INTRODUCTION TO

STEEL STRUCTURE
What are the steel structure
– A structure which is made from organised combination of
structural STEEL members designed to carry
loads and provide adequate rigidity
– Steel structures involve a sub structure or members in a
building made form structural steel.
Element in a steel structure
– Structural member is physically distinguishable part of
structure with independent structural function,
e.g. Member element, cable, beam, section, etc
MOST IMPORTANT
Steel Structures facilitate easy of fabrication and
faster erection of structure.
Bolts and welding employed for joining
Disadvantage of using steel in
structure
■ Susceptibility to corrosion
■ Maintenance cost ( thin-walled structure
■ Loss of strength at elevated temperature
■ Fireproofing cost
■ Susceptibility to buckling
■ Fatigue and brittle fracture
Where & when use steel structures?
1. Long span structure
2. Multi storey & high rise buildings
3. Buildings of heavy duty plants
4. Tower & mast structures
5. Portal frames
6. Bridges
7. Infrastructures
8. Deployable structures
9. Generalized structures : mechanical
Types of Steel Section

1) Rolled Steel Sections

§ composed of elements which are rolled to a
basic cross-section in a mill and worked to the
desired size
2) Built-up or fabricated sections
Steel productions
q Steel production can be divided into three stages:
1) Iron production
2) Steel production
3) Rolling process steel billets

q Primary elements:
1) Carbon
2) Sulphur
3) Phosphorus
4) Manganese
5) silicon
Steel productions
1) Iron production
v Reduction process chemically
v Iron ore, blast furnace, coke and limestone
v Product is cast iron with high content of carbon, sulphur, phosphorus

2) Steel production
v Process to reduce carbon, sulphur, phosphorus
v If required, chromium, nickle, and manganese are added to produce
desirable characteristics

3) Rolling process steel billets

v Rolled to produce required steel sections
v Steel usually contains about 98% iron + other chemicals
v Lowest cost, generally in stock, less design, connection straightforward
Steel section
■ Standard section
– Open section
■ Identified by nominal size, depth x breadth x mass per unit length
x shape.
 Steel section
– Hollow section
■ i.e. circular, square, rectangle
– Efficient compression members
■ Hot finished (Hot rolled section)
– Hot rolling done at recrystallization temperature, or the
temperature at which the grain structure of the metal can be
altered
– produce products like sheet metal or simple cross sections, such
as rail tracks and I-beams.
■ Cold formed (Cold formed section)
– Cold rolling, done often at room temperature, has the added
effect of work hardening and strengthening the material thus
further improving the material’s mechanical properties
– cold-rolled products often include similar hot rolled products like
sheets and bars, but are usually smaller
SHS

RHS

CHS
■ Mechanical properties
– Tensile strength – refer to the amount of stretching a material
to check hoe much can it withstand
– Hardness – determine the resistance of the alloy to
deformation, penetration, scratching, machining, yielding and
abrasion.
– Toughness
– Elasticity – ability of alloy to regain its normal shape after
having subjected to external force for a while and then
removed
– Brittleness
– Malleability – determine the utility and application of steel.
– Tensile test
■ Modulus of elasticity = 205 000MPa
■ Tangent modulus at the onset of Strain hardening roughly 1/30
of the value ~6700Mpa
■ For high strength steels, due to their specific microstructure, the
stress-strain curve do not show a sharp yield point but rather
they yield continuously

Stress strain curve for high

strength steel
■ Nominal yield strength fy and ultimate tensile strength fu depend on the
steel grade and thickness of the element of the section cross-section
(Table 3.1 of BS EN1993-1-1)
■ Material properties are taken from product standards (EN10025-2)
– Young modulus of steel ,E = 210 000N/mm2
■ Other steel material coefficient to be used in steel design (Clause 3.2.6
of EN 1993-1-1) E
G =
– Shear modulus, 2(1+ v) = 81000N / mm 2

– Poisson’s ratio, v = 0.3

– Coefficient of thermal expansion, α = 12 x 10-6/0C ( for
temperature below 1000C)
■ Extract from Table 3.1 of BS EN1993-1-1
Introduction to Eurocode 3
(EC3) ■ EC0 : Basis of Structural Design
■ EC1 : Action on Structure
■ EC2 : Design of Concrete Design
■ EC3 : Design of Steel Structures
■ EC4 : Design of Composite Steel and
Structures
■ EC5 : Design of Timber Structures
■ EC6 : Design of Masonry Structures
■ EC7 : Geotechnical Design
■ EC8 : Design of Structures for
Earthquake Resistance
■ EC9 : Design of Aluminum
Links between the Eurocode Structures
■ Eurocode 3 comprises 6 parts;
– EN 1993-1 General Rules and Rules for buildings
– EN 1993-2 Steel Bridge
– EN 1993-3 Towers, Mast and Chimney
– EN 1993-4 Silos, Tanks and Pipelines
– EN 1993-5 Piling
– EN 1993-6 Crane Supporting Structures
■ Part 1 itself consists of 12 sub-parts:
– EN 1993-1-1 General Rules and Rules for Buildings
– EN 1993-1-2 Structural Fire Design
– EN 1993-1-3 Cold-Formed Members and Sheeting
– EN 1993-1-4 Stainless Steels
– EN 1993-1-5 Plated Structural Elements
– EN 1993-1-6 Strength and Stability of Shell Structures
– EN 1993-1-7 Strength and Stability of Planar Plated Structures Transversely Loaded
– EN 1993-1-8 Design of Joint
– EN 1993-1-9 Fatigue Strength of Steel Structures
– EN 1993-1-10 Selection of Steel for Fracture Toughness and through-thickness Properties
– EN 1993-1-11 Design of Structures with Tension Components Made of Steel
– EN 1993-1-12 Additional Rules for the Extension of EN 1993 up to Steel Grades S700
Terminology and symbols
■ Common terms use in Eurocode:
Action = loads, imposed displacement, thermal strains
Effect = internal bending moments, axial forces etc
Resistance = capacity of a structural element to resist bending
moment
Verification = check
Execution = construction ( Fabrication, erection, etc )

■ Eurocode symbols
Eurocode Definition Example
Subscript
Ed Design value of an effect NEd Design axial force

Rd Design resistance NRd Design resistance to the axial force

El Elastic property Wel Elastic section modulus

pl Plastic property Wpl Plastic section modulus

■ When using EC3
1. Notable Omission
q Effective lengths
Ø Use BS5950 effective length
q Formula for Mcr
Ø Use SN003 NCCI Document
q Deflection limits
Ø Refer to National Annex
q Gamma Factors
Partial factor,gM UK NA value Application

gM0 1.00 Cross section

gM1 1.00 Member Buckling

gM2 1.25 Fracture

Geometrical Axes

Major axis y-y

Minor axis z-z
Longitudinal axis of Element x-x

Types of actions
– Permanent Actions G,g
– Variable Actions Q,q
– Accidental Actions A
■ Classification of Action (Clause 4.1 EC0)

Densities of Construction materials – metal (Extract from Table A.4 EN1991)

Materials Density, g (kN/m3)
Metals 27,0
aluminium steel 77,0 to 78,5
zinc 71,0 to 72,0
Basic of Structural Design
Design working life Indicative design Examples
category
Indicative working
design working life life
(years)
1 10 Temporary structure (not those can be
dismantled with a view to being reused)
2 10-25 Replaceable structural parts ,e.g gantry girders
and bearings
3 15-30 Agriculture and similar structures

4 50 Building structures and other common

structures
5 100 Monumental building structures, bridges and
other civil engineering structures
Basic of Structural Design
■ Limit state design
– To ensure that the probability of operating conditions reaching
failure conditions is so low as to be negligible.
– Two type of limit state
■ Ultimate limit state (ULS) – load at which the structure will collapse
and at which it can no longer serve its intended function
■ Serviceability limit state (SLS)- load at which the structure is damage
but can still accept additional load. Repaired is usually required to
restore the structure to an acceptable state
– The structure is deemed to be satisfactory if its “design load”
effect does not exceed its “design resistance”.
■ Design load Probable maximum load – Factoring the applied
load upwards
■ Design resistance represents a probable minimum resistance,
estimated by factoring resistance downward.
– Dividing the characteristics resistances by appropriate
partial safety factors
■ The design value is used for factored loading and resistance.
– Load obtained by multiplying the characteristic value by
the appropriate partial safety factor
– Design value of an Action, Fd is defined in Clause 6.3
of BS EN 1990
■ Typical ultimate limit state combinations;
1.35DL + 1.5IL (unfavourable DL and IL)
1.35DL + 1.5IL + 0.75WL (unfavourable DL, IL and WL; IL dominant
1.0DL + 0IL + 1.5WL (favourable DL, and IL, WL dominant)

■ For the most common set of design situation is given in Table below
Permanent actions gG Variable actions gQ

Ultimate limit state Leading or main Accompanying

Unfavourable Favourable
gQ,1 gQ,i
EQU 1.1 0.9 1.5 1.5

STR/GEO 1.35 1.0 1.5 1.5

Terima Kasih