NIMS UNIVERSITY

SYLLABUS
OF

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY – BRT

VERSION 2.0

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Shobha Nagar, Jaipur-Delhi Highway (NH-11C), Jaipur- 303121

Rajasthan, India
 PROGRAM NAME – PROGRAMME CODE

Eligibility : 10+2 with PCB/PCM

Programme Duration : 3 years

Programme Objectives : Our bachelor’s program in Radiation Technology

combines both theoretical and clinical instructions
covering topics such as physiology, anatomy, radiation
physics, radiation imaging, radiation protection,
positioning of patients, radiographic techniques, medical
terminology and patient care procedures. Using new
imaging techniques, alongside doctors and nurses, you
will help in quicker and more accurate diagnosis of illness.
We are one of the few premium institutes in India to offer
this program.

Job Prospects : After the completion of BRT, you will find a challenging
career in hospitals, trauma centers and private
laboratories. You can also explore a career in nuclear
imaging. As it’s a very demanding profession, candidates
seek career in various specializations under radiology
where the remunerations are high. Common job profiles of
students after completing BRT include: Diagnostic
Imaging General Technologist, Radiation Therapist,
Nuclear Medicine Technologist, Sonographer, Magnetic
Resonance Imager (MRI), Trainee Nuclear Medicine
Technologist, Trainee Sonographer, and Trainee Magnetic
Resonance Imaging Technologist.

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

YEAR I
Continues
Course Theory/
Course Title Assessment Credits
Code Practical
(Internals)
Biostatistics and Research
BOX14102 70 30 4
Methodology
Equipments for Radiography and 70 30
RAD14104 5
Processing Techniques
Patient Care in Radiography and 70 30
RAD14105 5
C.P.R.
ANT14105 Human Anatomy and Physiology 70 30 4
CSC14105 Fundamentals of Computer Science 70 30 4
ENG14102 Communication for Professionals 70 30 4
Equipments for Radiography and
RAD14104P 35 15 2
Processing Techniques
Patient Care in Radiography and
RAD14105P 35 15 2
C.P.R.
ANT14105P Human Anatomy and Physiology 35 15 2
Total 750 32

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 DETAILED SYLLABUS

INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD: Personal contact programmes, Lectures (virtual and in-person),

Assignments, Labs and Discussions, Learning projects, Industrial Training Programmes and Dissertation.

YEAR I

Biostatistics and Research Methodology – BOX14102

UNIT CONTENT

Introduction to Biostatistics: Biostatistics; Research Methodology; Types of Variables -

Dependent and Independent Variables, Categorical and Continuous Variables; Scales of
Measurements - Nominal Scale of Measurement, Ordinal Scale of Measurement, Interval
1
Scale of Measurement, and Ratio Scale of Measurement; Measures of Central Tendency -
Arithmetic Mean, Median, Mode; Dispersion – Rates, Ratio, Proportion, and Incidence &
Prevalence.
Sampling: Random Sampling; Non-random Sampling - Types of Non-probability
Sampling, When to use Non-probability Sampling; Various Methods of Sampling - Simple
2 Random Sampling (SRS), Stratified Sampling, Systematic Sampling, Cluster Sampling,
Multistage Sampling; Sampling and Non-sampling Errors and Methods of Minimizing these
Errors - Sampling Errors, Non-sampling Error.
Basic Probability Distributions and Sampling Distributions: Concept of Probability
Distribution - Probability Distributions; Normal, Poisson and Binomial Distributions -
3 Normal Distributions, Poisson Distributions, and Binomial Distributions; Concept of
Sampling Distributions; Standard Error and Confidence Intervals - Confidence Intervals;
Reference Intervals and Clinical Decision Limits; and Skewness and Kurtosis.
Tests of Significance: Basic of Testing of Hypothesis - Null Hypothesis, Alternate
Hypothesis, Type I and Type II Errors, Level of Significance, Power of the Test, and p-
Value; Tests of Significance - t-Test, Chi Square Test, and Test of Proportion; One-way
4
Analysis of Variance; Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance; Non-parametric Tests of
Significance - Mann-Whitney U-test, Wilcox on Test, Kruskal-Wallis Analysis of Variance,
and Friedman’s Analysis of Variance.
Correlation and Regression: Pearson and Spearman’s Testing the Significance of
5
Correlation Coefficient; Linear and Multiple Regression - Multiple Regression.
Sample Size Determination: Sample Size for Estimating Means and Proportion; Testing of
6
Difference between Means; Testing the Difference between Proportions.
Study Designs: Descriptive Studies - Five “W” Questions, Types of Descriptive Studies,
Uses of Descriptive Studies, and Advantages and Disadvantages of Descriptive Studies;
Analytical Epidemiological Methods - Cohort Study, Case Control Studies; Clinical Trials
7 and Intervention Studies - Intervention Study, Basic Aspects of an Intervention Study,
Typical Aspects of Clinical Trials, and Intervention Studies on Group Level; Odds Ratio
and Relative Risk - Odds Ratio (OR), Relative Risks; Stratified Analysis - Simpson’s
Paradox, Mantel-Haenszel Methods.
Multivariate Analysis: Concept of Multivariate Analysis – Purpose, Basic Analysis, and
Four Types of Research Questions; Multiple and Logistic Regression; Survival Analysis;
8
Evaluation of Validity and Reliability – Reliability, Validity, and Validity and Reliability
Compared.
Format of Scientific Documents: Structure of Research Protocol - Structure of a Research
Protocol; Structure of Thesis/Research Report - Common Thesis Structures, Abstracts,
Introductory Chapters, Methods Chapters (in Type 1 Structures), Results, Discussion and
9
Conclusion Chapters, Conclusion Chapters (Type 1 & Type 2 Structures); Formats of
Reporting in Scientific Journals - Section Headings, Title, Authors’ Names and Institutional
Affiliations, and Format; Systematic Review and Meta Analysis - 8 Stages of a Systematic

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 Review and Meta Analysis.
Research Methodology: An Introduction: Research – Characteristics, Types of Research;
Steps of Research Process - Formulating the Research Problem, Extensive Literature
Survey, Development of Working Hypotheses, Preparing the Research Design, Determining
Sample Design, Collecting the Data, Execution of the Project, Analysis of Data, Hypothesis
Testing, and Preparation of the Report or the Thesis; Reviewing the Literature – Structure,
10 Determining Your Topic, Finding the Literature, Tips on Reading, When do you Start
Writing?; The Formulation of the Aim and Objectives – Aims, Objectives; Use of the
Medical Database - Create the Basis for the Historical Record, Support Communication
among Providers, Anticipate Future Health Problems, Record Standard Preventive
Measures, Identify Deviations from Expected Trends, Provide a Legal Record and Support
Clinical Research.
Reporting the Findings of the Research: Writing the Research Report - Importance of
Research Reports, Types of Research Reports, Guidelines for Writing a Report, Approaches
11
to Report Writing, and Steps in Writing Report; Presentation of Report - Oral Report,
Written Report.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Gupta, S. P., Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand and Sons, 2008.
B. Hooda, R. P., Statistics for Business and Economics, Macmillan.
C. Hein, L. W., Quantitative Approach to Managerial Decisions, Prentice Hall.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/meancomp.htm
B. http://www.unc.edu/~rls/s151-2010/class23.pdf
C. https://medschool.vanderbilt.edu/biostatistics/content/what-biostatistics

Equipments for Radiography and Processing Techniques – RAD14104

UNIT CONTENTS

Electric Supply and Distribution: Diagnostic X-ray Circuits - X-ray Tube, Transformer,
The Tube Stand, and Control Panel; Rectification; Incoming Line Current (Phases) - Single
1
Phase and Three Phase Modes, Three Phase 6-pulse Mode, Three Phase 12-pulse Mode;
Specialized X-ray Generators.
Exposure Timers/AEC: Electronic Timer; Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) Timer;
2 Phototimer; Iontomat; Percentage Tube Overload Indication; X-ray Tube Overload
Protection Circuits; and Loadix.
Cassettes: Radiographic Film Cassette - Functions of Cassette, Features of an Ideal
Cassette, Structure of a Cassette, and Care and Maintenance of Cassettes; Types of
3 Cassettes; Loading and Unloading a Cassette; X-ray Grid; Types of X-ray Grids -
Linear/Parallel, Linear/Focused, Crossed (Criss-Cross, Cross-Hatched), Moving Grid
Mechanism; Effect on Radiation Exposure.
Intensifying Screens and Radiographic Film: Intensifying Screens - Structure of
Intensifying Screen, Advantages of the use of Intensifying Screens, Screen Speed, Phosphor,
4 Types of Intensifying Screens, Care of Intensifying Screens; Radiographic Film - Structure
and Construction of Film, Composition of Radiographic Films, Types of Radiographic
Screen Films, and Handling of Exposed and Unexposed Films.

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 Diagnostic X-ray Tubes, Tube Ratings and Tube Support: Diagnostic X-ray Tubes -
Stationary and Rotating Anode X-ray Tubes, Grid Controlled X-ray Tube, Mammography
5 X-ray Tubes, Heavy Duty X-ray Tube, and Micro-focus X-ray Tube; Tube Rating and Tube
Supports - Tube Heat Ratings, Line Focus Principle, Anode Cooling Chart, Types of X-ray
Tube Stands.
X-ray Tables/Bucky and LBD: Floating Top Table - Variable Height Table; The Vertical
6
Bucky and Versatile Bucky - The Primary Beam/Light Beam Diaphragm.
Equipments for Fluoroscopy: Fluoroscopic Equipment - Spot Film Device, Flat Panel
Direct Fluoroscopy Systems, Television Cameras, Vidicon Camera Tube, and Plumbicon
7
Camera Tube; Cine Fluorography - Mode of Operation, Cine Pulsing, Automatic Brightness
Control, and Quality Assurance Tests for fluoroscopic Equipment.
Equipment for Mobile Radiography: Equipment for Mobile Radiography - Portable
Units, Mobile Units, Capacitor Discharge Unit, Cordless Mobiles, Mobile Image,
8 Intensifier, Limitations; Equipment for Film Processing - Functions of Various Components,
Film Roller Transport and Transport Time, Transport Time, Film Feed System, and Care
and Maintenance.
Equipment for Dental Radiography: Intraoral Radiographic Unit - Intraoral Technique,
Orthopantomograph, and Cephalostat; Equipment for Skull Radiography - Types and
9
Principles of Skull Radiography Equipment, Cone-beam Computed Tomography, Computed
Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Accessories of Dental Radiography.
Dark Room: Processing Area of Dark Room - Dark Room Design, Illumination, Entrance
Safe Lighting, Types, Shelving and Storage of Films, and Cleaning and Maintenance of
Dark Room; Film Processing – Principles, Processing Cycle, Film Development and
10
Developer, Fixing and Fixer Solution, Washing, Drying Replenishment, Checking and
Adjusting, Manual and Automatic Processing, Silver Recovery, and Auto and Manual
Chemicals.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Edward Forster, Equipment for Diagnostic Radiography, Springer Science & Business Media,
01-Jan-1985.
B. Philip Palin Dendy, Brian Heaton, Physics for Diagnostic Radiology, Third Edition, CRC
Press, 04-Aug-2011 - Science.
C. Stephen S. Hiss, Understanding Radiography, Charles C Thomas Publisher, 2003.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.vetmansoura.com/Radiology/X-RayMachine/Machine1.html
B. http://www.uiowa.edu/hri/courses/physicsOfMedicalImagingReview/lectureTalk002.html
C. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-4930-0_2?no-access=true

Patient Care in Radiography and C.P.R. – RAD14105

UNIT CONTENTS

The Radiographer as a Member of the Health Care: The Radiology Team; Ethical and
1 Medico Legal Consideration; Code of Ethics - Scope of Professional Practice; Patient
Rights; Malpractice.
Attitudes and Communication in Patient Care: The Health-Illness Continuum;
2 Communication with Patients - Relationships with Patients and Carers; Relationships with
Service Users; Relationships with Professional Staff - Personal & Professional Standards,

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 The Scope of Professional Practice; Relationships with Other Health Care Staff; Dealing
with Dying and Death; Challenges in Communication; Children and Adolescents; Geriatric
Patients; Altered States of Consciousness; Guidelines for Communicating with Patients and
their Families - Techniques for Communicating with Patients, Interviewing Techniques,
Therapeutic Communication; Nursing Intervention with Patients with Special
Communication Needs; Problems-oriented Medical Recording.
Safety, Transfer and Positioning: In Case of Fire - Fire Hazards, Fire Response; Body
Mechanics; Transfers - Wheelchair Transfers; Positioning and Ambulating the Adult
3 Patient; Skin Reactions From Radiation Therapy - Caring for your Skin during Radiation
Therapy; Bed Rails; Immobilization Methods; Accident and Incident Reporting and
Investigation - Resources and Competencies.
Evaluating and Meeting Physical Needs: Role of a Physician; Noting the Vital Signs –
4
Temperature, Pulse, Respiration, and Blood Pressure.
Infection Control: The Cycle of Infection; Infectious Microorganisms; Transmission –
Reservoir, Susceptible Host; Practical Asepsis - Handling Linen; Environmental Asepsis -
5
Disposal of Contaminated Waste, Need for Proper Disposal; Isolation Techniques; Surgical
Asepsis.
Medication and their Administration: Role of a Radiographer; Medication Information
6
and Administration - Routes of Administration, Intravenous Medication; Charting.
Dealing with Acute Situations: Accident Victims; Head Injury – Concussion, Cerebral
Compression, Skull Fracture; Spinal Injury; Wounds and Bleeding; Burns; Oxygen
7 Administration; Respiratory Arrests; Heart Attack; Cardiac Arrest; Postural Hypotension
and Vertigo; Seizures in Adults; Diabetic Coma and Insulin Reaction - Ketoacidotic Coma,
Hyperosmolar Coma, Hypoglycemic Coma, Insulin Reaction; Asthma.
Preparation and Examination of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Introduction to
Gastrointestinal Tract; Preparation for Examination of GI Tract; DIET; Cathartics; Enemas;
Contrast Media for Gastrointestinal Tract; Barium Sulphate; Iodinated Media - Chemistry of
Iodinated Contrast Media, Risk Factor Contrast Reactions, and Patient Selection,
8 Preparation and Special Circumstances; Examination of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract;
Barium Enemas Double Contrast Barium Enemas; Upper Gastrointestinal Studies; Routine
Upper Gastrointestinal Studies; Double Contrast Gastrointestinal Studies; Hypotonic
Duodenography; Ensuring Compliance with Preparation Orders; Follow up Care; and
Scheduling Sequencing of Examination.
Contrast Media and Special Imaging Techniques: Iodinated Contrast Media; Aqueous
Iodinated Compound for Intravascular Injection; Reaction to Contrast Media; IVU;
Cystography; Contrast Examination of Biliary System; Oral Cholecystography; Intravenous
9 Cholangiography; Other Common Contrast Examination; Myelography; Contrast
Arthrography; Bronchography; Angiography; Skin Preparation; Special Imaging
Techniques; Computed Tomography; Diagnostic Medicine Sonography; Nuclear Medicine;
and Mammography.
Besides Radiography Special Condition and Environment: Introduction; Mobie
10 Radiography; Orthopaedic Traction; Orthopaedics Bed Frames; The ICU; Closed Chest
Drainage; Swan Ganz Catheters; The Surgical Suite.
CPR: History of CPR; Introduction to CPR; Agonal Respiration; Medical Uses of CPR;
11
Defibrillation; Perfusing – Measurement; Returning of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC).
Management of CPR: Community CPR; Positioning Victims; Steps in Determining Care
12 of a Victim - Rescue Breathing, CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation); Signals of Heart
Attack; Infant CPR.
Complications of CPR: Introduction to Complications in CPR - Rib Fractures, Bleeding in
the Anterior Mediastinum; Heart Contusions; Hemopericardium; Upper Airways
13
Complications; Damage to Abdominal Vicus; Fat Emboli; Pulmonary Complications –
Pneumothorax, Hemothorax.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 A. Health Professions Council (HPC) Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics. London:
HPC; April 2003.
B. SCoR Statements for Professional Conduct London: SCoR; Sept 2004.
C. Health Professions Council (HPC) Your guide to our standards for continuing professional
development. London: HPC; May 2006.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.slideserve.com/zaria/chapter-22-ethics-legal-considerations-and-professionalism-
in-radiography
B. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3649698/
C. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/radiation/safety-code_35-securite/index-eng.php#sb252

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY – ANT14105

UNIT CONTENT

SECTION A – HUMAN ANATOMY

Introduction: Human body as a Whole: Brief introduction about living system; General
Anatomy - Definition of anatomy, and its divisions; Terms of positions, planes
relationship and movements; Body regions; Body cavities; Membranes –Cutaneous,
1. Serous, Mucous And Synovial membranes; Some clinical terms used in anatomy; General
histology: definition, Electron microscopic structure of Human cell; Tissues -
Classification, functions and Microscopic Structures of Primary tissues -Epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscular tissue & Nervous tissue; Glands- Classification, microanatomy
of serous & mucous glands with examples.
Locomotion and Support: Skeletal System - Brief introduction about skeletal system,
Organizations of skeleton, classification of skeleton: Axial skeleton & appendicular
skeleton; Functions of Skeleton; Bones: definition, Classification of bones, Bone growth;
Brief study on individual bones: Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, carpals,
metacarpals, phalanges, Hip bones, Sacrum, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsals and
phalanges; ribs and sternum; Skull bones - Importance of sutures: coronal, saggital and
lamboid, cranial fossae, Bones of Cranium, Mandible and Maxilla. Difference between
foetal and adult skull, Structure of typical and atypical vertebrae; Cartilage: definition and
its classifications, applied anatomy of cartilage; Joints: Definition, Classification of joints
2. with examples, Synovial joint, Movements & mechanism of Joints, Joint positions,
Applied aspects- Arthritis, Spondylitis, Neuropathic Joint, etc; Muscular system:
Definition, Classification of muscular tissue, Characterization of – Skeletal, Smooth &
Cardiac muscles, Names & action of Skeletal muscles of the body; Appendicular muscles:
General overview about muscles that move -a) Pectoral Girdle b) Shoulder Joint c) Elbow
Joint d) Wrist Joint e) Intrinsic Muscles of Hand f) Muscles of Hip, Thigh, Leg and
Intrinsic Muscles of Foot; Axial muscles: General overview about muscles of-- a)
Respiration-Diaphragm and Intercostal, b) Abdominal Muscles, c) Muscles of Facial
Expression, d) Muscles of Mastication, e) Muscles of Head and Neck: Histology of-
Compact bone (TS & LS), 3 types of cartilage & skeletal (TS & LS), smooth & cardiac
muscle.

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 The Cardiovascular System: General considerations about basics of Cardiovascular
System; Gross anatomy & related applied aspects of – Heart: Location- Mediastinum;
Shape and Size of Heart, Pericardium, Chambers, Exterior & Interior, Blood supply of
heart, Systemic & pulmonary circulation, Conducting system of heart; Major arteries -
Branches of aorta, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial
3.
artery, superficial palmar arch, femoral artery, internal iliac artery, Peripheral pulse; Major
veins - Inferior vena cava, portal vein, portosystemic anastomosis, cephalic vein, Great
saphenous vein; Histology of – Elastic Artery, Muscular Artery & Vein.
The Lymphatic system: General consideration of Lymphatic system, Gross anatomy of -
Cisterna Chyli & Thoracic Duct, Brief discussion over names of regional lymphatics,
axillary and inguinal lymph nodes; Histology of –Lymph Node, Spleen, Tonsil & Thymus.
The Respiratory System: Definition and general consideration; Gross anatomy & related
4.
applied aspects of – Parts of Respiratory System- Nose, Nasal Cavity, Larynx, Trachea,
Lungs, Bronchopulmonary Segments, Pleura; Histology of- trachea and lung.
The Gastro-intestinal System: Definition and brief introduction; Gross anatomy &
related applied aspects of – Parts of GIT, Oral cavity (Lip, Tongue, Tonsil, Dentition),
5. Salivary glands- types, location, structure and function, Pharynx- muscles, action and their
nerve supply, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestine, Liver, Gall Bladder and
Pancreas; Histology of – Tongue, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small And Large Intestine, Liver,
Gall Bladder & Pancreas.
The Urinary System: Definition and brief introduction; Gross anatomy & related applied
6.
aspects of – Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Male and Female Urethra; Histology of-
Kidney, Ureter & Urinary Bladder.
The Reproductive System: Definition and general consideration; Gross anatomy &
related applied aspects of – Parts of male reproductive system, Testis, Epididymis, Vas
7. Deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate and accessory organs, Parts of female reproductive
system, Uterus, Fallopian Tubes, Ovary, Mammary Gland and accessory organs;
Histology of –Testis, Prostate, Uterus, Fallopian Tubes and Ovary.
The Nervous System: Definition and meaning; Structure of a Neuron; Classification of
Nervous System; Gross anatomy & related applied aspects of – Central nervous system:
Cerebrum- General consideration, layers of cerebrum, lobes, gyri, sulci, specialized areas,
names of basal nuclei and their functions, lateralization of brain; Cerebellum- location,
lobes, fissures, deep cerebellar nuclei, functions of cerebellum; Brainstem- location & brief
discussion over nuclei of Midbrain, Pons & Medulla Oblongata; Spinal Cord – extension,
8. diameter, organization of grey and white matter, pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathway,
important ascending pathways , spinal cord trauma and disorders; Autonomic nervous
system- definition, divisions of ANS, brief discussion over pre and post ganglionic nerve
fibres; Peripheral nervous system- 1) Cranial nerves- names and functional components
and nerve injuries; 2) Spinal nerves- structure of a typical spinal nerve and nerve plexus-
Brachial and lumbar plexuses; Segmental innervations of skin; Neurotransmitters;
Meninges; Dural venous sinuses; Ventricles; Cerebrospinal fluid; Blood supply of brain;
Histology of - Cerebrum, cerebellum & spinal cord.
The Endocrine System: Definition and general consideration of endocrine system; Gross
anatomy & related applied aspects of – Pituitary Gland, Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Gland,
9.
Suprarenal Gland and Pineal Gland; Histology of- Pituitary, Thyroid & Suprarenal
Glands.
The Sensory Organs: Introduction and brief discussion; Gross anatomy & related applied
aspects of – i) Eye-Parts of eye & lacrimal apparatus, Extra-ocular muscles- their nerve
10. supply & action, Visual pathways and related applied. ii)Ear- Parts of ear- external, middle
and inner ear and their contents, Auditory pathway and related applied iii) Skin- layers of
skin and types of skin; Histology of- Skin- thick and thin skin, Cornea & Retina.
General Embryology: Definition and brief discussion of Embryology; Structure of Ovum
& Sperm; Mechanism of Gametogenesis; Fertilization; Brief overview on – a) Cleavage of
zygote; b) Blastocyst Formation; c) Implantation; d) Bilaminar Germ Disc; e)
11.
Gastrulation; f) Neurulation; g) Development of somites; h) Organogenesis. i) Folding of
embryo; j) Germ layer derivatives; k) Placenta; l) Parturition; m)Amnion & amniotic fluid;
n)Yolk sac; o) Allantois; p) Multiple pregnancies.

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

SECTION B – PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction to Physiology: The Unit of Life - Description of a cell and its components;
Ion channels, receptors and carriers; Intercellular connections; intercellular
12 communications; Functions of a cell. Movement of substances and homeostasis –
movement of substances within the body, homeostatic control systems; Basics about
different organs and systems.
Blood: Composition and functions of blood; Plasma proteins – normal values, origin and
functions; Brief idea on Bone Marrow; Formed elements of blood – origin, formation,
functions and fate; Hemoglobin – functions, compounds and derivatives; Abnormal
hemoglobin-overview; Thalassemia-brief idea; Different types of anemia and their causes-
13
overview; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and its significance; Hematocrit; PCV;
MCV; MCH; MCHC; Blood volume – normal values, regulation; Blood coagulation –
factors, process; anticoagulants; Prothrombin time; Clotting time; Bleeding time; Blood
groups – ABO systems and Rh factors; Blood transfusion.
Gastrointestinal System: Characteristics of G.I wall; Neutral control of G.I function; G.I.
Hormones; Saliva - Composition, Functions, control of secretion; Gastric juice -
Composition, mechanism of secretion, functions, regulation of secretion, mucosal barrier;
14 Pancreatic juice - Composition, functions, regulation; Liver & Gall Bladder: Composition
& functions of bile, control of secretion, functions of gall bladder, gall stones,
enterohepatic circulation, jaundice, functions of liver & L.F.T; Small intestine -
Composition & regulation of secretion and functions of intestinal juice.
Respiratory System: Functions of respiratory system; Mechanics of respiration; Lung
volumes and capacities - definition, normal values, their measurement and clinical
importance; Pulmonary ventilation; alveolar ventilation; dead space; Diffusion of gases
across alveocapillary membrane; diffusing capacity; Pulmonary circulation; Oxygen &
15
carbon dioxide transport in blood; Pressure changes during ventilation, pressure volume
relationship including surfactant and compliance, airway resistance; Control of respiration
- neural control, chemical control, response to exercise, periodic breathing; Lung function
tests.
Nerve Muscle Physiology: Electrical properties of cell membrane; Membrane Potential
(MP) - Development and maintenance of MP, Action Potential (AP); Physiology of nerves
and neuromuscular junction; Neuro muscular transmission; Functional anatomy of skeletal
16
muscle; Mechanism of muscle contraction and relaxation; isotonic & isometric contraction;
energy sources and metabolism; motor unit; Involuntary muscles - Cardiac and smooth
muscles.
Cardiovascular System: Structure and properties of Heart muscles and nerve supply of
Heart; Structure and functions of arteries, capillaries and veins; ECG - leads, principles of
normal recording, normal waves & internal & their interpretations, clinical uses of ECG;
Cardiac cycle and Heart sound; Factors affecting Heart Rate and its regulation; Cardio-
17
vascular reflexes; Blood pressure and its regulation; physiological variation; peripheral
resistance; Factors controlling Blood Pressure; Haemorrhage & Shock; Ultra structure &
functions of blood vessels (artery & vein). Structure type and function of capillaries;
Differences between artery & vein.
Excretory System: Functional anatomy of kidney; nephron-structure, parts, function,
types; Juxtaglomerular apparatus; Glomerular filtration - filtration barrier, forces governing
18 filtration, measurement; Tabular functions- reabsorption, secretion, Tm values; Regulation
of ECF – volume; osmolarity and electrolytes; Acid base balance; Micturition, Renal
function tests, renal clearance, abnormal constituents of urine.
Endocrine & Reproductive System: General considerations – Endocrine glands and
hormones; Structure and function of pituitary (anterior and posterior) gland; Thyroid; Para-
Thyroid; Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Medulla; Thymus and Pancreas; Blood Sugar
19
regulation; General consideration of Reproduction - Development of Puberty; Male Sex
Hormones; Spermatogenesis; Female Sex Hormones; Menstrual cycle; Ovulation;
Pregnancy and Lactation; Function of Placenta.
Nervous System and Special Senses: Electron microscopic structure of nerve cell or
20
neurons; Neuroglia; Myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers; Conduction velocity of

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 nerve impulse in relation to myelination and diameter of nerve fibers; Properties of nerve
fibers – excitability, conductivity, all-or-none law, accommodation, adaptation,
summation, refractory period; indefatigability; Synapses – types, structure, synaptic
transmission of the impulse; synaptic potentials; neurotransmitters; Injury to peripheral
nerves – degeneration and regeneration-brief idea; Brief about central nervous system and
its function with special reference to cerebral and visual cortex; Automatic nervous system
– Introduction, Comparison of autonomic & somatic nervous system, Anatomy of
autonomic motor pathways – Pre-ganglionic neurons, autonomic ganglia, sympathetic
ganglia, autonomic plexus, post-ganglionic neurons structure of sympathetic and
parasympathetic division; ANS - neurotransmitter and receptors- cholinergic neurons &
receptors; Receptor agonist & antagonist; Physiological effect of ANS sympathetic &
parasympathetic response; Integration & control of autonomic function; autonomic
Reflexes; autonomic control by higher centers; sensory physiology of taste and smell
organ.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
D. Graaff, Kent Van de and et al, Schaum's Outline of Human Anatomy and Physiology: Fourth
Edition, (2013), McGraw-Hill
E. Olubummo, Adeyemi, (2010), Human Anatomy and Physiology: Study Notes, universe.
F. Shier David and et al, (2012), Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology, McGraw-Hill
Education
WEB LINKS:
G. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histology
H. www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15405
I. www.healthpages.org/anatomy-function/anatomy-terms

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (P) – ANT14105P

1. Histology
a) Histotechniques
b) Microscope
c) Epithelium
d) Histology of Skeletal muscle
e) Histology of Cardiac muscle
f) Histology of Smooth muscle
g) Histology of Bone:
h) Histology of Hyaline cartilage
i) Histology of Elastic cartilage
j) Histology of Fibro cartilage
k) Histology of artery
l) Histology of Vein
m) Histology of Lung

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 n) Histology of Trachea
o) Histology of Lymph node
p) Histology of Spleen
q) Histology of Thymus
r) Histology of Tonsil
s) Histology of Tongue
t) Histology of Serous gland
u) Histology of Mucous gland
v) Histology of Oesophagus
w) Stomach (Fundus)
x) Histology of Stomach (Pylorus)
y) Histology of Duodenum
z) Histology of Jejunum
aa) Histology of Ileum
bb) Histology of Large intestine
cc) Histology of Appendix
dd) Histology of Liver
ee) Histology of Gall bladder
ff) Histology of Pancreas
gg) Histology of Testis
hh) Histology of Prostate gland
ii) Histology of Ovary
jj) Histology of Uterus
kk) Histology of Fallopian tube
ll) Histology of Pituitary gland
mm) Histology of Thyroid gland
nn) Histology of Adrenal glands
oo) Histology of Kidney
pp) Histology of Ureter
qq) Histology of Urinary bladder
2. Osteology
a) Appendicular skeleton
b) Axial skeleton
3. Specimen
a) Heart
b) Lung
c) Larynx
d) Skin

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 e) Joint
f) Muscle
4. Study and Care of Microscope.
5. Blood Samples Collection.
6. Estimation of Hemoglobin.
7. Determination of Hematocrit.
8. Hemocytometry - The Counting Chamber.
9. Hemocytometry- The Diluting Pipettes.
10. Total RBC Count.
11. Determination of Red Blood Cell Indices.
12. Total Leukocyte Counts.
13. Preparation and Examination of Blood Smear & Differential Leukocyte Count.
14. Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).
15. Determination of Blood Group ABO and RH System.
16. Determination of Bleeding Time and Clotting Time.
17. Clinical Examination - Heart Sounds.
18. Clinical Examination of Radial Pulse.
19. Measurement of Blood Pressure.

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER SCIENCE – CSC14105

UNIT CONTENT
Computers Organization & Applications: Central Processing Unit; Control Unit;
1. Arithmetic Unit; Instruction Set; Register; Processor Speed; Characteristic of computers;
Input; output; storage units; and Computers system.
Memory: Main Memory; Storage Evaluation Criteria; Memory Organization; Memory
2. Capacity; Random Access Memories; Read Only Memory; Secondary Storage Devices;
Magnetic Disk; Floppy and Hard Disk; Optical Disks CD-ROM; Mass Storages Devices.
Input Devices: Keyboard; Mouse; Trackball; Joystick; Scanner; Optical Mark Reader;
3. Bar-code reader; Magnetic ink character reader; Digitizer; Card reader; Voice
recognition; Web cam; Video Cameras.
4. Output Devices: Monitors; Printers; Dot Matrix Printers; Inkjet Printers; Laser Printers;
Plotters; Computers Output Micro Files (Com); Multimedia Projector.
Operating System: Microsoft Windows; An overview of different version of windows;
Basic windows elements; File managements through windows; Using essential
5. accessories; System tools Disk cleanup Disk defragmenter; Entertainments; Games;
Calculator; Imagine-Fax, Notepad; paint; Word Pad; Recycle bin; windows Explorer;
Creating folders icons.
Word Processing: Word processing concepts; Saving; closing opening and existing
documents; Selecting text, edition text, Finding and replacing text; Printing documents;
6. Creating and printing merged documents; Mail merge; Character and paragraph
formatting; Page designs and Layout; Editing and proofing tools checking and correcting
spelling; Handling graphics; Creating tables and charts; Documents templates and
wizards.

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 Presentation Package: Creating opening and saving presentations; Creating the look of
your presentation; Working in different views working with slides; Adding and
7. formatting text; formatting paragraphs; Checking spelling and correcting typing mistakes;
Making notes pages and handouts; Drawing and working with objectives; Adding clip art
and other pictures; Designing slides shows; Running and controlling a slid show; Printing
Presentations.
Internet and Email: Definition about the World Wide Web & brief history; Use of
Internet and Email; Internet; Websites (Internet Sites); The Mail protocol suite; Using
8. search engine and beginning Google search; Exploring the next using Internet Explorer
and Navigator; Uploading and Download of files and images; E-mail ID creation;
Sending messages; Attaching files in Email.
Hospital Information System: Definition of Hospital Information system; Architecture
9. of a HIS; aim and uses of HIS; types of HIS; Benefits of using a hospital information
system; Advanced Hospital Management System; XO Hospital Management System;
LCS Hospital Management Information System; NVISH Hospital Management System.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Sunny Handa, “Fundamentals of Information Technology”, LexisNexis Butterworths.
B. Graeme G. Wilkinson, “Fundamentals of Information Technology”, Wiley.
C. Ramesh Bangia, “Computer Fundamentals and Information Technology”, Firewall Media.
WEB LINKS:
A. http://oer.nios.ac.in/wiki/index.php/COMPUTER_ANT_ITS_COMPONENTS
B. http://http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/book/cpu_memory/cpu_memory.htm.
C. http://uwf.edu/clemley/cgs1570w/notes/concepts-7.htm

COMMUNICATION FOR PROFESSIONALS – ENG14102

UNIT CONTENT
Essentials of Grammar: Parts of Speech; Vocabulary building; Sentence; Articles;
Pronouns; Quantity; Adjectives; Adverbs; Prepositions, Adverb particles and phrasal
1 verbs, Verb; Verb tenses; Imperatives; Active and passive voice; Direct and indirect
speech; The infinitive; Conditional sentences; Synonyms and antonyms; Singular and
Plural; Figures of Speech; Punctuation and Phonetics.
Nature, Scope and Process of Communication: Defining Communication; Nature of
Communication; Objectives/Purpose of Communication; Functions of Communication;
2
Process of Communication; Elements of Communication Process; Models; Working of
the Process of Communication; Forms of Communication.
Channels and Networks of Communication: Channels of Communication;
Communication Flow in Organizations: Directions/Dimensions of Communication;
3
Patterns of Flow of Communication or Networks; Factors Influencing Organizational
Communication.
Principles of Effective Communication: Communication Effectiveness: Criteria of
4
Evaluation; Seven Cs of Effective Communication; Four Ss of Communication.
Barriers in Communication: Categorisation of Barriers; Semantic Barriers;
Organizational Barriers; Interpersonal Barriers (Relating to Superior-subordinate);
Individual or Psycho-sociological Barriers; Cross-cultural/Geographic Barriers; Physical
5
Barriers/Channel and Media Barriers; Technical Aspects in Communication Barriers;
Overcoming the Barriers in Communication; Measures to Overcome Barriers in
Communication.

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

 Non-verbal Communication: Characteristics of Non-verbal Communication;
6 Relationship of Non-verbal Message with Verbal Message; Classification of Non-verbal
Communication.
Oral Communication: Informal Conversation: Oral Communication; Informal
7 Conversation; Learning Informal Conversation; How to Go About Learning Other
Tricks?; Learning Conversational Skills; Internet Chat.
Communication in Business Organizations: Meaning of Business Communication;
Types of Information Exchanged in Business Organizations; Role of Communication in
Business Organizations; Importance of Communication in Management of Business
8 Organizations; Scope of Communication in Organizational Setting; Characteristics of
Effective Business Communication; New Communication Environment; Ethical
challenges and Traps in Business Communication; Role of Communication in Three
Managerial Roles Defined by Henry Mintzberg.
Formal Conversations: Meetings, Interviews and Group Discussions: Meetings;
9
Duties of Participants; Minutes; Interviews; Group Discussions.
Greetings and Introduction: Basics of greetings and introduction; formal and informal
10 introduction; Reading comprehension: Vocabulary; Pronunciation: Falling and rising
tone; Speaking: Body language; Listening: body language.
Listening Skills: Importance of Listening; Listening versus the Sense of Hearing;
Listening as Behaviour; Payoffs for Effective Listening; Actions Required for an
11 Effective Listener; Approaches to Listening; Misconceptions and Barriers that Impair
Listening; Planning for Effective Listening; How to be a Good Listener?; What Speakers
can do to Ensure Better Listening?.
Formal and Informal Letters: Distinction between Formal and Informal Letters;
12
Writing Formal Letters; Informal Letters.
13 Communication on the Net: E-Mail; Netiquettes; Blog Writing; Web Writing.
Report Writing: Business Reports: Significance; Types of Reports; Five Ws and one H;
Report Planning; Report Writing Process; Outline of a Report; Guidelines for Writing
14
Report; Technicalities of Report Writing; Visual Aids in Reports; Criteria used for
Judging the Effectiveness of a Report; Illustrations.
Job Applications and Resume Writing: Job Application/Covering Letter; Resume/CV
15
Writing.

LEARNING SOURCE: Self Learning Materials

ADDITIONAL READINGS:
A. Harvard Business School Press (2003), Business Communication: Harvard Business Essentials,
Boston, Massachusetts.
B. Krizan, A.C. Buddy, Merrier, Patricia, Logan, Joyce and Williams, Karen (2008), Business
Communication, Thomson South-Western.
C. Guffey, m Mary E. (2000), Business Communication: Process and Product, South-Western
College Publishing.;

WEB LINKS:
A. http://www.commissionedwriting.com/GRAMMAR%20ESSENTIALS.pdf.
B. http://www.esf.edu/fnrm/documents/FNRM_Communications_Handbook2008.pdf.
C. Http://books.google.co.in/books?id=RETE15K43qsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=essentials+of+
english+grammer+pdf&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XlpSU6PEKY2HrgfyqoDoAQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwA
Q#v=onepage&q&f=false.

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT

BACHELOR OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY - BRT