6/4/24, 1:12 PM Subnet Mask Cheat Sheet (2023): Beginner to Advanced

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Subnet Mask Cheat Sheet

Last Updated : 03 May, 2024
A Subnet Mask is a numerical value that describes a computer or device’s how
to divide an IP address into two parts: the network portion and the host
portion. The network element identifies the network to which the computer
belongs and the host part identifies the unique computer on that network. An
IP address is made up of four digits separated by dots, for example,
255.255.255.0 and each number can be between 0 and 255, with higher
values using more bits for the network and lesser values for the host. A subnet
mask allows devices on the same network or across networks to interact with
each other. Every system has a unquine IP address.

In this Subnetting Cheat Sheet, you’ll learn all the basic to advanced
subnetting concepts, including CIDR notation, and IPv4 subnet masks ranging
from XX.XX.XX.XX/0 to XX.XX.XX.XX/32, IPv4 wildcard mask values,
classification of IPv4 addresses from Class A to Class E, and more.

Additionally, In this Subnetting Mask Cheat Sheet, you will also explore private
IP addresses, special IP addresses, and bogon IP addresses, further enhancing
your knowledge of network addressing.

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Table of Content
IPv4 Subnets (w/ Wildcard Mask Values)
Classification of IPV4 Address
Reserved IP Address
Private IPv4 Addresses
Special IPv4 Addresses
Bogon IPv4 Addresses

What is Subnetting?
Subnetting is the technique of dividing one big network into multiple small
networks. Subnet makes the network more efficient and easy to maintain.
Subnets provide a shorter path to network traffic without passing through
unnecessary routers to reach their destinations.Subnetting makes network
routing much more efficient.

How Does Subnetting Work?

Let’s assume what happens when there is no subnetting in a Large network
that has a million devices connected to them and they have their unique IP
Address. Now, what happens when we send some information in that network
from one device to another? In that case, our data/information passes through
most of the unnecessary routers or devices until they find a destination device.

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How Does Subnetting Works?

Now, think we divided the same network into smaller subnetworks. This helps
make the routing of data more efficient. Instead of searching through millions
of devices to find the right one, routers (check if the destination IP address falls
within their range of subnet devices. If it does, they route the packet to the
appropriate device. If it doesn’t, they forward the packet to another router) can
use something called a subnet mask to determine which subnetwork a device
belongs to.

What is Classful Addressing and Classless Addressing?

In Classful Addressing, we divided IPV4 Network into 5 classes(Class A, Class
B, Class C, Class D, Class E) of fixed length. In Classful addressing IP
addresses are allocated according to the classes- A to E. In this Scheme,
Network ID and Host ID changes depend on the class.

On the Other Hand, CIDR or Class Inter-Domain Routing was introduced in

1993 to replace classful addressing. It allows the user to use VLSM or Variable
Length Subnet Masks. So, there is no such restriction of class in classless
addressing. The wastage of IP addresses has been improved after CIDR
Addressing.

What is CIDR?
CIDR or Class Inter-Domain Routing allows the user to use VLSM or Variable
Length Subnet Masks in order to make IP address allocation and IP routing
that allows more efficient use of IP addresses.

Rules for forming CIDR Blocks:

All IP addresses must be contiguous or sequential.(NID=network ID ,

HID=host ID)
The block size must be the power of 2 (2n). If the size of the block is the
power of 2, then it will be easy to divide the Network. Finding out the Block
Id is very easy if the block size is of the power of 2. Example: If the Block
size is 25 then, Host Id will contain 5 bits and Network will contain 32 – 5 =
27 bits.

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The first IP address of the Block must be evenly divisible by the size of the
block. in simple words, the least significant part should always start with
zeroes in Host Id. Since all the least significant bits of Host Id are zero, then
we can use it as the Block Id part.

Example: Let’s check whether the IP address block from 192.168.1.64 to

192.168.1.127 is a valid IP address block or not?

All the IP addresses in the block are contiguous.

Total number of IP addresses in the block is = 64 = 26
The first IP address in the block is 192.168.1.64. We can observe that
the Host ID contains the last 6 bits, and in this case, the least
significant 6 bits are not all zeros. Therefore, the first IP address is not
evenly divisible by the size of the block.

As a result, this block does not satisfy the criteria for a valid IP address
block, and therefore, it is not a valid IP block.

Working on IP Address Block

An IP address is a 32-bit unique address having an address space of 232. The
IPv4 address is divided into two parts:

1. Network ID
2. Host ID.

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For Example:- IP addresses belonging to class A are assigned to the

networks that contain many hosts.

The network ID is 8 bits long.

The host ID is 24 bits long.

The higher-order bit of the first octet in class A is always set to 0. The
remaining 7 bits in the first octet are used to determine network ID. The
24 bits of host ID are used to determine the host in any network. The
default subnet mask for Class A is 255.x.x.x. Therefore, class A has a
total of:

2^7-2= 126 network ID(Here 2 address is subtracted because 0.0.0.0

and 127.x.y.z are special address. )

2^24 – 2 = 16,777,214 host ID

IP addresses belonging to class A range from 1.x.x.x – 126.x.x.x

How to Calculate CIDR Notation?

Here, step-by-step you can calculate the CIDR notation of any IP Address:

Step 1: First, find the IP address and the subnet mask. Ex:-
194.10.12.1(IP Address), 255.255.255.0 (Subnet Mask)

Step 2: Convert the subnet mask to binary. (255.255.255.0 ->

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000)

Step 3: Count the number of consecutive 1s in the binary subnet mask.

(11111111.11111111.11111111)

Step 4: Determine the CIDR prefix length.(24’ones)

Step 5: Write the CIDR notation. (194.10.12.1/24)

IPv4 Subnets (w/ Wildcard Mask Values)

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Here in the below charts, we will see pre-defined subnet masks, followed by
some explanations of what they mean.

CIDR SUBNET WILDCARD # OF IP # OF USABLE

MASK MASK ADDRESSES IP
ADDRESSES

/32 255.255.255.255 0.0.0.0 1 1

/31 255.255.255.254 0.0.0.1 2 2*

/30 255.255.255.252 0.0.0.3 4 2

/29 255.255.255.248 0.0.0.7 8 6

/28 255.255.255.240 0.0.0.15 16 14

/27 255.255.255.224 0.0.0.31 32 30

/26 255.255.255.192 0.0.0.63 64 62

/25 255.255.255.128 0.0.0.127 128 126

/24 255.255.255.0 0.0.0.255 256 254

/23 255.255.254.0 0.0.1.255 512 510

/22 255.255.252.0 0.0.3.255 1024 1022

/21 255.255.248.0 0.0.7.255 2048 2046

/20 255.255.240.0 0.0.15.255 4096 4094

/19 255.255.224.0 0.0.31.255 8192 8190

/18 255.255.192.0 0.0.63.255 16,384 16382

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CIDR SUBNET WILDCARD # OF IP # OF USABLE

MASK MASK ADDRESSES IP
ADDRESSES

/17 255.255.128.0 0.0.127.255 32,768 32766

/16 255.255.0.0 0.0.255.255 65,536 65534

/15 255.254.0.0 0.1.255.255 131,072 131070

/14 255.252.0.0 0.3.255.255 262,144 262,142

/13 255.248.0.0 0.7.255.255 524,288 524,286

/12 255.240.0.0 0.15.255.255 1,048,576 1,048,574

/11 255.224.0.0 0.31.255.255 2,097,152 2,097,150

/10 255.192.0.0 0.63.255.255 4,194,304 4,194,302

/9 255.128.0.0 0.127.255.255 8,388,608 8,388,606

/8 255.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 16,777,216 16,777,214

/7 254.0.0.0 1.255.255.255 33,554,432 33,554,430

/6 252.0.0.0 3.255.255.255 67,108,864 67,108,862

/5 248.0.0.0 7.255.255.255 134,217,728 134,217,726

/4 240.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 268,435,456 268,435,454

/3 224.0.0.0 31.255.255.255 536,870,912 536,870,910

/2 192.0.0.0 63.255.255.255 1,073,741,824 1,073,741,822

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CIDR SUBNET WILDCARD # OF IP # OF USABLE

MASK MASK ADDRESSES IP
ADDRESSES

/1 128.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 2,147,483,648 2,147,483,646

/0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 4,294,967,296 4,294,967,294

Classification of IPV4 Address

IPv4 addresses are classified into five classes: A, B, C, D, and E. The first
octet(8 bits) of an IPv4 address determines the class of the address.

Classification of Range Number of Representation in

IP Addresses Blocks the subnet mask

0.0.0.0-
Class A 128 255.0.0.0/8
127.255.255.255

128.0.0.0-
Class B 16,384 255.255.0.0/16
191.255.255.255

192.0.0.0-
Class C 2,097,152 255.255.255.0/24
223.255.255.255

224.0.0.0-
Class D n/a n/a
239.255.255.255

240.0.0.0-
Class E n/a n/a
255.255.255.255

And here’s a table of the decimal to binary conversions for subnet mask and
wildcard octets:

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SUBNET MASK WILDCARD

0 00000000 255 11111111

128 10000000 127 01111111

192 11000000 63 00111111

224 11100000 31 00011111

240 11110000 15 00001111

248 11111000 7 00000111

252 11111100 3 00000011

254 11111110 1 0000001

255 11111111 0 00000000

Reserved IP Address
Reserved IP addresses are a set of IP addresses that are not assigned to any
specific device or network.

Here are some examples of reserved IP address ranges:

Reserved IP Addresses

0.0.0.0/8 This network

10.0.0.0/8 Private IPv4 Address Block

100.64.0.0/10 Carrier-grade NAT

127.0.0.0/8 Loopback

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Reserved IP Addresses

127.0.53.53 Name collision occurrence

169.254.0.0/16 Link local

172.16.0.0/12 Private IPv4 Address Block

192.0.0.0/24 IETF protocol assignments

192.0.2.0/24 TEST-NET-1

192.168.0.0/16 Private IPv4 Address Block

198.18.0.0/15 Network benchmark testing

198.51.100.0/24 TEST-NET-2

255.255.255.255 Limited Broadcast address

Private IPv4 Addresses

Private IPv4 addresses are a range of IP addresses that are not routable on
the public internet. They are reserved for use within private networks, such as
homes, businesses, and organizations.

The range of private IPv4 addresses is:

Private IPv4 Addresses

Class A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255

Class B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255

Class c 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

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Special IPv4 Addresses

Special IPv4 addresses are a set of IP addresses, that serve specific purposes.
These addresses are used for special functions and are not assigned to
individual devices.

Here are some examples of special IPv4 addresses:

Special IPv4 Addresses

Local Host 127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255

APIPA 169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255

Bogon IPv4 Addresses

A bogon IP address is an IP address that are not assigned or allocated to any
specific entity or organization. Bogon addresses are typically used to filter or
block suspicious or illegitimate network traffic.

Here are some examples of bogon IPv4 address ranges:

Bogon IPv4 Address Range Description

0.0.0.0/8 Reserved address space

10.0.0.0/8 Private network (RFC 1918)

100.64.0.0/10 Shared address space (CGN)

127.0.0.0/8 Loopback address

169.254.0.0/16 Link-local address (Autoconfiguration)

172.16.0.0/12 Private network (RFC 1918)

192.0.0.0/24 Reserved address space used for documentation

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Bogon IPv4 Address Range Description

192.0.2.0/24 Reserved address space used for documentation

192.168.0.0/16 Private network (RFC 1918)

198.51.100.0/24 Reserved address space used for documentation

203.0.113.0/24 Reserved address space used for documentation

240.0.0.0/4 Reserved for future use or experimental purposes

Why learning Subnetting is Important?

Learning to subnet is important for a number of reasons, including:

Conserving IP addresses: Subnetting allows for the efficient use of limited

IPv4 addresses by dividing a larger network into smaller networks,
conserving IP addresses and facilitating better management.
Improving network performance: Subnetting reduces the size of broadcast
domains, reducing network congestion and improving performance by
limiting the scope of broadcast messages.
Enhancing network security: Subnetting isolates different parts of a
network, improving security by preventing unauthorized access to sensitive
data.
Simplifying network management: Subnetting makes it easier to identify
and troubleshoot problems by isolating issues to specific subnets,
simplifying network management and troubleshooting processes.
Solitary organization: Gadgets on the equivalent subnet can speak with
one another straightforwardly without going through a switch or other
systems administration gadget.

By learning subnetting, you gain a comprehensive understanding of network

design, management, and troubleshooting, making you a valuable asset in the
field of networking.

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Summary
Alright, wrapping it up, subnetting is pretty much a crucial skill for network
admins and IT professionals. It’s all about managing and dishing out IP
addresses in networks like a pro. This subnet cheat sheet? It’s your new best
friend. It’s got everything you need to know about subnetting, from getting
your head around IP addresses and subnet masks to the lingo like CIDR
notation and VLSM. Just follow the guide, use the formulas and tables, and
subnetting will be a walk in the park. Keep at it, and you’ll be a subnetting
master in no time, creating slick network designs, using addresses like a boss,
and boosting network performance.Limitations of subnetting. Communication
between one subnet to another subnet requires a router. A poorly configured
or fatally failed router can significantly impact your organization’s network.

Subnet Cheat Sheet – FAQs

1. How to Determine Usable Hosts?

To determine Usable host, You need to Subtract Subnet ID Address and

BroadCast Address from Total Addresses. For Example:-

Usable hosts = Total Addresses – Subnet ID – Broadcast Address

Usable hosts = 256 – 1 – 1

Usable hosts = 254

2. What are the Reserved Ranges of IP Addresses?

Reserved Ranges

RFC1918 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255

Localhost 127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255

RFC1918 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255

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Reserved Ranges

RFC1918 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

3. What if you had a 255.255 255.0 subnet?

A subnet mask of 255.255. 255.0 would give you lots of networks (2 16)
and 254 hosts. A subnet of 255.255. 0.0 would give you lots of hosts
(approx 216) and 256 networks

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