unfit for drinking,
into safe and safe water for domestic and industrial use. This journey to pure water consists of
several key steps:
1. Pretreatment:
Catchment : Water is collected from sources such as rivers, lakes or groundwater.
Screening : Removal of large debris and suspended solids using screens or screens.
Pre-chlorination: Addition of chlorine to disinfect raw water and prevent bacterial growth
during transport to the treatment plant.
2. Primary treatment:
Coagulation : Addition of coagulating chemicals to group suspended particles.
Flocculation : Slow mixing to promote the aggregation of particles into larger flocs.
Sedimentation : The flocs formed are deposited at the bottom of the settling pond and are
disposed of.
3. Secondary treatment:
Filtration : Passing water through filters made of sand, activated carbon or membranes to
remove residual particles, organic matter and certain contaminants.
Disinfection : Application of disinfection processes such as chlorination, ozonation, or the use
of UV to remove remaining bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
4. Tertiary treatment (optional):
Micropollutant removal : Use of advanced processes such as reverse osmosis, activated
carbon adsorption, or advanced oxidation technologies to remove residual contaminants.
pH readjustment : Correction of the pH of the water to ensure its stability and suitability for
quality standards.
5. Storage and distribution:
Storage tanks: Treated water is stored in tanks to meet fluctuating demand and seasonal
variations.
Distribution network : Water is distributed through a network of pipes to consumption points,
such as homes, businesses and public facilities.
Each step of drinking water treatment is designed to specifically remove contaminants and
ensure the safety and quality of water for human consumption.

2
Definition of keywords:
Clarification : The process of removing suspended particles in water, such as sand, mud and
algae, through coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation.
Filtration : The passage of water through a porous media, such as sand or activated carbon, to
trap the remaining particles and produce crystal clear water.
Disinfection : The destruction of harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, in
water by processes such as chlorination, ozonation, or membrane filtration.
Mineralization : The addition of minerals to treated water to improve its taste, odour and
health.
Wastewater : Water from households, industries and businesses that has been contaminated by
domestic or industrial uses.

3
Water Treatment Benefits:
Water treatment is an essential process to ensure access to safe and wholesome drinking water
for all. It plays a crucial role in protecting public health, preserving the environment and
sustainable development.
The benefits of drinking water treatment are manifold and essential for public health, the
environment and overall well-being. Here are some of the most significant benefits:
a) Safe drinking water supply : Water treatment helps remove contaminants and
pathogenic microorganisms from raw water, ensuring that the water supplied to people
is clean and safe to drink. This significantly reduces the risk of waterborne diseases and
helps protect public health.
b) Safeguarding public health : Safe drinking water helps prevent diseases such as
diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, and other bacterial or viral infections transmitted by
contaminated water. By providing a clean and safe source of water, water treatment
helps improve people's health and well-being.
c) Environmental protection : Water treatment reduces the environmental impact of
wastewater discharges and industrial discharges by removing contaminants prior to
discharge into streams, lakes or oceans. This helps to preserve the water quality of
aquatic ecosystems and protect biodiversity.
d) Food security : Clean and safe water is essential for agricultural production, livestock
and food processing. By providing quality water for irrigation and food preparation,
water treatment helps to ensure food security and ensure healthy food products for
human consumption.
e) Economic and social development : Access to a safe source of drinking water is a key
component of economic and social development. By reducing the burden of water-
related diseases, water treatment keeps people healthy and productive, supporting
economic growth and social development in communities.
In summary, drinking water treatment offers many important benefits, including the provision
of clean and safe water, the protection of public health, environmental preservation, food
security, and economic and social development. It is an essential part of the basic infrastructure
needed to support healthy, sustainable and prosperous societies.

4
 UNIVERSITE D’ABOMEY CALAVI
INSTITUT NATIONALE DE L’EAU
—————
DEPARTEMENT DE GENIE DE L’EAU ET DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT
————
MASTER 1 : EHA ; HYAS ; GTE

Access to water and sanitation for all

Presented by: Course leader English:

ADAMOU ARIA Cheick Issouf MR. OLORY Bienvenu

Année Académique : 2023-2024

[Date] 5
Title: Access to water and sanitation for all

Access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene is the most basic human need for health and wellbeing.
Billions of people will lack access to these basic services in 2030 unless progress quadruples.
Demand for water is rising owing to rapid population growth, urbanization and increasing water
needs from agriculture, industry, and energy sectors.

Decades of misuse, poor management, over extraction of groundwater and contamination of

freshwater supplies have influenced water stress. In addition, countries are facing growing
challenges linked to degraded water-related ecosystems, water scarcity caused by climate change,
underinvestment in water and sanitation and insufficient cooperation on transboundary waters.

To reach universal access to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene by 2030, the current rates of
progress would need to increase fourfold. Achieving these targets would save 829,000 people
annually, who die from diseases directly attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and
poor hygiene practices.

1
Keywords: Sanitation, Water shortage, Ecosystem degradation, Climate change, Urbanization

Sanitation: can be set as a set of actions improving the living and housing conditions of
populations, preserving their health and protecting natural resources. It therefore does not only
consist in the supply of works, but also in the provision of services in an adequate social,
institutional and financial context.

Water shortage: a water shortage can be set as a situation in which the demand for water exceeds
the available water resources.

Climate change: Climate change is the global phenomenon of climate transformation

characterized by the changes in the usual climate of the planet (regarding temperature,
precipitation, and wind) that are especially cause by human activities.

Ecosystem degradation: Persistent reduction in the capacity of ecosystems to provide services.

Urbanization: designates the process, continuous since the first industrialization, of growth of the
urban population and extension of cities.

2
Commenter

Access to water and sanitation for all is the sixth goal of sustainable development and aims for
universal and equitable access to drinking water, hygiene and sanitation by 2030, in particular for
vulnerable populations. It also calls for sustainable management of this resource, and mentions
reducing the number of people suffering from water scarcity. This objective incorporates the
notion of cross-border management of this resource, which is essential for sustainable management
but also conducive to peace and cooperation.

3
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENST (MHERS)

* *************
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI
**********
AFRICA EXCELLENCY CENTER FOR WATER AND SANITATION (AECWS)
************
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)
**********
Master1: EHA
Course: English

Theme: Hospital hygiène and infection

Presented by:
Teacher: Dr OLORY Bienvenu
NASSOU OROU Sabi Mathias

Academic Year: 2023-2024

D 4
Text : hospital hygiène and infection

Management of health-care waste is an integral part of hospital hygiene and infection control.
Health-care waste should be considered as a reservoir of pathogenic microorganisms, which
can cause contamination and give rise to infection. If waste is inadequately managed, these
microorganisms can be transmitted by direct contact, in the air, or by a variety of vectors.
Infectious waste contributes in this way to the risk of nosocomial infections, putting the health
of hospital personnel, and patients, at risk. The practices described in Chapters 6 to 10 of this
handbook for the proper management of health-care waste should therefore bestrictly
followed as part of a comprehensive and systematic approach to hospital hygiene and
infection control. This chapter outlines the basic principles of prevention and control of the
infections that may be acquired in health-care facilities (but does not address other aspects of
hospital hygiene and safety such as pressure sores and the risk of falls). It should be stressed
here that other environmental health considerations, such as adequate water-supply and
sanitation facilities for patients, visitors, and health-care staff, are of prime importance.
Epidemiology of nosocomial infections Nosocomial infections—known also as hospital-
acquired infections,hospitalassociated infections, and hospital infections—are infections that
are not present in the patient at the time of admission to hospital but develop during the course
of the stay in hospital. There are two forms: • Endogenous infection, self-infection, or auto-
infection. The causative agent of the infection is present in the patient at the time of admission
to hospital but there are no signs of infection. The infection develops during the stay in
hospital as a result of the patient’s altered resistance. • Cross-contamination followed by
cross-infection. During the stay in hospital the patient comes into contact with new infective
agents, becomes contaminated, and subsequently develops an infection. While there is no
clinically significant difference between the endogenous self-infection and the exogenous
cross-infection, the distinction is impor-tant from the standpoint of epidemiology and
prevention.Healthy people are naturally contaminated. Faeces contain about 1013 bacteria per
gram, and the number of microorganisms on skin varies between 100 and 10000 per cm2

5
Key words

1-Hospital hygiene : Hospital hygiene is the discipline of putting in place actions to prevent
infections associated with care and the spread of emerging bacteria that are multi or highly
resistant to antibiotics or contagious infections.

2-Nosocomial infections : Nosocomial infections are infections contracted during a stay in a

health establishment (hospital, clinic, etc.). It is also called a healthcare associated infection.
This means that these infections are absent when the patient is admitted to the establishment

3-Microorganisms: Microorganisms are microscopic living things. Bacteria, microalgae and

many fungi such as yeast are among the microorganisms. ... Many bacteria are harmless or
even useful to humans, such as intestinal bacteria for example. Others, on the other hand, are
pathogenic.

4-Auto-infection: Infection due to microbes which normally exist in an organism, without

having previously caused any disturbances. (These germs become virulent when there is a
decrease in the body's resistance.)

5-Cross contamination: Bacterial cross contamination is defined as the transfer of bacteria

or other microorganisms from one substance to another

6
Comment

The proper management of health-care waste is crucial for hospital hygiene and infection
control, as it serves as a reservoir for pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to
contamination and infection. Inadequate waste management can result in the transmission of
microorganisms, contributing to the risk of nosocomial infections among hospital personnel
and patients. Adherence to guidelines outlined in specific chapters of the handbook is
essential for comprehensive hospital hygiene and infection control. This chapter also
addresses the basic principles of preventing and controlling infections acquired in health-care
facilities. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of environmental health considerations,
such as water supply and sanitation facilities. Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-
acquired infections, develop during a hospital stay and can be classified into endogenous
infections, originating from the patient, and cross-infections, resulting from contact with new
infective agents. While the distinction between these infections may not be clinically
significant, it is crucial for epidemiology and prevention efforts. Healthy individuals naturally
carry microorganisms, with feces containing approximately 10^13 bacteria per gram and
varying microorganism counts on the skin.

7
 Research work in
English
Title of the text: Wastewater Treatment

Strident: Teacher:
ADOMOU S. Christ Dr OLORY Bienvenu
Mabel

8
Text:
Actually, water pollution by chemicals has become a major source of concern and a priority for
both society and public authorities, but more importantly, for the whole industrial world
(Sonune and Ghate 2004; Crini 2005; Cox et al. 2007; Sharma 2015; Rathoure and Dhatwalia
2016). What is waterpollution? Water pollution can be defined in many ways. Pollution of water
occurs when one or more substances that will modify the water in negative fashion are
discharged in it. These substances can cause problems for people, animals and their habitats
and also for the environment. There are various classifications of water pollution (Morin-Crini
and Crini 2017). The two chief sources can be seen as point and non-point. The first refers to
the pollutants that belong to a single source such as emissions from industries into the water,
and the second on the other hand means pollutants emitted from multiple sources.

The causes of water pollution are multiple: industrial wastes, mining activities, sewage and
waste water, pesticides and chemical fertilizers, energy use, radioactive waste, urban
development, etc. The very fact that water is used means that it will become polluted: any
activities whether domestic or agricultural but also industrial produce effluent containing
undesirable pollutants which can also be toxic. In this context, a constant effort must be made
to protect water resources (Khalaf 2016;Rathoure and Dhatwalia 2016; Morin-Crini and Crini
2017). The legislation covering liquid industrial effluent is becoming stricter, especially in the
more developed countries, and imposes the treatment of any wastewater before it is released
into the environment. Since the end of the 1970s, in Europe, the directives are increasingly
severe and zero rejection is being sought by 2020. Currently, the European policy on water
results from the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of 2000 which establishes guidelines for
the protection of surface water, underground water, and coastal water in Europe (Morin-Crini
and Crini 2017).

Crini, G., & Lichtfouse, E. (année). Wastewater Treatment: An Overview. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution
Research, 10(3), 2-3

9
Keywords:

• Pollutants : Substances that make water dirty or harmful.

• Effluent : Liquid waste or sewage discharged into a body of water.
• Directive: A rule or regulation that guides how something should be done.
• Treatment: The process of making something cleaner or safer, like purifying
water.
• Zero rejection: A goal to not release any harmful substances into the
environment during water treatment.

10
Comment:

This text delves into the critical issue of water pollution caused by various sources such as
industrial waste, sewage, pesticides, and urban development. It emphasizes the importance of
understanding water pollution and its adverse effects on both human and environmental health.
Through the mention of legislation and directives, it highlights the efforts being made to
regulate and mitigate water pollution, particularly in more developed countries like those in
Europe.

The text underscores the necessity of constant efforts to protect water resources, emphasizing
the significance of treating wastewater before its release into the environment. It mentions the
increasing strictness of regulations over the years and the goal of achieving zero rejection of
pollutants by 2020 in Europe. The reference to the Water Framework Directive of 2000 further
elucidates the guidelines established for the protection of various water sources in Europe.

Overall, the text serves as a reminder of the urgent need to address water pollution globally. It
prompts readers to recognize the importance of preserving water quality for the well-being of
ecosystems and human populations alike. By providing insights into the causes, classifications,
and regulatory measures regarding water pollution, the text encourages awareness and action
towards ensuring sustainable water management practices.

11
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (MESRS)
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (INE)
**********
Department of Water Engineering and Sanitation
Sector: Hydraulics and Sanitation
Master 1
English Exercise

TOPIC : The Integrated Water Resources

Management (IWRM)
Presented by : LEGBA Sessinou Narcisse Euloge

Academic year : 2023 - 2024

[Date] 12
 Text

Water is a key driver of economic and social development while it also has a basic function in maintaining
the integrity of the natural environment. However water is only one of a number of vital natural resources
and it is imperative that water issues are not considered in isolation.

Managers, whether in the government or private sectors, have to make difficult decisions on water
allocation. More and more they have to apportion diminishing supplies between ever-increasing demands.
Drivers such as demographic and climatic changes further increase the stress on water resources. The
traditional fragmented approach is no longer viable and a more holistic approach to water management is
essential.

This is the rationale for the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) approach that has now been
accepted internationally as the way forward for efficient, equitable and sustainable development and
management of the world's limited water resources and for coping with conflicting demands.

There are great differences in water availability from region to region - from the extremes of deserts to
tropical forests. In addition there is variability of supply through time as a result both of seasonal variation
and inter-annual variation. All too often the magnitude of variability and the timing and duration of periods
of high and low supply are not predictable; this equates to unreliability of the resource which poses great
challenges to water managers in particular and to societies as a whole. Most developed countries have, in
large measure, artificially overcome natural variability by supply-side infrastructure to assure reliable supply
and reduce risks, albeit at high cost and often with negative impacts on the environment and sometimes on
human health and livelihoods. Many less developed countries, and some developed countries, are now
finding that supply-side solutions alone are not adequate to address the ever increasing demands from
demographic, economic and climatic pressures; waste-water treatment, water recycling and demand
management measures are being introduced to counter the challenges of inadequate supply.

In addition to problems of water quantity there are also problems of water quality. Pollution of water
sources is posing major problems for water users as well as for maintaining natural ecosystems.

In many regions the availability of water in both quantity and quality is being severely affected by climate
variability and climate change, with more or less precipitation in different regions and more extreme
weather events. In many regions, too, demand is increasing as a result of population growth and other
demographic changes (in particular urbanization) and agricultural and industrial expansion following changes
in consumption and production patterns.

13
Key words

▪ Water resources : Water resources include all available water (inland and marine) and natural
resources, which can be mobilised, to meet the quantity and quality of a given demand in a given place
for an appropriate period.
▪ Climate change : Climate change refers to all changes in climate characteristics in a given location over
time : warming or cooling.
▪ Wastewater : Water contaminated by the use made of it. Waste water of domestic or industrial origin
is generally discharged into a drainage or even sanitation systemPollution
▪ Precipitation : precipitation is all meteoric water that falls on the surface of the earth, both in liquid
form (drizzle, rain, shower) and in solid form (snow, sleet, hail) and deposited or occult precipitation
(dew, white frost, frost,...)
▪ Pollution of water : Water pollution is an alteration of its quality and nature that makes its use
dangerous and (or) disrupts the aquatic ecosystem.

14
Comment:

Water is a major concern in the countries of West Africa and its good management is a duty for the rulers
who have an obligation of means and for each citizen who must adopt the right behaviors to ensure the
sustainability of the resource. Much more than the vulnerability of the countries of the zone to a largely
deficit and irregular rainfall spatio-temporal, the management of water resources was for a long time mainly
sectoral. Awareness, especially by the region, of water issues has gradually converged towards a consensus
for an innovative approach to water resources management. IWRM thus emerged as one of the approaches
to achieve good water governance. Thus, IWRM is based on its pillars which are: equity, sustainability,
livability and sustainability to ensure an equal distribution of water resources and their sustainable
management. This has made it possible to move from the management that said “Who draws, who can” to
“Each according to his or her needs”, which makes it possible to best reconcile all uses for the continued
development of a region or a country, while preserving the needs of future generations.

15
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI
********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE
********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
********
SPECIALITY: HYDRAULICS AND SANITATION
********
SUBJECT: ENGLISH

WATER SOURCES

Course leader: Directed by:

Dr. Bienvenu OLORY Emmanuella F. ADIHOU

ACADEMIC YEAR:
2024-2025

16
 TEXT: WATER SOURCES

Source water refers to bodies of water (such as rivers, streams, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and
ground water) that provide water to public drinking-water supplies and private wells. Water
sources can include: Surface water, Ground water and Recycled water external icon (also called
reused water). All of these waters flow a path known as the water cycle.

Drinking water comes from a variety of sources including public water systems, private wells, or
bottled water. Ensuring safe and healthy drinking water may be as simple as turning on the tap
from an EPA-regulated public water system... It is important to know where drinking water comes
from, how it’s been treated, and if it’s safe to drink.

People who use private wells or cisterns should have their water tested annually for germs and
chemicals to ensure their drinking water is safe. The water flowing from your tap may come from
hundreds of miles away. Public water systems are most often supplied by surface water or ground
water. Large cities and towns usually get their water from surface water supplies or a mix of surface
and ground water supplies. Some small, rural communities rely solely on ground water supplies,
which may or may not require treatment to meet drinking water standards. If you do not get your
water from a public water system, you most likely have a private ground water well. Around 13
million U.S. households external icon get their drinking water from a private well. According to
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), individual water systems consist of the use of
nonpublic sources and private water systems. If your home is not connected to a public water
system and you do not have a ground water source, you may get your water from a rainwater
collection system. In many areas of the world, people collect and use rainwater as their drinking
water source. Some people use rainwater for watering plants, cleaning, bathing, or drinking.
However, it is important that the rainwater system is maintained properly and the water quality is
appropriate for the intended use. Rain can wash different types of contaminants into the water you
collect (for example, bird poop on your roof could end up in your water barrel or tank) and can
carry bacteria, parasites, viruses, and chemicals that could make you sick, and it has been linked
to disease outbreaks... Dust, smoke, and particles from the air can contaminate rainwater before it
lands on your roof. Roofing materials, gutters, piping, and storage materials can introduce harmful
substances such as asbestos, lead, and copper into the water.

Excerpted from:
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking...

17
 DEFINITION OF FIVE (05) TECHNICAL TERM TAKEN FROM THE TEXT

❖ Surface water: refers to water that is found in natural sources such as rivers, lakes, and
reservoirs.
❖ Ground water: refers to water that is found underground in the tiny spaces and cracks
within soil, sand and rocks (for example, an aquifer).
❖ Rainwater system: rainwater refers to water that falls from the sky of precipitation in the
form of rain. A rainwater system is a setup designed to collect and store rainwater for
various purposes, such as watering plants, cleaning, bathing, or even drinking.
❖ Water cycle: is the continuous process of water moving on, above, and below the Earth's
surface, including steps like cloud condensation, precipitation, evaporation, infiltration,
and runoff.
❖ Water supplies: are sources of water that are available for use by people and communities
for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and other essential uses.

18
 TEXT COMMENTARY
This text offers a comprehensive overview of the essential role that source water plays in providing
safe drinking water for both public and private water systems. It emphasizing various sources such
as rivers, lakes, groundwater, and recycled water, it underscores the interconnectedness of these
water sources and the importance of understanding their origin and treatment processes. This
knowledge is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of drinking water.

Moreover, the text shows the importance of regular testing for germs and chemicals, particularly
for individuals relying on private wells or cisterns and the diversity in water supply sources,
ranging from large-scale public systems to smaller rural communities dependent on groundwater.
This diversity underscores the need for tailored approaches to water treatment and management to
meet the specific challenges posed by each water source.

Additionally, the text explores rainwater collection as an alternative water supply option, noting
its potential benefits while cautioning against potential contamination risks. It underscores the
importance of proper maintenance and water quality monitoring to mitigate these risks and ensure
the safety of collected rainwater.

In conclusion, the text serves as a reminder of the importance of water resource management in
safeguarding public health and well-being, while also promoting sustainable water use practices
for future generations.

19
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENST (MHERS)

* *************

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI

**********

AFRICA EXCELLENCY CENTER FOR WATER AND SANITATION (AECWS)

************

NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)

**********

Master1: HyAs-EHA-GTE

ECUE: Technical English

TOPIC

THE CULVERT

Presented by: AMADOU DJIBO Abou Oubeidata

Under the supervision of: Dr OLORY

MAY 2024

20
TEXT: The culvert

The culverts are the constructions or structures of civil engeneering that channels water

past an obstacle. Usually embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from

a pipe, reinforced concrete or other material. Culverts are commonly used both as cross-drains

to relieve drainage of ditches at the roadside, and to pass water under a road at natural drainage

and stream crossings.

When they are found beneath roads, they are frequently empty. A culvert may also be a

bridge-like structure designed to allow vehicle or pedestrian traffic to cross over the waterway

while allowing adequate passage for the water.

Culverts exist in many sizes and shapes. The culvert type and shape selection is based on a number of
factors including requirements for hydraulic performance, limitations on upstream

water surface elevation, and roadway embankment height. Among the culvert, we have the

gutters of rectangular form and the nozzles of circular form. Culverts can be constructed of a

variety of materials including cast-in-place or precast concrete (reinforced or non-reinforced).

The materials that we use to construct concret culvert formed by sand, gravel, water and cement, when
construction is finish, we cover it to embankment.

Culvert building is done in two stage. First of all, we have a foundation and next a superstructure.
Foundation regroups excavation, property concret and foundation concret dosed

according to particular clauses. for superstructure, we find abutments; a concrete slab; two headwalls; four
wing walls, upstream and downstream and finally Upstream and downstream

protective riprap.

KEYS WORDS

Civil engeneering: It is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design,

construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including public works such
as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewage systems, pipelines, structural components of buildings, and
railways. Here, it is the hydraulic engineering.

21
Concrete: It is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid
cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the
world after water, [1] and is the most widely used building material.

Road: A road is a linear way for the conveyance of traffic that mostly has an improved

surface for use by vehicles (motorized and non-motorized) and pedestrians.

Unlike streets, the main function of roads is transportation. There are many types of roads, including
parkways, avenues, controlled-access highways (freeways, motorways, and expressways), tollways,
interstates, highways, thoroughfares, and local roads.

Foundation: Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and
transmits its loads directly to the earth. To prevent damage from repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the bottom of
the foundation must be below the frost line.

Superstructure: the superstructure includes beams, columns, finishes, windows, doors, the roof, floors, and
anything else. The parts of the superstructure are much lengthier than the parts of the substructure. This
shouldn't be surprising since the superstructure is much larger than the substructure.

22
 COMMENT

Culverts are small bridges that include scuppers (rectangular structures) and culverts (circular structures).
they are essentially used to cross obstacles along the road: they are therefore transverse structures. Like all
civil engineering structures, they include a foundation and a superstructure. The choice of one or the other is
done essentially by taking into account the size of the possible embankment after the construction of the
work. they are works for the majority carried out out of reinforced concrete thus made up of sand, cement,
gravel, water and steel.

23
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)
********
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING
********

The Biofil septique tank

Student Sector: Hydraulics and Sanitation

Writing by Under the supervision

AHOUANSE Albert Houénagnon Dr OLORY Bienvenu

Academic year : 2023-2024

24
Text: The biofil septique tank

The biofiltration septique tank is a self-contained wastewater treatment system that use microorganisms to
degrade organic matter present in wastewater. This system relies on a natural biological process that purifies
wastewater before reintroducing it into the soil. Thanks to the action of bacteria present in the biofilter,
contaminants are efficiently broken down, thus reducing environmental pollution. This septique tank is an
ecological sanitation system that works naturally to treat domestic wastewater and her mode of operation is
based on natural bacteria present in aquatic environments and in the soil.

This is how the biofil septic tank works:

Wastewater from the toilets, kitchen and bathroom is discharged into the biofil septic tank: It is wastewater
reception. Inside the pit, the solids naturally separate from the liquids. The solids remain at the bottom of the
pit (sludge) while the liquids accumulate on the surface: It is separation phase. The anaerobic and aerobic
bacteria present in the biofil begin to break down the organic matter present in the wastewater. They
transform these substances into simpler compounds, thus reducing their harmfulness: It is action of bacteria.
Once the bacteria have acted on the organic waste, the partially treated water flows through a filter media
where microorganisms continue the purification process. The treated water can then be safely discharged
into the ground: It is filtration and drainage phase. To ensure the proper functioning of the biofil septic tank,
it is essential to have it maintained regularly, taking care not to dump aggressive chemicals, into it which
could disrupt the biological balance. It is the maintenance phase.

The biofil septique tank constitutes a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for the treatment of
domestic wastewater, thus contributing of natural resources.

Explanation of key words

25
1-Biofiltration: It is a biological technique that has been the subject of numerous industrial applications of
the depollution of gases or water. This technique consists of forcing the passage of the gas or effluent to be
treated through a fil material on which the purifying microorganisms are attached.

2- bacteria: There are key players in the biological wastewater treatment process, contributing to the
breakdown of contaminants and the purification of water before its release into the environment.

3- Anaerobic and Aerobic: These are biological processes of which the aerobic one needs the presence of
oxygen to take place and the anaerobic one does not need the presence of oxygen to take place.

4- purification: It is the set of processes aimed at depolluting wastewater before its return to the natural
environment or its reuse.

5- Domestic wastewater: It is any water that has been affected by human use and includes substances such
as human waste, soap and chemicals.

Comment

26
In summary, the biofil septic tank constitutes a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for the
treatment of domestic wastewater, thus contributing to the preservation of our natural resources.

-Wastewater reception: Wastewater from the toilets, kitchen and bathroom is discharged into the biofil
septic tank. Inside the pit, solids naturally separate from liquids. The solids remain at the bottom of the pit
(sludge) while the liquids accumulate on the surface.

-Action of bacteria: Anaerobic and aerobic bacteria present in the biofilter begin to break down the organic
matter present in the wastewater. They transform these substances into simpler compounds, thus reducing
their harmfulness.

-Ecology and sustainability: The biofiltration septic tank is an ecological alternative to traditional
sanitation systems. It uses natural processes and minimizes environmental impact.

Reduction of pollution: By effectively decomposing organic matter, this system helps reduce
environmental pollution.

-Role of bacteria: The text highlights the crucial role of bacteria in the wastewater treatment process.

-Necessary maintenance: Regular maintenance is essential to maintain the proper functioning of the biofil
septic tank.

27
 UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI
*****
National Water Institute
*****
Water and Sanitation Engineering Department
*****

MASTER 1 : WASH

Course : Scientific English

TOPIC: The Role of Health Sector in

Improving Sanitation

Student: Teacher:
Charmelle O. M. ALLOSSOGBE Dr Bienvenu OLORY

Academic year: 2023-2024

28
Text: The Role of Health Sector in Improving Sanitation
Sanitation promotion is one of the most important roles the health sector can have in environmental health
planning, because behaviors must be changed to increase householders' demand for and sustained use of
sanitation, especially in rural areas where the pressure for change is lower. Thus, two of the most promising
large-scale sanitation programs in Africa are centered around demand creation and are both led and delivered
by the Ministry of Health and its associated structures.

Sanitation can be promoted by the health sector through a stand-alone program such as sanitation marketing
or CLTS or included in disease-specific control programs such as the ‘SAFE’ approach to trachoma [63].
Alternatively, it can be incorporated into a wider integrated community health package such as Ethiopia's HEP
(Health Extension Program), which was developed in 2004 to prevent the five most prevalent diseases in the
country [61],[62]; safe sanitation and hygiene became a major focus within HEP because of the recognition
that these diseases are all linked with poor environmental health.

Promotion alone by the health sector may be insufficient, however, to ensure sanitation adoption and
maintenance. A “carrot and stick” approach may be needed in which sanitation coverage is increased through
a combination of community-based promotion and enforcement of national or local legislation that every
house must have a toilet [64],[65]. In many countries, Environmental Health Officers are responsible for
ensuring the sanitary condition and hygienic emptying of toilets, and have the power to sanction dissenting
households with fines and court action [65]. This enforcement role of the health sector is party hicularly
important in urban areas where high-density living increases the risks of fecal contamination of the
environment and where one person's lack of sanitation can affect the health of many other people.

The health sector also has an important role to play in advocacy and leadership. Politicians and the general
public listen to doctors. That puts an onus on the medical profession to speak out on all important health issues,
including sanitation. Historically, this has not happened. Thus, in 2008, The Lancet wrote, “the shamefully
weak presence of the health sector in advocating for improved access to water and sanitation is
incomprehensible and completely short-sighted”

Finally, the well-honed epidemiology and surveillance skills of health professionals must also now be applied
to sanitation to establish clear links between national health information systems and sanitation planning and
financing, which has historically been separate from health in most countries.

29
KEYWODRS

Health: Health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity”.

Sanitation: Sanitation can be defined as a set of actions designed to improve people’s living conditions,
preserve their health and protect natural resources and the environment.

Hygiene: According to the WHO, Hygiene is a set of measures (means and practices) designed to prevent
infections and the onset of infectious diseases.

CLTS: Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an innovative methodology for mobilizing communities
to completely eliminate open defecation (OD). Communities are facilitated to conduct their own appraisal and
analysis of open defecation (OD) and take their own action to become ODF (open defecation free).

Environment: All the natural and artificial elements as well as economic, social and cultural factors that
influence living beings and which they can modify.

30
 COMMENTS
This text highlights the importance of sanitation promotion by the health sector in environmental health
planning. It stresses that behavior must be changed to increase demand for sanitation, particularly in rural
areas. Two programs in Africa are cited as promising for creating this demand. The article suggests different
approaches, such as marketing sanitation or including it in specific health programs. It highlights the crucial
role of the health sector in implementing these strategies, particularly in integrated community programs such
as the Health Extension Program (HEP) in Ethiopia.

The article also points out that promotion alone is not always enough to ensure the sustainable adoption of
sanitation. He points to the importance of an approach combining community promotion and enforcement of
legislation to ensure adequate sanitation coverage. In this context, environmental health officers are mentioned
as playing a key role in maintaining health standards and enforcing regulations.

In addition, the text highlights the role of the health sector in sanitation advocacy and leadership. It emphasizes
the importance of health professionals speaking out on these issues, stressing that this can lead to significant
changes in policy and practice

Finally, the article highlights the significant economic and health benefits associated with improved sanitation,
while emphasizing that despite these advantages, international attention to sanitation promotion has sometimes
been insufficient compared to other public health interventions. It calls for stronger institutional leadership,
solid planning and clear budget lines to ensure the success of sanitation programs.

31
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
***@@@***

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

*****@@@*****

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI

Institut National de l’Eau

***@@@***

CENTRE D’EXCELLENCE D’AFRIQUE POUR

L’EAU ET L’ASSAINISSEMENT

Branch of Water and Sanitation Engineering

MASTER I

Option: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Technical English

Text: Household waste and excreta management

Presented by: IBRAHIM MADOUGOU Soraya

Supervised by: M. Bienvenu OLORY
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

32
TEXT: household waste and excreta management

Several African cities are infested by pollution created by the disposal of household waste in public spaces.
In Ouagadougou for example, household waste is found in state public administrations, streets, empty spaces,
uninhabited land, in the middle of roads, in cemeteries and around markets. However, studies on sanitation
reveal that the proliferation of household waste depots is only the result of the weakness and irregularity of
garbage collection services, but also of the precarious socio-economic conditions in which African households
live. Indeed, garbage collection services are not sufficient compared to population demand. Furthermore, in
certain shanty towns and slum dwellings, the configuration of the houses does not allow the storage of garbage,
which leads people to systematically deposit it outside and often nearby. The accumulation of household
waste has become the source of harmful odors and pollution harmful to the health of population and
environment. In addition to the difficulties linked to the disposal of household waste, there is an insufficiency
of appropriate sanitary structures for good management of fecal sludge. Indeed, many households in West
and Central Africa do not have sanitary facilities such as toilets. In several urban areas, the predominant
model is the installation of a traditional latrine. A survey carried out in urban neighborhoods in Cameroon
reveals that 59% of the households studied have poorly constructed latrines causing odorous nuisances. In the
poorest households, residents do not have sanitary equipment so they often use neighbors' toilets or relieve
themselves in the open air. Open defecation is one of the main obstacles observed in the fight to improve
sanitation in West and Central Africa. Due to a lack of means to build toilets, populations in both urban and
rural areas tend to relieve themselves in the open air, that contribute to the environmental degradation, and the
increase of several diseases such as malaria, diarrhea etc.... According to the Water and Sanitation Program
(2012), open defecation is an economically very costly practice. In Burkina Faso, where 10 million people
do not have latrines and defecate in the open air, it is estimated that open defecation costs the country more
than 124 million Euros. Additionally, gray water resulting from household activities is often discharged into
latrines, thereby increasing the level of emptying. Pits are often dumped in neighborhoods, causing nauseating
odors and exposing populations to unsanitary conditions. Even when sludge is discharged by waste disposal
services, it is important to put in place control mechanisms to ensure that it is treated so as not to harm surface
water and soil. The installation of suitable drainage systems would allow the treatment and reuse of fecal
sludge in productive sectors such as agriculture.

Reference: water and sanitation in west and central Africa.

KEY WORDS

33
Household waste: household waste also known as domestic waste is disposable materials generated by
household; it means any solid or liquid material normally generated by the family in a residence in the course
of day to day living, including but not limited to garbage, paper products, rags, leaves, garden trash.

Excreta: is the waste matter such as urine or feces, which is passed out of a person or animal’s body.

Fecal sludge: is composed of excreta, but also includes anything else that goes into an onsite containment
technology, for example flush water, cleansing materials, grey water (bathing or kitchen water) solid waste
etc…

Open air defecation: it is defined as the disposal of human feces in open areas such as fields, forests, bushes,
bodies of water or open spaces.

Sanitary facilities: the world sanitary refers to conditions that affect hygiene and health and in particular,
sewage facilities and clean drinking water, sanitary facilities refer to piping and fixtures such as sinks,
lavatories, showers and toilets supplied with potable water and drained by wastewater piping.

COMMENT:

34
Waste management is a crucial problem in many African countries, with adverse consequences for people's
health, quality of life and the environment. The problem of household waste is becoming increasingly
worrying, and insalubrity has become a real problem and a permanent danger. It is characterized by a lack of
infrastructure and equipment for household waste management. The consequences include exposure to serious
diseases such as dysentery, malaria and other illnesses. Open air defecation leads to the contamination of water
and food resources, resulting in water borne diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid or cholera, it also contributes
to soil and water pollution as well as the propagation of flies, which can spread diseases like hookworm,
infections and viral hepatitis. This is lack of access to sanitary facilities that increases the phenomenon.

To remedy all this, it is essential to take charge of household waste, for example, by drawing up a communal
household waste evacuation plan for towns and cities, equipping the population with materials capable of
coping with sanitation costs, and encouraging initiatives to recover biodegradable and plastic waste.

It’s important to specify that when it comes to sanitation women play a fundamental role.in Africa societies
women are often responsible for household chores and generally for maintaining the environment. Waste
management, water supply, food preservation, children's hygiene, cleaning of sanitation facilities, etc. are all
responsibilities that women are entrusted with. Women's central role in sanitation has not, however, translated
into the inclusion of women's needs in When it comes to sanitation, women play a fundamental role. An
ECOWAS study has shown that women are de facto in charge of water, sanitation and hygiene-related tasks,
but are excluded from decision-making processes and the implementation of WASH programs.

35
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI
********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE
********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
********
SPECIALITY: HYDRAULICS AND SANITATION
********
SUBJECT: ENGLISH

CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES

(GLOBAL WARMING)

Supervised by: Presented by:

Dr. Bienvenu OLORY BOGNINOU Gloria C. V.

ACADEMIC YEAR:
2024-2025

36
 TEXT: CLIMATE CHANGES ISSUES

Climate change is a major challenge of the 21st century, largely caused by human activities, especially the use
of fossil fuels and deforestation. The consequences of climate change are already visible worldwide and are
becoming increasingly severe.

One of the most obvious consequences is the rising average temperatures on Earth's surface. This temperature
increase has devastating effects on ecosystems, economies, and human health. For example, more frequent
and intense heatwaves can lead to serious illnesses, and even death, especially among the most vulnerable
populations such as the elderly and children.

Climate change also results in changes in weather patterns, leading to an increase in the intensity and frequency
of extreme weather events such as storms, floods, and droughts. These events can cause massive economic
losses, destroy infrastructure and natural habitats, and result in large-scale population displacement.

In addition to the direct effects on humans, climate change also impacts terrestrial and marine ecosystems. For
example, the melting of glaciers and ice caps leads to sea-level rise, threatening coastal populations and
ecosystems. Furthermore, temperature and precipitation changes disrupt natural habitats, endangering many
animal and plant species.

To stop climate change, it is essential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This requires a transition to clean
and renewable energy sources, as well as changes in our production and consumption patterns. It is also crucial
to adopt sustainable agricultural practices, protect and restore natural ecosystems, and invest in climate-
resilient infrastructure.

In conclusion, climate change is a complex problem that requires urgent and concerted action at the global
level. By taking action now to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the ongoing climate changes, we
can help preserve our planet for future generations.

37
 DEFINITION OF FIVE (05) TECHNICAL TERMS TAKEN FROM THE TEXT

- Global warming: The global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average temperature,
primarily due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, resulting in global climate change.

- Deforestation: is the large-scale destruction of forests, usually caused by human activities such as logging,
intensive agriculture, and urbanization, leading to loss of biodiversity and climate impacts.

- Ecosystems: are complex sets formed by interactions between living organisms (fauna, flora) and their
physical environment (climate, soil, etc.) in a given region. They include biological communities and the
abiotic factors with which they interact.

- Meteorological events: it's the short-term atmospheric events that occur in Earth's atmosphere, such as
storms, precipitation, winds, thunderstorms, etc.

- Greenhouse gases: they are gaseous compounds present in the atmosphere that absorb and emit heat, thereby
contributing to the greenhouse effect and global warming. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide
(CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O).

38
TEXT COMMENTARY:
This text is a concise analysis that sheds light on the devastating impacts of global warming. It highlights its
direct consequences, such as rising average temperatures, heatwaves, extreme weather events, and the melting
of glaciers and ice caps. These effects have significant repercussions on ecosystems, economies, and human
health, particularly by increasing risks for the most vulnerable populations.

It also underscores the indirect impact of global warming on terrestrial and marine ecosystems, endangering
many animal and plant species. Furthermore, the text emphasizes the need for swift action to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, opting for clean and renewable energy sources, and adopting sustainable
agricultural practices.

This text underscores the urgency of the current climate situation and the importance of taking immediate
action to mitigate the effects of global warming. It calls for collective and global action to protect our planet
and ensure a sustainable future for future generations. Finally, this text is noteworthy as it calls for collective
consciousness and environmental responsibility to address one of the greatest challenges of our time.

39
 UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
*****
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
*****
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)
*****
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING (DWSE)
*****
MASTER 1 : EHA | HYAS | GTE

Course : ENGLISH
TITLE:

WATER AND WATER-BORNES DISEASES

Presented by: TEACHER:

EBO Coovi Léandre Mr OLORY Bienvenu

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

40
TEXT:
Water is one of the most precious elements on our planet, essential for life in all its forms. However, despite
its vitality, water can also be a source of danger when its quality is compromised. Waterborne diseases such
as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid fever represent a significant burden on public health in many parts of the
world, especially in areas where access to clean and safe water is limited.
Water contamination can occur in various ways, including from human or animal waste, industrial chemicals,
agricultural runoff, and pathogens. When people consume contaminated water, they risk contracting
potentially deadly diseases that can spread rapidly in densely populated and underserved populations.
The consequences of waterborne diseases extend beyond the impact on individual health. They also entail
considerable economic costs in terms of healthcare expenditures, lost work days, and reduced productivity.
Additionally, these diseases contribute to perpetuating the cycle of poverty by disproportionately affecting the
most vulnerable and least resilient communities.
Effectively combating waterborne diseases requires implementing integrated solutions that address both
access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene practices. This necessitates significant investments in water and
sanitation infrastructure, as well as education and awareness-raising among local populations.

Innovative technologies, such as small-scale water purification systems and eco-friendly toilets, can play a
crucial role in improving access to clean water and safe sanitation facilities in remote areas and informal urban
settlements. Additionally, hygiene training programs are essential for promoting safe and sustainable sanitary
practices.

On the policy front, there is a need to establish effective policies and regulations to protect water sources and
ensure their responsible and sustainable use. This also involves coordination among different stakeholders,
including governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, and civil society, to maximize the
impact of initiatives to combat waterborne diseases.

Ultimately, preventing waterborne diseases requires a global and long-term commitment to universal access
to clean and safe water. This requires not only financial investments but also political will and global
partnership to address this urgent public health challenge and ensure a healthier and more sustainable future
for all.

41
KEYWORDS: Drinking water, Contamination, Hygiene, Sanitation, Prevention

Drinking water Water that is safe and suitable for human consumption, free from contaminants such as
bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and pollutants.

Contamination: The presence or introduction of harmful or undesirable substances into water, making it unfit
for its intended use, such as drinking or irrigation.

Hygiene: Practices and conditions that promote cleanliness and prevent the spread of disease, including
personal hygiene (such as handwashing) and environmental hygiene (such as sanitation facilities).

Sanitation: The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste and the maintenance
of hygienic conditions, including toilets, sewage systems, and waste treatment plants.

Prevention: Measures taken to avoid or reduce the occurrence of something undesirable, such as waterborne
diseases, through actions such as improving water quality, promoting hygiene practices, and implementing
sanitation infrastructure.

42
COMMENT:

The text succinctly and clearly addresses the critical issue of waterborne diseases, emphasizing the importance
of clean and safe water for public health. By providing a precise definition of waterborne diseases such as
diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid fever, it highlights the magnitude of the challenge facing many communities
worldwide. By describing the various pathways of water contamination, the text underscores the complexity
of the problem and the need for holistic approaches to address it.

The detrimental consequences of waterborne diseases, both on an individual and socio-economic level, are
also well articulated. By highlighting the high costs in terms of healthcare expenditures, loss of productivity,
and perpetuation of poverty, the text underscores the urgency of action to prevent these diseases and improve
public health.

The proposed solutions, such as investment in water and sanitation infrastructure, hygiene education, and the
use of innovative technologies, offer insights into the necessary measures to combat waterborne diseases.
However, the text also acknowledges the political and logistical challenges associated with implementing such
solutions, thus emphasizing the need for concerted action on a global scale.
In conclusion, the text highlights the crucial importance of preventing waterborne diseases and calls for
collective commitment to universal access to clean and safe water. It underscores that only an integrated
approach, combining financial investments, effective policies, and strategic partnerships, will overcome this
major public health challenge and ensure a healthier and more sustainable future for all.

43
 UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
*****
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
*****
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)
*****
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING (DWSE)
*****
MASTER 1 : EHA | HYAS | GTE

Course : ENGLISH
TITLE:

WATER AND WATER-BORNES DISEASES

Presented by: TEACHER:

EBO Coovi Léandre Mr OLORY Bienvenu

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

44
TEXT:
Water is one of the most precious elements on our planet, essential for life in all its forms. However, despite
its vitality, water can also be a source of danger when its quality is compromised. Waterborne diseases such
as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid fever represent a significant burden on public health in many parts of the
world, especially in areas where access to clean and safe water is limited.
Water contamination can occur in various ways, including from human or animal waste, industrial chemicals,
agricultural runoff, and pathogens. When people consume contaminated water, they risk contracting
potentially deadly diseases that can spread rapidly in densely populated and underserved populations.
The consequences of waterborne diseases extend beyond the impact on individual health. They also entail
considerable economic costs in terms of healthcare expenditures, lost work days, and reduced productivity.
Additionally, these diseases contribute to perpetuating the cycle of poverty by disproportionately affecting the
most vulnerable and least resilient communities.
Effectively combating waterborne diseases requires implementing integrated solutions that address both
access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene practices. This necessitates significant investments in water and
sanitation infrastructure, as well as education and awareness-raising among local populations.

Innovative technologies, such as small-scale water purification systems and eco-friendly toilets, can play a
crucial role in improving access to clean water and safe sanitation facilities in remote areas and informal urban
settlements. Additionally, hygiene training programs are essential for promoting safe and sustainable sanitary
practices.

On the policy front, there is a need to establish effective policies and regulations to protect water sources and
ensure their responsible and sustainable use. This also involves coordination among different stakeholders,
including governments, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, and civil society, to maximize the
impact of initiatives to combat waterborne diseases.

Ultimately, preventing waterborne diseases requires a global and long-term commitment to universal access
to clean and safe water. This requires not only financial investments but also political will and global
partnership to address this urgent public health challenge and ensure a healthier and more sustainable future
for all.

45
KEYWORDS: Drinking water, Contamination, Hygiene, Sanitation, Prevention

Drinking water Water that is safe and suitable for human consumption, free from contaminants such as
bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and pollutants.

Contamination: The presence or introduction of harmful or undesirable substances into water, making it unfit
for its intended use, such as drinking or irrigation.

Hygiene: Practices and conditions that promote cleanliness and prevent the spread of disease, including
personal hygiene (such as handwashing) and environmental hygiene (such as sanitation facilities).

Sanitation: The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste and the maintenance
of hygienic conditions, including toilets, sewage systems, and waste treatment plants.

Prevention: Measures taken to avoid or reduce the occurrence of something undesirable, such as waterborne
diseases, through actions such as improving water quality, promoting hygiene practices, and implementing
sanitation infrastructure.

46
COMMENT:

The text succinctly and clearly addresses the critical issue of waterborne diseases, emphasizing the importance
of clean and safe water for public health. By providing a precise definition of waterborne diseases such as
diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid fever, it highlights the magnitude of the challenge facing many communities
worldwide. By describing the various pathways of water contamination, the text underscores the complexity
of the problem and the need for holistic approaches to address it.

The detrimental consequences of waterborne diseases, both on an individual and socio-economic level, are
also well articulated. By highlighting the high costs in terms of healthcare expenditures, loss of productivity,
and perpetuation of poverty, the text underscores the urgency of action to prevent these diseases and improve
public health.

The proposed solutions, such as investment in water and sanitation infrastructure, hygiene education, and the
use of innovative technologies, offer insights into the necessary measures to combat waterborne diseases.
However, the text also acknowledges the political and logistical challenges associated with implementing such
solutions, thus emphasizing the need for concerted action on a global scale.
In conclusion, the text highlights the crucial importance of preventing waterborne diseases and calls for
collective commitment to universal access to clean and safe water. It underscores that only an integrated
approach, combining financial investments, effective policies, and strategic partnerships, will overcome this
major public health challenge and ensure a healthier and more sustainable future for all.

47
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
*************
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI
********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE
Master 1: Hydromechanics *******
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING

TOPIC: GENERALITIES ON HYDROMECHANICALS

SYSTEMS

Presented by Teacher: Dr. Bienvenue OLORY

Caroline NGOUADJEU

May 2024

48
 GENERALITIES OF HYDROMECHANICS SYSTEMS

Hydro mechanical systems are crucial components in various engineering applications, integrating
principles of fluid mechanics and mechanical engineering. These systems encompass a wide range of devices
and processes that involve the transmission, control, and utilization of fluids to perform mechanical work. One
key aspect of hydro mechanical systems is their ability to leverage the properties of fluids, such as their ability
to flow, exert pressure, and transmit forces. These systems often rely on pumps, valves, actuators, and
pipelines to manipulate and direct the flow of fluids to achieve specific tasks. In hydraulic systems, for
example, hydraulic pumps are used to pressurize fluids, which are then transmitted through hydraulic lines to
actuators, such as hydraulic cylinders or motors. This pressurized fluid can exert considerable force, making
hydraulic systems ideal for applications requiring heavy lifting or precise control, such as in construction
equipment, automotive braking systems, and aircraft flight controls. Meanwhile, pneumatic systems utilize
compressed air or gas instead of fluids, offering advantages such as simplicity, cleanliness, and faster response
times. Pneumatic systems are commonly found in industrial automation, air compressors, pneumatic tools,
and HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems. Control valves play a critical role in hydro
mechanical systems, regulating the flow and pressure of fluids to maintain desired performance levels and
safety standards. These valves can be manually operated or automated using actuators, sensors, and control
systems to achieve precise control and monitoring. Overall, hydro mechanical systems are integral to countless
industries, providing efficient and reliable solutions for power transmission, motion control, and fluid
manipulation. As technology continues to advance, these systems will undoubtedly evolve to meet the ever-
changing demands of modern engineering.

49
DEFINITIONS OF KEYWORDS

▪ Fluids mechanics: It’s the science concerned with the response of forces exerted upon them. It’s a branch of
classical physics with applications of great importance in hydraulic and aeronautical engineering, chemical
engineering and meteorology.
▪ Mechanical engineering: It’s the study of physical machines that may involve force and movement
.It’s an engineering branch that combines engineering physics and mathematics principles with
materials sciences to design analyze manufacture and mechanical systems.
▪ Hydraulic: It’s a branch of science concerned with the practical application of fluids primarily liquids
in motion. It’s related to fluid mechanics which in large part provides its theoretical foundation.
▪ Automotive braking systems: The hydraulic brake system is a cornerstone of modern vehicles, using
fluid pressure to transmit force from the brake pedal to the brake pads. When the pedal is pressed,
brake fluid amplifies the pressure, causing the pads to clamp onto the brake discs or drums, effectively
slowing or stopping the vehicle,
▪ Automation: Automatic systems are designed to perform tasks with minimal human intervention.
They can range from simple processes like automatic doors to complex systems like self-driving cars
or automated manufacturing plants. These systems rely on sensors, algorithms, and actuators to operate
efficiently and safely.

50
COMMENTS

Hydro mechanical systems utilize fluid dynamics principles to accomplish various tasks, often in engineering
and industrial applications. Here’s a concise summary:

Hydraulic Systems: These systems use pressurized fluid, typically oil, to transmit power. They consist of
pumps, valves, cylinders, and motors. Hydraulic systems are common in heavy machinery like excavators,
loaders, and hydraulic presses.

Pneumatic Systems: Instead of liquids, pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power. They are
simpler and cleaner than hydraulic systems but typically provide less power. Pneumatic systems are found in
applications like air brakes in vehicles and pneumatic tools.

Fluid Dynamic: Understanding fluid behavior is crucial in designing efficient hydro mechanical systems. This
involves studying concepts like flow rate, pressure, viscosity, and turbulence.

Control Systems: Hydro mechanical systems often incorporate control mechanisms to regulate fluid flow and
pressure. These controls can be manual, automatic, or computerized, depending on the application.

Applications: Hydro mechanical systems are used in a wide range of industries, including manufacturing,
construction, aerospace, and automotive. They are preferred for their power, precision, and reliability in
performing tasks like lifting, pushing, braking, and controlling motion.

51
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
******
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI
******
AFRICA CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
*******
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER
********
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
******
SPECIALTY : Water, Hygiene and Sanitation

Master 1

TOPIC : ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION IN

AFRICA

By
DAWE Mensala

Under the supervision of :

M. OLORY Bienvenu

Academic-Year : 2023-2024

52
Improving access to safe drinkable water and adequate sanitation provides direct health gains and has
economic and social benefits. In fact, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), improving water,
sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in health care facilities is an urgent priority (WHO, 2013). The accessibility
to improved water and sanitation is a crucial mechanism to save infants and children from adverse health
outcomes –including respiratory ailments, malaria, and diarrhea which are leading causes of infant and child
mortality (Armah et al., 2018; Pullan et al., 2014). The lack of access to water and sanitation in health care
facilities may discourage women from giving birth in these facilities or cause delays in care-seeking (Velleman
et al., 2014). The implications of insufficient or no access to a safe water source and sanitation are devastating
for achieving Sustainable Development Goal five in Africa, specifically in educational attainment and labor
market participation. According to UNICEF (2016), fetching water is an immense waste of time for women
and girls, and it can affect their health, security, education, and their overall productivity.

The number of people without access to safe drinkable water and improved sanitation facilities has declined
significantly over the past two decades. According to the United Nations (2019), the proportion of the world
population without access to safe drinkable water decreased from 39% to 29% between 2000 and 2015.
Similarly, the proportion of the population using improved sanitation increased from 28% to 43% over the
same period (United Nations, 2019). Despite these significant improvements, 2.4 billion people around the
world lack access to safe drinkable water, 4.2 billions do not have access to safely managed sanitation, while
673 million are still practicing open defecation in 2017 (UNICEF and WHO, 2019). These statistics are worse
in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where most countries have less than 40% and 70% access rates to improved
sanitation and safe drinkable water; respectively. Also, large disparities exist within SSA countries. For
example, access to water is higher in urban areas (84%) than in rural areas (45%). Similar findings are
registered for sanitation where 44% of the urban population has access to improved sanitation compared to
22% of the rural population (UNICEF and WHO, 2019). These trends in access to safe drinkable water and
improved sanitation lead to serious health outcomes. For instance, the under-five mortality has significantly
decreased in the world, and SSA has the lowest progress (WHO, 2019). Also, SSA is witnessing rapid urban
growth– its urban population is expected to increase from 345 million in 2014 to 1.3 billion people by 2050.

53
Keywords

Drinkable water : drinkable water is water that is safe from microbe. It is often (but not always) supplied
through taps, in that case, it is also called tap water

Hygiene : is a series of practices performed to preserve health. According to the World Health Organization
(WHO), "Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of
diseases.

Sanitation : Sanitation is an approach aimed at improving the overall health situation of the environment in
its various components. It includes the collection, treatment and disposal of liquid waste, solid waste and
excrement.

Rural area : a rural area is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have
a low population density and small settlements.

Urban area : an urban area, built-up area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with a high population
density and an infrastructure of built environment. This is the core of a metropolitan statistical area in the
United States, if it contains a population of more than 50,000.

54
Comment :

Improving access to water, hygiene and sanitation in Africa is the most important thing because, this will safe
children under 5 year from many diseases. The statistics shows that many people around the world do not
have access to drinkable water and sanitation (4.2 billions : UNICEF and WHO,2019). This is a crucial
problem in the world, particulary in Africa that affects children (around 400,000 children under the age of 5
each year, or 1,000 every day).

Safe and available water is important for public health, whether it is used for drinking, domestic use, food
production or recreational purposes. Improved water supply and sanitation, and better management of water
resources, can boost countries economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction.

The main problem is that in term of accessibility there is a great différence between rural area and urban area.
For example access to water in urban area is higher than rural area.

Therefore, lack of water, hygiene and sanitation affect populations economically and socialy.

55
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
*************
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI
********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE
*******

DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING

Master 1: Hydromechanics

TOPIC: Automation of hydraulic systems in Ladder program

Presented by Teacher: Dr. Bienvenue OLORY

Marina Joachim Elaou CHEDE

May 2024

56
Better management of rainwater means preserving water resources by controlling the risk of flooding and
pollution, and thus improving the quality of life and environment for the local population. This plan is
therefore a response to the many challenges of our time. To achieve this, we have set up tools for remote
management of hydraulic installations, using new information and communication technologies such as
programmable logic controllers (PLCs). A PLC is a machine which, by means of mechanical, pneumatic,
hydraulic, electrical or electronic devices, is capable of actions imitating those of animate bodies. It is made
up of a number of elements which perform a set of programmed tasks without the need for human intervention.
Several programs, such as LADDER, allow us to increment the instructions we want in the PLC, which, once
connected to the hydraulic system and activated, executes the task assigned to it. In this way, from our
computers, we can manage the opening and closing valves of the drainage network.

Automated industrial systems are made up of two distinct parts: the control circuit and the power circuit. The
automation of hydraulic systems for rainwater management enables:

- optimized flood management: Remote management enables the various elements of the stormwater
management network, such as pumping systems and storage tanks, to be monitored remotely, so that any risk
of overflow can be detected early and measures put in place to minimize potential damage.

- Reduced operating costs: Remote management makes it possible to monitor the energy consumption of the
various elements of the stormwater management network, such as pumps and tanks, in order to optimize
energy consumption and reduce operating costs.

- Improving water quality: Remote management enables water quality to be monitored in storage tanks and
transport pipes, so that potential problems can be detected quickly and measures implemented to improve
water quality.

- Prevention of material damage: Remote management enables early detection of overflow risks in transport
pipes and storage tanks, to minimize the risk of property damage and disruption to road traffic.

57
 ❖ KEY WORDS:

- Water resources: Water resources are natural resources of water that are potentially useful for humans , for
example as a source of drinking water supply or irrigation water

-Program: arrange according to a plan or schedule.

-Pollution: Environmental destruction

-Hydraulic installations: involves physical assembly and setup of hydraulic systems, components, and
equipment to ensure they function correctly and efficiently.

- Storm water: surface water in abnormal quantity resulting from heavy falls of rain

58
 ❖ COMMENTS:

It's important to point out that PLCs do not introduce insecurity into a plant or substation, and do not
complicate the operator's duties, as is often believed. On the contrary, it has been proven that a well-designed
considerably increases plant availability, facilitates plant availability, makes operators' work easier and
improves and improves the bottom line.

59
 RÉPUBLIQUE DU BENIN
**********
UNIVERSITÉ D’ABOMEY CALAVI
********
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L’EAU
*****
CENTRE D’EXCELLENCE D’AFRIQUE POUR L’EAU ET L’ASSAINISSEMENT
(C2EA)
****
Department : Water and Sanitation Engineering
****
Master1 : HYASS, GTE, EHA

One of the steps in water treatment: Clarification

Courses : English

Student : Teacher :
NOUDAÏKPON Mahugnon Véronique Dr OLORY BIENVENU

Academic year 2023-2024

60
 Text: One of the steps in water treatment: Clarification
Water treatment refers to all the processes and technologies used to purify and make water suitable for use
or discharge into the environment. This includes clarification, disinfection, curing, etc.

Clarification is one of the fundamental steps in water treatment, playing an important role in transforming
raw water into clean and safe water to drink. Its main purpose is to remove suspended particles and make the
water clearer. During this stage, the water is treated with clarifying agents such as aluminum sulfate or ferric
chloride, which work by coagulating the suspended particles to form flocs. These flocs are then separated
from the water through settling or filtration processes, producing clearer, cleaner water. Clarification
therefore improves the quality of the water by removing impurities and making it suitable for human
consumption or other industrial uses. It includes several essential processes that work synergistically to
remove suspended particles from the water. The steps are as follows:

1. Coagulation: At the beginning of the clarification process, coagulating chemicals such as aluminum
sulfate (alum) or ferric chloride are added to the raw water. These chemicals react with the suspended
particles, neutralizing them and clumping them together to form larger particles called flocs.

2. Floc formation: Once coagulants have been added, water is mixed slowly to promote floc formation. The
suspended particles clump together to form larger, heavier aggregates, making it easier to remove them later.

3. Settling: After the flocs have formed, the water is left to rest in a settling tank. Thanks to gravity, the
heavier flocs fall to the bottom of the pond, forming a sediment called mud, while the clarified water
accumulates on the surface.

4. Filtration: To remove any remaining particles and get even clearer water, clarified water often passes
through a filter, such as a sand filter or membrane filter. These filters retain any fine particles that may still
be present, ensuring maximum water purification.

61
 Definition of Keywords

1- Suspended particle: They refer to small solid or liquid particles dispersed in the air or in a liquid. They
can come from various sources such as pollution, dust, industrial emissions
2- Coagulation: A chemical process in which particles suspended in a liquid group together to form
larger agglomerates, thus facilitating their elimination.
3- Flocs: Aggregates of suspended particles formed during the coagulation process. Flocs are typically
larger and heavier than individual particles, making it easier to separate them from the liquid.
4- Decanting: The physical process of letting a liquid-solid mixture sit so that the heavier solid particles
settle to the bottom of the container, separating the solids from the liquid.
5- Filtration: Separation method that consists of passing a liquid-solid mixture through a filter, which
retains the solid particles while the liquid passes through, thus allowing the separation of the solid
and liquid phases.

62
 Comment

The text describes in detail the importance of clarification in water treatment. This step is crucial because it
aims to remove suspended particles in the raw water, making it cleaner and safer to consume. Using
clarifying agents such as aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride, the suspended particles are coagulated to form
flocs, which are then separated from the water by settling or filtration. This process significantly improves
the quality of the water by removing impurities, ensuring its potability and safety for various uses. Water
treatment, an essential process for purifying and making water fit for various uses, is a complex practice
with several steps, the clarification of which is fundamental. This step aims to remove suspended particles in
the water, making the water clearer and safer to consume. To do this, clarifying agents such as aluminum
sulfate or ferric chloride are used to coagulate the suspended particles and form flocs. These flocs are then
separated from the water by settling or filtration, resulting in cleaner water. Clarification includes a series of
interrelated steps, including coagulation, floc formation, settling, and filtration, which work together to
effectively purify water. In summary, clarification is an essential step in water treatment, playing a vital role
in providing clean and safe water for human consumption and other industrial needs. Using clarifying
agents, the particles are grouped into flocs and then separated from the water by settling or filtration. This
complex process ensures the quality and safety of water for a variety of uses. Settling allows the heavier
flocs to fall to the bottom of the pond, forming a sludge, while the clarified water collects on the
surface. Finally, filtration through sand filters or membranes removes the remaining fine particles, ensuring
maximum water purification. This complex process ensures that the treated water is of high quality and
complies with safety standards for a variety of uses, from human consumption to industrial applications.

63
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L’EAU (INE)

DEPARTEMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING

OPTION: WATER MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT

UE: Technical English

(HOMEWORK)

Title of the text

Surface water treatment process

Supervised by: Produced by:

Dr Bienvenu OLORY Y. Bénédicte CHOLE

Academic Year : 2023-2024

64
TEXT: Surface water treatment process

The first step within any surface water treatment plant is to initiate coagulation which is the combination of
coagulants such as polymers, chloride and sulfate in the water. This mixation targets the unwanted substances
by making them join together and create larger substances called flocs.

Once the process of coagulation is done, then water enters the next stage called flocculation. In this stage,
the created flocs are forced to combine with each other and entangle other suspended solids, which creates an
even larger and heavier substances that are targeted for removal in the next stage.

The next stage in surface water treatment is known as sedimentation, which slowly takes the flocculated
water through a tank or basin while keeping the large flocs at the bottom of the system, where they will
eventually be eradicated.

The sedimentation stage is important since it eliminates suspended solids from the water through the use of
filters made of coal, sand, and other particles. The treatment in this stage also produces perfectly clean water
due to the sharp decrease in turbidity.

Surface water treatment also incorporates carbon which eliminates certain chemical substances in a process
called carbon absorption. To prevent unwanted contaminants being stuck in the small passageways between
grains of sand, this process forces these contaminants to be attached to the surface of carbon and are effectively
eliminated.

The final stage of surface water treatment is called the disinfection stage which includes the addition of
chlorine, ozone water treatment and other disinfectants to remove microbiological organisms such as bacteria,
viruses, parasites, etc. Throughout the surface water treatment process, a great deal of time is spent adding
sufficient disinfectant to maintain a residual amount in the water to effectively remove all pathogens in the
passageways.

Pure Aqua provides you with experts to ensure that the most quality surface water treatment and management
is implemented and maintained. By providing a custom water purification process to manage your plants,
there will be a 100% guarantee of safe and dependable water supply, and minimal operational cost to your
plant.

65
 KEYS WORDS
Coagulation: It is the process of destabilizing colloidal particles in water by adding a chemical reagent known
as a coagulant.

Flocculation: It is the process in water treatment that’s follows coagulation. It refers to the process of gently
mixing fine particles formed during coagulation to encourage their clumping into larger floc particles.

Sedimentation: It is the physical process that removes suspended solids from water, relying on the use of
sedimentation tanks that filter out larger solids.

Filtration: It is the process of using filters to eliminate suspended solids and reduce turbidity.

Carbon Absorption: It is the process of attaching contaminants to carbon's surface to eliminate them.

66
 COMMENT
Surface water treatment is a process that treats all impurities within water sources found on the earth's
surface like rivers, streams, and lakes. The process involves several stages, including coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration, carbon absorption, and disinfection. Coagulation is the first step, where coagulants
like polymers, chloride, and sulfate are added to the water to create larger substances called flocs. These flocs
then enter the flocculation stage, where they combine with other suspended solids to form even larger and
heavier substances that are targeted for removal. The sedimentation stage follows, where the flocculated water
is slowly passed through a tank or basin, allowing the large flocs to settle at the bottom and be eradicated.
This stage is crucial in eliminating suspended solids from the water and producing clean water with a sharp
decrease in turbidity. The treatment process also incorporates carbon absorption, which eliminates some
chemical substances by attaching them to the surface of carbon. The final stage is disinfection, which involves
the addition of chlorine, ozone water treatment, and other disinfectants to remove microbiological organisms
like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Throughout the process, a significant amount of time is spent adding
sufficient disinfectant to maintain a residual amount in the water and effectively remove all pathogens.

In conclusion, the surface water treatment process is a complex and precise process that requires a
significant amount of time and advanced technology to produce clean and potable water. The importance of
each stage, from coagulation to disinfection, cannot be overstated, as they work together to remove impurities
and pathogens from the water. Pure Aqua's expertise in delivering high-quality water treatment solutions
ensures a safe and reliable water supply with minimal operational costs.

Source : https://pureaqua.com/surface-water-treatment/

67
 REPUBLC OF BENIN
**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (MESRS)
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
**********
AFRICA CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (C2EA)
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (INE)
**********
DEPARTEMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING (DGEA)

Master1: EHA;
Courses: ENGLISH

Topic:

WATER, HYGIENE AND SANITATION

MADE BY : Enseignant :
TAIROU Y. Falilatou Dr : OLORY-TOGBE
Bienvenue

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

68
 Water, hygiene and sanitation
TEXT 1 In developing countries, not everyone has access to drinking water and sanitation.

The causes of the lack of drinking water and sanitation

In developing countries, poverty prevents the construction of improved water points and sanitation
facilities.
Wars and natural disasters (droughts, floods) are also the cause of the lack of drinking water and
sanitation.
Serious consequences on life and health
Every day, millions of people die or fall ill from the lack of clean water and sanitation. Children
are the first victims.
• Without drinking water and without sanitation, humans cannot live (drink and eat), have a healthy
lifestyle (wash themselves, wash their clothes, etc.), and avoid water-borne diseases (cholera, diarrhea,
etc.).
• Having good daily hygiene helps to be healthy. Washing your hands helps prevent illnesses
such as diarrhea or pneumonia. Still need to be able to do it...
TEXT 2: The water pollution
Lack of clean water and sanitation and poor water practices are at the root of water pollution
that causes disease.
What happens when water is polluted?
We talk about water pollution when sewage and household waste are discharged into nature, or
when people defecate in the open air.
Indeed, a person who has cholera and who defecates in nature pollutes the environment and the
water. The disease then spreads in the water and the populations that use or are in contact with
this water are contaminated.
Did you know ?
20 liters of water per day : this is the minimum quantity of water each person needs to live in
healthy conditions. Some regions of the world have fewer water resources (fresh, salt, underground,
rain) than others. This is the case for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa where it does not
often rain. As the world's population increases steadily, consumes more and more water and wastes
it too, fresh water could run out, it would be scarcity . To prevent this from happening, everyone
must be responsible to future generations by trying to recycle and save our water resources.

69
Key words :
• Drinking water is water suitable for consumption: which can be drunk, but also used for cooking and
washing.
• Sanitation includes the collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater through pipes and
sanitary facilities (washbasins, showers, WCs). It is also the collection of waste (household waste).
• Access to drinking water and sanitation contributes to hygiene and makes it possible to
avoid water-borne diseases, ie water-related diseases.
• Waterborne : mean conveyed by, travelling on, or involving travel or transport on water;
• Hygiene: refers to practices and conditions conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease,
typically involving cleanliness and sanitation.

70
Commentary :
However, the populations of developing countries do not have access to drinking water and sanitation:
they cannot and do not always know what to do to avoid polluting the water and falling ill.Thus,
populations fall ill and die because of the lack of information and sanitary facilities.
• Only 61% of people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to improved water sources , compared
to 90% or more in Latin America, the Caribbean, North Africa and much of Asia. More than
40% of the inhabitants of the planet who do not have access to drinking water live in sub-Saharan
Africa.
• Since 1990, UNICEF and its partners have provided more than two billion people with access
to improved water sources and 1.8 billion with access to sanitation facilities, by making households
aware of good hygiene practices improved sanitation. On the basis of the International Convention
on the Rights of the Child, Unicef defends the rightsof the child everywhere in the world and
acts with a view to ensuring the survival and development of each child; the child has the right
to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health.
• To have access to drinking water and sanitation : build/rehabilitate wells and sanitation facilities
(particularly in schools for children).
• To fight against water-related diseases :
- by providing equipment to purify, treat polluted water and supply drinking water
- by making households aware of good hygiene practices.

71
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENST (MHERS)

* *************
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI

**********
AFRICA EXCELLENCY CENTER FOR WATER AND SANITATION (AECWS)
************
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)

**********
Master1: HyAs-EHA-GTE

Course: English

Theme: Drinking water

Directed by:
Teacher: Dr OLORY Bienvenu
GLIKOU Kouzougbé Justin

Academic Year: 2023-2024

72
Text: Drinking water

Water is a source of life, which is why its production must meet both national regulations (decree 2001-094
of February 20, 2001 establishing drinking water standards in the Republic of Benin) and the recommendations
of the World Health Organization (WHO) regarding water quality. Consequently, it is imperative that each
time a parameter is found to be outside the norm, that specific treatment be carried out to bring it back to the
admissible threshold.

Natural mineral water has officially recognized health-promoting properties, but certain waters contain
elements which taken in large quantities or daily can be harmful. All quality criteria (flow rate, temperature,
mineral composition, appearance and taste) must be constant. It undergoes numerous daily checks and can
only come from a single source (there are 1,200 in France). When water has been recognized as being of
public interest, it is assigned a protection perimeter in which underground work is virtually prohibited. The
therapeutic values of certain mineral waters are used during thermal treatments. Spring water comes from
different sources, even from remote areas. It must comply with drinking water standards but all of its quality
criteria are not necessarily constant. The exploitation of a source requires prefectural authorization and an
opinion from the departmental hygiene council. Not all drinking water has the same chemical composition,
meaning that it does not all contain the same mineral substances. For the water to be impregnated with minerals
and sometimes loaded with carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide), it must remain underground for many years.

In addition, water treatment sectors since their design must take into account possible variations in water
quality during periods of high water and low water to avoid any fluctuations in the quality of the water
produced. following time. However, it should be noted that drinking water presents two strictly linked aspects
: the aesthetic aspect to which consumers are strictly linked and the health aspect which is based on rigorous
criteria of which any deviation during treatment makes the dangerous water and therefore harmful to the
consumer. The second aspect is aesthetic and concerns the organoleptic characteristics of the water which can
vary following certain hydraulic phenomena in the distribution network.

73
Keywords

➢ Drinking water: is defined as water whose consumption must not cause any
inconvenience (discomfort, disgust, illness) in humans.
➢ Water treatment: is a process, an action which makes it possible to restore water to a quality
defined by the standard, the various articles of law, and orders.
➢ Groundwater: is the water find underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock;
➢ Scarcity: we talk about scarcity of something when there is not enough of it and it is difficult
to obtain it;
➢ Natural mineral water: is a category of water whose characteristics are defined by
regulations. It comes from an underground source located in deep water tables.

74
Comment

Water is an essential resource for life, and its quality is of paramount importance to human health. The text
highlights several points regarding drinking water, mineral waters and water sources.

1. Drinking water:
➢ Drinking water is water that can be drunk without risk to health. It must meet national standards and
the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO).
➢ If a water parameter exceeds standards, specific treatment must be applied to bring the water back to
an acceptable level.
➢ Drinking water quality criteria include flow rate, temperature, mineral composition, appearance and
taste.
➢ Drinking water undergoes regular checks to guarantee its quality.
2. Mineral water:
➢ Natural mineral water has health-promoting properties and is officially recognized.
➢ However, some mineral waters may contain harmful elements in large quantities or during daily
consumption.
➢ Mineral waters are subject to strict quality criteria, and they can only come from a single source.
➢ Certain mineral waters have therapeutic values and are used during thermal treatments.
3. Spring water:
➢ Spring water comes from different sources, even from remote areas.
➢ It must also meet drinking water standards, but all its quality criteria are not necessarily constant.
➢ The exploitation of a water source requires administrative authorizations.

In short, water quality is essential for public health, and water treatment sectors must take into account possible
variations in its quality. It is crucial to ensure that the water we consume is clean and safe for everyone.

75
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENST (MHERS)

* *************
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI

**********
AFRICA EXCELLENCY CENTER FOR WATER AND SANITATION (AECWS)
******* *****
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)
**********
Master1: HyAs-EHA-GTE
Subject: English

Theme: IMPORTANCE OF WATER

CONSERVATION

Teacher: Dr OLORY Bienvenu

Student: ASSOGBA Gloriel Mozart

Academic Year: 2023-2024

76
D
TEXT: Importance of water conservation.

Water is an essential resource for life on Earth. Without it, no form of life would be possible. However, despite
its vital importance, water is increasingly threatened by various factors such as pollution, overexploitation and
the effects of climate change. Water preservation is therefore of paramount importance to ensure the survival
of aquatic ecosystems, as well as to meet human needs for drinking water. By preserving water, we also
preserved biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems which are home to a multitude of animal and plant species.
Sustainable management of water resources is essential to guarantee equitable access to water for all.
Unfortunately, many parts of the world are already suffering from water shortages, leading to serious
consequences for local populations. Water conservation helps prevent these shortages and ensures sufficient
water supplies for everyone. Additionally, water pollution is a growing problem that threatens the quality of
our drinking water and aquatic ecosystems. Industrial, agricultural and domestic activities contribute to water
pollution by toxic substances such as chemicals, waste and pesticides. Preserving water therefore also involves
reducing pollution to preserve its quality. Additionally, climate change has a significant impact on water
resources.

Temperature changes, droughts and erratic precipitation affect water availability in many parts of the world.
Water conservation therefore becomes even more crucial to face these challenges and adapt to the effects of
climate change.

In conclusion, water preservation is a collective and individual responsibility. Everyone can help preserve this
precious resource by adopting responsible practices such as reducing water consumption, properly managing
waste and promotion innovative technologies for water treatment. By conserving water, we preserve life in all
its forms and guarantee a sustainable future for future generations.

77
Keywords

➢ Overexploitation: Action of exploiting, of asserting (a thing). The exploitation of the water,

the subsoil, an estate.
➢ Pesticides: Chemical product used against animals and plant pests of crops
➢ Temperature: Degree of heat or cold of the atmosphere in a place.
➢ Pollution: Nuisance, deterioration of living conditions. A breakdown of the body’s defenses
against microbial infections.
➢ Climate: Set of atmospheric and meteorological circumstances (humidity, pressures,
temperatures…).
➢ Ecosystem: These are dwellings where are plant and or animal populations live, with a
determined physicochemical quality of water.

78
Comments:

This text highlights the critical importance of water conservation for life on Earth. This text rightly highlights
the threats facing this vital resource, such as pollution, overexploitation and the effects of climate change.
Sustainable management of water resources is essential to ensure equitable access to water for all and to
preserve the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems.

The text also addresses the growing problem of water pollution caused by various human activities, and
highlights the importance of reducing this pollution to preserve the quality of drinking water and aquatic
ecosystems in addition, it highlights the impact of climate change on water resources and the importance of
preserving water to face these challenges.

Finally, it underlines that preserving water is a collective and individual responsibility, and that everyone can
contribute to its preservation by adopting responsible practices. The call to action for water conservation is
clear and important to ensure a sustainable future for future generations.

79
 REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN
******
MINITERE DES ENSEIGNEMENTS SUPERIEURS
ET DE LA RECHERCHECIENTIFIQUE
******
UNIVERSITE D’ABOMEY CALAVI (UAC)
******
INSTITUT NATIONALE DE L’EAU (INE)
******
MASTER 1 GENIE DE L’EAU ET DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT (GEA)
******

NATURE AND TYPES OF WATER

POLLUTANTS

Sectors : Hydraulique et Assainissement

Written by : GNIMASSOUN Agbatan Thomas Kossoun Christian

Under the supervision : Dr OLORY Bienvenu

Année académique 2023-2024

80
NATURE AND TYPES OF WATER POLLUTANTS
Throughout history, the quality of drinking water has been a factor in determining human
welfare. Fecal pollution of drinking water has frequently caused waterborne diseases that have
decimated the populations of whole cities. Unwholesome water polluted by natural sources has
caused great hardship for people forced to drink it or use it for irrigation. Although there are
still occasional epidemics of bacterial and viral diseases caused by infectious agents carried in
drinking water, waterborne diseases have in general been well controlled, and drinking water
in technologically advanced countries is now remarkably free of the disease-causing agents that
were very common water contaminants only a few decades earlier.
Currently, waterborne toxic chemicals pose the greatest threat to the safety of water supplies in
industrialized nations. This is particularly true of groundwater in the U.S., which exceeds in
volume the flow of all U.S. rivers, lakes, and streams. In some areas, the quality of groundwater
is subject to a number of chemical threats. There are many possible sources of chemical
contamination. These include wastes from industrial chemical production, metal-plating
operations, and pesticide runoff from agricultural lands. Some specific pollutants include
industrial chemicals such as chlorinated hydrocarbons; heavy metals, including cadmium, lead,
and mercury; saline water; bacteria, particularly coliforms; and general municipal and industrial
wastes.
Since World War II, there has been a tremendous growth in the manufacture and use of synthetic
chemicals. Many of the chemicals have contaminated water supplies. Two examples are
insecticide and herbicide runoff from agricultural land, and industrial discharge into surface
waters. Also, there is a threat to groundwater from waste chemical dumps and landfills, storage
lagoons, treating ponds, and other facilities. It is clear that water pollution should be a concern
of every citizen. Understanding the sources,interactions, and effects of water pollutants is
essential for controlling pollutants in an environmentally safe and economically acceptable
manner. Above all, an understanding of water pollution and its control depends upon a basic
knowledge of aquatic environmental chemistry. Water pollutants can be divided among some
general categories like : trace elements, Acidity, alkalinity, salinity (in excess), Chemical
carcinogens, heavy methal, detergents...
Manahan, Stanley E. "WATER POLLUTION"

Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry

Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,2001

81
 Definition of some key technical terms
groundwater : The underground water i all water located below the ground surface, in the
saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground or subsoil.

Runoff : The runoff of rainwater over the ground surface. In hydrology, it designates the part
of precipitation which flows onto the surface of the soil. More precisely, it is the fraction of
rainwater, melted snow or irrigation water that flows to the surface of the ground and sooner or
later returns to a watercourse or aquifer.

Drinking water : It’s potable water, he is unsalted water, fresh water safe and healthy enough
for human consumption or use with little risk of immediate or long-term harm.

Aquatic environmental chemistry : Aquatic environmental chemistry studies the nature of

substances dissolved and suspended in naturels waters and other aquatic systems, as well as the
chemical balances and physicochemical processes in which these substances are involved.

Waterborne disease : Waterborne disease are the diseases linked to water quality and access
to drinking water. These diseases are often preventable and hould be treated as an
environmental health issue.

Text comments
This text takes an in-depth look at issues related to water pollution, highlighting the differrent
types of polluants and their effects on human health and the environment. Here are some points
of interest and essential elements to remember :

▪ History of water quality : The text highlights the importance of clean water to
human well-being throughout history. He also mentions the challenges posed
by fecal pollution and water-borne diseases.
▪ Changing threats : While bacterial and viral diseases have been better
controlled in developed countries, toxic chemicals are now the primary threat
to water quality. Groundwater in the United States is particulary exposed to
these contaminants.
▪ Source of chemical contamination : The text identifies various possible
sources of chemical pollution, including industrial wastes, agricultural
pesticides, heavy metals, and synthetic chemicals.

82
 ▪ Citizen responsability : Water pollutions concerns every citizen.
Understanding pollutants, their interactions and their effects is essential for
environmentally friendly and economically viable control.
In short, this text reminds us of the importance of preserving water quality and taking measures
to minimize pollution.

83
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

************

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

************

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI

************

NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE

Department of Water Engineering and Sanitation

Topic : Process of drilling

English presentation

Student’s full name

ALLE David Samuel

Teacher’s full name

Dr Bienvenu OLORY

84
 Text
Deciding Where to Drill
When drilling equipment is available, it is very tempting to get right to work drilling wells.
However, wells should be carefully sited so that drilling only occurs where there is a high
probability of successfully penetrating into water-bearing formations and the wells can be
effectively used, maintained, and protected from contamination. While every borehole will not
result in a good well, advanced planning with the community will maximize the number of
successful wells and minimize drilling costs. In order to successfully site water wells, those
involved must know something about the places where underground water occurs and how it
got there. Aerial photographs, geologic reports, well logs and topographic maps are useful in
studying these factors. Where available, specialists should be enlisted to use geophysical
techniques to define subsurface conditions. This is most important in areas where air photo
coverage and hydrogeological information are inadequate, where local rainfall is less than 700
mm/yr and where adequate water supplies are only available in rock . Usually, however, the
best source of well siting information is talking to people who have dug local water wells and
personal inspection of water wells in the area. Although this can be time consuming, it is very
important and contributes to an understanding of local subsurface conditions and selection of
the best place for successful water wells.
Sources of Contamination

Well water should be tested to ensure that it is free from disease-causing organisms. Also, if it
is not clear and good tasting, people may revert to traditional unsafe drinking water supplies.
Therefore, avoid drilling in areas where unsuitable quality water is known to occur and keep
wells as far away as possible from potential sources of pollution.

NOT slope from pollution sources towards water wells). If this cannot be avoided, try to locate
wells as far to the side of the slope as possible (i.e., not directly downslope of possible
contaminant sources).

Source: Copyright 2014 All Star Training, Inc.

85
 Technics Word
Drilling: It is the set of operations that allow to drill into the ground to obtain a resource located
underground. In our context, drilling is concern obtainment to the underground water resource.

Aerial photographs: These are photos of the Earth's surface obtained by remote sensing thanks
to machine such as satellites and drones. It performs the photo of a fixed part of the earth at a
well-known resolution.

Geophysical techniques: These are techniques used by geophysicists to conduct prospecting

over a determined space in order to search for anomalies that could lead to decisions on the
presence or absence of water in the subsoil.

Hydrogeological information: It is the set of data related to groundwater in a locality. They

are used to know the evolution of the resource and for the realization of other works.

Local rainfall: These are rainfall data from the locality. It represents the millimeters of rain
that falls on this environment in a specific period.

86
Comment

The text generally discusses one of the steps in the process of drilling: choosing the drilling
site. Often, after getting the drilling equipment, many people rush into the drilling process: this
should not be the case. Studies are needed to better choose the drilling site to optimize the
success of the drilling and avoid contamination risks. Aerial photographs, geological reports,
and topographic maps are tools used. Geophysical studies also help choose the drilling location.
It is necessary to consider the hydrogeological information of the study area to better guide the
choice when in an area where rainfall is less than 700 mm/year. Generally, it is also important
to approach local people who have already done drilling. So, an inspection of the area's water
wells is carried out. Even though it takes more time, it is very important and contributes
significantly to understanding the local underground conditions and selecting the best place for
successful water wells.

Also, it should be noted that to avoid the risks of diseases and ensure that the water is clear and
tastes good, we must avoid drilling in areas where we know the water quality is inappropriate
and stay as far away as possible from potential sources of pollution.

This text is interesting because it gives us quite precise information on the process leading to
the choice of a site for drilling to ensure the water's drinkability while obtaining a significant
flow rate.

It is therefore important to remember that to select a site for drilling, you must review
documents using aerial photographs and topo maps. For areas with low rainfall,
hydrogeological data must also be referred to. The participatory approach with the local
population is also important. It is also necessary to avoid drilling in areas where the water
quality is inappropriate so that the water is clear and tastes good.

87
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENTIST (MHERS)
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
**********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUE (NWI)
**********
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WSED)

Course: Technical English

Master 1 : EHA ; HYAS ; GTE

WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN ACCESS TO WATER

AND SANITATION

Teacher:

Written by : Dr. OLORY

ILDJIMA ABDOULAYE

Academic year : 2023 - 2024

88
Gender equality is a fundamental principle of human rights, but inequalities on the basis of gender identity
persist. This translates not only into unequal enjoyment of the rights to water and sanitation, but also into
unequal opportunities and serious violations of other human rights. It is therefore important to empower and
facilitate women's access to water and sanitation because:

• Water collection, which is mostly done by women and girls, punctuates the daily schedule of millions
of women around the world (girls and women spend an average of 3 to 4 hours per day in Africa
collecting water). This situation is a major obstacle to progress in gender equality. According to
UNICEF, it also contributes to the feminization of poverty. It should be remembered that, according
to the United Nations, 70% of people living in poverty are women.
• In addition, as they perform most of the tasks related to water collection outside their homes, women
and girls are exposed to the risk of sexual assault. One third of the world's women also face this type
of violence because they are forced to relieve themselves outdoors. This is why the issue of access to
water and sanitation is, for many women, synonymous with physical and moral violence.
• Cultural and social issues also play a major role in the effectiveness of women's right to water. Social
factors (social category, age, sexual orientation or gender identity) imply a wide range of obstacles to
accessing the right to water. It should also be noted that the lack of adequate water and sanitation
facilities often leads women and girls to avoid a form of public and collective life. These physical
hygiene deficiencies in public institutions sometimes prevent them from going to work or school -
especially during menstruation. The lack of basic sanitation facilities is one of the main reasons why
many girls drop out of school.

Case of the National Water Institute's (University of Abomey-Calavi) new Buildings A and B.

In an institute where one is supposed to train young professionals in the water and sanitation
sector, the minimum to allow girls to meet their most basic needs is not taken into account.
Indeed, in this institute, both girls and boys share the same toilet.

Studies have shown that women are the most effective in driving productive change in the design and
maintenance of water and sanitation systems. Empowering women and girls’ means equipping them to
participate in decision-making processes and to advocate for their needs to be taken into account in policy-
making. States must ensure that water, sanitation and hygiene facilities are available and accessible (schools,
hospitals, workplaces, markets, places of detention and public spaces) and that the specific needs of women
and girls are incorporated into the design of these facilities. Women's involvement is therefore essential.

89
KEY WORDS
▪ Water collection: it is the action of collecting rainwater in a container or to get water from a source
(river)

▪ Sanitation: Action to sanitize, is a process aimed at improving the overall sanitary situation of the
environment by removing all causes of unhealthy conditions.

▪ To advocate: to speak or write in favor of something

▪ To Empower: give (someone) the authority or power to do something

▪ Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed

▪ Sexual assault is an act in which one intentionally sexually touches another person without that
person's consent

▪ Commitment: the state or quality of being dedicated to a cause, activity

90
COMMENTARIES
Gender inequalities related to water, sanitation, and hygiene are pervasive and occur at every stage of a
woman's life - through childhood, adolescence, parenthood, illness, and old age. There is an urgent need to
ensure that women and girls, throughout their lives, have the same chances, opportunities, and possibilities
to lead healthy, self-determined lives.
For all people, especially women, to fully enjoy their human rights to water and sanitation, states must show
strong political commitment.
I am convinced that all the girls here present have the possibility of changing things. Certainly we in the
urban environment we do not undergo of full force this inequality however our voices can contribute to
improve the living conditions of the thousands of young girls raped and abused while returning of the
backwater or while defecating in the bush.

Pictures 1, 2: Toilets in INE buildings without distinction between men and women and without locks

91
 UNIVERSITE D’ABOMEY-CALAVI

********

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L’EAU (INE)

********

CENTRE D’EXCELLENCE D’AFRIQUE POUR L’EAU ET L’ASSAINISSEMENT

********

DEPARTEMENT DU GENIE DE L’EAU ET DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT (DGEA)

********

MASTER I / GESTION ET TRAITEMENT DES EAUX

WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN AFRICA

Réalisé par : Sous la supervision de :

Constantine E.A. KPELENGA Dr Bienvenu OLORY

Année Académique : 2023-2024

92
WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN AFRICA

On-site sanitation systems such as pit latrines and septic tanks are widely used in rural and semi-urban areas
in Africa. However, the maintenance and management of these pit latrines is very poor. This deteriorates the
groundwater quality. Many pit latrines are full and the wastewater is flowing. This is a source for
waterborne diseases. Natural wetlands are used for wastewater treatment or disposal in some countries such
as Uganda; however, due to increasing pollutant loads, more and more natural wetlands are weakened or
diminished.

In urban areas, off-site wastewater treatment systems are a common practice. Wastewater is collected and
transported to WWTP’s (wastewater treatment plants) for treatment. In Zambia, available technologies for
WWTPs include activated sludge treatment in some selected towns, combined trickling filter plants in most
of the cities and towns, and stabilization ponds, which are most popular. In Kenya, out of 39 publicly
operated systems, there are 27 waste stabilization ponds because they are robust in operation under harsh
conditions, six conventional processes such as trickling filters, three oxidation ditches, and three aerated
lagoons.

Conventional treatment processes such as activated sludge and biofilms are used seldom in Africa due to
lack of energy and financial resources. For instance, in Uganda, the National Water and Sewerage
Corporation employs Conventional Sewage Treatment Works only at Bugolobi Sewage Treatment Works
for Kampala City and one plant in Masaka Sewage Treatment Works (www.nwsc.co.ug/about04.php), while
it applies stabilization ponds for the other sewerage treatment plants. The Bugolobi Sewage Treatment
Works only covers 55% of the sewage produced within the Nakivubo catchment area, while the rest of the
sewage goes into natural wetlands around Kampala without any treatment.

93
TECHNCAL THEMES

WASTEWATER : water that is not clean because it has aldready been used in homes, business, factories.

OXIDATION DITCHES : is a modified activated sludge biological treatment process that utilizes long
solids retention times to remove biodegradable organics.

AERATED LAGOONS : wastewater treatment system consisting of a pond with artificial aeration to
promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters.

PIT LATRINE : is a type of toilet that collects human waste in a hole in the ground.

BIOFILM : is a community of microorganisms attached to a solid surface.

94
COMMENT

The text emphasizes the critical problems and possible ways to solve them concerning the issue of
wastewater management in Africa in the rural and urban areas. For example, this paper demonstrates the
dependence on on-site sanitation, including pit latrines and septic tanks, prevalent in rural and semi-urban
localities. Still, it is also necessary to admit that the use of on-site sanitation is associated with poor
maintenance and management. Water quality is also severely affected by the degradation of groundwater
quality due to porous pit latrine exposure. Therefore, the need for improved discharge infrastructural
facilities and sanitation management practices is urgent.

Moreover, water pollution reduces available freshwater; water pollution also causes suffering to the human
body. The millennium development goals also notes that the proportion of people without sustainable access
to safe drinking water and access to basic sanitation should be reduced by half by 2015. In addition,
consequently, proper water and waste treatment will reduce pollution-related diseases and promote the
realization of the MDGs. For instance, goal 1: eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, is also related to the
water treatment as having access to clean drinking water will help save time and money for people to collect
water to take than the time is used on food gathering and working.

To conclude, the text is talking about the urgent need for enhanced sanitation infrastructure and
management practices in African rural and urban regions. Properly managed wastewater is also highlighted
as a key element of these improvements, as it helps protect public health and optimize the use of natural
ecosystems to sustainably maintain water resources. More focus should be directed towards investing in
wastewater treatment to ensure sufficient infrastructure and technology in solving complicated issues.

95
 UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVY (UAC)
*****
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION(C2EA)
*****
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUE (INE)
*****
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING

THEME : TECHNICAL STUDY FOR THE REALIZATION OF AEPS

IN THE VILLAGE OF NOHOUNGO, COMMUNITY OF KOUPELA,
EASTERN CENTRAL REGION OF BURKINA FASO

PRESENT BY : MOUMOULA PRISCA NOEMIE

QUOTE
<All people, whatever their level of development and socio-economic conditions, have the right to
have access to drinking water in quantity and quality that meets their essential needs≻
(DIEPA Objective, 1981, UN).

96
 Test:
Burkina Faso is a Sahelo-Saharan country with rainfall unevenly distributed throughout the territory. This
country experiences a disparity and/or a low rate of access to drinking water for populations, especially in
rural areas (INO, 2022).
Indeed, many villages in Burkina have an access rate to drinking water of less than 50%, this is the case, for
example, of the village of Cinkanse in the commune of Yargatenga. The lack of water imposes a great chore
for water on women because they are forced to travel kilometers to stock up on this vital resource.
It should not be overlooked that part of the population obtains its supplies from non-drinkable sources which
are the cause of a high prevalence of water-borne diseases. Faced with this glaring situation, multiple
investigations linked to the Water and Sanitation sub-sector have been carried out. Based on a reference
situation in 2016, and with a view to achieving objective 6 of the SDGs, the Ministry in charge of water has
planned investments by 2030 as part of the national drinking water supply program (PN-AEP).
Several urban and rural centers in the country have benefited in recent years from significant investments in
drinking water through the construction of hydraulic infrastructures financed by the Burkinabe State, the
Technical Financial Partners (PTF) and the private sector. These investments are focused on the creation of
Drinking Water Supply Systems (AEP), Multi-Village Drinking Water Supply (AEP-MV), Mini Drinking
Water Supply (Mini AEP) and Drinking Water Supply Simplified (AEPS).
It is with this perspective of relieving the rural population in terms of water that the ministry in charge of
water through the DREA-CES (REGIONAL DIRECTORATE OF WATER AND SANITATION OF THE
CENTER-EAST) has decided of the construction of an AEPS in the center of Nohoungo. This achievement
is preceded by socio-economic and technical feasibility studies. This results in an adequate AEP sizing basis
and an applicable technical model for efficient implementation of projects for the benefit of the populations.

97
Keywords: AEPS; sizing; management by leasing; AUE; Service points.

DEFINITION

➢ AEPS: Simplified drinking water supply, this is a low capacity structure set up to provide drinking
water in rural areas.
➢ Sizing : it is the technical design of the work taking into account several aspects.
➢ Management by leasing: is a method of managing public services, particularly drinking water
services, in which an entity is responsible for the operational management of the work. The company
chosen for leasing is responsible for maintaining the infrastructure in the event of a breakdown.
➢ AUE: Association of water users, its role is to ensure sustainable and rational management of water
resources, while raising awareness among the beneficiary population.
➢ Service points: these are water withdrawal structures. We have standpipes, special connections.

98
COMMENT

Access to drinking water continues to be a major concern in Sahelian countries. This is the case in Burkina
Faso, where populations in deficit areas obtain water from non-potable water sources. To compensate for this,
the Burkinabè State has undertaken initiatives through the establishment of the National Drinking Water
Supply Program (PN-AEP) which is a program which aims to cover the needs of the population in terms of
water in quantity and quality. This is how the village of Nohoungo located in the commune of Koupéla,
Center-East region, was provided with a technical study for simplified drinking water supply (AEPS).
Nohoungo is a village of 7,143 inhabitants by 2043 with a demand of 235.97 m3/s. The water sources to be
used will be high flow boreholes in the area. We were able to identify two (2) flow rate boreholes (6 and 8
m3/h). From the boreholes, the discharge will be done using Grundfos pumps. The energy source will be
powered by solar energy relayed by SONABEL. Distribution will be by gravity with a 40 m3 tank. The service
points will consist of standpipes and special connections. The operating pressure taken equal to 5m was
respected at each node. After sizing the network on Excel, we simulated our network on Epanet and Porteau
to confirm our results. For the implementation of the AEPS, the estimated financial envelope is 85,244,370
CFA francs. To ensure sustainable management of the AEPS, we have opted for management by leasing.
For sustainable and effective use of the structure, it would be wise to raise awareness among the beneficiary
population and strengthen the training of WUAs.

99
 REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN
********

MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA

RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (M.E.S.R.S)
********

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L’EAU (I.N.E)

********

DEPARTEMENT DE GENIE DE L’EAU ET DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT (D.G.E.A)

********

Master 1: Hydraulics and sanitation

Subject: English

Air Pollution

Teacher:
Dr. OLORY Bienvenu
Student’s Name:
NKONO Princesse Emmanuelle

Academic year: 2023-2024

100
 Air pollution consists of chemicals or particles in the air that can harm the health of humans, animals,
and plants. It also damages buildings. Pollutants in the air take many forms. They can be gases, solid particles,
or liquid droplets.

Pollution enters the Earth's atmosphere in many different ways. Most air pollution is created by people,
taking the form of emissions from factories, cars, planes, or aerosol cans. Second-hand cigarette smoke is also
considered as air pollution. These man-made sources of pollution are called anthropogenic sources.

Some types of air pollution, such as smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes, occur naturally.
These are called natural sources.

Air pollution is most common in large cities where emissions from many different sources are
concentrated. Sometimes, mountains or tall buildings prevent air pollution from spreading out. This air
pollution often appears as a cloud making the air murky. It is called smog. The word "smog" comes from
combining the words "smoke" and "fog."

Large cities in poor and developing nations tend to have more air pollution than cities in developed
nations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), some of the world’s most polluted cities are
Karachi, Pakistan; New Delhi, India; Beijing, China; Lima, Peru; and Cairo, Egypt. However, many developed
nations also have air pollution problems. Los Angeles, California, is nicknamed Smog City.

Effects On Humans

People experience a wide range of health effects from being exposed to air pollution. Effects can be
broken down into short-term effects and long-term effects.

Short-term effects, which are temporary, include illnesses such as pneumonia or bronchitis. They also
include discomfort such as irritation to the nose, throat, eyes, or skin.

Long-term effects of air pollution can last for years or for an entire lifetime.

Effects On the Environment

Like people, animals, and plants, entire ecosystems can suffer effects from air pollution.

Air pollution particles eventually fall back to Earth. Air pollution can directly contaminate the surface of
bodies of water and soil. This can kill crops or reduce their yield. It can kill young trees and other plants.

101
Definitions of keywords

Pollution: the presence or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous
effects.

Air pollution: Harmful chemicals in the atmosphere

Pollutants: Chemical or others substance that harms a natural resource

Anthropogenic sources: caused by people

Natural sources: Caused by nature or the Environment.

102
Comment:

As define, pollution is the introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or
poisonous effects. There are several types of pollution including air pollution. The latter can be caused by
natural sources such as smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes, but also by anthropogenic sources. As
shows by the text, men are at the center of the most pollutants activities such as factories, cars, planes, or
aerosol cans…

Hence, it’s important for them to work on reducing or avoiding pollution in their different activities in other
to preserve Human lives and Environment.

103
 National Water Institute

Professional Master’s degree

Field of study : Water Management and Treatment

(GTE)

TOPIC

Wastewater Management and Sustainable

Development

Presented by : Requested by :
PIO Halid Précieux Kolawolé Dr. Olory Bienvenu

104
Wastewater Management
Academicand
yearSustainable
: 2023 - 2024 Development
Population and urban growth exert considerable pressure on water resources. Urban populations could double
by 2050, increasing water needs. Many cities lack wastewater treatment systems, threatening human health
and ecosystems. Each year, at least 1.8 million children die from water-related diseases, and more than half
of hospital beds are occupied by patients suffering from such diseases. To meet the growing demand for water,
it is crucial to revolutionize wastewater management. This report examines how to improve the management
of the water production and treatment cycle for environmental, social, and economic benefits.

The main causes of the global crisis related to the water quality

Poor wastewater management highlights the shortcomings of current management infrastructures. Each year,
two million tons of wastewater, industrial and agricultural waste are dumped into global waterways, adding
to unregulated or illegal spills. These pollutants threaten aquatic ecosystems, compromising food security and
access to safe drinking water and swimming areas. Between 70 and 90% of fresh water used is intended for
agriculture, and a large part returns to waterways with nutrients and pollutants from human and industrial
waste. This situation contributes to the expansion of dead marine zones, already affecting an area equivalent
to all the world’s coral reefs. These impacts threaten biodiversity and weaken ecosystem resilience,
compromising efforts for a sustainable future.

Why is improving sanitation and wastewater management a crucial issue?

Global aquatic ecosystems, which have been very important to humanity for millennia, are increasingly
threatened. Nearly 900 million people still lack access to clean water, and about 2.6 billion, nearly half of the
population in developing countries, do not have adequate sanitation. The wastewater management
infrastructures in many rapidly growing cities are often insufficient, obsolete, or poorly maintained, unable to
keep pace with urbanization. Without improvement, millions of people will continue to die each year due to
lack of clean water. The financial, environmental, and social costs associated with water are expected to
increase with population growth, unless wastewater management is more efficient.

Sustainable wastewater management, coupled with sanitation, is essential for improving health, food security,
the economy, and reducing poverty, especially for the 1.2 billion people facing water scarcity. Without better
infrastructure and more efficient management, several million people will continue to die each year due to
lack of access to clean water.

105
What should be the priority measures regarding water sanitation?

Solutions to the wastewater management problem should rely on a range of strategic approaches and existing
and new financing mechanisms for integrated, thorough, and comprehensive wastewater planning and
management at national and municipal levels. This should involve improving water legislation and voluntary
agreements, as well as market-based instruments and management and financing models based on partnerships
between the public and private sectors, not forgetting the essential role of education. Education must play a
central role in wastewater management and the reduction of global volumes and harmful content of produced
wastewater so that solutions are sustainable.

There are few, if any, areas where investments in integrated planning can sustainably offer higher returns in
multiple sectors than the development of water management infrastructure and the promotion of more efficient
wastewater management, throughout the water supply chain (including coastal waters), agricultural
production, and waste disposal sector.

Targeted, wise, and immediate measures should take several forms, including reducing the volume and extent
of water pollution, capturing, treating, reusing, and recycling polluted water, as well as developing new
technologies and innovative management practices.

106
Vocabulary : Let’s give the meaning of five words from the text

Ecosystem : It’s a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. In general
use, an ecosystem is a complex network or interconnected system.

Wastewater : Wastewater is any water that has been affected by human use and is no longer suitable for its
original purpose. This includes water from domestic, industrial, commercial, or agricultural activities that has
been contaminated with pollutants.

Biodiversity : Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms on Earth, including plants, animals,
microorganisms, and the ecosystems in which they live.

Clean water : Clean water refers to water that is safe for drinking and other domestic uses, as well as for use
in agriculture, industry, and recreation.

Wastewater treatment : Wastewater treatment is the process of converting wastewater into an effluent that
can be either returned to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact or reused.

107
The comment of the text

This text on wastewater management and sustainable development is of great importance for several reasons.
First, proper wastewater management is very important for public health and environmental preservation.
Untreated wastewater can contain harmful contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, toxic chemicals, and heavy
metals, which can pollute water sources and harm human and animal health. In addition, effective wastewater
management contributes to the conservation of fresh water resources. By recycling and reusing treated
wastewater, we reduce the pressure on limited fresh water resources and ensure a sustainable water supply for
future generations.

Furthermore, wastewater management fits into a sustainable development perspective by promoting efficient
and economical use of natural resources. By adopting environmentally friendly wastewater management
practices, we contribute to the preservation of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, as well as to the reduction
of the ecological footprint of human activity. Finally, this text can raise public and decision-makers’ awareness
of the importance of these issues. It can highlight good practices and innovative technologies in wastewater
management, as well as policies and initiatives that promote sustainable development.

So, what can be concluded after reading this text ?

Population and urban growth put considerable pressure on water resources. The water needs of urban
populations could double by 2050. The lack of wastewater treatment systems in many cities threatens human
health and ecosystems, with 1.8 million children dying each year from water-related diseases. Poor wastewater
management reveals the gaps in current infrastructure, with two million tons of wastewater, industrial and
agricultural waste dumped each year into global waterways.

These pollutants threaten aquatic ecosystems, compromising food security and access to drinking water.
Improving wastewater management is important to answer the growing demand for water. This requires a
revolution in the management of the water production and treatment cycle for environmental, social, and
economic benefits. Priority measures include improving water legislation, using innovative financial
instruments and management models based on public-private partnerships, as well as education for sustainable
wastewater management.

108
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
***@@@***

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

*****@@@*****

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI

Institut National de l’Eau

***@@@***

CENTRE D’EXCELLENCE D’AFRIQUE POUR

L’EAU ET L’ASSAINISSEMENT

Branch of Water and Sanitation Engineering

MASTER I

Option : Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Technical English

Text: Wastewater Treatment Lagoons

Presented by: AHISSOU Jean-Baptiste

Supervised by: M. Bienvenu OLORY

[Date] 0
Text: Wastewater Treatment Lagoons

Lagoons are pond-like bodies of water or basins designed to receive, hold, and treat wastewater
for a predetermined period. In the lagoon, wastewater is treated through a combination of
physical, biological, and chemical processes. Much of the treatment occurs naturally, but some
systems use aeration devices to add oxygen to the wastewater. Lagoons can be classified as
anaerobic, aerobic, and facultative. Anaerobic means “without oxygen.” Aerobic means “with
oxygen,” and facultative means both with oxygen and without oxygen. Inside an anaerobic
lagoon, solids in the wastewater separate and settle into layers. Odor can be a problem with
anaerobic lagoons. However, in many cases odor can be managed through a variety of methods
such as adding sodium nitrate, recirculating pond effluent, and through regular maintenance.
An aerobic lagoon utilizes aerators to mix the contents of the system and add oxygen to the
wastewater. They are sometimes referred to as partial-mix or complete-mix lagoons depending
on the extent of the aeration. Partial-mix aerated lagoons are often anaerobic lagoons that have
been adapted and upgraded to receive more wastewater.

Bacteria treat wastewater by converting it into other substances. Aerobic bacteria convert
wastes into carbon dioxide, ammonia, and phosphates which, in turn, are used by the algae as
food. Anaerobic bacteria convert substances in the wastewater to gases such as the odorous
(rotten egg) hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and methane. Many of these by-products are then used
as food by both aerobic bacteria and algae in the layer above. In addition, the sludge layer at
the bottom is full of anaerobic bacteria, sludge worms, and other organisms which provide
treatment through digestion and prevent the sludge from quickly accumulating to the point
where it needs to be removed.

Application of liquid hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is becoming quite common in wastewater

lagoon systems for the purpose of providing an immediate increase in dissolved oxygen and a
consequential reduction of BOD (biological oxygen demand). The need for a supply of
supplemental dissolved oxygen typically occurs when biological treatment systems such as
lagoons experience temporary overloads or equipment failure. The increase in dissolved oxygen
due to hydrogen peroxide addition also helps to serve in reducing “nuisance odors” that can
occasionally be found during lagoon operations.

In Walter Louis Fluid Technologies. https://www.walterlouis.com/industrial-water-

treatment/wastewater-treatment-lagoon/

1
 KEYWORDS

Wastewater: any water that has been contaminated by human activities. They can be
categorized into two main types: domestic wastewater from residential areas and includes water
from toilets, sinks, showers and appliances and industrial wastewater generated by industrial
processes and may contain a variety of chemicals, heavy metals, and other pollutants specific
to the industry producing it.

Bacteria: single-celled microorganisms that are found in various environments on earth. They
are classified as prokaryotes, which means they lack a nucleus and other membranes bound
organelles found in eukaryotic cells.

Effluent: any liquid waste or discharge that is released into the the environment, typically from
industrial processes, sewage treatment plants or other sources. It includes a wide range of
substances, such as chemicals, pollutants, organic matter, or even treated sewage.

Nuisance odors: they refer to offensive smells that can cause discomfort, annoyance, or distress
to individuals in the surrounding areas. They can originate from various sources, such industrial
processes, waste management facilities, agricultural activities, sewage treatment plants,
chemical releases, or even natural sources like decomposing organic matter. The driving forces
behind this natural treatment are bacteria.

2
 COMMENT

In his existence, the human being use water for many things: domestic use, agriculture,
recreational use, environmental protection and water treatment. After using, its water become
wastewater. Generating of this water is easy, but getting rid of it is very difficult. If these waters
are discharged directly into the environment without treatment, they causes considerable
damage. That’s why there are purification methods like lagoon system. This text deals with
wastewater treatment using the lagoon system. It’s a natural way if treating domestic
wastewater. It uses no additives i.e. no chemicals. The driving force behind the lagoon system
is the combination of biological processes like bacteria, algae, zooplankton that degrade and
purify wastewater, while preserving the natural environment. The principle of lagooning
consists in recreating buffer environments or basins in which wastewater or polluted water
transits before being discharged into the natural environment. The system is generally
composed of three lagoons, but four or five lagoons can be used for treatment efficiency.
Bacteria digestion produces nutrient salts and digestion gases such as methane, hydrogen, etc.
The advantages of lagooning are some: ecologically, it uses microorganisms, suspended plants
and aquatic plants to transform wastewater pollution into a complete food chain, from bacteria
to fish. Landscape integration is also excellent, as lagoon can blend harmoniously into their
surroundings. Another advantages of the lagooning is low costs. Compared with some
traditional processes, it offers an economical solution for wastewater treatment. With this
system, decontamination results are highly satisfactory. Lagooning improves water quality by
effectively eliminating microbiological pollution. As disadvantages, there are legality and
authorizations. Before installing a lagooning system, it is essential to check that no sewage
system runs nearby, and to obtain prior derogation authorization. Lagooning requires a slow
run-off time (between 1 week and 1 month) through a network of hydraulically connected
lagoons.

3
 REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN

******
MINISTERE DE L’EAU ET DES MINES
******
DIRECTION DEPARTEMENTALE DE L’EAU ET
DES MINES DE L’ATLATIQUE
********

UNIVERSITE D’ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)

******

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L’EAU (INE)

******
DEPARTEMENT DE GENIE DE L’EAU
ET DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT (DGEA)
******

Housework

BOKO KOCHIFE

Abimbola Jallal Dine

Title: The Role of Stormwater Management in Sustainable Urban Development

Stormwater management is a critical aspect of urban infrastructure, particularly in the face of

climate change and rapid urbanization. As cities expand, impermeable surfaces such as roads,
parking lots, and buildings prevent rainwater from infiltrating the soil naturally, leading to
increased runoff and a host of environmental challenges.

Effective stormwater management aims to mitigate the adverse impacts of runoff while
harnessing its potential benefits. One key strategy involves implementing green infrastructure,
such as permeable pavements, green roofs, and rain gardens, which mimic natural processes
to absorb and filter rainwater. These green solutions not only reduce runoff volume but also
improve water quality by removing pollutants and replenishing groundwater supplies.

Furthermore, decentralized approaches to stormwater management, such as rainwater

harvesting and onsite detention basins, help alleviate pressure on traditional drainage systems
and reduce the risk of flooding during intense rainfall events. By capturing and storing excess
rainwater for later use, communities can enhance water resilience and reduce reliance on
centralized water supplies.

In addition to environmental benefits, stormwater management presents opportunities for

enhancing urban aesthetics and promoting biodiversity. Green spaces designed to capture and
treat stormwater not only beautify neighborhoods but also provide habitat for wildlife and
recreational opportunities for residents.

However, integrating sustainable stormwater management practices into urban planning

requires collaboration among stakeholders, including government agencies, developers, and
community groups. Public education and outreach are also essential to raise awareness about
the importance of stormwater management and encourage adoption of water-sensitive design
principles.

In conclusion, effective stormwater management is essential for building resilient and

sustainable cities. By embracing innovative approaches and investing in green infrastructure,
we can minimize the impacts of urbanization on water resources and create healthier, more
livable communities for future generations.
 DEFINITIONS

Sustainable

Sustainable" refers to practices or actions that meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It encompasses
environmental, economic, and social considerations, aiming to balance the protection of natural
resources, economic prosperity, and social equity.

Stormwater

Stakeholders are individuals, groups, or organizations that have an interest or stake in a

particular project, organization, or issue. They can include employees, customers, investors,
suppliers, government entities, communities, and more, each with their own expectations,
concerns, and contributions. Understanding and managing stakeholder relationships is crucial
for the success of any endeavor.

Groundwater

Groundwater refers to the water that is stored beneath the Earth's surface in the pores and
crevices of soil, sand, gravel, or rock formations. It is a vital natural resource used for drinking
water supply, agriculture, industry, and ecosystem support. Groundwater can be accessed
through wells and springs. However, overuse or contamination of groundwater can lead to
depletion or pollution, posing significant challenges for sustainability and water management.

Excess rainwater

Excess rainwater refers to the surplus water that accumulates due to heavy or prolonged rainfall,
often leading to flooding, waterlogging, or other related issues

Stakeholders

Stakeholders are individuals, groups, or organizations that have an interest or stake in a

particular project, organization, or issue. They can include employees, customers, investors,

1
suppliers, government entities, communities, and more, each with their own expectations,
concerns, and contributions. Understanding and managing stakeholder relationships is crucial
for the success of any endeavor

COMMENTS

Around the world, stormwater management has become a growing priority due to rapid
urbanization, climate change and an increase in extreme weather events. Many regions are
implementing integrated stormwater strategies, combining traditional infrastructure with
innovative approaches such as nature-based solutions to manage stormwater sustainably.

In Africa, stormwater is a major challenge in many regions due to rapid urbanization,

insufficient infrastructure and limited resources. Flooding caused by intense rainfall events can
have devastating consequences for people and infrastructure. Governments and organizations
are working to develop solutions adapted to local needs, such as the construction of drainage
networks, the creation of retention basins and the adoption of sustainable stormwater
management practices.

In Benin, stormwater sanitation is also a major issue, especially in densely populated urban
areas such as Cotonou. Challenges include inadequate drainage infrastructure, anarchic
occupation of flood-prone areas and stormwater pollution. The Beninese government is
working to build capacity in stormwater management, improve existing infrastructure and raise
awareness of good stormwater drainage practicesStormwater drainage offers a number of
benefits, including:Flood prevention: by efficiently collecting and evacuating rainwater, the
risk of flooding in urban and peri-urban areas is reduced.Environmental protection: by avoiding
direct discharge of stormwater into watercourses, pollution is limited and the quality of aquatic
ecosystems is preserved.Sustainable management of water resources: by capturing rainwater, it
can be reused for irrigation, groundwater replenishment or other non-potable uses, contributing
to a more efficient use of water.Improved quality of life: by reducing flooding and preserving
the environment, stormwater management helps to create safer, cleaner and more pleasant urban
environments.In short, stormwater management is essential to ensuring the sustainability and
resilience of cities in the face of climatic and environmental challenges.

2
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENST (MHERS)

* *************
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI (UAC)
**********
AFRICA EXCELLENCY CENTER FOR WATER AND SANITATION (AECWS)
************
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)
**********
Master1: Hydraulic and Sanitation
Course: English

Theme: Dams

Student: Teacher:
DIASSO Y. Cedric Dr OLORY Bienvenu
Gael

Academic Year: 2023-2024

 Dam

Dam, structure built across a stream, a river, or an estuary to retain water. Dams are built to
provide water for human consumption, for irrigating arid and semiarid lands, or for use in
industrial processes. They are used to increase the amount of water available for generating
hydroelectric power, to reduce peak discharge of floodwater created by large storms or heavy
snowmelt, or to increase the depth of water in a river in order to improve navigation and allow
barges and ships to travel more easily. Dams can also provide a lake for recreational activities
such as swimming, boating, and fishing. Many dams are built for more than one purpose; for
example, water in a single reservoir can be used for fishing, to generate hydroelectric power,
and to support an irrigation system. Water-control structures of this type are often designated
multipurpose dams.

Auxiliary works that can help a dam function properly include spillways, movable gates,
and valves that control the release of surplus water downstream from the dam. Dams can also
include intake structures that deliver water to a power station or to canals, tunnels,
or pipeline designed to convey the water stored by the dam to far-distant places. Other auxiliary
works are systems for evacuating or flushing out silt that accumulates in the reservoir, locks for
permitting the passage of ships through or around the dam site, and fish ladders (graduated
steps) and other devices to assist fish seeking to swim past or around a dam.

A dam can be a central structure in a multipurpose scheme designed to conserve water resources
on a regional basis. Multipurpose dams can hold special importance in developing countries,
where a single dam may bring significant benefits related to hydroelectric power production,
agricultural development, and industrial growth. However, dams have become a focus of
environmental concern because of their impact on migrating fish and riparian ecosystems. In
addition, large reservoirs can inundate vast tracts of land that are home to many people, and this
has fostered opposition to dam projects by groups who question whether the benefits of
proposed projects are worth the costs.

Written by Donald C. Jackson, J. Guthrie Brown

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia
Britannica.

1
Keywords

➢ Estuary: An estuary is a place where freshwater from rivers and streams meets and
mixes with saltwater from the ocean
➢ Pipelines: Pipelines are pipes used to transport liquids or gases over long distances
➢ snowmelt: Snowmelt is when snow starts to melt as the weather gets warmer
➢ spillways: Spillways are channels or structures that let extra water flow out of a dam
safely.
➢ Riparian: Riparian refers to areas along the banks of rivers or streams, typically
characterized by abundant vegetation and diverse ecosystems

2
Commentary

This text talks about dams, which are big walls built across rivers or streams to hold water.
Originally, they were made to provide water for people to drink, for farming, or for factories.
But nowadays, they do a lot more.

Dams can also make electricity by using the power of flowing water, which is a clean and
renewable energy source. They can also stop floods by holding back extra water when it rains
a lot or when snow melts quickly.

Besides that, dams can make rivers deeper so big boats can travel on them easier. They also
create big lakes where people can swim, boat, and fish. Often, one dam can do many things at
once, like making electricity, helping farms with water, and providing fun activities.

To work well, dams need other parts like spillways to control extra water, intake structures to
get water for power stations, and ways to clean out the mud that builds up. They might even
have special paths for fish to swim around them.

Dams are super important, especially in countries that are still developing. They can help with
making money, growing food, and getting electricity. But building dams can also cause
problems. Sometimes they harm the environment by blocking fish or flooding land where
people live.

3
 REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN
********

MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA

RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (M.E.S.R.S)
********

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L’EAU (I.N.E)

********

DEPARTEMENT DE GENIE DE L’EAU ET DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT

(D.G.E.A)
********

Master 1: Hydraulics and sanitation

Subject: English

SANITATION

Teacher:
Dr. OLORY Bienvenu
Student’s Name:
MARE BIO Fall Dine

Academic year: 2023-2024

 May 2024

Sanitation is a critical component of public health, encompassing the safe management of

human waste, water supply, hygiene practices, and the disposal of solid waste. Access to
adequate sanitation facilities is essential for preventing the spread of diseases and promoting
overall well-being, particularly in densely populated areas and developing countries.

In many parts of the world, inadequate sanitation infrastructure poses significant health risks,
leading to the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and diarrhea.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 2.2 billion people globally lack
access to safely managed drinking water services, and 4.2 billion people do not have safely
managed sanitation services.

Improving sanitation infrastructure involves a multifaceted approach that includes the

construction of sewage systems, the provision of clean water sources, the promotion of proper
hygiene practices, and the implementation of waste management systems. Sustainable
sanitation solutions aim to address the needs of communities while minimizing environmental
impact and maximizing resource efficiency.

In recent years, there has been increased recognition of the importance of sanitation in achieving
the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 6, which aims to
ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030. Efforts
to improve sanitation infrastructure often require collaboration between governments, non-
governmental organizations, the private sector, and local communities.

In addition to infrastructure development, education and behavior change are crucial aspects of
sanitation improvement initiatives. Promoting proper handwashing techniques, safe water
storage practices, and the use of sanitary facilities can help reduce the incidence of waterborne
diseases and improve overall hygiene standards.

In urban areas, rapid population growth and unplanned urbanization present unique challenges
for sanitation provision. Informal settlements, lacking basic infrastructure and services, are
particularly vulnerable to sanitation-related issues. Addressing the sanitation needs of urban
populations requires innovative solutions, such as decentralized wastewater treatment systems,
community-led sanitation projects, and integrated urban planning approaches.

In rural areas, access to sanitation facilities remains a significant challenge, with many
communities relying on traditional latrines or practicing open defecation. Improving rural

1
sanitation often involves tailored interventions that take into account local context, cultural
norms, and environmental conditions. Community participation and engagement are essential
for the success and sustainability of rural sanitation initiatives.

In conclusion, sanitation plays a crucial role in protecting public health, preserving the
environment, and promoting sustainable development. By investing in sanitation infrastructure,
promoting hygiene education, and fostering community participation, we can work towards
ensuring that everyone has access to safe and dignified sanitation facilities, thereby improving
the quality of life for millions of people around the world.

2
 ➢ COMMENTS
This text provides a comprehensive overview of the importance of sanitation in public health
and sustainable development. It highlights the challenges faced in both urban and rural settings
and emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts to improve sanitation infrastructure and
promote hygiene practices. The mention of the UN Sustainable Development Goals adds
relevance and underscores the global commitment to achieving universal access to sanitation.
Overall, it effectively communicates the critical role of sanitation in safeguarding human health
and well-being.

3
 ➢ KEY WORD
1. *Sanitation*: The practice of maintaining conditions of cleanliness and hygiene to prevent
diseases and promote public health by safely managing human waste, water supply, and solid
waste disposal.

2. *Infrastructure*: The physical facilities and structures necessary to support and facilitate the
operation of sanitation services, such as sewer networks, wastewater treatment facilities, and
sanitary equipment.

3. *Hygiene*: Practices and behaviors aimed at maintaining health and cleanliness, including
handwashing, water management, and food handling, which are essential for preventing the
spread of water and sanitation-related diseases.

4. *Waste management*: The process of collecting, treating, recycling, and safely disposing of
solid and liquid waste, including wastewater and human excreta, to prevent environmental
pollution and protect public health.

5. *Sustainable development*: The concept of development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, by balancing
the economic, social, and environmental aspects of growth. In sanitation, this involves
implementing sustainable solutions that preserve natural resources and improve the quality of
life for populations without compromising the environment for future generations.

4
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC)

National Water Institute (INE)

Department: Water Engineering and Sanitation

ECUE : English Grade level: Master 1

Speciality: Hydro-mechanics

ENGLISH PRESENTATION

Directed & presented by:

N’KOUE YOKA

Timontidoka Elvire Under the supervision of:

Prof. Bienvenue OLORY

Academic year: 2023-202

Text : Cross-flow turbine

The Crossflow turbine is an action machine, the water passes twice through the wheel. The double passage of
water through the wheel helps to limit sensitivity to foreign bodies. It has a second name - “crossflow turbine”.
In 1903, Australian engineer A.G.M Mitchell invented the principle of the Crossflow turbine. In 1917,
Professor Donat Banki of Hungarian origin published various works on the subject. In 1920, the German firm
Ossberger obtained patents for certain technical improvements on these turbines. In 1949, Mockmore and
Merryfield, from the University of Oregon, published a complete work dealing with the theory of the Crossflow
turbine. In 1982, U.Meier, for SKAT, began drafting construction plans for a Crossflow intended for
technology transfer to southern countries.

Their construction is simple, it is mainly composed of three parts:

• A drum-shaped wheel, equipped with profiled cylindrical blades.

• An injector that contains a rotating profiled blade to ensure flow regulation. This injector is rectangular
in section. A counterweight ensures the turbine stops without external energy, and the opening is
ensured by a hydraulic cylinder.

• A tank covers the wheel where the turbine bearings are fixed.

To ensure good efficiency across the entire flow range, a system divides the main components into two sectors,
width (1/3) for the turbine, and (2/3) for the wheel and injector.

The impact of water on the cylindrical blades (generally steel blades) is a source of noise and vibration for the
machine. When the drop is low, the turbine is equipped with a vacuum cleaner to recover up to half of the
suction height.

In general, its rotation speed is low, which justifies the use of a multiplier to couple it to a generator.
Comment

The Crossflow turbine is a type of action machine where water passes through the wheel twice. This double
passage helps to limit sensitivity to foreign bodies. It was invented by Australian engineer A.G.M Mitchell in
1903 and later improved upon by various individuals and firms, including Professor Donat Banki and the
German firm Ossberger. The construction of the Crossflow turbine is relatively simple and consists of three
main parts: a drum-shaped wheel with profiled cylindrical blades, an injector with a rotating profiled blade for
flow regulation, it has a rectangular section and a counterweight for stopping the turbine without external
energy, the opening is managed by a hydraulic cylinder and a tank that covers the wheel and houses the turbine
bearings.

To maintain efficiency across different flow ranges, the main components are divided into two sectors: one-
third for the turbine and two-thirds for the wheel and injector.

However, the impact of water on the cylindrical blades can cause noise and vibration. When the drop is low,
the turbine is equipped with a vacuum cleaner to recover up to half of the suction height. Its rotation speed is
generally low, necessitating the use of a multiplier when coupling it to a generator.

Key technical terms :

Crossflow Turbine: A type of turbine where water passes through the wheel twice.
Profiled Cylindrical Blades: Blades with a specific shape used in the construction of the turbine.
Flow Regulation: The process of controlling the amount of water that passes through the turbine.
Suction Height: The vertical distance between the water source and the pump.
Multiplier: A device used to increase the rotation speed of the turbine when coupling it to a generator.
 UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
*****
AFRICA CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
(ACEWS)
*****
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)
*****
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING (DWSE)
*****
MASTER 1: EHA | HYAS | GTE

Course: ENGLISH

TITLE:

ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER AND ADEQUATE

SANITATION

Presented by: TEACHER:

GODONOU Ebenèze Mr OLORY Bienvenu

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

TEXT:
In Benin, the problem of drinking water supply, hygiene and sanitation (WASH) is more
relevant than ever, both in rural and urban areas. While remarkable progress has been recorded
in access to drinking water, with coverage now reaching 77 percent in urban areas and 66
percent in rural areas, marginal improvements have been made in sanitation. Disparities from
one locality to another persist and more than half of the population does not have access to
improved sanitation services.
As an inventory:
- 10 children continue to die every day, 90% of these deaths are due to the ingestion of
contaminated water and the lack of hygienic Community sanitation Facilities;
- Sources of drinking water supply vary depending on the area of residence but are
mainly from a pump well or borehole. For two households in ten, the travel time to
obtain drinking water exceeds 30 minutes (13% in urban areas and 26% in rural areas);
- Almost all households (92%) do not use any means to treat water;
- At the national level, more than one in two households (54%) do not use toilets and still
defecate in the open air (bush/fields): 77% in rural areas compared to 36% in urban
areas. Seven out of ten children have their faeces not disposed of hygienically;
Only 13% of households use improved toilets (22% in urban areas compared to 6% in rural
areas). In more than half of cases, there is no special place for the toilet and only 9% of
households have a toilet in the home (16% in urban areas compared to 3% in rural areas).
In more than half of cases (55%), the place used by households to wash their hands is mobile
and in only 18% of cases, the place is equipped with soap.
Regarding objectives and challenges, Benin aims to achieve one hundred percent coverage for
water supply and 75 percent for access to basic sanitation services and cessation of defecation.
outdoors by 2025. To achieve these objectives, significant challenges remain:

Reduce disparities in access to drinking water for low-income populations, particularly in rural
areas;
Guarantee access to drinking water in densely populated areas that currently lack access;
Scaling up Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion strategies to achieve, by 2025, an end to open
defecation, and by 2030, universal access to facilities improved.

9
KEYS WORDS
Water supply: set of operations aimed at mobilizing a water resource, if necessary treating it
qualitatively to make it suitable for human consumption, and transporting it to various public
or private consumption points.

Sanitation: Sanitation is the set of techniques for evacuating and purifying wastewater. The
function of sanitation is to collect wastewater, then rid it of the pollution it contains before
releasing the purified water into the natural environment.

Hygiene: Set of principles and practices tending to preserve and improve health.

Improved toilet: is a type of latrine derived from the simple pit latrine and intended to
overcome the limitations of the latter

Faeces: Solid human excrement.

10
COMMENTS
Access to drinking water and basic sanitation is vital for health.
Poor sanitation, water and hygiene have many serious consequences, particularly on children
and women. It is impossible to break the vicious cycle of poverty and enable sustainable
development without first tackling these problems.
Additionally, nearly two-fifths of the world's population does not have access to sanitation.
This means they live in dirty environments where there is no proper waste disposal system and
disease can spread easily.
In poor African communities, the majority of illnesses are caused by water-borne diseases
We know that clean water, combined with decent sanitation and hygiene, is very effective in
reducing poverty. It can help save lives, boost economic growth, keep children in school and
increase opportunities for women and girls. By improving access to clean water and providing
improved sanitation and hygiene education in targeted communities, as well as promoting
multiple-use water systems.

11
 REPUBLIQUE OF BENIN
******
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
******
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI
******
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER
******
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
******
DEPARTMENT OF WATER ENGINEERING AND SANITATION
******

WASH

SPECIALITY : Hydraulic and Sanitation

MASTER 1

STUDENT TEACHER

OKE Jésumè Merveille Dr. OLORY – TOGBE Bienvenue

School Year : 2023-2024

Text 1: Wash

Hand hygiene is one of the most important elements of infection control. The aim of hand
washing is to remove transient micro-organisms, acquired through everyday tasks in the clinical
setting, from the surface of the hands. Good hand hygiene protects both patients and staff.

Keeping Hands Clean

Handwashing is one of the best ways to protect yourself and your family from getting sick.
Learn when and how you should wash your hands to stay healthy.

How Germs Spread

Washing hands can keep you healthy and prevent the spread of respiratory and diarrheal
infections. Germs can spread from person to person or from surfaces to people when you:

Touch your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands; prepare or eat food and drinks with
unwashed hands; Touch surfaces or objects that have germs on them; blow your nose, cough,
or sneeze into hands and then touch other people’s hands or common objects.

Key Times to Wash Hands

Know When to Wash Your Hands poster

You can help yourself and your loved ones stay healthy by washing your hands often, especially
during these key times when you are likely to get and spread germs:

Before, during, and after preparing food; before and after eating food; before and after caring
for someone at home who is sick with vomiting or diarrhea; before and after treating a cut or
wound.

13
 Keys Words and explanation:

➢ Hygiene: Hygiene refers to practices and conditions that help maintain health and
prevent the spread of disease. This includes practices such as handwashing, keeping
living spaces clean, and maintaining personal cleanliness

➢ Infection: Infection is the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms, such as

bacteria, viruses, and fungi, within the body. Infections can cause a range of
symptoms, from mild discomfort to severe illness.
➢ Handwashing: Handwashing is the act of cleaning one's hands to remove dirt, bacteria,
and other microorganisms. Proper handwashing is an important step in preventing the
spread of infections and maintaining good hygiene.

➢ Micro-organisms: Microorganisms are small living organisms that are too small to be
seen with the naked eye. This group includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
While many microorganisms are harmless or even beneficial, some can cause infections
and disease.

➢ Pathogens: Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease in humans, animals,
or plants. Common pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Pathogens
can be transmitted through contact with infected individuals, contaminated food or
water, or other means.

14
COMMENT:

In many developing countries, the practice of handwashing is not adopted by all, despite its
crucial importance in preventing the spread of diseases and maintaining good levels of hygiene.
Several factors contribute to this situation including the lack of access to drinking water and
adequate sanitation facilities, the lack of awareness among the population, especially rural and
vulnerable groups, about good hygiene practices. The presentation provided provides
information on the importance and consequences of not washing hands in order to promote
hygiene and men's health. Hand washing is an essential practice for maintaining good hygiene
and preventing the spread of disease. Indeed, our hands are constantly in contact with surfaces
and objects potentially contaminated with bacteria, viruses and other germs and it is necessary
to wash them with soap and water to effectively eliminate germs and dirt.

15
Department: MANAGEMENT-WATER-ASSAINISSEMENT
Filiere: Management and water treatment

English home work

Title: PETROLEUM WASTEWATER

Allaham Pélagie NGARYAMTA

TEACHER: Dr OLORY Bienvenu

TEXT:
Petroleum industry is one of the major contributors to water pollution globally. The industry
can discharge different types of pollutants that can be carcinogenic, phytotoxic, and
genotoxic. Tdifferent types of pollutants that can be carcinogenic, phytotoxic, and genotoxic
Petroleum wastewater is considered to be a major hazard in the industry. In the last few
decades, academic research efforts were concentrated on finding sustainable, effective, and
long-term treatment techniques for the petroleum industry wastewater. The complex
composition of the wastewater implies that it is often not feasible to use a single treatment
technique but rather a combination of several techniques. This chapter offers a general
introduction to the current treatment methods of petroleum industry wastewater, focusing on
the sustainability and effectiveness of these methods.

17
 keywords

❖ Petroleum industry: also known as the oil industry includes the global processes
of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines),
and marketing of petroleum products.
❖ water pollution: is the contamination of water bodies (like oceans, seas, lakes, rivers,
aquifers) usually caused due to human activities.
❖ Petroleum wastewater: refers to the water generated during the production and
refining of petroleum (crude oil)
❖ the petroleum industry wastewater: is a wide variety of pollutants, which can be
harmful to the environment.
❖ complex composition: When we talk about a complex composition, we’re referring
to something that has many different interconnected parts, making it difficult to
understand.

18
 COMMENTAIRE
Petroleum wastewater refers to the water generated during the production and refining of

petroleum (crude oil). It includes various types of wastewater produced at different stages of
the petroleum industry. If we leave this water without any treatemnent:

• it became dangerous in the human life;

• these different types of pollutants that can be carcinogenic, phytotoxic, and genotoxic
so, this water need some treatement to keep well the environment, to evit different types of
pollutants that can be carcinogenic, phytotoxic, and genotoxic

19
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENTIST (MHERS)
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
**********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUE (NWI)
**********
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WSED)

Master1: Water Management and treatment

Stormwater Management Practices for

Sustainable Urban Development

Presented by: Teacher:

LINDJI Bilson Dr OLORY-TOGBE
Bienvenue

ACADEMIC YEAR

2023-2024
 Text:Stormwater Management Practices for Sustainable Urban Development

Stormwater management is a critical aspect of urban planning and development, especially in

the context of sustainable practices. With the increasing frequency and intensity of storms due
to climate change, the need for effective stormwater management strategies has become more
urgent than ever.
One common approach to stormwater management is the use of green infrastructure, which
includes techniques such as rain gardens, bioswales, and permeable pavements. These practices
help to mimic the natural hydrological cycle, allowing rainwater to infiltrate into the ground
rather than contributing to runoff and flooding.
In addition to mitigating flood risks, green infrastructure also provides numerous co-benefits,
such as improving water quality, enhancing urban aesthetics, and providing habitat for wildlife.
However, implementing green infrastructure requires careful planning and coordination among
various stakeholders, including government agencies, developers, and community members.
Overall, integrating green infrastructure into urban development projects can help create more
resilient and sustainable cities, better equipped to handle the challenges of climate change and
urbanization.

1
 Key technical terms and definitions
❖ Green infrastructure: Natural or engineered systems that mimic the functions of
natural ecosystems to manage stormwater runoff and provide multiple environmental
benefits.
❖ Rain garden: A shallow depression planted with native vegetation designed to capture
and absorb stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces.
❖ Bioswale: A vegetated channel designed to convey, treat, and attenuate stormwater
runoff, typically incorporating engineered soil and vegetation to remove pollutants.
❖ Permeable pavement: A type of pavement that allows water to infiltrate through the
surface and into the underlying soil, reducing runoff and promoting groundwater
recharge.
❖ Flood risk mitigation: Measures implemented to reduce the likelihood and severity of
flooding events, including structural and non-structural approaches.

2
COMMENTARY

The chosen text discusses the importance of stormwater management practices for sustainable
urban development, emphasizing the role of green infrastructure in mitigating flood risks and
promoting environmental sustainability. The text highlights the need for innovative approaches
to urban water management, particularly in the face of climate change and rapid urbanization.
One of the key takeaways from the text is the effectiveness of green infrastructure in managing
stormwater runoff while providing additional benefits such as improved water quality and urban
greening. By integrating green infrastructure into urban planning and development projects,
cities can enhance their resilience to climate-related hazards and create more livable
environments for residents.
Furthermore, the text underscores the importance of collaboration and coordination among
various stakeholders, including government agencies, developers, and community members, to
successfully implement green infrastructure projects. This highlights the interdisciplinary
nature of stormwater management and the need for holistic approaches that consider both
technical and socio-economic factors

3
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENTIST (MHERS)
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
**********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUE (NWI)
**********
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WSED)
**********
Master1: HYDRAULICS AND SANITATION

Master1: GEA

Course: English

WATER AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Presented by:
Teacher:
MOUSSA Sounéiyath
Dr OLORY-TOGBE
Bienvenue

ACADEMIC YEAR
2023-2024

4
Text: Water and climate change
Water and climate change are two closely linked subjects that have significant implications for
our planet. As climate change continues to manifest worldwide, it has a profound impact on
water resources and aquatic ecosystems, resulting in a range of detrimental consequences.

Firstly, climate change affects the water cycle. Higher temperatures lead to increased water
evaporation, resulting in reduced precipitation in certain regions. This translates into more
frequent and intense droughts, which have an impact on freshwater supply for humans,
agriculture, and aquatic life. Regions that are already arid or semi-arid, such as parts of Africa
and Australia, are particularly vulnerable to these effects.

Additionally, climate change contributes to the melting of glaciers and ice caps, leading to rising
sea levels. The increase in sea level threatens coastal areas and deltas, putting at risk millions
of people who live in these regions. Saltwater intrusion into underground freshwater reserves
is also a growing concern, making drinking water scarcer and more expensive.

Extreme weather events, such as more intense storms and floods, are also becoming more
frequent due to climate change. These phenomena can result in contamination of drinking
water, destruction of water infrastructure, and loss of human life. The poorest and most
marginalized communities are often the hardest hit, as they have fewer resources to cope with
these natural disasters.

To address these challenges, it is essential to take action to mitigate climate change and adapt
to its effects. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to clean and
sustainable energy sources, and adopting environmentally-friendly agricultural and industrial
practices. It is also important to promote responsible water management, including water
conservation, protection of aquatic ecosystems, and the implementation of equitable water
resource-sharing policies.

5
 KEY WORDS

Here are some keywords related to water and climate change, along with their explanations:

➢ Water: Water is an essential resource for life on Earth. It is used for human consumption,
agriculture, industry, and ecosystems. Freshwater, which represents only a small fraction of
the water on Earth, is particularly important and vulnerable to the effects of climate change.
➢ Climate change: Climate change refers to long-term changes in Earth's weather and climate
conditions. It is primarily caused by human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions
from the burning of fossil fuels. Climate change leads to variations in temperature, changes
in precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events.
➢ Drought: A drought occurs when there is a prolonged period of insufficient precipitation,
resulting in water scarcity. Droughts are exacerbated by climate change as higher
temperatures increase water evaporation and reduce precipitation. Droughts can have severe
consequences for agriculture, food security, and ecosystems.
➢ Water resources: Water resources refer to the different sources of water available for human
and ecosystem use. This includes rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, etc. Climate change
affects the availability and quality of these resources, which has implications for human
activities and aquatic life.
➢ Water supplies: Water supplies refer to the various sources of water available for human
use, such as drinking water, agricultural irrigation, industry, and hydropower generation.
Climate change can alter the availability and quality of these supplies, which has
implications for the daily lives of people and economic development.

6
 COMMENTARY

The selected text tells us about water and climate change. They are two closely interconnected
subjects that have significant implications for our planet. As climate change continues to
manifest worldwide, it has a profound impact on water resources and aquatic ecosystems,
leading to a range of detrimental consequences. First and foremost, climate change affects the
water cycle. Higher temperatures result in increased evaporation of water, leading to decreased
precipitation in certain regions. This translates into more frequent and intense droughts,
impacting freshwater supply for humans, agriculture, and aquatic life. Regions that are already
arid or semi-arid, such as parts of Africa and Australia, are particularly vulnerable to these
effects. Furthermore, climate change contributes to the melting of glaciers and ice caps,
contributing to rising sea levels. Sea-level rise poses a threat to coastal areas and deltas,
endangering millions of people living in these regions. Saltwater intrusion into underground
freshwater reservoirs is also a growing concern, making potable water scarcer and more costly.
Extreme weather events, such as more intense storms and floods, are also becoming more
frequent due to climate change. These events can lead to contamination of drinking water,
destruction of water infrastructure, and loss of human life. The poorest and most marginalized
communities are often the hardest hit, as they have fewer resources to cope with these natural
disasters. Addressing these challenges requires taking action to mitigate climate change and
adapt to its effects. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to clean and
sustainable energy sources, and adopting environmentally-friendly agricultural and industrial
practices. It is also crucial to promote responsible water management, including water
conservation, protection of aquatic ecosystems, and the implementation of policies for equitable
water resource sharing.

7
 REPUBLIQUE OF BENIN
******
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
******
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI
******
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER
******
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
******
DEPARTMENT OF WATER ENGINEERING AND SANITATION

Topic : Water and Sanitation Services

Presented by :
Abdias ONIBON Under the supervision of:
Dr OLORY Bienvenue

School Year : 2023-2024

P a g e 8 | 280
Text 1 : Water and Sanitation Services in Latin America
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda represent a “global
blueprint for dignity, peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and in the future”
(UN, 2020). Among these goals, Goal 6 (“Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all”) has set ambitious targets for the Water and Sanitation Sector.
Tracking progress toward these goals is critical to evaluate how far the sector is from achieving
these targets, and to guarantee that the solutions and strategies implemented get everyone closer
to them. But this is not a simple task. Water and sanitation services (WSS) involve an enormous
variety of alternatives and stakeholders. Water needs might be met through piped networks or
through community wells. Wastewater can be treated with septic tanks or collected by local
utilities through sewer networks. However, none of these solutions are guaranteed to work
properly, ensuring continuity and quality of access. To truly assess collective progress towards
achieving SDG 6 (and all other goals), it is fundamental to count on standardized measures that
help track all types of access, as well as the reliability and quality of each type of access. Such
standardization requires clear definitions and comparable data across all levels and sources of
information, from local- to national-level data, and from governmental to consumer-based
sources. Achieving such data clarity and comparability calls for a tremendous coordination
effort. The current state of available data in the water and sanitation sector illustrates the
challenges posed by this complexity. Existing data tend to lack comparability across sources
and locations because they rely on different definitions and categories. Samples are often not
representative of all groups within the population. More developed areas are more likely to
collect data, which results in the overrepresentation of groups that already enjoy better services.
Still, in some areas and for some categories of information, data is not available at all.

The lack of adequate data represents a challenge for development in Latin America and the
Caribbean. In response to these challenges, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
partnered with the Latin American Public Opinion Project (LAPOP) to gather nationally
representative and comparable data in 18 countries in the region. The goal of this effort was to
provide an initial outlook regarding the current landscape of water and sanitation services in
the region, using two batteries of questions in the LAPOP questionnaire for the 2018-2019
wave.

P a g e 1 | 280
Keys Words and explanation

❖ Sanitation : Sanitation refers to the public health conditions related to clean drinking
water and the safe disposal of human waste (feces and urine). It's essentially keeping
our surroundings clean to prevent the spread of diseases. Here's a breakdown of the key
aspects of sanitation:

❖ Stakeholders : Stakeholders are individuals or groups who are impacted by or can

impact the activities of an organization, project, or even an issue. They have a vested
interest in the outcome and can be internal or external to the situation.

❖ Wastewater : Wastewater is the used water that flows out of your home and other
buildings. It's a combination of several sources.

❖ standardization: Standardization is the process of developing and implementing

technical agreements to ensure uniformity within a specific field. It involves creating
standards, which are documented agreements containing technical specifications or
procedures. These standards act as benchmarks for quality, consistency, compatibility,
safety, and efficiency.

❖ data : Data, in its most basic sense, refers to information that has been translated into a
form that can be processed by computers. This information can take many shapes and
sizes, from numbers and text to images, audio, and video.

P a g e 2 | 280
Comment:

Despite all the will to access water and sanitation in all regions of the world, this sixth point of
the sustainable development goals is still experiencing difficulties. The question we ask
ourselves is to determine the reason or reasons that may be the basis of this non-to take-off from
this sixth point? This is what motivated us to embark on a search. The result of our research
states that it is the lack of data on the water and sanitation sector in several countries around the
world. Because the definitions are varied from one country to another on water and sanitation.
It is therefore necessary to set up a data collection system at the level of each country. This
would make it possible to make a better decision for a better development of a strategy for the
sustainable development of access to water and sanitation for all.

P a g e 3 | 280
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENTIST (MHERS)
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
**********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUE (NWI)
**********
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WSED)

Master 2: Water Management and Treatment

Course : English

Presentation on Hand Hygiene

By : Professeur :
YEHOUEDEHOU Pierre Gbodja
Dr. OLORY

ACADEMIC YEAR
2023-2024

4
Text: HANDS HYGIENE

WHY: Thousands of people die every day around the world from infections acquired while
receiving health care. Hands are the main pathways of germ transmission during health care.
Hand hygiene is therefore the most important measure to avoid the transmission of harmful
germs and prevent health care-associated infections. This brochure explains how and when to
practice hand hygiene.

WHO: Any health-care worker, caregiver or person involved in direct or indirect patient care
needs to be concerned about hand hygiene and should be able to perform it correctly and at the
right time.

HOW: Clean your hands by rubbing them with an alcohol-based formulation, as the preferred
mean for routine hygienic hand antisepsis if hands are not visibly soiled. It is faster, more
effective, and better tolerated by your hands than washing with soap and water.
Wash your hands with soap and water, when hands are visibly dirty or visibly
soiled with blood or other body fluids or after using the toilet. If exposure to potential spore-
forming pathogens is strongly suspected or proven, including outbreaks of Clostridium difficile,
hand washing with soap and water is the preferred means.
RUB HANDS FOR HAND HYGIENE! WASH HANDS WHEN VISIBLY SOILED
Duration of the entire procedure: 20-30 seconds
• Apply a palmful of the product in a cupped hand, covering all surfaces;
• Rub hands palm to palm;
• Right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa
• Palm to palm with fingers interlaced;
• Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked;
• Rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa;
• Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm
and vice versa.
Once dry, your hands are safe.

WHEN: Your 5 moments for hand hygiene:

Before touching a patient; Before clean / aseptic procedure; After body fluid exposure
risk; After touching a patient; After touching patient surroundings.

5
 KEY WORDS

❖ Rubbing: Movement of chafe in objective to have clean hand.

❖ Soiled: It’s state of what is dirty.

❖ Hot water: Water at a high temperature.

❖ Aseptic procedure: Preventive method against infections and environmental

pollution by pathogenic microorganisms.

❖ Exposure risk: It’s exposing yourself to opportunities for negative events such
as infections and diseases.

6
COMMENTARY

The selected text tells us about hand hygiene in general but particularly in the hospital
environment as well as at all levels where we want to give care.

Hands are the best means of transmitting pathogenic germs, so make sure they are healthy
before and after contact with a patient and his environment for fear of not transmitting or
receiving pathogenic germs.

This text presents a technique of hand washing when dirt is visible (So, after handwashing, you
must wait for hand dry completely before putting gloves). If not, disinfect his hands following
another well-defined procedure.

You have to take care of your hands and especially remember to: do not wear artificial nails or
extension cords in direct contact with patients and keep natural nails short. The five
handwashing moments cited in the text are critical moments when the risk of contamination is
high:

▪ Before touching a patient because, it’s a protection of patient against colonization and,
in some cases, against exogenous infection, by harmful germs carried on your hands;
▪ Before clean / aseptic procedure because, it’s a protection of patient against infection
with harmful germs, including his/her own germs, entering his/her body;
▪ After body fluid exposure risk because, it’s a protection of you from colonization or
infection with patient’s harmful germs and a protection of health-care environment from
germ spread;
▪ After touching a patient because, it’s a protection of you from colonization with
patient germs and a protection of health-care environment from germ spread;
▪ After touching patient surroundings because, it’s a protection of you from
colonization with patient germs that may be present on surfaces / objects in patient
surroundings and a protection of health-care environment against germ spread;
Moreover, to avoid contracting a number of diseases, it is important to wash your hands with
soap and water before cooking, eating, or feeding a child and after using the toilet or after
having cleaned up a child who has just had his needs, because these moments are those where
the risk of contamination is very high.

7
 REPUBLIQUE DU BENIN
******
MINISTERE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE
SCIENTIFIQUE
******
UNIVERSITE D'ABOMEY-CALAVI
******
CENTRE D'EXCELLENCE D'AFRIQUE POUR L'EAU ET L'ASSAINISSEMENT
******
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L'EAU
******
DEPARTEMENT DU GENIE DE L'EAU ET ASSAINISSEMENT
******
Spécialités : EHA, GTE & HyAss

Niveau d'étude : Master 1

Course: Technical English

WATER CYCLE

Teacher :
Name of student
M. OLORY Bienvenu
TAHIROU MAHAMADOU Moustapha

ANNEE ACADEMIQUE : 2023-2024

Title: Water cycle
The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the hydrological cycle, is a biogeochemical
cycle that describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the
Earth. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the
water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water (salt water) and atmospheric water
is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir
to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical
processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff,
and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and
vapor. The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle as it is the source of 86% of global evaporation.
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. When water
evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses,
it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water which then replenishes the land with freshwater.
The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It is also involved in
reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through processes including erosion and
sedimentation. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and ecosystems
on the planet.
The water cycle is powered from the energy emitted by the sun. This energy heats water in the
ocean and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Some ice and snow sublimates
directly into water vapor. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from
the soil. The water molecule H2O has smaller molecular mass than the major components of the
atmosphere, nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) and hence is less dense. Due to the significant
difference in density, buoyancy drives humid air higher. As altitude increases, air pressure
decreases and the temperature drops (see Gas laws). The lower temperature causes water vapor to
condense into tiny liquid water droplets which are heavier than the air, and which fall unless
supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large area in the atmosphere
become visible as cloud, while condensation near ground level is referred to as fog.

1
Key Words:
The hydrologic: Hydrology is the science concerned with all aspects of the water cycle and in
particular with the exchanges between the sea, the atmosphere, the land surface and the subsoil on
earth.
Environment: The environment deals with the combination of natural (the field of physico-
chemical and biotic forces) and socio-economic elements which constitute the framework and the
living conditions of an individual, a population, a community at different spatial scales.
Ecosystems: ecosystem is a set formed by a community of living beings interacting with their
environment.
Atmosphere: The Earth's atmosphere is the part closest to the ground of the Earth. It is a layer of
gasgas that surrounds the globe held together by gravitational force.
Condensation: condensation is the physical phenomenon of change of state of matter from a
gaseous state to a condensed state.

2
Comment

This theme was chosen to highlight the importance of the water cycle.

Water circulates constantly on Earth. It evaporates from the oceans and returns as rain. The sun
causes the water in rivers, lakes, seas and oceans to evaporate into fine droplets. By grouping
together, they form clouds which, pushed by the wind, meet masses of cold air and give rise to
rain. Rainwater infiltrates the ground and joins groundwater, springs, rivers, rivers, to repeat the
same journey endlessly.

3
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

*****

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

******

NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE

*******

AFRICA CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION

*********

WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

*************

COURSE : Scientific English

SPECIALTY : WASH

LEVEL OF STUDY : Master 1

Title: Sanitation and hygiene in West and Central Africa

Student : Teacher :
TOUMOUDAGOU Ouimbo Junior
Mr. OLORY Bienvenu

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

4
TEXT : Sanitation and hygiene in West and Central Africa

Sanitary practices remain subject to constraints related to household waste management, excreta
management, equipment deficits, the proliferation of public health diseases, food management, and
precarious living conditions. Household waste management: In many African cities, rapid population
growth and high urbanization rates have led to a high concentration of populations in urban neighborhoods.
However, this growth has not translated into improved access for populations to adequate sanitation
systems. Several African cities are infested with pollution created by the disposal of household waste in
public spaces. In Ouagadougou, for example, household waste is found in state public administrations,
streets, empty spaces, uninhabited land, in the middle of roads, in cemeteries, and around markets. African
populations are often accused of incivility because they are responsible for practices such as the disposal of
household waste in public spaces. However, sanitation studies reveal that the proliferation of household
waste deposits is only the result of the weakness and irregularity of garbage collection services, but also the
precarious socio-economic conditions in which African households live. Indeed, garbage collection services
are not sufficient compared to the demand of the populations. In Gabon, less than 20% of the population on
average has access to a household waste collection service. Governments have often neglected the
importance of implementing appropriate residual material management policies in the local context. Thus,
populations resort to alternatives such as the use of animal-drawn carts or simply, the disposal of garbage in
uninhabited areas. In addition, in some slums and shanty towns, the configuration of houses does not allow
for the storage of garbage, which leads the populations to systematically deposit them outside and often
nearby. The accumulation of household waste has become in several African neighborhoods the source of
harmful odors and pollution harmful to the health of the populations. Excreta management: In addition to
the difficulties related to the evacuation of household waste, there is a lack of appropriate sanitary structures
for good fecal sludge management. Indeed, many households in West and Central Africa do not have
sanitary facilities such as toilets. In several urban areas, the predominant model is the installation of a
traditional latrine. A survey conducted in urban neighborhoods in Cameroon reveals that 59% of the
households studied have poorly constructed latrines causing odor nuisances.

5
 KEYWORDS

1. Sanitary Practices: These involve the use of proper hygiene, such as handwashing, sterilization, or
proper waste disposal, to prevent the transmission of diseases 1.

2. Household Waste Management: This is the process of collecting, treating, recycling, and disposing
of different waste materials to reduce the environmental impact of waste.

3. Excreta Management: In a safely managed system, excreta are disposed of in a manner that
protects human health and the environment to ensure that there is enough freshwater available for
potable uses and that the integrity of aquatic ecosystems is not compromised.

4. Urbanization: This is the process by which large numbers of people become permanently
concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.

5. Fecal Sludge Management: This is the collection, transport, treatment, and safe end use or disposal
of fecal sludge from pit latrines, septic tanks or other onsite sanitation systems

6
Summary:

The text discusses the challenges of sanitation practices in many African cities, focusing on
household waste management and excreta management. Rapid urbanization and population growth
have led to a high concentration of people in urban neighborhoods, but this has not resulted in
improved access to adequate sanitation systems. Household waste is often disposed of in public
spaces, leading to pollution. This is due to the insufficiency and irregularity of garbage collection
services and the precarious socio-economic conditions of African households. In addition, many
households lack appropriate sanitary structures for good fecal sludge management, with many
relying on poorly constructed latrines.

7
Commentary:

The situation described in the text is a significant public health concern. The improper disposal of
household waste not only leads to environmental pollution but also poses serious health risks to the
population. For instance, the accumulation of waste can lead to the proliferation of disease vectors
such as mosquitoes and rats, which can spread diseases like malaria and leptospirosis.
Moreover, the lack of proper excreta management facilities can lead to the contamination of water
sources, resulting in waterborne diseases like cholera and dysentery. The situation is further
exacerbated in slums and shanty towns where the configuration of houses does not allow for proper
waste storage.
The text highlights the need for governments to prioritize the implementation of appropriate waste
management policies. This could include improving garbage collection services, promoting waste
segregation and recycling, and providing proper sanitation facilities. Public education on proper
waste disposal and the health risks associated with improper waste management is also crucial.
As an example, in cities like Ouagadougou and Gabon, where less than 20% of the population has
access to a household waste collection service, the government could invest in expanding these
services and also in community-led initiatives like waste recycling programs. This could not only
help in managing the waste but also provide a source of income for the community, thereby
improving their socio-economic conditions. Similarly, in places where traditional latrines are
commonly used, efforts could be made to improve their construction and maintenance to prevent
odor nuisances and potential health risks.

8
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

******
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (MESRS)

******
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI

******
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER

******
AFRICA CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION

******
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
*****

Specialty: Hydraulics and Sanitation

Level of study: Master 1

Scientific English

TEXT N°1: Dams, uses and impacts

TEXT N°2: Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)

Submitted by: Supervised by:

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

Mr. OLORY Bienvenu

EFOU Solveig A. Y

9
Text 1: Dams: uses and impacts
Dams are large structures built across rivers and streams to control water flow, generate hydroelectric
power, provide irrigation water, and mitigate floods. It is a barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its

level, forming a reservoir used to generate electricity as a water supply. The reservoirs created by dams not

only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption,
industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining
water, while other structures such as floodgates or levees (also known as dikes) are used to manage or
prevent water flow into specific land regions. Hydroelectric power is a major source of electricity in the
world. Many countries have rivers with adequate water flow, that can be dammed for power generation
purposes. Many urban areas of the world are supplied with water taken from rivers pent up behind low
dams or weirs. Other major sources include deep upland reservoirs contained by high dams across deep
valleys. Dams (often called dykes or levees in this context) are used to prevent ingress of water to an
area that would otherwise be submerged, allowing its reclamation for human use. A typically small dam
used to divert water for irrigation, power generation, or other uses, with usually no other function.
Occasionally, they are used to divert water to another drainage or reservoir to increase flow there and
improve water use in that particular area. Dams create deep reservoirs and can also vary the flow of
water downstream. This can in return affect upstream and downstream navigation by altering the
river’s depth. Deeper water increases or creates freedom of movement for water vessels. Large dams
can serve this purpose, but most often weirs and locks are used.

5 key words and meanings

1- Stream: it’s a small, narrow river, a continuous flow of water.

2- Flood: it's the covering or submerging of normally dry land with a large amount of water.

3- Weir: a low dam built across a river to raise the level of water upstream or regulate its flow

4- Water flow: the amount of water flowing per unit of time.

5- Breeding cycle: the period from seed to seed. It is merely another word for "generation", but a
word with more physiological back- ground.

Commentary:

10
 There is a huge variety of structures built to provide water supply, to control the flow of surface
and underground water; dams play all of these different functions at once. That’s true that there are
some which are especially for this or that. Apart from providing water and controlling the water flow,
dams are also use to produce electricity and for recreation and tourism.
However, dams also have environmental and social impacts: Displacement of Communities (building
dams often requires the resettlement of communities living in the inundation area, leading to social
disruption and loss of livelihoods), ecological Impacts (dams can alter river ecosystems, disturb fish
migration patterns, and degrade habitat, impacting biodiversity and ecosystem services),
sedimentation (dams trap sediment, which can affect downstream sediment transport, alter river
morphology, and lead to erosion and habitat loss), water quality (changes in water flow and
temperature caused by dams can impact water quality, affecting aquatic life and downstream users).

As a result, the construction and operation of dams require careful planning, assessment of potential
impacts, and consideration of alternatives. Sustainable dams management involves balancing the
benefits of water resource development with the need to minimize environmental and social costs,
often through measures such as environmental mitigation, community engagement, and adaptive
management strategies.

Text 2: Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)

Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) focuses on igniting a change in sanitation behavior
rather than constructing toilets. It does this through a process of social awakening that is stimulated by
facilitators from within or outside the community. It concentrates on the whole community rather than
on individual behaviors. Collective benefit from stopping open defecation (OD) can encourage a more
cooperative approach. People decide together how they will create a clean and hygienic environment
that benefits everyone. It is fundamental that CLTS involves no individual household hardware subsidy
and does not prescribe latrine models. Social solidarity, help and cooperation among the households in
the community are a common and vital element in CLTS. Other important characteristics are the
spontaneous emergence of Natural Leaders (NLs) as a community proceeds towards Open Defecation
Free (ODF) status; local innovations of low-cost toilet models using locally available materials, and
community-innovated systems of reward, penalty, spread and scaling-up.
CLTS encourages communities to take responsibility and to take their own action. Total sanitation
includes a range of behaviors such as: stopping all open defecation; ensuring that everyone uses a
hygienic toilet; washing hands with soap before preparing food and eating, after using the toilet, and
after contact with babies’ faeces, or birds and animals; handling food and water in a hygienic manner;
11
and safe disposal of animal and domestic waste to create a clean and safe environment.

5 keywords and meaning:

1- Sanitation: Approach aimed at improving the overall health situation of the environment in its
various components.
2- Toilets: room also called cabinets, latrines or "little corner" dedicated to the discretion and privacy
of the moment of voluntary relief of bodily excrement (urine and defecation).
3- Facilitators: The facilitator is a member of the implementation structure team. He is the interface
between the intervention project and the community. He ensures that the results are achieved by
promoting the active participation of all members of the group.
4- Natural Leaders (NLs): are activists and enthusiasts (CLTS champions) who emerge and take the
lead during CLTS processes.
5- ODF: Open Defecation Free (ODF) status is the termination of faecal-oral transmission, defined by:
no visible faeces found in the environment or village.

12
Commentary
Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an approach that focuses on mobilizing communities to
completely eliminate open defecation and improve sanitation practices. It empowers communities to
understand the health risks associated with poor sanitation and take collective action to build and use
toilets. CLTS emphasizes behavior change rather than hardware provision, making it a sustainable
solution to sanitation challenges in many areas.
Many diseases are linked to poor hygiene and sanitation. And behavior change and adoption of good
practices remain challenges especially in developing countries. This is why I choose this text. We can
retain, from the text that the CLTS is a very good approach to get communities to stop open defecation
and to get adopt good hygiene practices.
However, statements claiming that CLTS is the universally accepted way to eradicate open defecation
these days should be taken with a grain of salt. Following pre-triggering, there was an increase in the
number of latrines; nevertheless, the solutions offered were frequently not long-lasting, and open
defecation quickly returned. Furthermore, this approach is currently gaining traction, particularly in
places where it has not received subsidies and where there are no preconceived ideas about it. We will
need to come up with alternative strategies for communicating with villages that have been
unsuccessfully receiving substantial subsidies. Occasionally, regions devoid of subsidies are
deliberately chosen to achieve the best outcome. How long, though, will this be feasible?

13
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L’EAU (INE)

BRANCH OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING

OPTION: WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE

UE: Technical English

(HOMEWORK)

Title of the text

ENSURE ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL

Supervised by: Produced by:

Dr Bienvenu OLORY Rustico KPONDEHOU

Academic Year: 2023-2024

14
 ENSURE ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL

Access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene is the most basic human need for health and well-being.
Billions of people will lack access to these basic services in 2030 unless progress quadruples. Demand
for water is rising owing to rapid population growth, urbanization and increasing water needs from
agriculture, industry, and energy sectors. The demand for water has outpaced population growth, and half
the world’s population is already experiencing severe water scarcity1 at least one month a year. Water
scarcity is projected to increase with the rise of global temperatures as a result of climate change.
Investments in infrastructure and sanitation facilities; protection and restoration of water- related
ecosystems; and hygiene education are among the steps necessary to ensure universal access to safe and
affordable drinking water for all by 2030, and improving water-use efficiency2 is one key to reducing
water stress. There has been positive progress. Between 2015 and 2022, the proportion of the world’s
population with access to safely managed drinking water3 increased from 69% to 73%.

Why?

Access to water, sanitation and hygiene is a human right. To get back on track, key strategies include
increasing sector-wide investment and capacity-building, promoting innovation and evidence-based
action, enhancing cross-sectoral coordination and cooperation among all stakeholders, and adopting a
more integrated and holistic approach to water management. Water is essential not only to health, but
also to poverty reduction, food security, peace and human rights, ecosystems and education.
Nevertheless, countries face growing challenges linked to water scarcity, water pollution, degraded
water-related ecosystems and cooperation over transboundary water basins4.

What are the challenges?

In 2022, 2.2 billion people still lacked safely managed drinking water, including 703 million without a
basic water service; 3.5 billion people lacked safely managed sanitation, including 1.5 billion without
basic sanitation services5; and 2 billion lacked a basic handwashing facility, including 653 million with
no handwashing facility at all. By managing our water sustainably, we are also able to better manage our
production of food and energy and contribute to decent work and economic growth. Moreover, we can
preserve our water ecosystems, their biodiversity, and take action on climate change.

15
 DEFINITIONS OF KEYWORDS

1. Water Scarcity:

Is when there’s not enough water for everyone’s needs. This could be because there’s not much water in
the area, or because the water isn’t clean and safe to use.

2. Water-Use Efficiency:

Is about using water wisely. It’s like making sure that every drop of water counts and none is wasted. By
being efficient, we can make sure there’s enough water for everyone and everything, now and in the
future.

3. Safely Managed Drinking Water:

Is water that’s clean and safe to drink. It’s always available when you need it and it’s easy to get, usually
right in your home. This means you don’t have to worry about getting sick from drinking it. It’s like
having a clean, fresh water tap that’s always ready for you to use.

4. Transboundary Water Basins:

Are areas where water, like rivers or lakes, flows across one or more borders. These borders can be within
a country, like between different states, or between different countries. It’s like a river that starts in one
country and flows into another.

5. Basic Sanitation Services:

Are the ways we make sure human waste is taken care of safely. This could be toilets in our homes that
are connected to sewer systems, septic tanks, or other methods that keep waste away from people.

16
 DISCUSSION

This text provides a comprehensive overview of water access and sanitation, a fundamental human right
and a cornerstone of public health. It explores the challenges and potential solutions to ensure universal
access to these services.

The text predicts that billions could lack access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene by 2030 unless
progress is accelerated. This underscores the urgency of the situation and the need for immediate action.

The text emphasizes the increasing demand for water due to population growth, urbanization, and the
needs of sectors like agriculture, industry, and energy. It draws attention to the link between climate
change and water scarcity, underscoring the need for climate action as part of the solution.

The text outlines strategies to ensure universal access to safe and affordable drinking water. These include
investments in infrastructure and sanitation facilities, protection and restoration of water-related
ecosystems, hygiene education, and improving water-use efficiency.

Despite the challenges, the text points to positive progress, with the proportion of the world's population
with access to safely managed drinking water increasing from 69% to 73% between 2015 and 2022.

In conclusion, this text serves as a resource for understanding the complexities of the global water crisis
and the steps necessary to address it. It underscores the urgency of the situation, highlights the
multifaceted nature of the problem, and provides a roadmap for action. It is a reminder that water is not
just a resource, but a lifeline, and ensuring its access for all is one of the most pressing challenges of our
time.

Source of the text: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/

17
18
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI
**********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE
**********
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

TEST:
SANITATION HEALTH AND SUSTAINABLE

Course: English
Master 1: Water, Hygiene and Sanitation

Do by: Teacher:
MADJIGOTO Emilienne Dr OLORY Bienvenue
Overview: Sanitation, Health and Sustainable

According to the latest WASH-related burden of disease estimates, 1.4 million people die each
year as a result of inadequate drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene. The vast majority of these
deaths are in low- and middle-income countries. Unsafe sanitation accounts for 564 000 of these
deaths, largely from diarrheal disease, and it is a major factor in several neglected tropical
diseases, including intestinal worms, schistosomiasis and trachoma. Poor sanitation also
contributes to malnutrition.

In 2022, 57% of the global population (4.6 billion people) used a safely managed sanitation
service; 33% (2.7 billion people) used private sanitation facilities connected to sewers from
which wastewater was treated; 21% (1.7 billion people) used toilets or latrines where excreta
were safely disposed of in situ; and 88% of the world’s population (7.2 billion people) used at
least a basic sanitation service (2).

Diarrhea remains a major killer but is largely preventable. Better water, sanitation, and hygiene
could prevent the deaths among children aged under 5 years, 395 000 in the year 2019.

Open defecation perpetuates a vicious cycle of disease and poverty. The countries where open
defection is most widespread have the highest number of deaths of children aged under 5 years
as well as the highest levels of malnutrition and poverty, and big disparities of wealth.

Excerpt from a World Health Organization test.

20
KEY WORD

❖ Sanitation: policy and practice of protecting health through hygienic measures.

❖ Diseases: Abnormal condition of a human, lack of ease

❖ Wastewater: Any water that has been used in some human domestic or industrial activity

and because of that, now contains waste products.

❖ Hygiene: science of health, its promotion and preservation. The practices that promote and

preserve health.

❖ Health: A state of well-being or balance, often physical but sometimes also mental and

social.

21
COMMENTARY

According to the test, the sanitation, health and sustainability play crucial roles in the well-
being of individuals and communities lives. It underscores the detrimental consequences of
lacking access to basic sanitation services, both on health and on social and economic
development. It highlights the direct link between inadequate sanitation and the spread of
serious diseases, particularly affecting children and the most vulnerable populations. These
texts also emphasize the urgency of taking action to improve access to clean water, proper
sanitation facilities, and appropriate hygiene practices in order to save lives and promote
sustainable development.

22
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENST (MHERS)

* *************
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI
**********
AFRICA EXCELLENCY CENTER FOR WATER AND SANITATION (AECWS)
************
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)
**********
Master1: HYDROMECHANICAL
Course: ENGLISH

Theme: IMPORTANCE OF LEVEL SENSORS IN AUTOMATED HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

PRESENT BY:
Teacher:
John Claude NDAYIHIMBAZE
Dr OLORY Bienvenu

Academic Year: 2023-2024

Text

23
The automated hydraulic system below represents the supply of water to a municipality from a water
source captured on the free surface such as in the lake, and follows a treatment circuit to be stored in a
reservoir 1800 cubic meter. In this automated hydraulic system, there are two pumps mounted in
parallel that transfer the water into the 2500 cubic meter-holding tank. The outlet flow from the
treatment tank is always lower at the start of two pumps supplying water to the holding tank. The
maintenance manager wanted to improve this system so that it will have continuous production without
having the problem of insufficient water in the different tanks. After observing the problem of water
reduction, he decided to make this system automatic by integrating level sensors and automation
devices. The specifications are like this: both tanks have two low and high-level sensors. The pumps
must operate using information coming from these sensors and it is set that both pumps will not work
without water, this means that if the water exceeds the low level of the tank, neither pump will operate
and also if the water exceeds the high level, all the pumps will turn off. After implementing this system,
the company has not any problem of insufficient water for production.

Figure: Automated hydraulic system

Keywords

24
Automation devices: Is define as the technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system operate
automatically.

Hydraulic system: A hydraulic system is a technology that uses the power of liquid pressure to perform
mechanical tasks

Pump: Pump is mechanical devices that use energy to move fluids from one point to another.

Level sensors: Level sensors are instruments used to detected or measure the level of liquid in tanks or
containers.

Tank: Storage chamber especially for liquid, oil or gas.

Comment

In today’s world, the use of new technology in hydraulic system has become very important in different
fields such as in production companies, public companies, private companies and in households which
have a better economy. The automated hydraulic system is composed of one or more pumps mounted
in series or in parallel, motor pumps, connecting pipes, tank, controller automation and level sensors.
In this system, level sensors and controllers automation play the very important role in the functioning
of the system.

The sensor detects the water level in the tank whether, is low level or high level finally communicating
the automaton the state of water level in the tank then the automaton is like the brain of the system, after
having received the information from the sensor, it carries out the work by controlling the different
pumps according to the system operating configuration.

The automated system is very important not only which facilitates the efficiency of operations but also
will reduce the waste of our precious water, avoiding overflow and protecting the apples in the event of
a decrease in water in the tank because it is may happen that the pump continues to operate even though
the water level in the tank is insufficient.

25
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
***@@@***

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

*****@@@*****

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI

National Institute of Water

***@@@***

AFRICAN CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND

SANITATION

Department of Water and Sanitation Engineering

MASTER I

PRESENTATION IN ENGLISH

DIRECTOR UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

TOSSOU G. S. Jean-Baptiste Dr OLORY Bienvenu

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

Title: Challenges in Hydraulics and Sanitation Worldwide

In today’s world, access to clean water and proper sanitation remains a critical issue affecting
millions of people, particularly in developing countries. Despite progress in some regions,
numerous challenges persist, exacerbating health risks, environmental degradation, and social
inequalities. One major problem is the lack of adequate infrastructure for water supply and
sanitation services. Many communities still rely on unsafe water sources such as contaminated
wells, rivers, or ponds, leading to waterborne diseases like cholera, typhoid, and dysentery.
Similarly, inadequate sanitation facilities contribute to the spread of diseases, as open defecation
remains prevalent in many areas. Furthermore, climate change poses additional challenges to
water management and sanitation systems. Erratic weather patterns, including droughts and
floods, disrupt water availability and infrastructure, making it difficult to ensure a reliable
supply of clean water and proper sanitation services. The increasing frequency and intensity of
extreme weather events exacerbate existing vulnerabilities, particularly in low-income
communities with limited resources to adapt. Moreover, population growth and rapid
urbanization strain existing water and sanitation infrastructure, leading to increased demand
and inadequate service coverage. In urban areas, informal settlements often lack access to basic
services, forcing residents to rely on unsafe alternatives and makeshift solutions, further
perpetuating health risks and environmental degradation. Addressing these challenges requires
a multi-faceted approach that integrates technological innovation, policy reforms, and
community engagement. Investments in water infrastructure and sanitation facilities are
essential to expand access and improve service quality, particularly in underserved areas.
Additionally, promoting water conservation practices and sustainable management strategies
can help mitigate the impacts of climate change and ensure long-term water security.
Furthermore, enhancing education and awareness about hygiene and sanitation practices is
crucial to fostering behavior change and reducing the burden of water-related diseases.
Empowering communities to participate in decision-making processes and infrastructure
development initiatives can also promote ownership and sustainability of water and sanitation
services. In conclusion, addressing the challenges of hydraulics and sanitation requires
concerted efforts from governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector to ensure
universal access to clean water and proper sanitation. By prioritizing investments in
infrastructure, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering community participation, we can
work towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of ensuring access to water and
sanitation for all by 2030.

27
Key Terms:

Hydraulics: The branch of science and engineering concerned with the mechanical properties
of liquids, especially water, and their applications in engineering.

Sanitation: The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste and
the maintenance of hygienic conditions, particularly through the management of sewage and
wastewater.

Infrastructure: The fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area,
including transportation, communication, water supply, and sewage disposal.

Waterborne Diseases: Illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are transmitted

through contaminated water, leading to conditions such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery.

Climate Change: Long-term alterations in temperature, precipitation patterns, and other

climatic variables, primarily resulting from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels
and deforestation.

28
Importance of the Theme:

The theme of hydraulics and sanitation is of paramount importance due to its significant
implications for public health, environmental sustainability, and social equity. Access to clean
water and proper sanitation is a basic human right and is essential for ensuring health and well-
being, reducing poverty, and promoting economic development. Furthermore, addressing the
challenges in this area is crucial for achieving various Sustainable Development Goals,
including those related to health, clean water and sanitation, climate action, and sustainable
cities and communities. Therefore, prioritizing investments and interventions in hydraulics and
sanitation is essential for building resilient and inclusive societies and advancing progress
towards a more sustainable and equitable future for all.

29
 UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAI
********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE
********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
********
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING
********
MASTER I : WATER- SANITATION- HYGIENE

TEXT : Improved pit latrines

Directed by :
BAGDET Parfait

Academic year : 2023-2024

30
Improved pit latrines
Pit latrines can vary in quality and construction. In studies in Dar es Salaam and Ifakara it has
been shown that the level of faecal contamination present is significantly linked (p < 0.0008)
to the decreasing quality of the latrine design (Exley, 2011). Therefore, improving pit latrine
quality is an important target in sanitation promotion. Knowledge of latrine types and
construction has been reported to come almost solely (99 %) from the seeing and replicating
other structures in the community (Chaggu et al., 2002). Hence, construction of demonstration
sanitation installations is a very effective way to promote sanitation. Resource orientated
sanitation concepts for peri-urban areas of Africa conducted a pilot study in Arusha (Shewa et
al., 2009). The pilot started with construction of demonstration composting and urine diverting
toilets which then led to subsidised construction of further toilets and ultimately it would
transition to a loan scheme for the community to finance the cost of the toilets (Shewa et al.,
2009).

The construction of 96 ecological sanitation (eco-san) toilets in the Majumbasita peri-urban

area of Dar es Salaam were found to be very suitable for Tanzanian conditions (Chaggu and
Edmund, 2002). It was found that women and children were the main household members who
maintained the Eco-san and that their negative social perceptions around handling waste were
reduced once they began using a workable Eco-san (Chaggu and Edmund, 2002). Similarly, in
Arusha a demonstration urine diversion dry toilet with a garden fertilised with the compost and
urine was built as part of the Resource Orientated Sanitation concepts for peri-urban Africa
(ROSA) (Tendwa and Kimaro, 2010). The demonstration was found to positively influence
peoples uptake of the technology and showed potential for upscaling (Tendwa and Kimaro,
2010).

There are continued perception issues and lack of understanding around the reuse of faecal
sludge. In Dar es Salaam 49 % of people were not aware that faecal sludge is used as a fertiliser
and 96 % of people believe that re-using sludge will transmit communicable disease (Chaggu
et al., 2002). Even after education and explanation 37 % of respondents stated that they would
not use reuse faecal sludge for cultural and health reasons (Chaggu et al., 2002). There are
conflicting findings on the perception of the safety of sewage with 53 % of respondents in Dar
es Salaam and 33 % from Zanzibar reporting that they believed there was a health risk from
SANITATION AND HYGIENE IN TANZANIA 2013 41 sewage (Crona et al., 2009).

Source : ANNETTE Pruss, David Kay, Lorna FEWTRELL and JAMIE Bartram : A REVIEW
OF SANITATION AND HYGIENE OF TANZANIA, April 2013.

31
KEYWORDS

Sanitation : It’s the means of collecting and purifying wastewater and faeces before they are
discharged into ground.

Latrines : Secluded places for natural needs.

Disease : It’s the alteration, discorders of de organism.

Ecological sanitation : Sanitation that considers human faecals and household wastewater not
as waste but as resources than can be recouvered, treated if necessary and reused safely.

Faecal contamination : Microbiological contamination of faecal origin.

32
COMMENT

The text tells us about studies carried out in Dar es Salam and Ifakara in the context of pit
latrines in Tanzania. These latrines can vary in quality and construction. Studies have shown
that fecal contamination is as high as 80 percent due to poor design of quality latrines. The text
has the important objective of improving the quality of pit latrines. And this improvement must
involve the promotion of sanitation. So, there must be knowledge of types of latrines and their
construction in the community. So the text says that the construction of demonstration latrines
is a very effective way to promote sanitation.
The studies carried out show that the construction of 96 ecological sanitation toilets in peri-
urban areas proves to be very suitable for Tanzanian conditions. Women and children who were
the main members of the household adapted well to latrines.
It appears that there are problems with reuse around fecal sludge. Almost half of the residents
did not know that fecal sludge was used as fertilizer.

33
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
*************
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI
********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE
*******
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING

Master 1 : Hydromechanics

TOPIC : WATER PUMPS

Presented by
Teacher: Dr. Bienvenue OLORY
Chulperic KOUWAGOU

May 2024

34
TEXT: WATER PUMPS

How a water pump works

· Usefulness of water pumps in different fields

· Different types of water pumps available

A water pump is a mechanical device used to move water from one place to another. Whether
it's to supply drinking water to our homes, irrigate agricultural crops, keep industrial systems
running smoothly or keep our swimming pools clean, water pumps play an essential role in our
daily lives. Understanding how they work, what they are used for and the different types
available is crucial to choosing the right pump for our specific needs.

Water pumps are used in many areas to meet specific water needs. In our homes, domestic water
pumps provide a constant supply of drinking water for taps, showers and toilets. They are also
used in agricultural irrigation systems to water crops and maintain adequate humidity levels. In
industrial applications, water pumps are essential for operating machines, cooling equipment,
and transporting liquids. Water pumps are also used in swimming pools to filter and recirculate
water, keeping the water clean and clear.

The operation and different types of water pumps:

The operation of a water pump is based on principles of water pressure and movement.
Typically, a pump creates a force that moves water through pipes (Load losses). This is done
by creating a pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the pump, thereby propelling
the water in the desired direction. The pumping mechanism may vary depending on the type of
pump, but the goal remains the same: transport water efficiently and safely.

There are a wide variety of types of water pumps, each suited to specific uses. Centrifugal
pumps are the most commonly used. They use centrifugal force to move water and are ideal for
domestic and industrial applications. Gear pumps, on the other hand, are often used in
applications requiring precise flow and quiet operation. Submersible pumps are designed to be
submerged in water, making them ideal for pumping groundwater or draining flooded areas.
Surface water pumps are used to draw water from a surface source, such as a lake or river. Each
type of pump has its own features and benefits, so it is important to choose the one that best
suits your specific needs.

35
Submersible water pumps are designed to be submerged in water. They are often used for
pumping groundwater from wells or for draining flooded areas. These pumps are hermetically
sealed to prevent water infiltration and are capable of operating even when the water source is
located at a considerable depth. On the other hand, surface water pumps are used when water
must be drawn from an above-ground source, such as a lake, river or reservoir. They are
particularly useful in areas where access to groundwater is limited. Surface pumps are usually
installed near the water source and are capable of pumping large quantities of water over long
distances.

• KEYS WORDS:
- Water pump: A water pump is a mechanical device used to move water from one
place to another1. It can also be used for the circulation of coolant in an engine.
- Pressure: Pressure is the physical quantity which measures the force exerted on a
unit of surface applied in a direction perpendicular to it. It can be calculated by
dividing the force applied by the area on which that force is applied
- Groundwater: It is contained in aquifers of very varied nature, defined by the
porosity and structure of the land.
- Flowing surface water: glaciers, lakes, ponds, rivers. Their origins are either
groundwater (by a resurgence, source) or runoff water.
- Load losses: Loss of energy due to the movement of water in the pipes

❖ ABSTRACT

Water pumps are essential equipment for transporting and distributing water in many areas.
Their operation, their usefulness and the different types available should be taken into account
when choosing a suitable pump. Whether for domestic water supply, agricultural irrigation or
industrial applications, water pumps play a crucial role in optimizing the use of water resources
and meeting your water needs. Pumps are essential equipment for maintaining pressure in the
network. These are hydraulic equipment which can raise the pressure in the network in order to
obtain good pressure at faulty points and to be able to fill the tanks more quickly. So, depending
on their use we have several types of pumps, namely submersible pumps and surface pumps.

36
The difference between these two types of pumps lies in their operation. Submersible pumps
pump groundwater and surface pumps pump surface water.

37
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

*****

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

******

NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE

*******

AFRICA CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION

*********

WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

*************

COURSE: Scientific English

SPECIALTY : HYDRAULICS AND SANITATION

LEVEL OF STUDY : Master 1

Title: The effects of inadequate storm water sanitation

Teacher:
Mr. OLORY Bienvenu
Student :
FADOTE Carmel Gauthier
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024
TEXT: The effects of inadequate storm water sanitation
Floods affect the population and the economy at the level:

-people and animals who can die by drowning;

-foodstuffs which may be irretrievably lost;

-movable property which may be destroyed or damaged;

-real estate, in particular homes and outbuildings which may be damaged or even destroyed;

-public health through the transmission of various water-borne diseases

Some studies have shown that the cost of domestic damage due to flooding is considerable. A
correlation has been established between the frequency of occurrence of certain diseases, the
under-equipment of drainage works and the climatic regime.

In Conakry (Guinea), for example, the morbidity rate increases from 6.9% at the end of the dry
season (March-May) to 10.3% at the end of the rainy season (September-November), intestinal
ailments affect on average 7% of children under 6 years old from December to May (dry season) and
14% from June to August (wintering). In the Guinean capital, diarrhea, which constitutes a major
health risk for young children, affects 17% of those under 2 years old in the middle of the rainy
season!

In this same city, material damage could be assessed on a representative sample of households
residing in areas periodically subject to flooding. More than half of the concessions surveyed suffered
submersions of more than 45 centimeters over a period ranging from a few hours to several weeks
and, for more than half of the households affected by these floods, the cost of material damage
suffered between 1988 and 1992 amounts to a sum greater than two months of income.

Individual strategies for protection against this damage are numerous and remarkably diversified:
construction of channels or pits and gravelling of the concession yard are the most common.

KEYWORDS

Flood: Abnormal presence of a large quantity of water in a room, due to a leak, an incident, etc.
Remember that depending on the speed of rising water levels, floods can be classified into two
categories: -rapid kinetic floods; -slow kinetic floods.

Water-borne diseases: Waterborne diseases are any illnesses caused by the consumption of water
contaminated by animal or human faeces, which contain pathogenic microorganisms. Example
Amoebia, cholera, shigellosis.

Drainage works: structures are used to collect rainwater flowing onto a platform as well as runoff
water coming from embankments or catchment basins but also infiltration water.

Climatic regime: A global climate regime is a global framework that aims to regulate the interaction

1
of human activity with the global climate system, in order to mitigate global climate change. The
framework for such a regime was developed by the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change.

Correlation: Relationship existing between two notions of which one cannot be thought without the
other, between two facts linked by a necessary dependence: example establishing a correlation
between delinquency and the social environment.

COMMENT

Rainwater sanitation being essential for the evolution of a nation as well as the well-being of the living,
its poor performance generates negative effects on the environment as well as the inhabitants.

Sanitation helps to combat pollution form rainwater runoff: IL limits the effects of a sudden
concentration of pollutants at the start of rainstorms and allows possible treatment of accumulated
water if the natural outlet requires special protection.

Better management of rainwater means preserving water resources by controlling the risks of flooding
and pollution. It also means improving the environment and quality of life.

Environmental sanitation plays a crucial role in promoting public health and maintaining the
environment as a whole. It is closely linked to nutritional problems and is an important indicator for
assessing the degree of public health.

The general objectives of sanitation are to provide a healthy living environment for everyone, to
protect natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater, soil), and to ensure safery, security and
dignity people when they defecate or urinate.

2
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENST (MHERS)

* *************
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI
**********
AFRICA EXCELLENCY CENTER FOR WATER AND SANITATION (AECWS)
************
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)
**********
Master1: HyAs-EHA-GTE
Course: English

Theme: Water pollution

Teacher: Dr OLORY Bienvenu

NONGNIDE A.E. Fiacre

Academic Year: 2023-2024

Text: Water pollution

D
Water is a basic resource that guarantees the life of all living beings on the planet. However, its
scarcity and pollution cause millions of people to have poor access to this much-needed asset.
Water pollution has become a growing concern over the last century as more and more waste
is being disposed of in our oceans, rivers and lakes. This increase in pollution is harming our
food supplies, drinking water and environment. It is also creating issues in the oceans ecosystem
and hurting the animals and plant life that rely on the ocean and rivers for their survival.
Although there are processes such as water treatment or desalination that facilitate its treatment,
use and consumption in areas with quality or supply problems, it is first necessary to avoid its
contamination. Humans are the main cause of water pollution, which is triggered in many ways:
by the dumping of industrial waste; due to temperature rise, that cause the alteration of water
by reducing the oxygen in its composition; Or due to deforestation, which cause sediments and
bacteria to appear under the soil and therefore contaminate groundwater. In the same way, the
pesticides used in agricultural fields filter through underground channels and reach the
consumption networks; and as a result of accidental spillage of oil.

The main consequences of water pollution are firstly, the disappearance of biodiversity and
aquatic ecosystems. In addition, humans are harmed by the alteration in the food chain when
drinking or using contaminated water. Polluted water can lead to sickness, disease, infections,
deformities and even death among animals and plant life. Clearly, water pollution has a great
impact in the environment. In order for countries to keep their water clean and uncontaminated
there are a number of measures that can be implemented to ensure that the water on our earth
remains clean and if contaminated can be filtered so that the poisonous materials can be
removed.

Water is life as they say. So, we need to give importance to it and continuously preserve and
protect it not only for ourselves now but for the next generation. It is also their right to enjoy
the beauty, essence and the natural taste of water and their duty to cherish, protect and preserve
it in order to pass it onto their next generation .

Keywords

➢ Groundwater: is the water find underground in the cracks and spaces in soil,
sand and rock;
➢ Scarcity: we talk about scarcity of something when there is not enough of it and
it is difficult to obtain it;
➢ Desalination: process of removing salt from sea water;

1
➢ Pollution: process of making air, soil or water dirty;
➢ Dumping: act of dump something, especially dangerous substances.

2
Comment

Water is one of precious resource that is important for all living being’s survival.

Unfortunately, this resource is confronted to pollution, often caused by human activities such
as industrial activities, agricultural activities by pesticides use.

The effects of water pollution include destruction of biodiversity, Contamination of the food
chain, Lack of potable water, Disease

To prevent water pollution, we must:

➢ Reduce and safely treat waste water from industries before their discharge in
water bodies;
➢ Reduce the use of chemical pesticides and nutrients on crops;
➢ Sensitize people about the importance of water quality preservation for us and
for futures generations.

3
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENTIST (MHERS)
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
**********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUE (NWI)
**********
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WSED)

Master1: HyAs

Course : English

Surface Water Management

Teacher:
Presented by:
Dr OLORY-TOGBE
LEGBA Bienvenue
Akotègnon Symphorien

ACADEMIC YEAR

2023-2024
4
Text: Surface Water Management
Under The Water Rights Act, Water Control Works are defined as any dyke, dam, surface or
subsurface drain, drainage, improved natural waterway, canal, tunnel, bridge, culvert borehole
or contrivance for carrying or conducting water that (a) temporarily or permanently alters or
may alter the flow or level of water, including but not limited to water in a water body, by any
means, including drainage, or (b) changes or may change the location or direction of flow of
water, including but not limited to water in a water body, by any means, including drainage.
With respect to drainage, one area of concern within all four sub-watersheds is the creation of
new drainage works and maintenance of historic drainage works without authorization under
The Water Rights Act. The authorization process allows for consideration of impacts in project
design and operation. Surface Water Management Plans (SWMP) and Land Use Management
Plans (LUMP) are directly related in that the aspects of one plan influence the other. For
example, if a SWMP dictates that development (drainage) of CLI Soils Class 6w not be
undertaken, this would influence the options for land use on those soils. Stakeholders in the
IWMP process should consider developing Surface Water Management Plans which, if
approved, would influence land development and use in the watershed. Approval of the
province should be garnered for SWMP’s, just as it is for IWMP’s, in order to influence
authorization of proposed drainage projects. With respect to dams, many dams have been
constructed within the study area and authorized under the act based on the terms of agreements
with private landowners. Many of these agreements are reaching an end and, as a result, the
water control projects are being decommissioned. In most cases, the decommissioning of a dam
results in restoration to pre-project (natural) conditions. Consideration should be given to
offsetting any reductions in water storage or the ability of wetlands to temporarily store peak
flows and reduce sediment transfer downstream which may occur as a result of project
decommissioning. With respect to construction of any surface or subsurface water control
works, efforts should be made to prevent erosion of soils or transport of nutrients which may
increase nutrient transfer into the receiving water body.

5
KEY WORDS

❖ Water Rights Act: Legislation governing the use and management of water resources, including
use rights and authorizations required for water-related projects.

❖ Water control structures: Structures such as dikes, dams, canals, tunnels, bridges and culverts
that modify the flow or level of water in a watercourse or watershed.

❖ Surface water management plans: Strategies and guidelines for sustainable surface water
management, including water quality protection and flood prevention.

❖ Soil erosion: Natural or human-induced process that causes soil to move by the action of wind,
water or other agents, which can cause environmental damage.

❖ Nutrients: Substances essential for plant growth, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which can be
transported by water and cause pollution problems in waterways

6
COMMENTARY

This text deals with the Water Rights Act and the definition of water regulation works. These
structures include levees, dams, underground drains, canals, tunnels, bridges, culverts, etc.,
which alter the flow or level of water, or change the location or direction of water flow.The
text also raises concerns about the creation of new drainage works and the maintenance of
historic works without authorization. It is important to obtain authorization to take into
account potential impacts on the design and operation of the project. Surface water
management plans and land use management plans are directly linked, as decisions made in
one can influence the other. For example, if a surface water management plan prohibits the
development of Class 6w soils, this will impact the land use options for those soils. Regarding
dams, many dams were constructed in the study area under agreements with private
landowners. However, these agreements are coming to an end and some water control
projects are being decommissioned. When dams are decommissioned, it is important to
restore pre-project natural conditions and compensate for any reduction in water storage or
wetland capacity. Finally, when constructing water control structures, it is necessary to take
measures to prevent soil erosion and nutrient transport which can increase the transfer of
nutrients into the receiving water body.

7
 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
******
MINISTRY OF HIGHR EDUCATION AND SCINTIFIC
RESEARCH

******
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI
******
INSTITUT NATIONALE DE L’EAU
******
MASTER 1 : WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING
******

THE IMPORTANCE WATER AND

CONSCIOUS USE OF WATER

Filière : HYDRAULIC AND SANITATION

REALIZED BY :YAMATORI Coffigo

TEACHER : Dr OLORY BIENVENU

SCHOOL YEAR : 2023-2024

Page 8 sur 280

 Text : importance of water and conscious use of water
Water and water resources is very important for maintaining an adequate food supply and a
productive environment for the all living organisms. As human populations and economies grow, global
freshwater demand has been increasing rapidly. In addition to threatening the human food supply, water
shortages severely reduce biodiversity in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.1 The negative effects of
global population increase, climate change impacts, and lifestyle changes are exerting growing pressures
upon our vital water resources leading to widespread water stress in many countries. As a result, there is
growing realisation of the urgent need to conserve water.Water is essential to life because it heavily
influences public health and living standard. However, water is unequally distributed throughout the world.
Water is a very important required substance in order to sustain vital activities of human such as nutrition,
respiration, circulation, excretion and reproduction. In addition water is also a life space as well as being one
of the basic substances in the formation of life environment. Sun heat causes to evaporatewater ; it forms
masses in the atmosphere in the form of clouds of water droplets that evaporate and descend to the earth in
the event of rain, hail or snowfall and enable life to continue. Plants absorb water from the soil and release a
certain part of it back into the atmosphere through transpiration; evaporation, precipitation and perspiration
make up the water cycle. One of the main features that distinguish our world from other planets is that it
contains water. Water has been the most important factor in the formation of civilizations in history and the
most important point determining the residential areas. Water resources in the world are found in air, sea,
land, rivers, lakes and oceans. While the water in the air moves between the earth and the atmosphere as a
result of the hydrological cycle, the water on the land is in the form of underground waters.2 Three-quarters
of our world is covered with water and the human body is mostly made up of water. Water has a vital
importance for all living things and some of the main functions in the human body can be summarized as
follows; it is a biological solvent that provides both the transport and dissolution of vitamins and minerals in
the body; it is important in regulating body temperature; facilitates the work of the kidneys and other organs,
protects and acts as a cushion; plays a fundamental role in moisturizing the skin, removing toxins and
cleansing the body; it supports the conversion of nutrients taken into the body into energy and also helps the
absorption of nutrients; water also the main ingredient of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the human
body. In addition to all these, water has an important place in performing many vital activities such as
circulation, excretion and reproduction,3 80-90% of our blood and 75% of our muscles are made up of
water. Water is an indispensable element of life and we feel uncomfortable when we are dehydrated even for
a short time. When we lose very important blessings like the water we have, we begin to realize how water
is a precious substance.

Int J Hydro. 2020;4(5):239‒241. 23

Page 9 sur 280

 Keyword of text

I-Snowfall : is the accumulation of ice particles on the ground prouced by the condensation of atmospheric
water vapor at a temperature below freezing .
II-shortages : refers to a situation where there’s not something to meet demand . This can happen for various
reasons ,and it can affect all sorts of things ,from everyday consumer goods to important resources like
water
III-Evaporation : is the process by which a liquid transforms into a gas , most commonly referring to water
turning into water vapor. It’s a crucial part of the water cycle , constantly moving water between the earth’s
surface and the atmosphere
IV-Perspiration : is a vital process our body uses to regulate its temperature . It’s primarily water , but also
contain some salts and electrolytes
V-Moisturizing :is the practice of applying substances to the skin to prevent dryness, roughness,flaking and
irritation . it helps to maintain the skin’s naturel barrier function and keeps it looking and feeling healthy

Page 10 sur 280

 Summary of text

Water is crucial for maintaining food supply and ecosystems, but global freshwater demand is rapidly
increasing due to population growth and climate change. Water shortages threaten biodiversity and human
health, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts.
The unequal distribution of water worldwide impacts vital human activities like nutrition and respiration.
The water cycle, driven by sun heat, sustains life by evaporating water into the atmosphere, forming clouds,
and enabling precipitation. Water is essential for civilizations and residential areas, found in various sources
like air, sea, land, and underground waters.
Water plays a vital role in the human body, acting as a biological solvent, regulating temperature, supporting
organ function, and aiding nutrient absorption. It is a key component of blood, muscles, and bodily functions
like circulation and excretion. Dehydration highlights the preciousness of water and its indispensable nature
for life.

Page 11 sur 280

 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENTIST (MHERS)
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
**********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUE (NWI)
**********
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WSED)

Course: Technical English

Master 2: GTE

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES

MANAGEMENT

Written by : Teacher:
Carole BIAOU Dr. OLORY

Academic year: 2023 - 2024

Page 12 sur 280
TEXT :

Water, an essential resource for life and human development, is largely dependent on its availability. Despite
the many efforts made over the past four decades, billions of people do not have access to drinking water
while water resources are at the root of enormous natural disasters. More than a third of current global food
production depends on irrigation, which relies on groundwater and surface water resources. However, the
increase in world population is causing enormous pressure on the planet's water resources, thus posing threats
to the social, economic and political stability of many countries.

In Benin, the water potential of rivers, except the waters of the Niger River, is globally estimated on average
at 13 billions cubic meters per year. The current use of these surface waters is very insignificant and only
concerns the supply of drinking water to a few towns, the watering of livestock and the irrigation of
approximately 9,000 hectares of various crops. However, irrigation development projections in Benin foresee
an increase in water demand for the coming years.

Regarding groundwater, it is currently difficult to quantify the water reserves contained in the aquifers of
Benin given the limited data available. Nevertheless, their recharge capacity is estimated at around 1.9 billion
cubic meters per year on average. They are mainly used to supply drinking water to towns and countryside.
Annual withdrawals are around 0.03 billion cubic meters per year. This represents barely 2% of the annual
recharge of aquifers. But this abundance of groundwater is only relative since in the basement regions (80%
of the national territory in the Center and North), the groundwater potential will not be sufficient to cover
long-term needs. It will then be necessary to resort to surface water to make up for this relative deficit.

KEYWORDS

- Groundwater : is all the water found below the surface of the grounds, in the saturation zone and directly
with the ground or subsoil.

Page 13 sur 280

- Surface waters : also called superficial waters are made up, as opposed to underground waters, of all
bodies of running or stagnant, brackish or salty fresh water which are in direct contact with the
atmosphere.

- Irrigation : This is an operation consisting of artificially bringing water to cultivated plants to increase
production and allow their normal development in the event of a water deficit.

- An aquifer : is a soil or an originally porous or fissured reservoir rock containing an underground water
table.

- Drinking water : This is water whose consumption is without risk to health.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 14

COMMENT:

The mismatch between availability and demand for water resources is very high. In order to better manage
this resource, I propose to:

-Treat and reuse wastewater,

-Collect and use rainwater,

-Detect and repair water-related leaks,

- Water the field when the outside temperature is at its lowest during the day

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 15

 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
***@@@***

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

*****@@@*****

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI

National Institute of Water

***@@@***

AFRICAN CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION

Department of Water and Sanitation Engineering

MASTER I

PRESENTATION IN ENGLISH

DIRECTOR UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

TOZE P.Elfried Dr OLORY Bienvenu

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 16

 ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024
Title: Sustainable water management in urban area

Sustainable water management is essential for ensuring the availability of clean and safe water resources in
urban areas. With rapid urbanization and population growth, the demand for water has increased significantly,
placing strain on existing water infrastructure and ecosystems. One approach to sustainable water management
is the implementation of green infrastructure, which includes techniques such as rainwater harvesting, green
roofs, and constructed wetlands. These practices help to capture, treat, and reuse rainwater, reducing the
reliance on centralized water supply systems and mitigating the impacts of urban runoff on water quality. In
addition to green infrastructure, water conservation and demand management strategies play a crucial role in
sustainable water management. These include measures such as water-efficient fixtures, public education
campaigns, and pricing mechanisms to incentivize water conservation behaviors. Overall, sustainable water
management requires a holistic approach that integrates green infrastructure, water conservation, and demand
management strategies to ensure the long-term resilience and sustainability of urban water systems.

Key Terms:

1. Green infrastructure: Natural or engineered systems that manage urban water resources in a sustainable
manner, including techniques such as rainwater harvesting and constructed wetlands.

2. Rainwater harvesting: The collection and storage of rainwater for later use, typically for irrigation,
landscaping, or non-potable household applications.

3. Green roof: A vegetated roof system that captures and filters rainwater, reducing runoff and providing
additional insulation to buildings.

4. Constructed wetland: An engineered ecosystem designed to mimic the functions of natural wetlands,
providing water treatment and habitat for wildlife.

5. Water demand management: Strategies to regulate and reduce water consumption, including measures such
as water conservation policies, pricing mechanisms, and public education campaigns.

Importance of the Theme:

The chosen text highlights the importance of sustainable water management in urban areas, emphasizing the
role of green infrastructure and water demand management strategies. It underscores the need for a
comprehensive approach that integrates various techniques to address the challenges of water scarcity,

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 17

pollution, and climate change in urban environments. One of the key takeaways from the text is the
effectiveness of green infrastructure in capturing and treating rainwater, reducing the demand for potable water
and minimizing the impacts of urbanization on natural water systems. By implementing green infrastructure
and water demand management strategies, cities can improve water quality, enhance resilience to drought and
flooding, and promote overall sustainability. Furthermore, the text emphasizes the importance of public
participation and stakeholder engagement in sustainable water management initiatives. Community
involvement in decision-making processes and implementation efforts is crucial for ensuring the success and
long-term viability of water management projects.

In conclusion, the text serves as a valuable resource for professionals and policymakers in the field of hydraulic
and sanitation engineering, offering insights into innovative approaches to urban water management and their
potential benefits for sustainable development.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 18

 REPUBLIC OF BENIN

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENST (MHERS)

* *************
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI

**********
AFRICA EXCELLENCY CENTER FOR WATER AND SANITATION (AECWS)
************
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)

**********
Master1: HyAs-EHA-GTE
Course: English

OPEN DESEFECATION

Studient: Teacher:

MISSEGBETCHE M.R. Victoire Dr OLORY Bienvenu

Academic Year: 2023-2024

Page 19 sur 280

D
Text:
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an approach widely used to reduce open defecation in rural
areas of low-income countries. Under CCTS programmes, communities are designated as free of open
defecation when toilet coverage at household level reaches the threshold specified by national guidelines
(e.g. 80% in Ghana). However, as sanitation conditions are rarely monitored after communities have been
declared ODF, the ability of CLTS to generate sustained reductions in open defecation is poorly understood.
In this study, we examined the extent to which levels of toilet ownership and use were maintained in 109
rural communities in northern Ghana up to two and a half years after achieving ODF status. We found that
the majority of communities (75%) did not meet Ghana's ODF requirements. Over a third of households had
never owned (16%) or no longer owned (24%) a functional toilet, and 25% reported regular open defecation.
Collapse of the toilet pit and superstructure was the main cause of a return to open defecation. Multivariate
regression analysis indicated that communities had higher sanitation coverage when they were located
further from main roads, were not located on rocky ground, reported having a system of fines to punish open
defecation and when less time had elapsed since obtaining ODF status. Households were more likely to have
a functional toilet if they were larger, wealthier, had a male head of household who had not completed
primary education, had no children under five and were on the national Livelihood Empowerment Against
Poverty (LEAP) programme. Wealthier households were also more likely to use toilets for defecation and to
rebuild their toilets when they collapsed. Our results suggest that interventions that address toilet collapse
and the difficulty of rebuilding, particularly among the poorest and most vulnerable households, will
improve the longevity of SALT-based sanitation improvements in rural Ghana.

Keywords:

Defecation: Defecation follows digestion and is a necessary process by which organisms eliminate a solid,
semi-solid or liquid waste product, called faeces, from the digestive tract via the anus or cloaca.

Sanitation: Sanitation refers to the public health conditions associated with drinking water and the treatment
and disposal of human excreta and wastewater. Preventing human contact with faecal matter is part of
sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation systems aim to protect human health by providing a clean
environment that will stop the transmission of disease, particularly via the faecal-oral route.

CLTS: Community-Led Total Sanitation

ODF: Open Defecation Free

Toilet collapse: is one factor leading households to revert to open defecation.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 20

Commentary:

In the absence of post-ODF interventions, our data indicate that toilet coverage and use decline by
approximately 12% annually, at least in the three years following ODF verification. Post-ODF interventions
should therefore start as early as in the first year after ODF achievement to avoid large reversions .

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 21

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 22
Page 23 sur 280
 UNIVERSITE D’ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
*****
CENTRE D’EXCELLENCE D’AFRIQUE POUR L’EAU ET L’ASSAINISSEMENT (C2EA)
*****
INSTITIUT NATIONAL DE L’EAU (INE)
*****
DEPARTEMENT DU GENIE DE L’EAU ET DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT (DGEA)
*****
MASTER 1 : EHA | HYAS | GTE

Course : English

POLLUTED WATERBORNE DISEASES

Present by Teacher :

DJANGTOUA Benshalom Vangadang Dr . OLORY Benvenu

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 24

INTRODUCTION
According to some estimates, every year a few million American and billions of citizens of other countries
are made ill by polluted water. Water pollution involves the pollution of surface waters and groudwater,
which may cause a series of diseases, referred to as water pollution diseases. These could have serious
health impact. While we can contrôle the water we drink, the pollution of our water stream may have long
term effect by reducing the’’ drinkable’’ water reserves of our planet. Additionnally, the common filtration
methods for water are not efficient for some of the new emerging contaminants. Water pollution travels
slower than air pollution but still may affect large area.

Polluted and dirty water is very harmful for living organism especially for health of humain. It causes
many serious health problems which can ultimately lead to death not treated at early stages. Water
pollution can affect us directly through consumption or bathing in a polluted stream such as consumption
of municipal water , as well as bathing in polluted lake or beach water and indirectly through the
consumption of vegetables irrigated with contaminated water .

Water may be polluted by two main categories of pollutants . Chemicals : including natural or man-made
chemicals that gets into a water body ( by being dissolved or dispersed in the water) and reaching
concentration that raise serious health concerns ; note that, similar to the case of air pollutants, the
presence of such pollutant in water is not always obvious and may not be detected by our senses .
Common problematic chemical getting into water are : pesticide, chlorinated solvent, petroleum
chemicals, mercury, and other persisting organic pollutants, as well as any of the other tens of thousands
of chemical used in industrial processes. Living organisms (as long as they are induced by humain activity ;
please note that some waters unaffected by human activity may still be naturally polluted with some of
these organism in which exposure to perchlorate, which is a chemical contamination.

Water borne diseases including cholera, typhoid fever, diarrhea, ulcers, kidney damage… are very risky for
lives of individuals and especially for human, these can lead ultimately death.

Water pollution occurs when harmful substances often chemicals or microorganisms contaminate a
stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to
humans or the environment. It can occurs a public health concerns include : cancer, cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes, obesity, and immune system disorders.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 25

 I. DEFINITION
➢ POLLUTION : is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials
are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic. They can also be created by human
activity, it is anything that makes the earth dirty and unhealthy, especially with poison chemicals.

➢ WATER POLLUTION : is defined as the foreign substances or impurities ( organic, inorganic, biological,
or radiological) in water,, thus degrading its quality and rendering in toxic to human or the
environment

➢ WATERBORNE DISEASES : are illness caused by microscopic organisms, like virus and bacteria, that
are ingested through contaminated water or by coming in contact with feces.

➢ PHYSIQUE POLLUTION :
Physique pollution result from organic and inorganic materials suspended in water. This types of
pollution change the color, taste, and smell of water. One of the forms of physique pollutions the
high as a result of pouring the cool water of factories and nuclear reactor into water bodies.

➢ Chemical pollution :
This type of pollution result from the presence of excessive amount of dissolved salts, acids,
medals, organic materiels, and pesticide. Chemical pollution is defined as the presence or increase
in our environment of chemical pollutants that are not naturally present there or are found in
amound higher their natural backgroud values. Most of the chemical that pollute the environment
are man-made, resulted from the various activities in which toxic chemical are used for various
purposes

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 26

 II. COMMENT

First of all, polluted waterborne diseases are a big chanllenge in world, many nation or countries are
looking for some solution to resolves against polluted waternorne diseases. There are different types of
waterborne diseases, which vary depending on the pathogen likely to cause the disease. Knowing and
having a better understanding of the waterborne diseases list can help be aware of these diseases and take
precaution to avoid, such as Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentery, Hepatitis A, Giardia …

Water eventually is a source of life, without it nobody can exist that’s why we need to care for this pur,
sacred sustance. It gets polluted with dumping of human waste, industrial waste, animal waste, untreasted
sewage. Some of the waterborne disesases may get cured on their within a few a few weeks, but diseases
such as cholera can become fatal if left untreated. Prevent water borne diseases involves several measure
like acces to clean water, sanitation, hygien, public health education, by implementing these preventive
measure, the risk of waterborne diseases can be significantly reduced, safeguarding public health and well
being.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 27

 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
**********
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH SCIENTIST (MHERS)
**********
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
**********
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
**********
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUE (NWI)
**********
WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (WSED)
**********
Master1: HYDRAULICS AND SANITATION

Master1: GEA

Course: English

Water pollution : Sources, affects, control and its

management.

Presented by:
Teacher:
DOSSOUVI Benjamin
Dr OLORY-TOGBE
Bienvenue

ACADEMIC YEAR
2023-2024

Text: Water pollution : Sources, affects, control and its management.

Page 28 sur 280

Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mainly in oceans and other large bodies of water, with 1.6% of
groundwater in aquifers and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds, and precipitation. The importance of water
for the survival of life cannot be overstated. Whether it is using tap water in our homes, raising livestock and
growing crops on our farms, or increasing food production, water is essential. Therefore, it is important to
note that the depletion of this resource, whether through contamination or negligent use, has serious
consequences. The global population growth, expected to reach 8.45 billion people by 2025, would alone
result in 40% of the population residing in countries facing some degree of vulnerability of water resources.
Pollution is the introduction of contamination into the environment. Water is considered polluted when it
cannot be used for a specific purpose. Water pollution is generally caused by human activities. It results from
actions by humans carried out for their own well-being. These activities can be addressed within the various
activities in which humans engage and that lead to pollution. Human population growth, industrial and
agricultural practices are the main causes of pollution. Water pollution worsens due to overpopulation in urban
areas. Agricultural, domestic, and industrial waste are the main pollutants of freshwater when discharged into
it. From the perspective of water users (including farmers), the main concerns are assessing and protecting the
quality of water in wells, sources, or watercourses, and identifying the activities that impact it is also managed
through various methods such as wastewater treatment, agricultural water reuse, adoption of various pollution
control measures, etc., such as wastewater treatment through sedimentation (primary treatment), biological
sludge filters (secondary treatment, also used for industrial wastewater), aerated lagoons, constructed wetlands
(also used for urban stormwater); industrial wastewater treatment through ultrafiltration, API oil separators,
biological filters, dissolved air flotation (DAF), powdered activated carbon treatment; finally, vapor recovery
systems and phytoremediation.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 29

 KEY WORDS

Keywords : Water Pollution, Sources, Water Treatment, Pollution Management.

1- Water pollution: Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and
oceans, making them harmful or unfit for human use or for the environment.

2- Sources: Sources are the places or origins from which something comes or is obtained. In the context of
water pollution, sources can include industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and sewage.

3- Water treatment: Water treatment is the process of purifying water to make it safe for human consumption
or for other uses. This can involve removing contaminants and harmful substances from the water.

4- Pollution management: Pollution management involves strategies and actions aimed at reducing or
controlling pollution in order to protect the environment and human health. This can include regulations,
clean-up efforts, and sustainable practices.

5- Environment: The environment refers to the natural world around us, including air, water, land, plants, and
animals. Protecting the environment is important for the health and well-being of all living organisms.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 30

 COMMENTARY
The text provides a comprehensive overview of the importance of water and the grave consequences of its
pollution. It emphasizes the vital role of water in sustaining life on Earth and highlights the various human
activities that contribute to water pollution. The text also discusses the impact of population growth, industrial
and agricultural practices, and urbanization on water pollution.
One of the key takeaways from the text is the critical role that water plays in various aspects of human life,
including domestic use, agriculture, and food production. The depletion of this resource due to contamination
or negligent use has serious implications for both current and future generations. The text also underscores
the fact that water pollution is primarily caused by human activities, and it outlines the main sources of
pollution, such as industrial and agricultural waste, as well as urban population density.
Moreover, the text provides insights into the management of water pollution, highlighting various methods
such as wastewater treatment, agricultural water reuse, and pollution control measures. It also mentions
specific techniques such as sedimentation, biological sludge filters, and phytoremediation as effective means
to eliminate contaminants from water sources.
The text serves as a timely reminder of the importance of preserving this vital resource and implementing
measures to reduce water pollution. It emphasizes the need for cooperation between governments, industries,
and individuals to adopt sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. Furthermore, it underscores the
urgency of taking action to protect water resources for future generations.
In conclusion, the text effectively conveys the critical significance of water for life on Earth and the severe
consequences of its pollution. It underscores the need for immediate action to safeguard this precious resource
and encourages a collective effort to address water pollution. Overall, the text serves as a compelling call to
action for environmental conservation and sustainable water management.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 31

 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
******
MINISTRY OF HIGHR EDUCATION AND SCINTIFIC
RESEARCH

******
UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY CALAVI (UAC)
******
INSTITUT NATIONALE DE L’EAU (INE)
******
MASTER 1 WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING
******

Sanitation promotes clean environment

Filière : Water Hygiene and Sanitation

REALIZED BY : HOUNGBEDJI Josué

TEACHER : Dr OLORY BIENVENU

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 32

 SCHOOL YEAR : 2023-2024
A healthy living environment necessarily dépends on adéquate sanitation. Without systems
sanitation, human waste enters groundwater and surface water. The feces deposited by defecating in the
open contaminate the soil. Accumulations of excrement discharged buckets or latrines in fields and
waterways pode a risk to the environment. Such accumulations are frequently due to poor evacuation
through pipes or to seepage from pit latrines.

In the developing world, about 90 percent of wastewater is discharged into yards waters, lakes and
coastal areas, leading to a negative health impact over large areas. Every year, some 2.5 billion cases of
diarrhea occur among children under 5 years. Water and sanitation interventions can reduce child deaths by
88 percent diarrhea.

The sanitation crisis is particularly acute in high-density informal settlements. Population across the
world. Having no means of disposing of their excrement and rubbish, the inhabitants of the world’s slums,
numbering around a billion, are forced to used and then thrown away, and to deposit their waste in public
spaces.

This situation is not limited to urban establishments alone, because it is observed in poor suburbs,
small market towns, large villages, peri-urban settlements and other locations around the world in
development. Globally, some 1.1 billion people continue to defecate in the open, 3 leaving their faeces
deposited on the ground contaminate the ambient environment, enter waterways and ultimately impact the
means of livehood and health of entire communities.

Living in a squalid environment affects physical and psychological health. People are stigmatized,
made less able to find employment and plunged further into human poverty. Lack of sanitation creates a host
of health risks, as well as asad and discouraging visual landscape. The roads are full of mud, of
puddles and piles of rubbish teeming with insects, microbes and disease-carrying rodents. The odors are
often unpleasant, and sometimes nauseating.

Source : www.sanitationdrive.org

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 33

 Definitions

Environment : it is all elements (biotic and abiotic) which surround an individual or a species and
some of which directly contribute to meeting its needs

Excrement : Material evacuated from the body by natural channels, and particularly solid residues
of digestion evacueted through the anus.

Latrines : secluded places intented to satisfy natural needs

Wastewater : it is water generated after the use of freshwater, raw water, drinking water or saline
water in a variety of deliberate applications or processes.

Sanitation : refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and treatment and
disposal of human excreta and sewage.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 34

 COMMENT

Sanitation is very essential in human life even if the vast majority of people have not yet become aware of
and measure the size of the issue.
A clean environment according to statistics makes it possible to eliminate several diseases and will
contribute to the school of nations because a man who is in good health will have peace of mind ti think
about his life, will participate in the development of society, he will spend less on hospitals because of
patients.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 35

 REPUBLIC OF BENIN
***@@@***

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

*****@@@*****

UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI

Institut National de l’Eau

***@@@***

CENTRE D’EXCELLENCE D’AFRIQUE POUR

L’EAU ET L’ASSAINISSEMENT

Branch of Water and Sanitation Engineering

MASTER I

Option : Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Technical English

Text:The importance of WASH in

emergencies and disasters
Presented by: AHOUANDJINOU Florida

Supervised by: M. Bienvenu OLORY

ACADEMIC YEAR : 2023-2024

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 36

Text:The importance of WASH in emergencies and disasters

Emergencies and disasters affect WASH services and practices by damaging existing infrastructure or by
separating displaced populations from the services which they had enjoyed. In the case of displacement, host
populations are also affected, as greater demands are placed on their services. Those who reach the relative
safety of IDP and refugee camps may be there for many years or even decades before repatriation.The
Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response (known in short as the Sphere Handbook,
2011) sets out standards and guidance in relation to four fundamentals, of which WASH is the first. The others
are Food Security and Nutrition, Shelter, Settlement and Non-Food Items, and Health Action.The Handbook
explains why WASH is so important in disasters: ‘Water and sanitation are critical determinants for survival
in the initial stages of a disaster. People affected by disasters are generally much more susceptible to illness
and death from disease, which to a large extent are related to inadequate sanitation, inadequate water supplies
and inability to maintain good hygiene. The most significant of these diseases are diarrhoeal and infectious
diseases transmitted by the faeco-oral route. Other water- and sanitation-related diseases include those carried
by vectors associated with solid waste and water.’The maintenance of good health is justifiably one of the
most important considerations for doing WASH in emergencies and disasters. However, just as in long-term
development situations, there are several other reasons for doing WASH, and doing it well. Adequate water
supply is a basic need for drinking and cooking, laundry, personal and home hygiene. Safe and private latrines
or toilets are necessary because the opportunity to practice good hygiene is not just the means of preserving
health, but a matter of human dignity. The various components of WASH each have aspects which are
common to emergencies and to non-emergency situations; and they each have aspects which are particular to
emergencies. In (https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/#)

KEYWORDS

WASH: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. It's a term used to describe the basic human needs and practices
related to clean water, safe sanitation facilities, and hygiene promotion.

Emergencies and disasters:are sudden and unexpected events that can cause great damage or loss of life.
They can be caused by natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires, or by human-

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 37

caused events such as wars, accidents, and industrial accidents.Examples of emergencies and disasters
include:

• Natural disasters: Earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, wildfires, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions,

tsunamis, and landslides.
• Human-caused disasters: Wars, accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills, and chemical spills.
• Technological disasters: Power outages, communication failures, and transportation accidents.

Sanitation: refers to the public health conditions related to clean drinking water and treatment and disposal
of human excreta and sewage. Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing
with soap.

Latrines: are simple toilets that are typically found in rural areas or developing countries. They may consist
of a pit dug in the ground with a slab or platform over it. Latrines are often used in conjunction with a septic
tank or other system for disposing of human waste.

Human dignity:is the inherent worth and respect that all human beings deserve. It is the right to be treated
with respect, regardless of one's race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or any other personal
characteristic.

COMMENT

This text highlights the critical importance of WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) in emergencies and
disasters. Here are the key takeaways:

Disasters disrupt WASH services: Emergencies and disasters damage infrastructure and displace people,
making it difficult for them to access clean water, sanitation facilities, and practice good hygiene. This can
worsen the situation for both those directly affected and host communities.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 38

WASH is crucial for survival: The text emphasizes that clean water and sanitation are essential for preventing
disease outbreaks, which are a major threat after disasters. Inadequate WASH is linked to diarrhoeal and
infectious diseases.

WASH goes beyond health: WASH also fulfills basic human needs for drinking, cooking, and maintaining
personal hygiene and dignity, especially in challenging circumstances.

WASH in emergencies has unique considerations: While WASH principles remain important, emergencies
require specific approaches to address infrastructure damage and displaced populations.

This text is important because it emphasizes the life-saving role of WASH in emergencies and the need for
appropriate disaster response strategies to ensure everyone's access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene.

WASH is crucial in emergencies and disasters

Emergencies and disasters disrupt WASH services, making it harder for people to access clean water,
sanitation, and hygiene. This can lead to serious health problems, especially diarrhoeal diseases. WASH is
essential for survival and goes beyond health, meeting basic human needs and upholding dignity.

Remember, WASH is critical in emergencies, and specific measures are needed to address the unique
challenges posed by disasters.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 39

 UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
°_°_°_°
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION
(C2EA)
°_°_°_°
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (INE)
°_°_°_°
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING (DGEA)
°_°_°_°
MASTER 1 : EHA_HYAS_GTE

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN

Courses: ENGLISH

Student’s name: Teacher’s name

AGUEH Mouyinath M. Bienvenu OLORY

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 40

 Academic year : 2023-2024

Text: Reinforced concrete column

Reinforced concrete columns, commonly known as concrete posts, are essential structural elements in
construction. These columns are typically made of a combination of concrete and steel reinforcement bars,
which work together to provide strength and durability. The composition of a reinforced concrete column
typically consists of a concrete core surrounded by steel reinforcement bars that are designed to resist tensile
forces.

There are several types of reinforced concrete columns, each designed for specific structural requirements.
One common type is the tied column, which consists of longitudinal reinforcement bars that are tied together
with transverse reinforcement bars to provide lateral support. Another type is the spiral column, where the
longitudinal reinforcement bars are arranged in a helical pattern around the core of the column to enhance its
strength and ductility.

One important type of reinforced concrete column is the shear wall, which is a vertical structural element that
resists lateral forces such as wind or seismic loads. Shear walls are typically designed to be stiffer and stronger
than regular columns to provide enhanced stability and resistance to lateral forces

Reinforced concrete columns play a crucial role in supporting the load of a stracture and transferring it to the
foundation. These columns are designed according to specific engineering standards and codes to ensure their
structural integrity and safety. The design of reinforced concrete columns is governed by various norms and
guidelines, such as the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Building Code > Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318) and the Eurocode standards

The dimensioning of reinforced concrete columns involves determining the appropriate size, shape, and
reinforcement layout to meet the structural requirements of a building or structure. Factors such as the applied
loads, building height, seismic considerations, and material properties are taken into account during the design
process to ensure the columns can safely support the structure

In addition to standard reinforced concrete columns, there are specialized types of columns used in specific
applications. For example, prestressed concrete columns are designed with pre-compression forces to enhance
their load-carrying capacity and reduce deflections. Composite columns, on the other hand, combine different
materials such as steel and concrete to optimize their structural performance

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 41

Overall, reinforced concrete columns are essential components of modern construction projects, providing
strength, stability, and durability to buildings and structures. By understanding the composition, types, roles,
and design considerations of these columns, engineers can ensure the safety and longevity of their projects.

Keywords: reinforcement concrete columns, steel reinforcement bars, structural elements, shear wall, design
considerations

DEFINITIONS OF KEYWORDS

1. Reinforced concrete columns: Vertical structural elements made of concrete that are strengthened with
steel reinforcement bars to enhance their strength and load-bearing capacity.

2. Steel reinforcement bars: Long, straight bars made of steel that are embedded within concrete to provide
additional strength and durability to the structure.

3. Structural elements: Components of a building or structure that contribute to its stability and load-bearing
capacity, such as beams, columns, and walls.

4. Shear wall: A vertical structural element designed to resist lateral forces, such as wind or seismic loads, by
transferring them to the foundation.

5. Design considerations: Factors and constraints that need to be taken into account during the design process
of a structure, including functional requirements, safety regulations, material properties, and environmental
conditions

COMMENT

The text highlights the importance of reinforced concrete columns in modern construction,
emphasizing their crucial role in the stability and durability of buildings. By presenting different types of
columns, such as bonded, spiral and shear walls, it highlights their functional diversity to meet specific needs.
The design of reinforced concrete columns is governed by strict standards to guarantee their structural integrity
and safety. By taking into account applied loads, building height, seismic considerations and material
properties, engineers can design columns to suit structural requirements. The text thus underlines the
importance of understanding and mastering the design of reinforced concrete columns to ensure the safety and
longevity of construction projects

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 42

 UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
*****
AFRICAN CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR WATER AND SANITATION (ACEWS)
*****
NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE (NWI)
*****
DEPARTMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION ENGINEERING (DWSE)
*****
MASTER 1: HYAS

Course: ENGLISH

Water and lack of sanitation

Presented by: TEACHER:

ADJEVI Phidélia Mr OLORY Bienvenu

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 43

TEXT : Water and lack of sanitation

Water is an essential component of the cells and tissues of all living organisms, including humans. Not only
do we need enough water to hydrate ourselves, but it is essential that this water is not contaminated by
potentially toxic substances such as metals, or the thousands of other chemical elements of organic and
inorganic origin present in the aquatic environment. Even minimal water contamination can have subtle effects
on aquatic organisms, leading to changes in species and population densities, which can ultimately alter the
balance of the natural ecosystem and put it at risk. All of this has an impact on the services we need. I therefore
believe that the major challenge at the global level is to ensure the quality of the planet's limited freshwater
resources in order to meet both the needs of a constantly growing population and those of aquatic ecosystems.

Drinking water, an essential element for human life, after its use in households, constitutes a major issue
for human health because of its discharge. Whether domestic or professional, all human activity generates
wastewater: toileting, cooking, laundry, industry, etc. Loaded with various contaminants, these liquid
effluents must be collected and then treated in order to meet public health and environmental
requirements.
Indeed, the treatment of household (domestic) wastewater fights against several types of health risks
(viral, bacterial and parasitic contamination following contact with polluted water and environmental risks
(contamination of soil and groundwater). The urban wastewater sanitation subsector lags significantly
behind that of drinking water in Benin. This delay has an impact on the health conditions of the population
and leads to a continuous deterioration of their living environment and the environment in general.

A sustainable future requires ensuring that sufficient water is available, but adequate water quality is just as
essential. Water resource management cannot be optimal without information from water quality monitoring
programs. The methods specified in the ISO standards are reliable and recognized worldwide and establish an
approach that ensures the comparability of data from different countries. ISO standards are a set of
internationally recognized standards that have been created to help companies establish levels of consistency
in management, service delivery, and product development in the industrial sector. There is a wide range of
standards for water quality monitoring, ranging from field techniques (sampling, parameter, etc.) to laboratory
analyses. This allows every aspect of the surveillance program to be standardized and compared, even for
global monitoring.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 44

KEYWORDS:

Water : According to the WHO (2017), water is considered potable when it is water that has microbial,
chemical and physical characteristics that meet WHO guidelines or national standards for drinking water
quality. This content given to drinking water is too technical and does not allow this expression to be easily
understood. Drinking water is water that can be consumed without risk of harmful effects in the short or long
term, is a fundamental element of human well-being (confers https://www.cbd.int/development/doc/cbd-
good-practice-

guidewaterbookletweb-fr.pdf).

Natural Ecosystem : It is made up of a biotope, physico-chemical parameters (soil, temperature, sunlight,

etc.) and a biocenosis, i.e. all living beings.

Aquatic ecosystem : It is an ecosystem in and around a body of water. It is opposed to terrestrial ecosystems,
which are those found on earth. Communities of organisms dependent on each other and their environment
live in aquatic ecosystems.

ISO : International Organization for Standardization

Health risks : The health risk corresponds to the probability of an event that is harmful to the health of an
individual or a group of individuals.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 45

COMMENT:

Water is vital for humans and each of us needs at least 1.5L of drinking water per day to drink. All water
has its source in the environment and all water taken by human beings ends up irretrievably returning to
it, loaded with all the impurities that end up there. With what have come to be known as "nature-based
solutions", the interface between water and the environment can be dynamically managed to address water
challenges. Contaminated water and lack of sanitation lead to the transmission of diseases such as cholera,
diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid fever and polio. The lack of water and sanitation services, or
their inadequacy or poor management, exposes people to avoidable health risks. Poor management of
urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater means that hundreds of millions of people are dangerously
contaminated or chemically polluted with drinking water. The natural occurrence of chemicals, including
arsenic and fluoride, particularly in groundwater, can also have an impact on health, while other
chemicals, such as lead, can be released into drinking water in significant amounts due to their presence
in components of the supply system.

Decisions on wastewater treatment are one of the major challenges of the urban wastewater treatment strategy.
To be effective, an institutional framework must distribute the different functions to be carried out by
involving and mobilizing the different actors of civil society, each in its own area of performance. The
institutional framework for the sanitation sector can be put in place gradually. It is important first of all to
define an institutional anchor to initiate the development of the sanitation sector. The institutional evolution
of the sanitation sector will be to prepare in a more global framework for institutional reform of the water
sector. Such a reform could provide for the separation of asset management and operational functions, which
will dictate a new positioning of the wastewater treatment sector. The municipalities must be involved in the
entire process of planning and implementing the activities of the sanitation service at the local level. It is also
important to recognize and define the role of the private sector and to identify effective public-private
partnerships for different areas of activity: latrine construction, drainage, operation of networks and sewage
treatment plants, social marketing, etc.

ISO is an international standards body made up of representatives of national standards organizations from
several countries. This organization was created to produce international standards in the industrial and
commercial fields called ISO standards. International standards offer technical, economic and societal
benefits. They help to harmonize the technical specifications of products and services, thereby increasing the
efficiency of industry and eliminating barriers to international trade. Compliance with international standards
gives consumers confidence that products are safe, effective and environmentally friendly.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 46

 UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC)
*****
NATIONAL INSTITIUT OF WATHER
*****
BRANCH OF WATHER AND SANITATION INGINEERING
*****
MASTER 1 : HYAS

Class : English

Title of the text : Remote sensing

The 5 technical terms

- Water
- Groundwater
- Watershed
- The density of the drainage network
- Wetland

Written by : Teacher
GBEDONOU Yves Arsene Dr Bienvenu OLORY

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 47

 Academic year 2023-2024

1. ORIGINAL TEXT FROM MY AREA OF EXPERTISE

Remote sensing
Groundwater cannot be directly observed on satellite images. Consequently, it is necessary to identify and
study a certain number of clues revealing the occurrence of this water. Thanks to its very fine scale, remote
sensing can provide various types of information about the earth's surface. Satellite images distinguish
between dry and wet areas. The persistence of wet soil during the dry season, regional structural features,
the fracture system, the density of the drainage network, the nature and layout of the vegetation. In
basement environments, the indicator used is fracturing. As a result, the current focus of groundwater
exploration is fracture mapping. Sites are generally located at the intersection of major faults. An attempt
is made to differentiate between productive and less productive structural directions, taking into account
the topographical position of a selected site (i.e. with its potential recharge basin). In the field, it's just a
matter of verifying observations. Satellite imagery is therefore an effective means of characterizing
reservoirs.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 48

 2. DEFINITION OF THE 5 TECHNICAL TERMS

Water : Liquid body at ordinary temperature and pressure, colorless, odorless, tasteless, whose molecules
are composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.

Groundwater : Groundwater is the sum total of the water reserves found underground. Water is stored in
zones called aquifers, made up of .

Watershed : A watershed is a geographical area where stormwater runoff or infiltration is collected by a

river and its tributaries, or by a body of water. This surface and groundwater flows by gravity and
converges towards a single point.

The density of the drainage network : Ratio between the total length of watercourse in a basin and the
surface area of the basin. Drainage density is expressed in km/km2.

Wetland : According to the 1992 Water Act, wetlands are “areas of land, whether used or not, that are
usually flooded or waterlogged with fresh, salt or brackish water.

3. COMMENT ON THE CHOSEN TERMS

The text highlights the crucial role of remote sensing in the search for groundwater, a vital resource for
mankind and the environment. The use of this technology makes it possible to meet major challenges such
as access to water, sustainable resource management, food security and adaptation to climate change.ate
regulation and biodiversity protection.

Groundwater, a hidden but vital resource, eludes direct satellite observation. So to locate it, we need to
rely on revealing clues, such as signatures visible on satellite images, because remote sensing, with its
unrivalled precision, gives us a penetrating view of the earth's surface. It allows us to distinguish between
dry and wet areas, even in the dry season. Other valuable clues are the persistence of soil moisture, the
structural features of the landscape, the drainage network, and the nature and layout of the vegetation.

In rocky environments, the key indicator is fractured ground. The search for water focuses on the
intersections of major faults, which are potential points of convergence.

In conclusion, remote sensing is an invaluable tool for characterizing groundwater reservoirs, optimizing
research efforts and uncovering this hidden resource essential to life.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 49

 UNIVERSITY OF ABOMEY-CALAVI

********

NATIONAL WATER INSTITUTE

********

CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN AFRICA FOR WATER AND SANITATION

********

DEPARTEMENT DU GENIE DE L’EAU ET DE L’ASSAINISSEMENT (DGEA)

********

MASTER I

GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE.

Réalisé par : Under the supervision of :

Dr M. Bienvenu OLORY
BACHABI A. Deen

Academic year : 2023-2024

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 50

Text : GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE?

Sometimes, especially in the media, these two terms are used interchangeably, meaning that you can use
either one because they both mean the same thing. But that is not true. They are connected, but they mean
different things. Global warming means the long-term increase in the temperature of the Earth.

You saw earlier that more of the heat of the sun is being trapped by a layer of greenhouse gases. Because
that heat cannot escape, the Earth is becoming warmer. Climate change refers to the long-term changes in
climates in different regions of the world. These changes could be warming. But they might also be cooling
or other changes such as more energetic or extreme weather like snowstorms or hurricanes. Climate change
can also refer to rising sea levels which are dangerous for people living on the coast.

WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE?

There is clearly a relationship between these two terms. As we said earlier, global warming is causing
climate change, so there is a cause-and-effect relationship. Global warming was the first term that people used
to describe what was going on. But this term is too narrow to describe the complete effects. So, climate change
is used more often now because it better represents what is actually going on.

II- Five technical keys with they definition :

1. Weather : This is the daily condition of the atmosphere in a place. It includes things like temperature, rain,
sunshine, wind, etc.

● Example : Today's weather is sunny and warm, perfect for a picnic!

2. Greenhouse gases : These are gases in the atmosphere that trap heat from the sun, like a giant greenhouse.
They keep Earth warm, but too much can cause problems.

● Example : Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas released from burning fossil fuels.

3. Cause-and-effect : This describes how one thing happens because of something else. It's like a chain
reaction.

● Example : Eating too much candy can cause a stomachache (cause = eating candy, effect =

stomachache).

4. Narrow : This means something is not wide. It can also describe a focus that's limited to a specific area.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 51

● Example : The path through the forest was narrow and winding.

5. Interchangeably: This means you can use two words in place of each other because they have similar
meanings.

● Example : "Happy" and "joyful" can be used interchangeably in this sentence. (They both

mean feeling good.

III- COMMENTAIRE

Climate change and global warming are often used interchangeably, but there is a subtle difference
between the two.

● Global warming refers to the long-term heating of Earth's climate system, primarily due to human
activities. This is caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which trap heat from
the sun.

● Climate change is a broader term that refers to the long-term alteration of temperature and typical
weather patterns, including both global warming and its effects. This includes changes in precipitation, sea
level, and wind patterns.

In other words, global warming is one of the main causes of climate change. Climate change also
encompasses the effects of global warming, such as more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and
changes in plant and animal life.

Here is a table summarizing the key differences between climate change and global warming:

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 52

 Feature Climate Change Global Warming

Long-term alteration of
Long-term heating of Earth's
Definition temperature and typical
climate system
weather patterns

Greenhouse gas emissions,

Cause deforestation, land-use Greenhouse gas emissions
change

More extreme weather

events, rising sea levels,
Increased average global
Effects changes in plant and animal
temperatures
life Increased average global
temperatures life

Broader term that Narrower term that refers to

Scope encompasses global the specific phenomenon of
warming and its effects rising global temperatures

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 53

 Ministère de l'Enseignement
supérieur et de la Recherche
scientifique

Centre d'Excellence d'Afrique pour l'eau et l'assainissement

Institut national de l'eau - Université d'Abomey-Calavi

Department: Water and Sanitation Engineering

Level: Master 1
English Courses

Course Leader : Dr. OLORY BIENVENU

Thèmes :Ménagement of water pollution

Student : MAMA Abdoud-bakari

Academic Year 2023-2024

Page 54 sur 280

Test: WATER TREATMENT USING THE SEEDS OF THE MORINGA OLEIFERA TREE

Moringa oleifera seeds treat water on two levels. acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. It is
generally accepted that Moringa works as a coagulant due to positivel which bind with negatively charged
particles (silt, clay, bacteria toxins. etc) allowing the resulting -flocs" to settle to the bottom or be removed by
filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of Moringa continue to be rese arched. Findings support recombinant
proteins both removing microorganisms by coagulation as well as acting directly as growth inhibitors of the
microorganisms. it is accepted that treatments with Moringa
solutions will remove 90-99.9% of the impurities in directly affects the membrane water transport between
the anode and the cathode (two electrodes) of the polymer electrolyte membrane (REM) fuel cell in the
presence of liquid water inside the stack.

modification permits calibration of a zeroconditions in the two electrodes observed at various current levels
[101.The hydrology Of a small quaking fen was investigated by measuring all that the fen is a focus for
groundwater discharge. and that there is a lateral (subsurface) flow from the fen toward surrounding areas
during most of the year. Water budgets calculated from conductivity gave high residual errors (56.1•70 +
16.3'70). When hydraulic conductivity was derived from numerical analyses. the errors were very small (2.870
+ 3.1 the integration of ecological and socio knowledge modelling and visualization techniques. the study
shows that the differentiation between

landscapes and other regional characteristics although considered essential implementation of water frame
directive measures is very data intensive [12)

Nanoparticles have proven themselves as a good adsorbent due to their unique features like small size, arge
surface area. catalytic potential and large number of active sites with different contaminants and ease of
separation. The large surface area to mass ratio of nanoparticle increases their adsorption efficiency.
These unique properties can be used to
Schematic representation of adsorption of pollutants by activated carbon and nanoadsorbents.
GIS AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

In GIS to identify water polluted areas using GIS based modelling approaches in quality data were available.
As no model exists to predict water colour method which is capable of predicting colour co predict pesticide
and nitrate N concentrations and nitrate N loads at the catchment scale. The pesticides results did not match
the historic d problems with the historic pesticide data and temporal and spatially variability in pesticide usage.
The use of these models can be extended to predict water quality problems in catchments.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 55

 KEY WORDS

Pollution: the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or
poisonous effects.

A microorganism: is a single-celled organism that can only be observed individually using a microscope.

Antimicrobial: is an agent that kills microorganism (microbicide) or their growh.

Pollutant: substance that pollutes something, especially water or the atmosphere.

Toxicity: The degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison) can harm humans or animals.

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 56

 Commentaty

Water is essential for the existence of all life forms. The importance of water for sustenance of life
cannot be over emphasized. But due to the over exploitation it is degrading day by day. Occur and
due to excess application of fertilizers etc increases the salinity and also decreases the quality of
water [18]. If specific treatment is deemed necessary, aeration, granular or powdered activated
carbon and ozonation are generally effective techniques in removing organic and inorganic
chemicals, such as hydrogen sulfide, that cause tastes and odours [19] . So, some of the effective
control methods like water purification through polymer beads, moringa seeds are beneficial for
small scale farmers at affordable cost and also can manage the impact of pollution by current
technique

INTEGRATED WATER RESSOURCES MANAGEMENT 57