GENERAL PHYSICS 2

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

OBJECTIVES
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Differentiate electric interactions from magnetic interactions

STEM_GP12EM - IIIh -54
2. Evaluate the total magnetic flux through an open surface
STEM_GP12EM - IIIh -55

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

Magnetic Field
CONCEPT OF ELECTRIC FIELD

1. A distribution of electric charge at rest creates an electric field E in the

surrounding space.
2. The electric field exerts a force on any other charge that is present in
the field

We can describe magnetic interactions in a similar way:

1. A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding

space (in addition to its electric field).
2. 2. The magnetic field exerts a force F on any other moving charge or current
that is present in the field.

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

MAGNETIC FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES

There are four key characteristics of the magnetic force on a moving charge.

First, its magnitude is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.

Second, the magnitude of the force is also proportional to the magnitude, or
“strength,” of the field
Third, characteristic is that the magnetic force depends on the particle’s velocity.
Fourth, we find by experiment that the magnetic force F does not have the
same direction as the magnetic field B but instead is always perpendicular to
both and the velocity v

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

MAGNETIC FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES

Fourth, we find by experiment that the magnetic force F does not have the
same direction as the magnetic field B but instead is always perpendicular to
both and the velocity v

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

MAGNETIC FORCES ON MOVING CHARGES

Fourth, we find by experiment that the
magnetic force F does not have the same
direction as the magnetic field B but
instead is always perpendicular to both and
the velocity v

This discussion shows that the force on a

charge moving with velocity in a magnetic field
is given, both in magnitude and in direction, by

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
FINDING THE DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC FORCE ON
A MOVING CHARGED PARTICLE.

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
FINDING THE DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC FORCE ON
A MOVING CHARGED PARTICLE.

NOTE: This form is

sometimes more
convenient, especially
in problems involving
currents rather than
individual particles.

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
MEASURING MAGNETIC FIELDS WITH TEST CHARGES
To explore an unknown magnetic field, we can measure the magnitude and direction of the force on
a moving test charge and then use Eq.
When a charged particle
moves through a region of
space where both electric
and magnetic fields are
present, both fields exert
forces on the particle. The
total force is the vector sum
of the electric and magnetic
forces:

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

SAMPLE PROBLEM

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

MAGNETIC FIELD LINES AND MAGNETIC FLUX

We can represent any magnetic field by magnetic
field lines, draw the lines so that the line through
any point is tangent to the magnetic field vector B
at that point (Fig. 27.11). Just as with electric field
lines, we draw only a few representative lines;
otherwise, the lines would fill up all of space.
Where adjacent field lines are close together, the
field magnitude is large; where these field lines are
far apart, the field magnitude is small. Also,
because the direction of at each point is unique,
field lines never intersect

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

MAGNETIC FIELD LINES AND MAGNETIC FLUX

Magnetic field lines are not “lines of force”

Magnetic field lines are sometimes called “magnetic lines of
force,” but that’s not a good name for them; unlike electric field
lines, they do not point in the direction of the force on a charge

Because magnetic-field patterns are three-dimensional, it’s often

necessary to draw magnetic field lines that point into or out of the
plane of a drawing. To do this we use a dot (.) to represent a
vector directed out of the plane and a cross (X) to represent a
vector directed into the plane

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

Magnetic field lines

produced by some
common sources of
magnetic field.

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

MAGNETIC FLUX AND GAUSS’S LAW FOR MAGNETISM

Magnetic flux is a measurement of the total magnetic field which passes through a given area.
We define the magnetic flux through a surface just as we defined electric
flux in connection with Gauss’s law. We can divide any surface into elements of
area dA
this component varies from point to point on the
surface. We define the magnetic flux through this
area as

The total magnetic flux through the surface is

the sum of the contributions from the
individual area elements:

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

MAGNETIC FLUX AND GAUSS’S LAW FOR MAGNETISM

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

MAGNETIC FLUX AND GAUSS’S LAW FOR MAGNETISM

In Gauss’s law the total electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the total electric
charge enclosed by the surface. For example, if the closed surface encloses an electric dipole, the total
electric flux is zero because the total charge is zero.
By analogy, if there were such a thing as a single magnetic charge (magnetic monopole), the total magnetic flux
through a closed surface would be proportional to the total magnetic charge enclosed. But we have mentioned
that no magnetic monopole has ever been observed, despite intensive searches. We conclude:

This equation is sometimes called Gauss’s law for magnetism.

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2

MAGNETIC FLUX AND GAUSS’S LAW FOR MAGNETISM

If the element of area dA in Eq.

is at right angles to the field lines, then = B calling the area we
have

That is, the magnitude of magnetic field is equal to flux per unit area across an
area at right angles to the magnetic field. For this reason, magnetic field B is
sometimes called magnetic flux density.
MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
SAMPLE PROBLEM

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
ACTIVITY: MAGNETIC FORCE, FIELD AND FLUX
DIRECTIONS: answer the following worded-problem using GRESA format

1. A particle of mass 0.195 g carries a charge of -2.50 x 10^-8

C. The particle is given an initial horizontal velocity that is
due north and has magnitude 4.00 x 10^4 m/s What are the
magnitude and direction of the minimum magnetic field
that will keep the particle moving in the earth’s gravitational
field in the same horizontal, northward direction?

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
ACTIVITY: MAGNETIC FORCE, FIELD AND FLUX
DIRECTIONS: answer the following worded-problem using GRESA format

2. An electron moves at 2.50 x 10^6 m/s through a region in

which there is a magnetic field of unspecified direction and
magnitude 7.40 x 10^-2 T
(a) What are the largest and smallest possible magnitudes of
the acceleration of the electron due to the magnetic field?
(b) If the actual acceleration of the electron is one-fourth of the
largest magnitude in part (a), what is the angle between
the electron velocity and the magnetic field?

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit
GENERAL PHYSICS 2
ACTIVITY: MAGNETIC FORCE, FIELD AND FLUX
DIRECTIONS: answer the following worded-problem using GRESA format

3. A horizontal rectangular surface has dimensions 2.80 cm by

3.20 cm and is in a uniform magnetic field that is directed at
an angle of 30 Degrees above the horizontal. What must
the magnitude of the magnetic field be in order to produce a
flux 4.20 x 10^-4 Wb of through the surface?

MAGNETIC FORCE, MAGNETIC FLUX Magnetic Fields, Hand Rules Holy Spirit National High School
Mr. Nally John T. Dalisay Sto. Ireneo St. Dona Juana Ext. Holy Spirit