Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |

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 SYLLABUS/ TOPICS COVERED
Three Phase Induction Motors: Types,
Construction and principle of operation, 3 phase
Induction Motor, general phasor diagram,
equivalent circuit, power and torque relations,
condition for maximum torque, circle diagram,
Performance characteristics, effect of rotor
resistance on speed torque characteristics, stable
& unstable region of operation, Operation with
unbalanced supply voltage. Starting: Starting of
3 phase induction motors, high starting torque
motors, speed control, rheostatic method, pole
MODULE- changing method cascade control of speed,
Double cage induction motor, Cogging and

III Crawling of Induction motor, induction

generator

THREE PHASE INDCTION [Topics are arranged as per above

MOTOR sequence]
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Module-III

3.1 Three Phase Induction Motor

The most common type of AC motor being used throughout the work today is the "Induction
Motor". Applications of three-phase induction motors of size varying from half a kilowatt to
thousands of kilowatts are numerous. They are found everywhere from a small workshop to a large
manufacturing industry.

The advantages of three-phase AC induction motor are listed below:

• Simple design

• Rugged construction

• Reliable operation

• Low initial cost

• Easy operation and simple maintenance

• Simple control gear for starting and speed control

• High efficiency.

Induction motor is originated in the year 1891 with crude construction (The induction machine
principle was invented by NIKOLA TESLA in 1888.). Then an improved construction with
distributed stator windings and a cage rotor was built.

The slip ring rotor was developed after a decade or so. Since then a lot of improvement has taken
place on the design of these two types of induction motors. Lot of research work has been carried
out to improve its power factor and to achieve suitable methods of speed control.

3.2 Types and Construction of Three Phase Induction Motor

Three phase induction motors are constructed into two major types:

1. Squirrel cage Induction Motors

2. Slip ring Induction Motors

3.2.1 Squirrel cage Induction Motors

(a) Stator Construction

The induction motor stator resembles the stator of a revolving field, three phase alternator. The
stator or the stationary part consists of three phase winding held in place in the slots of a laminated
steel core which is enclosed and supported by a cast iron or a steel frame as shown in Fig: 3.1(a).
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The phase windings are placed 120 electrical degrees apart and may be connected in either star or
delta externally, for which six leads are brought out to a terminal box mounted on the frame of the
motor. When the stator is energized from a three phase voltage it will produce a rotating magnetic
field in the stator core.

Fig: 3.1

(b) Rotor Construction

The rotor of the squirrel cage motor shown in Fig: 3.1(b) contains no windings. Instead it is a
cylindrical core constructed of steel laminations with conductor bars mounted parallel to the shaft
and embedded near the surface of the rotor core.

These conductor bars are short circuited by an end rings at both end of the rotor core. In large
machines, these conductor bars and the end rings are made up of copper with the bars brazed or
welded to the end rings shown in Fig: 3.1(b).In small machines the conductor bars and end rings
are sometimes made of aluminium with the bars and rings cast in as part of the rotor core. Actually
the entire construction (bars and end-rings) resembles a squirrel cage, from which the name is
derived.

The rotor or rotating part is not connected electrically to the power supply but has voltage induced
in it by transformer action from the stator. For this reason, the stator is sometimes called the
primary and the rotor is referred to as the secondary of the motor since the motor operates on the
principle of induction and as the construction of the rotor with the bars and end rings resembles a
squirrel cage, the squirrel cage induction motor is used.

The rotor bars are not insulated from the rotor core because they are made of metals having less
resistance than the core. The induced current will flow mainly in them. Also the rotor bars are
usually not quite parallel to the rotor shaft but are mounted in a slightly skewed position. This
feature tends to produce a more uniform rotor field and torque. Also it helps to reduce some of the
internal magnetic noise when the motor is running.
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(c) End Shields

The function of the two end shields is to support the rotor shaft. They are fitted with bearings and
attached to the stator frame with the help of studs or bolts attention.

3.2.2 Slip ring Induction Motors

(a) Stator Construction

The construction of the slip ring induction motor is exactly similar to the construction of squirrel
cage induction motor. There is no difference between squirrel cage and slip ring motors.

(b) Rotor Construction

The rotor of the slip ring induction motor is also cylindrical or constructed of lamination.

Squirrel cage motors have a rotor with short circuited bars whereas slip ring motors have wound
rotors having "three windings" each connected in star.

The winding is made of copper wire. The terminals of the rotor windings of the slip ring motors
are brought out through slip rings which are in contact with stationary brushes as shown in Fig:
3.2.

Fig: 3.2

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE SLIPRING MOTOR ARE

• It has susceptibility to speed control by regulating rotor resistance.

• High starting torque of 200 to 250% of full load value.

• Low starting current of the order of 250 to 350% of the full load current.

Hence slip ring motors are used where one or more of the above requirements are to be met.
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3.2.3 Comparison of Squirrel Cage and Slip Ring Motor

Sl.No. Property Squirrel cage motor Slip ring motor

1. Rotor Bars are used in rotor. Winding wire is to be

Construction Squirrel cage motor is used.
very simple, rugged and
long lasting. No slip Wound rotor required
rings and brushes attention.
Slip ring and brushes
are needed also need
frequent maintenance.

2. Starting Can be started by Rotor resistance starter

D.O.L., star-delta, auto is required.
transformer starters

3. Starting Low Very high

torque

4. Starting High Low

Current

5. Speed variation Not easy, but could be Easy to vary speed.

varied in large steps by
pole changing or Speed change is possible
through smaller by inserting rotor
incremental steps resistance using
through thyristors or by thyristors or by using
frequency variation. frequency variation
injecting emf in the rotor
circuit cascading.

6. Maintenance Almost ZERO Requires frequent

maintenance maintenance

7. Cost Low High

3.3 Principle of Operation

The operation of a 3-phase induction motor is based upon the application of Faraday Law and the
Lorentz force on a conductor. The behaviour can readily be understood by means of the following
example.

Consider a series of conductors of length l, whose extremities are short-circuited by two bars A
and B (Fig.3.3 a). A permanent magnet placed above this conducting ladder, moves rapidly to the
right at a speed v, so that its magnetic field B sweeps across the conductors. The following
sequence of events then takes place:
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1. A voltage E = Blv is induced in each conductor while it is being cut by the flux (Faraday
law).
2. The induced voltage immediately produces a current I, which flows down the conductor
underneath the pole face, through the end-bars, and back through the other conductors.
3. Because the current carrying conductor lies in the magnetic field of the permanent magnet,
it experiences a mechanical force (Lorentz force).
4. The force always acts in a direction to drag the conductor along with the magnetic field. If
the conducting ladder is free to move, it will accelerate toward the right. However, as it
picks up speed, the conductors will be cut less rapidly by the moving magnet, with the
result that the induced voltage E and the current I will diminish. Consequently, the force
acting on the conductors wilt also decreases. If the ladder were to move at the same speed
as the magnetic field, the induced voltage E, the current I, and the force dragging the ladder
along would all become zero.

Fig: 3.3

In an induction motor the ladder is closed upon itself to form a squirrel-cage (Fig.3.3b) and the
moving magnet is replaced by a rotating field. The field is produced by the 3-phase currents that
flow in the stator windings.

3.4 Rotating Magnetic Field and Induced Voltages

Consider a simple stator having 6 salient poles, each of which carries a coil having 5 turns
(Fig.3.4). Coils that are diametrically opposite are connected in series by means of three jumpers
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that respectively connect terminals a-a, b-b, and c-c. This creates three identical sets of windings
AN, BN, CN, which are mechanically spaced at 120 degrees to each other. The two coils in each
winding produce magneto motive forces that act in the same direction.

The three sets of windings are connected in wye, thus forming a common neutral N. Owing to the
perfectly symmetrical arrangement, the line to neutral impedances are identical. In other words, as
regards terminals A, B, C, the windings constitute a balanced 3-phase system.

For a two-pole machine, rotating in the air gap, the magnetic field (i.e., flux density) being
sinusoidally distributed with the peak along the centre of the magnetic poles. The result is
illustrated in Fig.3.5. The rotating field will induce voltages in the phase coils aa', bb', and cc'.
Expressions for the induced voltages can be obtained by using Faraday laws of induction.

Fig: 3.4 Elementary stator having terminals A, B, C connected to a 3-phase source (not shown).
Currents flowing from line to neutral are considered to be positive.

Fig: 3.5 Air gap flux density distribution.

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Let us consider that the phase coils are full-pitch coils of N turns (the coil sides of each phase are
180 electrical degrees apart as shown in Fig.3.5). It is obvious that as the rotating field moves (or
the magnetic poles rotate) the flux linkage of a coil will vary. The flux linkage for coil aa' will be
maximum.

Hence,

Where f is the frequency in hertz. Above equation has the same form as that for the induced voltage
in transformers. However, ØP represents the flux per pole of the machine.
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The above equation also shows the rms voltage per phase. The N is the total number of series turns
per phase with the turns forming a concentrated full-pitch winding. In an actual AC machine each
phase winding is distributed in a number of slots for better use of the iron and copper and to
improve the waveform. For such a distributed winding, the EMF induced in various coils placed
in different slots are not in time phase, and therefore the phasor sum of the EMF is less than their
numerical sum when they are connected in series for the phase winding. A reduction factor KW,
called the winding factor, must therefore be applied. For most three-phase machine windings KW
is about 0.85 to 0.95.

Therefore, for a distributed phase winding, the rms voltage per phase is

Erms = 4.44fNphφpKW

Where Nph is the number of turns in series per phase.

3.5 Alternate Analysis for Rotating Magnetic Field

When a 3-phase winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic field is produced.
This field is such that its poles do no remain in a fixed position on the stator but go on shifting
their positions around the stator. For this reason, it is called a rotating Held. It can be shown that
magnitude of this rotating field is constant and is equal to 1.5 m where m is the maximum flux due
to any phase.

To see how rotating field is produced, consider a 2-pole, 3-phase winding as shown in Fig. 3.6 (i).
The three phases X, Y and Z are energized from a 3-phase source and currents in these phases are
indicated as Ix, Iy and Iz [See Fig. 3.6 (ii)]. Referring to Fig. 3.6 (ii), the fluxes produced by these
currents are given by:

Here m is the maximum flux due to any phase. Above figure shows the phasor diagram of the
three fluxes. We shall now prove that this 3-phase supply produces a rotating field of constant
magnitude equal to 1.5 m.

At instant 1 [See Fig. 3.6 (ii) and Fig. 3.6 (iii)], the current in phase X is zero and currents in phases
Y and Z are equal and opposite. The currents are flowing outward in the top conductors and inward
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in the bottom conductors. This establishes a resultant flux towards right. The magnitude of the
resultant flux is constant and is equal to 1.5 m as proved under:

So,

At instant 2 [Fig: 3.7 (ii)], the current is maximum (negative) in y phase Y and 0.5 maximum
(positive) in phases X and Y. The magnitude of resultant flux is 1.5 m as proved under:

At instant 2, t = 30°. Therefore, the three fluxes are given by;

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Fig: 3.6

At instant 3[Fig: 3.7 (iii)], current in phase Z is zero and the currents in phases X and Y are equal
and opposite (currents in phases X and Y arc 0.866  max. value). The magnitude of resultant flux
is 1.5 m as proved under:
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Fig: 3.7

At instant 4 [Fig: 3.7 (iv)], the current in phase X is maximum (positive) and the currents in phases
V and Z are equal and negative (currents in phases V and Z are 0.5  max. value). This establishes
a resultant flux downward as shown under:
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It follows from the above discussion that a 3-phase supply produces a rotating field of constant
value (= 1.5 m, where m is the maximum flux due to any phase).

3.5.1 Speed of rotating magnetic field

The speed at which the rotating magnetic field revolves is called the synchronous speed (Ns).
Referring to Fig. 3.6 (ii), the time instant 4 represents the completion of one-quarter cycle of
alternating current Ix from the time instant 1. During this one quarter cycle, the field has rotated
through 90°. At a time instant represented by 13 [Fig. 3.6 (ii)] or one complete cycle of current Ix
from the origin, the field has completed one revolution. Therefore, for a 2-pole stator winding, the
field makes one revolution in one cycle of current. In a 4-pole stator winding, it can be shown that
the rotating field makes one revolution in two cycles of current. In general, fur P poles, the rotating
field makes one revolution in P/2 cycles of current.

The speed of the rotating magnetic field is the same as the speed of the alternator that is supplying
power to the motor if the two have the same number of poles. Hence the magnetic flux is said to
rotate at synchronous speed.
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3.5.2 Direction of rotating magnetic field

The phase sequence of the three-phase voltage applied to the stator winding in Fig. 3.6 (ii) is X-
Y-Z. If this sequence is changed to X-Z-Y, it is observed that direction of rotation of the field is
reversed i.e., the field rotates counter clockwise rather than clockwise. However, the number of
poles and the speed at which the magnetic field rotates remain unchanged. Thus it is necessary
only to change the phase sequence in order to change the direction of rotation of
the magnetic field. For a three-phase supply, this can be done by interchanging any two of the
three lines. As we shall see, the rotor in a 3-phase induction motor runs in the same direction as
the rotating magnetic field. Therefore, the direction of rotation of a 3-phase induction motor can
be reversed by interchanging any two of the three motor supply lines.

3.5.3 Slip

We have seen above that rotor rapidly accelerates in the direction of rotating field. In practice, the
rotor can never reach the speed of stator flux. If it did, there would be no relative speed between
the stator field and rotor conductors, no induced rotor currents and, therefore, no torque to drive
the rotor. The friction and windage would immediately cause the rotor to slow down. Hence, the
rotor speed (N) is always less than the suitor field speed (Ns). This difference in speed depends
upon load on the motor. The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the rotating stator
field and the actual rotor speed N is called slip. It is usually expressed as a percentage of
synchronous speed i.e.

3.5.4 Rotor Current Frequency

The frequency of a voltage or current induced due to the relative speed between a vending and a
magnetic field is given by the general formula;
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(ii) As the rotor picks up speed, the relative speed between the rotating flux and the rotor
decreases. Consequently, the slip s and hence rotor current frequency decreases.

3.6 Phasor Diagram of Three Phase Induction Motor

In a 3-phase induction motor, the stator winding is connected to 3-phase supply and the rotor
winding is short-circuited. The energy is transferred magnetically from the stator winding to the
short-circuited, rotor winding. Therefore, an induction motor may be considered to be a
transformer with a rotating secondary (short-circuited). The stator winding corresponds to
transformer primary and the rotor finding corresponds to transformer secondary. In view of the
similarity of the flux and voltage conditions to those in a transformer, one can expect that the
equivalent circuit of an induction motor will be similar to that of a transformer. Fig. 3.8 shows the
equivalent circuit per phase for an induction motor. Let discuss the stator and rotor circuits
separately.

Fig: 3.8
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Stator circuit. In the stator, the events are very similar to those in the transformer primary. The
applied voltage per phase to the stator is V1 and R1and X1 are the stator resistance and leakage
reactance per phase respectively. The applied voltage V1 produces a magnetic flux which links
the stator winding (i.e., primary) as well as the rotor winding (i.e., secondary). As a result, self-
induced e.m.f. E1 is induced in the stator winding and mutually induced e.m.f.

E'2(= s E2 = s K E1 where K is transformation ratio) is induced in the rotor winding. The flow of
stator current I1 causes voltage drops in R1 and X1.

 V1  E1  I1 (R1 j X1) ...phasor sum

When the motor is at no-load, the stator winding draws a current I0. It has two components viz.,
(i) which supplies the no-load motor losses and (ii) magnetizing component Im which sets up
magnetic flux in the core and the air gap. The parallel combination of Rc and Xm, therefore,
represents the no-load motor losses and the production of magnetic flux respectively.

 I0  Iw  Im

Rotor circuit. Here R2 and X2 represent the rotor resistance and standstill rotor reactance per
phase respectively. At any slip s, the rotor reactance will be X2 .The induced voltage/phase in the
rotor is E'2 = s E2 = s K E1. Since the rotor winding is short-circuited, the whole of e.m.f. E'2 is
used up in circulating the rotor current I'2.

 E'2  I'2 (R2  j s X2)

The rotor current I'2 is reflected as I"2 (= K I'2) in the stator. The phasor sum of I"2 and I0 gives the
stator current I1.
It is important to note that input to the primary and output from the secondary of a transformer are
electrical. However, in an induction motor, the inputs to the stator and rotor are electrical but the
output from the rotor is mechanical. To facilitate calculations, it is desirable and necessary to
replace the mechanical load by an equivalent electrical load. We then have the transformer
equivalent circuit of the induction motor.
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Fig: 3.9

It may be noted that even though the frequencies of stator and rotor currents are different, yet the
magnetic fields due to them rotate at synchronous speed Ns. The stator currents produce a magnetic
flux which rotates at a speed Ns. At slip s, the speed of rotation of the rotor field relative to the
rotor surface in the direction of rotation of the rotor is

But the rotor is revolving at a speed of N relative to the stator core. Therefore, the speed of rotor
field relative to stator core

Thus no matter what the value of slip s, the stator and rotor magnetic fields are synchronous with
each other when seen by an observer stationed in space. Consequently, the 3-phase induction motor
can be regarded as being equivalent to a transformer having an air-gap separating the iron portions
of the magnetic circuit carrying the primary and secondary windings. Fig. 3.9 shows the phasor
diagram of induction motor.
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3.7 Equivalent Circuit of Three Phase Induction Motor

Fig. 3.10 (i) shows the equivalent circuit per phase of the rotor at slip s. The rotor phase current is
given by;

Mathematically, this value is unaltered by writing it as:

As shown in Fig. 3.10 (ii), we now have a rotor circuit that has a fixed reactance X2 connected in
series with a variable resistance R2/s and supplied with constant voltage E2. Note that Fig. 3.10
(ii) transfers the variable to the resistance without altering power or power factor conditions.

Fig: 3.10
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Fig. 3.10 (iii) shows the equivalent rotor circuit along with load resistance RL.

Now Fig: 3.11 shows the equivalent circuit per phase of a 3-phase induction motor. Note that
mechanical load on the motor has been replaced by an equivalent electrical resistance R L given
by;

(i)

The circuit shown in Fig. 3.11 is similar to the equivalent circuit of a transformer with secondary
load equal to R2 given by eq. (i). The rotor e.m.f. in the equivalent circuit now depends only on
the transformation ratio K (= E2/E1).

Fig: 3.11

Therefore; induction motor can be represented as an equivalent transformer connected to a

variable-resistance load RL given by eq. (i). The power delivered to RL represents the total
mechanical power developed in the rotor. Since the equivalent circuit of Fig. 3.11 is that of a
transformer, the secondary (i.e., rotor) values can be transferred to primary (i.e., stator) through
the appropriate use of transformation ratio K. Recall that when shifting resistance/reactance from
secondary to primary, it should be divided by K2 whereas current should be multiplied by K. The
equivalent circuit of an induction motor referred to primary is shown in Fig. 3.12.
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Fig: 3.12

Note that the element (i.e., R'L) enclosed in the dotted box is the equivalent electrical resistance
related to the mechanical load on the motor. The following points may be noted from the equivalent
circuit of the induction motor:

(i) At no-load, the slip is practically zero and the load R'L is infinite. This condition resembles
that in a transformer whose secondary winding is open-circuited.

(ii) At standstill, the slip is unity and the load R'L is zero. This condition resembles that in a
transformer whose secondary winding is short-circuited.

(iii) When the motor is running under load, the value of R'L will depend upon the value of the
slip s. This condition resembles that in a transformer whose secondary is supplying variable and
purely resistive load.

(iv) The equivalent electrical resistance R'L related to mechanical load is slip or speed
dependent. If the slip s increases, the load R'L decreases and the rotor current increases and motor
will develop more mechanical power. This is expected because the slip of the motor increases with
the increase of load on the motor shaft.

3.8 Power and Torque Relations of Three Phase Induction Motor

The transformer equivalent circuit of an induction motor is quite helpful in analyzing the various
power relations in the motor. Fig. 3.13 shows the equivalent circuit per phase of an induction motor
where all values have been referred to primary (i.e., stator).
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Fig: 3.13

This is quite apparent from the equivalent circuit shown in Fig: 3.13.
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3.9 Induction Motor Torque

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3.10 Rotor Output

If there were no copper losses in the rotor, the output would equal rotor input and the rotor would
run at synchronous speed Ns.

It is clear that if the input power to rotor is ―Pr‖ then ―s.Pr‖ is lost as rotor Cu loss and the remaining
(1 - s) Pr is converted into mechanical power. Consequently, induction motor operating at high
slip has poor efficiency.
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3.11.1 Torque Equations

The gross torque Tg developed by an induction motor is given by;

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3.11.2 Rotor Torque

3.11.3 Starting Torque (Ts)

Let,
E2 = rotor e.m.f. per phase at standstill

X2 = rotor reactance per phase at standstill

R2 = rotor resistance per phase

Generally, the stator supply voltage V is constant so that flux per pole  set up by the stator is also
fixed. This in turn means that e.m.f. E2 induced in the rotor will be constant.
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3.11.4 Condition for Maximum Starting Torque

It can be proved that starting torque will be maximum when rotor resistance/phase is equal to
standstill rotor reactance/phase.

Hence starting torque will be maximum when:

Rotor resistance/phase = Standstill rotor reactance/phase

Under the condition of maximum starting torque, 2 = 45° and rotor power factor is 0.707 lagging.
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Fig: 3.14
Fig. 3.14 shows the variation of starting torque with rotor resistance. As the rotor resistance is
increased from a relatively low value, the starting torque increases until it becomes maximum
when R2 = X2. If the rotor resistance is increased beyond this optimum value, the starting torque
will decrease.

3.11.5 Effect of Change of Supply Voltage

Therefore, the starting torque is very sensitive to changes in the value of supply voltage. For
example, a drop of 10% in supply voltage will decrease the starting torque by about 20%. This
could mean the motor failing to start if it cannot produce a torque greater than the load torque plus
friction torque.
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3.12 Circle Diagram

To analyse the three phase induction motor performance using circle diagram we need to determine
the equivalent circuit parameters of the machine.

3.12.1 Approximate Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor

As in case of a transformer, the approximate equivalent circuit of an induction motor is obtained
by shifting the shunt branch (Rc - Xm) to the input terminals as shown in Fig. 3.15. This step has
been taken on the assumption that voltage drop in R1 and X1 is small and the terminal voltage V1
does not appreciably differ from the induced voltage E1. Fig. 3.15 shows the approximate
equivalent circuit per phase of an induction motor where all values have been referred to primary
(i.e., stator).

Fig: 3.15
The above approximate circuit of induction motor is not so readily justified as with the transformer.
This is due to the following reasons:

(i) Unlike that of a power transformer, the magnetic circuit of the induction motor has an air-gap.
Therefore, the exciting current of induction motor (30 to 40% of full-load current) is much higher
than that of the power transformer. Consequently, the exact equivalent circuit must be used for
accurate results.

(ii) The relative values of X1 and X2 in an induction motor are larger than the corresponding ones
to be found in the transformer. This fact does not justify the use of approximate equivalent circuit

(iii) In a transformer, the windings are concentrated whereas in an induction motor, the windings
are distributed. This affects the transformation ratio.

In spite of the above drawbacks of approximate equivalent circuit, it yields results that are
satisfactory for large motors. However, approximate equivalent circuit is not justified for small
motors.
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3.12.2 Tests to Determine the Equivalent Circuit Parameters

In order to find values for the various elements of the equivalent circuit, tests must be conducted
on a particular machine, which is to be represented by the equivalent circuit. In order to do this,
we note the following.

1. When the machine is run on no-load, there is very little torque developed by it. In an ideal case
where there is no mechanical losses, there is no mechanical power developed at no-load. Recalling
the explanations in the section on torque production, the flow of current in the rotor is indicative
of the torque that is produced. If no torque is produced, one may conclude that no current would
be flowing in the rotor either. The rotor branch acts like an open circuit. This conclusion may also
be reached by reasoning that when there is no load, an ideal machine will run up to its synchronous
speed where the slip is zero resulting in an infinite impedance in the rotor branch.

2. When the machine is prevented from rotation, and supply is given, the slip remains at unity. The
elements representing the magnetizing branch Rm & Xm are high impedances much larger than
in series. Thus, in the exact equivalent circuit of the induction machine, the magnetizing
branch may be neglected.

From these considerations, we may reduce the induction machine equivalent circuit of Fig.3.13 &
Fig: 3.15 to those shown in Fig: 3.16.

Fig: 3.16

These two observations and the reduced equivalent circuits are used as the basis for the two most
commonly used tests to find out the equivalent circuit parameters — the blocked rotor test and no
load test. They are also referred to as the short circuit test and open circuit test respectively in
conceptual analogy to the transformer.
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1. No-load test

The behaviour of the machine may be judged from the equivalent circuit of Fig: 3.16 (a). The
current drawn by the machine causes a stator-impedance drop and the balance voltage is applied
across the magnetizing branch. However, since the magnetizing branch impedance is large, the
current drawn is small and hence the stator impedance drop is small compared to the applied
voltage (rated value). This drop and the power dissipated in the stator resistance are therefore
neglected and the total power drawn is assumed to be consumed entirely as core loss. This can also
be seen from the approximate equivalent circuit, the use of which is justified by the foregoing
arguments. This test therefore enables us to compute the resistance and inductance of the
magnetizing branch in the following manner.

Vs, Is and Ps are measured with appropriate meters. With Rm known by above equation, Xm also
can be found. The current drawn is at low power factor and hence a suitable wattmeter should be
used.

2. Blocked-rotor Test

In this test the rotor is prevented from rotation by mechanical means and hence the name. Since
there is no rotation, slip of operation is unity, s = 1. The equivalent circuit valid under these
conditions is shown in Fig: 3.16 (b). Since the current drawn is decided by the resistance and
leakage impedances alone, the magnitude can be very high when rated voltage is applied.
Therefore in this test, only small voltages are applied — just enough to cause rated current to flow.
While the current magnitude depends on the resistance and the reactance, the power drawn depends
on the resistances.

The parameters may then be determined as follows. The source current and power drawn may be
written as -
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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In the test Vs, Is and Ps are measured with appropriate meters. Above equation enables us to
compute (Rs + R′r). Once this is known, (Xs + X′r) may be computed from the above equation.

Note that this test only enables us to determine the series combination of the resistance and the
reactance only and not the individual values. Generally, the individual values are assumed to be
equal; the assumption Rs = R′r, and Xs = X′r suffices for most purposes.

In practice, there are differences. If more accurate estimates are required IEEE guidelines may be
followed which depend on the size of the machine.

These two tests determine the equivalent circuit parameters in a ‗Stator-referred‘ sense, i.e., the
rotor resistance and leakage inductance are not the actual values but what they ‘appear to be‘ when
looked at from the stator. This is sufficient for most purposes as interconnections to the external
world are generally done at the stator terminals.

3.12.3 Effect of Rotor Resistance on Speed Torque Characteristic

Restricting ourselves to positive values of slip, we see that the curve has a peak point. This is the
maximum torque that the machine can produce, and is called as stalling torque. If the load torque
is more than this value, the machine stops rotating or stalls. It occurs at a slip ˆs, which for the
machine of Fig: 3.19 is 0.38. At values of slip lower than ˆs, the curve falls steeply down to zero
at s = 0. The torque at synchronous speed is therefore zero. At values of slip higher than s = ˆs, the
curve falls slowly to a minimum value at s = 1. The torque at s = 1 (speed = 0) is called the starting
torque. The value of the stalling torque may be obtained by differentiating the expression for torque
with respect to zero and setting it to zero to find the value of ˆs. Using this method, we can write
–

Substituting ˆs into the expression for torque gives us the value of the stalling torque ˆ Te,

- The negative sign being valid for negative slip.

Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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The expression shows that ˆ Te is the independent of R′r, while ˆs is directly proportional to R′r.
This fact can be made use of conveniently to alter ˆs. If it is possible to change R′r, then we can
get a whole series of torque-speed characteristics, the maximum torque remaining constant all the
while.

We may note that if R′r is chosen equal to =

The ˆs, becomes unity, which means that the maximum torque occurs at starting. Thus changing
of R′r, wherever possible can serve as a means to control the starting torque Fig: 3.20.

Fig: 3.20

While considering the negative slip range, (generator mode) we note that the maximum torque is
higher than in the positive slip region (motoring mode).

3.12.4 Methods of Starting Three Phase Induction Motors

The method to be employed in starting a given induction motor depends upon the size of the motor
and the type of the motor. The common methods used to start induction motors are:

(i) Direct-on-line starting

(ii) Stator resistance starting
(iii) Autotransformer starting
(iv) Star-delta starting
(v) Rotor resistance starting
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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Methods (i) to (iv) are applicable to both squirrel-cage and slip ring motors. However, method (v)
is applicable only to slip ring motors. In practice, any one of the first four methods is used for
starting squirrel cage motors, depending upon, the size of the motor. But slip ring motors are
invariably started by rotor resistance starting.

Except direct-on-line starting, all other methods of starting squirrel-cage motors employ reduced
voltage across motor terminals at starting.

(i) Direct-on-line starting

This method of starting in just what the name implies—the motor is started by connecting it
directly to 3-phase supply. The impedance of the motor at standstill is relatively low and when it
is directly connected to the supply system, the starting current will be high (4 to 10 times the full-
load current) and at a low power factor. Consequently, this method of starting is suitable for
relatively small (up to 7.5 kW) machines.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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Note that starting current is as large as five times the full-load current but starting torque is just
equal to the full-load torque. Therefore, starting current is very high and the starting torque is
comparatively low. If this large starting current flows for a long time, it may overheat the motor
and damage the insulation.

(ii) Stator resistance starting

In this method, external resistances are connected in series with each phase of stator winding
during starting. This causes voltage drop across the resistances so that voltage available across
motor terminals is reduced and hence the starting current. The starting resistances are gradually
cut out in steps (two or more steps) from the stator circuit as the motor picks up speed. When the
motor attains rated speed, the resistances are completely cut out and full line voltage is applied to
the rotor see Fig: 3.23.
This method suffers from two drawbacks. First, the reduced voltage applied to the motor during
the starting period lowers the starting torque and hence increases the accelerating time. Secondly,
a lot of power is wasted in the starting resistances.

Fig: 3.23
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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Relation between starting and F.L. torques.

Let V be the rated voltage/phase. If the voltage is reduced by a fraction x by the insertion of
resistors in the line, then voltage applied to the motor per phase will be xV.
So,

Thus while the starting current reduces by a fraction x of the rated-voltage starting current (Isc),
the starting torque is reduced by a fraction x2 of that obtained by direct switching. The reduced
voltage applied to the motor during the starting period lowers the starting current but at the same
time increases the accelerating time because of the reduced value of the starting torque. Therefore,
this method is used for starting small motors only.

(iii) Autotransformer starting

This method also aims at connecting the induction motor to a reduced supply at starting and then
connecting it to the full voltage as the motor picks up sufficient speed. Fig: 3.24 shows the circuit
arrangement for autotransformer starting. The tapping on the autotransformer is so set that when
it is in the circuit, 65% to 80% of line voltage is applied to the motor.
At the instant of starting, the change-over switch is thrown to ―start‖ position. This puts the
autotransformer in the circuit and thus reduced voltage is applied to the circuit. Consequently,
starting current is limited to safe value. When the motor attains about 80% of normal speed, the
changeover switch is thrown to ―run‖ position. This takes out the autotransformer from the circuit
and puts the motor to full line voltage. Autotransformer starting has several advantages viz low
power loss, low starting current and less radiated heat. For large machines (over 25 H.P.), this
method of starting is often used. This method can be used for both star and delta connected motors.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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Fig: 3.24

Fig: 3.25
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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The current taken from the supply or by autotransformer is I1 = KI2 = K2Isc. Note that motor current
is K times, the supply line current is K2 times and the starting torque is K2 times the value it would
have been on direct-on-line starting.

(iv) Star-delta starting

The stator winding of the motor is designed for delta operation and is connected in star during
the starting period. When the machine is up to speed, the connections are changed to delta. The
circuit arrangement for star-delta starting is shown in Fig: 3.26.
The six leads of the stator windings are connected to the changeover switch as shown. At the
instant of starting, the changeover switch is thrown to ―Start‖ position which connects the stator
windings in star. Therefore, each stator phase gets �/√3 volts where V is the line voltage. This
reduces the starting current. When the motor picks up speed, the changeover switch is thrown to
―Run‖ position which connects the stator windings in delta. Now each stator phase gets full line
voltage V. The disadvantages of this method are:

(b) The reduction in voltage is fixed.

This method of starting is used for medium-size machines (upto about 25 H.P.).
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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Fig: 3.26

Note that in star-delta starting, the starting line current is reduced to one-third as compared to
starting with the winding delta connected. Further, starting torque is reduced to one-third of that
obtainable by direct delta starting. This method is cheap but limited to applications where high
starting torque is not necessary e.g., machine tools, pumps etc.

3.12.5 Starting of Slip-Ring Induction Motors

Slip-ring motors are invariably started by rotor resistance starting. In this method, a variable star-
connected rheostat is connected in the rotor circuit through slip rings and full voltage is applied
to the stator winding as shown in Fig: 3.27.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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Fig: 3.27

(i) At starting, the handle of rheostat is set in the OFF position so that maximum resistance
is placed in each phase of the rotor circuit. This reduces the starting current and at the same time
starting torque is increased.

(ii) As the motor picks up speed, the handle of rheostat is gradually moved in clockwise
direction and cuts out the external resistance in each phase of the rotor circuit. When the
motor attains normal speed, the change-over switch is in the ON position and the whole
external resistance is cut out from the rotor circuit.

3.13 Speed control of Three Phase Induction Motors

The induction machine, when operating from mains is essentially a constant speed machine.
Many industrial drives, typically for fan or pump applications, have typically constant speed
requirements and hence the induction machine is ideally suited for these. However, the induction
machine, especially the squirrel cage type, is quite rugged and has a simple construction.
Therefore it is good candidate for variable speed applications if it can be achieved.

3.13.1 Speed control by changing applied voltage

From the torque equation of the induction machine we can see that the torque depends on the
square of the applied voltage. The variation of speed torque curves with respect to the applied
voltage is shown in Fig: 3.28. These curves show that the slip at maximum torque �^ remains
same, while the value of stall torque comes down with decrease in applied voltage. The speed
range for stable operation remains the same.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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Further, we also note that the starting torque is also lower at lower voltages. Thus, even if a given
voltage level is sufficient for achieving the running torque, the machine may not start. This
method of trying to control the speed is best suited for loads that require very little starting torque,
but their torque requirement may increase with speed.

Fig: 3.28 also shows a load torque characteristic — one that is typical of a fan type of load. In a
fan (blower) type of load, the variation of torque with speed is such that � ∝ �2.
Here one can see that it may be possible to run the motor to lower speeds within the range ns to
(1 − ˆs) ns. Further, since the load torque at zero speed is zero, the machine can start even at
reduced voltages. This will not be possible with constant torque type of loads.

Fig: 3.28

One may note that if the applied voltage is reduced, the voltage across the magnetising branch
also comes down. This in turn means that the magnetizing current and hence flux level are
reduced. Reduction in the flux level in the machine impairs torque production which is primarily
the explanation for Fig: 3.28. If, however, the machine is running under lightly loaded
conditions, then operating under rated flux levels is not required. Under such conditions,
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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reduction in magnetizing current improves the power factor of operation. Some amount of energy
saving may also be achieved.

Voltage control may be achieved by adding series resistors (a lossy, inefficient proposition), or
a series inductor / autotransformer (a bulky solution) or a more modern solution using
semiconductor devices. A typical solid state circuit used for this purpose is the AC voltage
controller or AC chopper.

3.13.2 Rotor resistance control

The expression for the torque of the induction machine is dependent on the rotor resistance.
Further the maximum value is independent of the rotor resistance. The slip at maximum torque
is dependent on the rotor resistance. Therefore, we may expect that if the rotor resistance is
changed, the maximum torque point shifts to higher slip values, while retaining a constant torque.
Fig: 3.29 shows a family of torque-speed characteristic obtained by changing the rotor resistance.

Note that while the maximum torque and synchronous speed remain constant, the slip at which
maximum torque occurs increases with increase in rotor resistance, and so does the starting
torque. Whether the load is of constant torque type or fan-type, it is evident that the speed control
range is more with this method. Further, rotor resistance control could also be used as a means
of generating high starting torque.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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Fig: 3.29

For all its advantages, the scheme has two serious drawbacks. Firstly, in order to vary the rotor
resistance, it is necessary to connect external variable resistors (winding resistance itself cannot
be changed). This, therefore necessitates a slip-ring machine, since only in that case rotor
terminals are available outside. For cage rotor machines, there are no rotor terminals. Secondly,
the method is not very efficient since the additional resistance and operation at high slips entails
dissipation.

The resistors connected to the slip-ring brushes should have good power dissipation capability.
Water based rheostats may be used for this. A ‗solid-state‘ alternative to a rheostat is a chopper
controlled resistance where the duty ratio control of the chopper presents a variable resistance
load to the rotor of the induction machine.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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3.14 Power Stages in an Induction Motor

The input electric power fed to the stator of the motor is converted into mechanical power at the
shaft of the motor. The various losses during the energy conversion are:

1. Fixed losses
(i) Stator iron loss

(ii) Friction and windage loss

The rotor iron loss is negligible because the frequency of rotor currents under normal running
condition is small.

2. Variable losses
(i) Stator copper loss
(ii) Rotor copper loss

Fig: 3.37 shows how electric power fed to the stator of an induction motor suffers losses and
finally converted into mechanical power.

Fig: 3.37
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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The following points may be noted from the above diagram:

(i) Stator input, Pi = Stator output + Stator losses

= Stator output + Stator Iron loss + Stator Cu loss

(ii) Rotor input, Pr = Stator output

It is because stator output is entirely transferred to the rotor through air-gap by electromagnetic
induction.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE Page |
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 SYLLABUS/ TOPICS COVERED
Three Phase Induction Motors: Types,
Construction and principle of operation, 3 phase
Induction Motor, general phasor diagram,
equivalent circuit, power and torque relations,
condition for maximum torque, circle diagram,
Performance characteristics, effect of rotor
resistance on speed torque characteristics, stable
& unstable region of operation, Operation with
unbalanced supply voltage. Starting: Starting of
3 phase induction motors, high starting torque
motors, speed control, rheostatic method, pole

MODULE- changing method cascade control of speed,

Double cage induction motor, Cogging and
Crawling of Induction motor, induction

IV generator

[Topics are arranged as per above sequence]

SINGLE PHASE
MOTORS
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 69
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Module -IV

1. Single Phase Induction Motors

Single phase Induction motors perform a great variety of useful services at home, office, farm,
factory and in business establishments. Single phase motors are generally manufactured in
fractional HP ratings below 1 HP for economic reasons. Hence, those motors are generally
referred to as fractional horsepower motors with a rating of less than 1 HP. Most single phase
motors fall into this category. Single phase Induction motors are also manufactured in the range
of 1.5, 2, 3 and up to 10 HP as a special requirement.

Fig: 4.1(a) Stator Fig: 4.1(b) Squirrel cage rotor

1.1 Theory of Operation

A single phase induction motor is similar in construction to that of a polyphase induction motor
with difference that its stator has only one winding. If such a stator is supplied with single
phase alternating current, the field produced by it changes in magnitude and direction
sinusoidally. Thus the magnetic field produced in the air gap is alternating one but not rotating
as a result these kind of motors are NOT SELF STARTING. Fig: 4.2 (a) shows the torque-speed
characteristic of single phase induction motor.

Fig: 4.2 (a)

Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 70
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Such an alternating filed is equivalent to two fields of equal magnitude rotating in opposite
directions at equal speed as explained below:

1.1.1 Double Revolving Field Theory of Single Phase Induction Motor

Consider two magnetic fields represented by quantities OA and OB of equal magnitude

revolving in opposite directions as shown in fig: 4.1.

Fig: 4.2 (b)

The resultant of the two fields of equal magnitude rotating in opposite directions is alternating.
Therefore an alternating current can be considered as having two components which are of
equal in magnitude and rotating in opposite directions.

From the above, it is clear that when a single phase alternating current is supplied to the stator
of a single phase motor, the field produced will be of alternating in nature which can be divided
into two components of equal magnitude one revolving in clockwise and other in counter
clockwise direction.

If a stationary squirrel cage rotor is kept in such a field equal forces in opposite direction will
act and the rotor will simply vibrate and there will be no rotation.

But if the rotor is given a small jerk in any direction in this condition, it will go on revolving
and will develop torque in that particular direction. It is clear from the above that a single phase
induction motor when having only one winding is not a self-starting. To make it a self-starting
anyone of the following can be adopted.

(i) Split phase starting.

(ii) Repulsion starting.
(iii) Shaded pole starting.

1.2 EQUVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor is shown below (Fig: 4.3)
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 71
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Fig: 4.3

1.2.1 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters of Single Phase Induction motor

It is possible to find the parameters of the equivalent circuit of the single phase induction motor
experimentally as shown in Fig.4.4. For this purpose, three tests should be conducted:

1- The DC Test:

The DC resistance of the stator can be measured by applying DC current to the terminals of the
main winding and taking the reading of the voltage and the current (or using ohmmeter) and
determine the DC resistance as follows:

Then, the AC resistance is given by:

2- The Blocked Rotor Test:

When the rotor is locked (i.e. prevented from running), Sb = Sf = 1. The secondary impedances
become much less than the magnetizing branches and the corresponding equivalent circuit
becomes that of Fig: 4.5.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 72
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Fig: 4.4 Equivalent circuit of single phase induction motor.

Fig: 4.5(a) Approximate equivalent circuit of the single phase induction motor at standstill.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 73
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The circuit in Fig: 4.5 (a) can be rearranged to the equivalent circuit that is shown in Fig:
4.5(b).

Fig: 4.5(b) Rearranged approximate equivalent circuit of the single phase induction motor at
standstill.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 74
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3- The No Load Test:

When the induction motor is allowed to run freely at no load, the forward slip Sf approaches
zero and the backward slip Sb approaches 2 (Sf = s, Sb = 2-s). The secondary forward impedance
becomes very large with respect to the magnetizing branch, while the secondary backward
impedance becomes very small if compared with the magnetizing branch. Accordingly, the
equivalent circuit corresponding to these operating conditions can be approximated by that of
Fig: 4.6.

Fig: 4.6 (a) Approximate equivalent circuit of the single phase induction motor at no load.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 75
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The circuit in Fig: 4.6 (a) can be rearranged to the equivalent circuit that is shown in Fig: 4.6
(b)

Fig: 4.6 (b) Rearranged approximate equivalent circuit of the single phase induction motor at
no load
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 76
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1.3 Methods of Starting

It is clear from previous discussion that a single phase induction motor when having only one
winding and it is not self-starting. To make it a self-starting anyone of the following can be
adopted.

(1) Split phase starting.

(2) Repulsion starting.

(3) Shaded pole starting.

1.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF SPLIT PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

The basic principle of operation of a split phase induction motor is similar to that of a polyphase
induction motor. The main difference is that the single phase motor does not produce a rotating
magnetic field but produces only a pulsating filed.

Hence, to produce the rotating magnetic field for self-starting, phase splitting is to be done to
make the motor to work as a two phase motor for starting.

4.3.1 Working of Split Phase Motor

In split phase motor two windings named as main winding and starting winding are provided.
At the time of starting, both the main and starting windings should be connected across the
supply to produce the rotating magnetic field.

The rotor is of a squirrel cage type and the revolving magnetic field sweeps part the stationary
rotor, inducing emf in the rotor. As the rotor bars are short-circuited, a current flows through
them producing a magnetic field.

This magnetic field opposes the revolving magnetic field and will combine with the main filed
to produce a revolving filed. By this action, the rotor starts revolving in the same direction of
the rotating magnetic field as in the case of a squirrel cage induction motor.

Hence, once the rotor starts rotating, the starting winding can be disconnected from the supply
by some mechanical means as the rotor and stator fields from a revolving magnetic field. There
are several types of split phase motors.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 77
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4.3.2 TYPES OF SPLIT-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

1. Resistance-start, induction-run motors

2. Capacitor-start, induction-run motors

3. Capacitor-start, capacitor-run motors

4. Shaded pole motors.

1. RESISTANCE-START, INDUCTION-RUN MOTORS

As the starting torque of this type of motor is relatively small and its starting current is high,
these motors are most commonly used for rating up to 0.5 HP where the load could be started
easily. The essential parts are shown in Fig: 4.7.

• Main winding or running winding.

• Auxiliary winding or starting winding

• Squirrel cage type rotor.

• Centrifugal switch.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

The starting winding is designed to have a higher resistance and lower reactance than the main
winding. This is achieved by using small conductors in the auxiliary winding than in the main
winding. The main winding will have higher inductance when surrounded by more iron, which
could be made possible by placing it deeper into the stator slots, it is obvious that the current
would split as shown in Fig: 4.7(b).

Fig: 4.7
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 78
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The starting current "I" start will lag the main supply voltage "V" line by 15 degree and the
main winding current. "I" main lags the main voltage by about 80 degree. Therefore, these
currents will differ in time phase and their magnetic fields will combine to produce a rotating
magnetic field.

When the motor has come upto about 75 to 80% of synchronous speed, the starting winding is
opened by a centrifugal switch and the motor will continue to operate as a single phase motor.

CHARACTERISTICS

At the point where the starting winding is disconnected, the motor develops nearly as much
torque with the main winding alone as with both windings connected. This can be observed
from, the typical torque-speed characteristics of this motor, as shown in Fig: 4.8.

Fig: 4.8

The direction of rotating of a split-phase motor is determined by the way the main and auxiliary
windings are connected. Hence, either by changing the main winding terminals or by changing
the starting winding terminals, the reversal of direction of rotating could be obtained.

APPLICATIONS

These motors are used for driving fans, grinders, washing machines.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 79
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2. CAPACITOR-START, INDUCTION-RUN MOTOR

A drive which requires a large starting torque may be fitted with a capacitor-start, induction-
run motor as it has excellence starting torque as compared to the resistance-start, induction-run
motor.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

Fig: 4.9(a) shows the schematic diagram of a capacitor-start, induction-run motor. As shown,
the main winding is directly connected across the main supply whereas the starting winding is
connected across the main supply through a capacitor and centrifugal switch.

Both these windings are placed in a stator slot at 90 degree electrical apart, and a squirrel cage
type rotor is used.

As shown in Fig: 4.9(b), at the time of starting the current in the main winding lags the supply
voltages by 90 degrees, depending upon its inductance and resistance. On the other hand, the
current in the starting winding due to its capacitor will lead the applied voltage, by say 20
degrees.

Hence, the phase difference between the main and starting winding becomes near to 90 degrees.
This in turn makes the line current to be more or less in phase with its applied voltage, making
the power factor to be high, thereby creating an excellent starting torque.

However, after attaining 75% of the rated speed, the centrifugal switch operates opening the
starting winding and the motor then operates as an induction motor, with only the main winding
connected to the supply.

Fig: 4.9

As shown in Fig: 4.9(b), the displacement of current in the main and starting winding is about
80/90 degrees, and the power factor angle between the applied voltage and line current is very
small. This results in producing a high power factor and an excellent starting torque, several
times higher than the normal running torque as shown in Fig: 4.10.
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 80
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CHARACTERISTICS

The torque-speed characteristics of this motor is shown in Fig: 4.10.

Fig: 4.10

In order to reverse the direction of rotation of the capacitor-start, induction-run motor, either
the starting or the main winding terminals should be changed.

This is due to the fact that the direction of rotation depends upon the instantaneous polarities
of the main field flux and the flux produced by the starting winding. Therefore, reversing the
polarity of one of the field will reverse the torque.

APPLICATIONS

Due to the excellent starting torque and easy direction-reversal characteristics,

 Used in belted fans,

 Used in blowers dryers,
 Used in washing machines,
 Used in pumps and compressors.

3. CAPACITOR-START, CAPACITOR-RUN MOTORS

As discussed earlier, one capacitor-start, induction-run motors have excellent starting torque,
say about 300% of the full load torque and their power factor during starting in high.

However, their running torque is not good, and their power factor, while running is low. They
also have lesser efficiency and cannot take overloads.

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

The aforementioned problems are eliminated by the use of a two valve capacitor motor in which
one large capacitor of electrolytic (short duty) type is used for starting whereas a smaller
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 81
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capacitor of oil filled (continuous duty) type is used for running, by connecting them with the
starting winding as shown in Fig:4.11. A general view of such a two valve capacitor motor is
shown in Fig: 4.11.

Fig: 4.11

This motor also works in the same way as a capacitor-start, induction-run motor, with
exception, that the capacitor C1 is always in the circuit, altering the running performance to a
great extent.

The starting capacitor which is of short duty rating will be disconnected from the starting
winding with the help of a centrifugal switch, when the starting speed attains about 75% of the
rated speed.

CHARACTERISTICS

The torque-speed characteristics of this motor is shown in Fig: 4.12.

Fig: 4.12
Lecture Notes – Electrical Machine-II [BEE P a g e | 82
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This motor has the following advantages:

• The starting torque is 300% of the full load torque

• The starting current is low, say 2 to 3 times of the running current.

• Starting and running power factor are good.

• Highly efficient running.

• Extremely noiseless operation.

• Can be loaded upto 125% of the full load capacity.

APPLICATIONS

• Used for compressors, refrigerators, air-conditioners, etc.

• Higher starting torque.

• High efficiency, higher power factor and overloading.

• Costlier than the capacitor-start — Induction run motors of the same capacity.