EXPERIMENT N°: 1.1, 1.2, 1.

Physics Lab. Pre-Report

Name of the Experiments:
Hook's law
Static equilibrium
Torque equilibrium

Name of the students:

Nicolás Vargas
Alan Rosa
Juan Benegas
Mathias Drews

Career: IFE.

Date: 2024.

Score:
1. Hook's law
Objectives:
The objective of the experiment is to measure the amount of force needed to
produce a given amount of stretch in a spring.

Theory:
When a force exerts on a spring and elongates it, its length elongated is
proportional to the magnitude of force under the elastic limit, which is called
Hook's law. According to Hook's law:

F = kx

k is the coefficient of the spring; F is restored force, and X is the length

elongated. The minus sign in the formula represents the direction of spring force
is opposite to the way it deforms.

Materials:
- Whiteboard.
- Weight group 20g.
- String.
- Spring scale.
- Metal mass hanger.

Procedure:
The procedure involves placing a spring scale vertically on the whiteboard
and connecting it with a string to a metal mass hanger. We incrementally add
weights of 20 grams to the hanger. Following each addition, we measure the
elongation of the spring by reading the scale values, adjusting for the weight of
the hanger beforehand.
2. Static equilibrium
2.1. Resultant of concurrent forces
Objectives:
Demonstrate the conditions required for static equilibrium, where the net
force acting on an object is zero. This means that both the linear and angular
acceleration are zero.

Theory:
When an object is at static equilibrium, every particle of it is in static state.
(No force and no torque) When the rigid body is under mechanical equilibrium,
its linear acceleration is zero, so is the angular acceleration. Therefore, it will
move in constant velocity or constant angular velocity.

Material:
- Whiteboard.
- Ring.
- Strings.
- Pulleys.
- Metal mass hanger.
- Weight group 20g.
- Angle indicator.

Procedure:
The experiment is separated into three parts:
1. Stick the spring scale onto the whiteboard, adjust the knob and set the initial
value to zero. Connect one side of two strings with an S hook and then with
an O ring. Pass the strings over two pulleys and hang them with the spring
scale and weights. Record the magnitude and direction of force (F e) acting
on the spring scale.

2. We add a third pulley, with a string and a set of weights to the experiment.
We need to adjust the weights in the system so that the new measure that
marks the spring scales equals to the same that appeared in the first part.
 3. Keeping the same force Fe, we change the magnitude and direction of any of
the weights and pulleys. Then change the magnitude and direction of the
other weight and pulley and repeat the second part again.

2.2. Decomposition of force

Objectives:
Demonstrate principles of force decomposition, and provide a practical
understanding of how the static equilibrium works.

Theory:
When an object is at static equilibrium, every particle of it is in static state.
(No force and no torque) When the rigid body is under mechanical equilibrium,
its linear acceleration is zero, so is the angular acceleration. Therefore, it will
move in constant velocity or constant angular velocity.
Materials:
- Magnetic whiteboard.
- Aluminum leg.
- Weight group 20g.
- Metal mass hanger.
- Precision Pulley.
- Spring Scale.
- Ring.
- String.

Procedure:
1. Assemble equipment like the next figure.
2. Add weights and set the magnitude of F and Fy. Read the readings of Fx on
the spring scale.
3. Plot the analyzing diagram on Cartesian coordinates by ratio 50mm/N.
4. Compare error of measured value with theoretical value.
5. Change the weight of weights and repeat the procedure.
3. Torque equilibrium
3.1. Parallel force of plummet
Objectives:
The experiment aims to teach how to measure torque caused by forces and
how to adjust these forces and their lever arms to achieve static equilibrium.
Additionally, it explores utilizing multiple torques and altering the lever's
position to balance the system.

Theory:
In mechanics, torque (symbolized as τ) refers to the force that induces an
object to rotate around an axis or pivot point.
Consider the scenario illustrated below: A force 𝐹⃑ acts on point A in
relation to the pivot point O, marked by the triangle symbol. The position of
point A concerning O is shown by vector 𝑟⃑, with an angle of φ between 𝐹⃑ and
⃑𝑟⃑.
To understand how 𝐹⃑ prompts the lever to rotate around the axis, we dissect
𝐹⃑ into two forces: 𝐹⃑𝑟, which aligns with 𝑟⃑ and intersects the axis center,
and 𝐹⃑𝑡, which is perpendicular to 𝑟⃑ with a magnitude of Fsinφ, instigating the
lever's rotation.
Just like forces, torque also generates a resultant torque. When the resultant
torque equals zero, the object remains static; otherwise, it rotates.

Materials:
- Whiteboard.
- Aluminum lever.
- Pivot.
- Weight group 20g.
- S hooks.
- Strings.
Procedure:
Experiment set:

● Part A:
1. Assemble equipment Insert lever into the pivot and adjust it to horizontal
level.
2. Use two strings, connect one side of them with S hook and hang it on
arm of force and the other side with weight base.

● Part B:
1. Balance F1 and F2 to achieve equilibrium, ensuring that the forces and
distances on both sides are equal.
2. Maintain a consistent distance d1 from the pivot to F1 and gradually add
weights. If the number of weights on both sides is unequal, adjust the
distances accordingly to achieve equilibrium. Keep a record of the
resulting F2 value.
3. Maintain the constant value of F1 while altering distance d1. Should the
distances on either side differ, adjust to attain equilibrium. Keep a record
of the resulting F2 value.
3.2. Lever experiment on the different side
Objectives: Objectives are the same as 3.1.

Theory: Principle is the same as 3.1.

Materials:
- Whiteboard.
- Aluminum lever.
- Pivot.
- Angle indicator.
- Weight group 20g.
- Strings.
- S hooks.
- Spring scale.
- Pulley.

Procedure:
Experiment set:

● Part A:
1. Arrange the equipment as shown in the diagram. Place the lever into the
pivot and adjust it until it is horizontally oriented.
2. Attach two strings to one side with an S hook, hanging it from the force
arm, and to the other side with a weight base or a hook on a spring scale.

● Part B:
1. Position the weight base and weights on the right side, then fine-tune F1
until the lever achieves horizontal balance, and proceed to measure the
angle of F1.
2. Maintain a consistent distance d2 from the pivot to F2. Incrementally add
weights and adjust F1 accordingly until the lever achieves equilibrium.
Record the value of F1 at each point.
3. Maintain F2 at a constant value and adjust d2 accordingly. Modify F1
until equilibrium is reached and record the resulting value. Note any
 discrepancies in the levels of the spring scale and equipment; if
observed, adjust them using the screws located behind the spring scale.
3.3. Lever experiment on the same side
Objectives: Objectives are the same as 3.1.

Theory: Principle is the same as 3.1.

Materials:
- Whiteboard.
- Spring scale.
- S hooks.
- Lever.
- Pivot.
- Weight group 20g.
- Strings.

Procedure:

● Part A:
1. Arrange the equipment as shown in the diagram. Place the lever into the
pivot.
2. Utilize two strings, attaching one end to an S hook and suspending it
from the force arm, and attach the other end to the weight base or a hook
on the spring scale.

● Part B:
1. Suspend the weight base and weights from F2, then adjust F1 until the
lever achieves horizontal balance
2. Maintain a constant distance d2 from the pivot to F2. Gradually add
weights while properly adjusting F1 to achieve equilibrium with the
lever. Make sure to record the value of F1.
3. Maintain F2 at a constant value and adjust d2 accordingly. Modify F1
until equilibrium is reached and record the resulting value. Note any
discrepancies in the levels of the spring scale and equipment; if observed,
adjust them using the screws located behind the spring scale.
3.4. Wheel and axle
Objectives: Objectives are the same as 3.1.

Theory:
Principle is the same as 3.1. The figure below illustrates two wheels with
different radii but the same center, fixed on a shared axis point. Their
synchronicity in revolutions results in the ratio of displacement of the large
wheel, ΔX, to that of the small wheel, ΔY, being equivalent to the ratio of their
circumferences, represented by R to r.

Regarding torque, with the center of the circle as the fulcrum, 𝐹⃑.
𝑅 produces outward torque while 𝐹⃑.
𝑟 generates inward torque, balancing each other. This equilibrium persists
due to the inherent perpendicularity of the force to the position vector, as
expressed by the torque formulas 𝜏⃑𝑅 = 𝑅⃑⃑ x 𝐹⃑.
𝑅 =RFRsin90o and 𝜏⃑𝑟=𝑟⃑x𝐹⃑.
𝑟=rFrsin90o. In equilibrium, FR：Fr=r：R.

Materials:
- Whiteboard.
- Spring scale.
- Axle.
- Weight group 20g.
- String.
 Procedure:
1. Assemble the equipment up

2. Thread the string with the largest radius through the axle, completing a full
circle, and attach it to the spring scale. Do the same with the string of the
middle radius, passing it through a full circle and connecting it to the weight
base.
3. Record the readings once equilibrium is achieved.
4. Add the magnitude of F2 to your records.
5. Alter the radius of the axle of F2 and repeat steps 3 and 4.
6. Repeat steps 3 and 4 once more after changing the radius of the axle of F2.
Analyze the outcomes. Make sure to check if the string from the spring scale
is parallel to the wall; if not, use the screws behind the spring scale to adjust.

3.5. Multiple torque

Objectives: Objectives are the same as 3.1

Theory:
Three forces, represented by 𝐹⃑_1, 𝐹⃑_2, and 𝐹⃑_3, act at angles θ1, θ2, and
θ3 respectively, relative to 𝑟⃑1⃑, 𝑟⃑2⃑, and 𝑟⃑3⃑.

The torques are calculated as follows:

When their resultant torque is zero, expressed as:

𝜏⃑2 and 𝜏⃑3 are outward to the paper while 𝜏⃑1 is inward. Assuming 𝜏⃑2 and 𝜏⃑3
as positive, 𝜏⃑1 is negative, leading to:

Consequently, the equation F_2r2sinθ2 + F_3r3sinθ3 = F1r_*1sinθ1 holds true.

Materials:
- Whiteboard.
- Spring scale.
- Pulleys.
- Scale rotator.
- Weight group 20g.
- Cotter.
- Extended ruler.
- S hook.
- Strings.

Procedure:

● Two Forces:
1. Commence by inserting the cotter into the scale rotator.
2. Employ two strings: attach one end securely to an S hook and suspend it
from the force arm, then affix the other end to the weight base or hook on
the spring scale.
3. Proceed to finalize the setup in accordance with the illustration in figure,
which includes components such as a whiteboard, spring scale, axle, and
weights.

4. Following the installation, execute the procedure outlined below.

 5. Hang weights on F2 and meticulously document the individual outcomes
of F1 and F2. Generate an analytical force diagram to confirm whether
the system's torque is in a state of equilibrium.
6. Adjust the weight of F2 and observe the corresponding data of F1.

● 3 Forces:
1. Insert the cotter into the scale rotator.
2. Use two strings, attaching one end to an S hook and hanging it on the
force arm, while connecting the other end to the weight base or hook on
the spring scale.
3. Finish setting up the equipment as shown in the provided figure.
4. Hang weights on F2 and F3, then observe and create a force analysis
diagram to verify if the system's torque is balanced.
5. Modify the weights of F2 and F3 or adjust the position of the inserted
hole in the Whiteboard. Repeat this step and document the results.