1.

(a) Let P2 (R) be the vector space of polynomials with real coefficients and
degree at most 2, with usual polynomial addition and scalar multiplication.
Which of the following subsets of P2 (R) are subspaces? Justify your answer.
(i) W1 = {a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 : a0 ≥ 0, a1 ≥ 0, a2 ≥ 0},
(ii) W2 = {(a0 + 2a1 x + 3a2 x2 : a0 , a1 , a2 ∈ R and a0 + a1 + a2 = 0}.
Ans.
(i) x ∈ W1 , but (−1)x = −x ∈ / W1 . As W1 is not closed under scalar
multiplication, it is not a subspace.
(1 mark)
(ii) W2 is non-empty as 0 = 0 + 0x + 0x2 ∈ W2 . Let
a0 + 2a1 x + 3a2 x2 , b0 + 2b1 x + 3b2 x2 ∈ W2 .
Then
a0 + a1 + a2 = b0 + b1 + b2 = 0.
Let α, β ∈ R.Then
α(a0 + 2a1 x + 3a2 x2 ) + β(b0 + 2b1 x + 3b2 x2 )
= (αa0 + βb0 ) + 2(αa1 + βb1 )x + 3(αa2 + βa2 )x2 .
Also note
(αa0 + βb0 ) + (αa1 + βb1 ) + (αa2 + βa2 )
= α(a0 + a1 + a2 ) + β(b0 + b1 + b2 ) = 0.
So
α(a0 + 2a1 x + 3a2 x2 ) + β(b0 + 2b1 x + 3b2 x2 ) ∈ W2 .
Hence W2 is closed under addition a scaler multiplication.
(2 marks)
..................................................................
Marking Scheme: If W2 non-empty not shown, still we give full marks.
Knowing defination of subspace 1 mark and showing that it is closed under
addition and scalar multiplication 1 mark.

1
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 Marking scheme for Q3.(a)

April 11, 2023

3. (a) Let {(2, 3, −1), (9, 8, 0), (4, −5, a + b)} and
{(2, 3, −1), (9, 8, 0), (1, −15, a + 3b)} be two linearly dependent subsets of
R3 . Then find the values of a and b.

Marking scheme.
a + b = 7, [1 mark]
a + 3b = 13, [1 mark]
After solving the above equations, a = 4, b = 3. [1 mark]

1
3(b). Using elementary row operations, find for what values of λ and µ, the following system of linear
equations

2x + 3y + 5z = 9
7x + 3y − 5z = 8
2x + 3y + λz = µ

has (i) no solution, (ii) a unique solution, (iii) an infinite number of solutions.

Sol: The co-efficient matrix and the augmented matrix of the given system of equations is
     
2 3 5 2 3 5 9 1 −6 20 −19
A = 7 3 −5 and [A|b] = 7 3 −5 8  . The row echelon form of [A|b] is 0 15 45 47  .
2 3 λ 2 3 λ µ 0 0 λ−5 µ−9

(i) When λ = 5 and µ ̸= 9, the rank of A is 2 and the rank of [A|b] is 3.

Hence the system has not solution. [1 mark]. 0.5 is deducted for wrong λ or wrong µ.

(ii) When λ ̸= 5, the rank of A is 3 and the rank of [A|b] is 3.

Hence the system has unique solution. [1 mark]. 0.5 is deducted for wrong λ or wrong µ.

(iii) When λ = 5 and µ = 9, the rank of A is 2 and the rank of [A|b] is 2. Hence rank(A)=rank([A|b])<
number of unknowns.

Therefore the system has infinite number of solutions. [1 mark]. 0.5 is deducted for wrong λ or
wrong µ.

1
4.(a) Let U = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x + 2y + 3z = 0} and V = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 2x + 3y + 4z = 0} be two
subspaces of R3 . Find a basis and the dimension of the subspace U ∩ V . [3 marks]

Solution: Note that the subspace U ∩ V is given by the solution space of the system of equations

x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0.

After applying Gauss Elimination Method, the system becomes

x + 2y + 3z = 0
− y − 2z = 0.

It further changes to

x −z =0
y + 2z = 0.

This completes the Gauss Elimination method.

So the solution is given by    
z 1
 −2z  = z  −2  .
   

z 1
  

 1 

Thus, for every c 6= 0 in R, c  −2  is a basis of U ∩ V . [2 marks]
 
 
1
 

Note that 2 marks is awarded for getting the basis with proper justifications. If someone writes
the basis without justification, then only 1 mark is awarded.
Hence the dimension of U ∩ V is 1. [1 mark]

1
 MA11004 (LA-NA-CA) Questions
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

4(b) Find the value(s) of α for which the following homogeneous system of equations 2x +
3y + z = 0; 5x + 7y + 2z = 0; 6x + 2y + αz = 0 have infinitely many solutions. With
the the calculated value(s) of α, hence find the dimension of the solution space.
Solution:
 The system has infinitely many solutions if rank of the coefficient matrix
2 3 1
A = 5 7 2
 

6 2 α
 
2 3 1
Applying elementary row operations R2′ = R2 − 52 R1 , we have 0 −1/2 −1/2
 

6 2 α
 
2 3 1
Applying elementary row operations R3′ = R3 − 3R1 , we have 0 −1/2 −1/2 
 

0 −7 α − 3
 
2 3 1
Applying elementary row operations R3′ = R3 − 14R2 , we have 0 −1/2 −1/2 
 

0 0 α+4
Therefore the system has infinitely many solutions if α = −4.
2 marks is awarded for getting the correct value of α with correct operations. 0.5 marks
is awarded for wrong calculations of α with the correct method
If α = −4, then rank(A) = 2. Hence by rank–nullity theorem, the dimension of solution
space is 3 − 2 = 1.
1 mark is awarded for calculating the dimension of solution space with proper justifi-
cations. 0.5 marks is awarded if there is no proper justifications for the correct answer.

1
 1. Midterm Exam

5a.Using Gaussian Elimination method find the solution of the following system of linear
equations:
3y + z = −9
4x + 2y + z = 0
16x + 3y + z = −1
Solution: We solve it using Gaussian Elimination:
The augmented matrix is:
 
0 3 1 −9
4 2 1 0 
16 3 1 −1

Swapping R1 and R2 and then multiplying the new R1 by 1/4 we get:

 
1 1/2 1/4 0
0 3 1 −9
16 3 1 −1

Adding −16R1 to R3 we get:

 
1 1/2 1/4 0
0 3 1 −9
0 −5 −3 −1

Multiplying R2 by 1/3 we get:

 
1 1/2 1/4 0
0 1 1/3 −3
0 −5 −3 −1

Adding 5R2 to R3 we get:

 
1 1/2 1/4 0
0 1 1/3 −3 
0 0 −4/3 −16

Multiplying R3 by −3/4 we get:

 
1 1/2 1/4 0
0 1 1/3 −3
0 0 1 12

Adding −1/2R2 to R1 we get:

 
1 0 1/12 3/2
0 1 1/3 −3 
0 0 1 12
1
2

Adding −1/12R3 to R1 and adding −1/3R3 to R2 we get:

 
1 0 0 1/2
0 1 0 −7 
0 0 1 12

Therefore, x = 1/2, y = −7, z = 12.

Grading Scheme: 1. Correct calculation plus correct answer using Gaussian elimina-
tion: 3 out of 3.
2. Correct method using Gaussian elimination yet wrong answer due to calculation mis-
take: 2 out 3.
3. Correct calculation and answer using equation solving method which mimics Gaussian
elimination: 2 out 3.
4. Partial attempt with some progress yet serious logical and calculation error:
1 out of 3.
5. No meaningful attempt: 0 and 3.
6. Need to write the explicit answer and tell if all of x, y, z are correct, then only 1 mark
for answer.
7. Also no marks will be awarded without showing valid steps of Gauss elimination pro-
cess.