POLITICAL SCIENCE (028) SET-2

ANSWERS
SECTION- A

1.a 2.b 3.d 4.a 5.d 6.c 7.a 8.a 9.d 10.c 11.c 12.a

SECTION- B

13. The Objective Resolution was introduced in the Constituent Assembly by Jawaharlal Nehru on 13th December
1946. This resolution laid down the fundamental principles and philosophy of the constitutional structure. The
Assembly extensively debated the Resolution between the 16th and 19th of December. On 21st December 1946, the
Assembly decided to postpone discussions and took up the Resolution once again on 21st January 1947. During
these deliberations, various aspects of the Objectives Resolution were discussed, including federalism, minority
rights, and socio-economic rights. On 22nd January 1947, the Assembly unanimously adopted the Objectives
Resolution, which set the tone for India’s constitutional journey.

14. The Preamble to the Constitution of India outlines the guiding principles and objectives of the document. It
emphasizes several forms of justice that are crucial for a just and equitable society:

1. Social Justice: This form of justice aims to eliminate discrimination based on birth, caste, race, sex, or
religion. It seeks to create a society where everyone has equal opportunities and access to resources.
2. Economic Justice: Economic justice focuses on ensuring fair distribution of wealth, resources, and
opportunities. It aims to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor, promote economic welfare, and
uplift marginalized sections of society.
3. Political Justice: Political justice emphasizes equal participation, representation, and accountability. It
ensures that citizens have the right to express their opinions, vote freely, and participate in the democratic
process.

These three forms of justice—social, economic, and political—are integral to the vision of a just and inclusive India
as outlined in the Preamble.

15. There are several kinds of executives based on different contexts:

1. Political Executive:
o The political executive consists of elected representatives who hold executive positions.
o It includes:
 Head of State: Such as the President or Monarch (ceremonial role).
 Head of Government: Such as the Prime Minister (actual decision-maker).
 Ministers: Responsible for formulating policies and overseeing government departments.
2. Permanent Executive (Civil Service):
o The permanent executive comprises non-political officials who work in government departments.
o It includes:
 Bureaucracy or Civil Service: Responsible for day-to-day administration and implementing
policies.
 Administrative officers, technocrats, and other professionals.
3. Real and Nominal Executives:
o Real executives hold actual decision-making power.
o Nominal executives have ceremonial roles without substantial authority.
4. Single and Plural Executives:
o Single executives have a single head (e.g., President, Prime Minister).
o Plural executives involve collective decision-making bodies (e.g., coalition governments).
5. Hereditary, Elected, and Nominated Executives:
o Hereditary executives inherit their positions (e.g., monarchs).
 o Elected executives are chosen through democratic processes (e.g., Presidents, Prime Ministers).
o Nominated executives are appointed by other authorities (e.g., Governors).
6. Parliamentary and Non-Parliamentary Executives:
o Parliamentary executives are accountable to the legislature (e.g., Prime Minister).
o Non-parliamentary executives are not directly accountable to the legislature (e.g., President).

Remember that the composition and roles of executives vary across different political systems and countries.

16. The legislative powers of the President of India include the following:

1. Summoning and Proroguing Parliament:

o The President has the authority to summon and prorogue sessions of both Houses of Parliament
(Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha).
o Proroguing refers to formally ending a session of Parliament.
2. Dissolving the Lok Sabha:
o The President can dissolve the Lok Sabha, which leads to the general elections.
o The dissolution of the Lok Sabha is usually done on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3. Calling a Joint Session:
o If there is a deadlock between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha over a bill, the President can call a
joint session of both Houses.
o During this session, members from both Houses deliberate on the bill, and the decision is taken by a
majority vote.
4. Addressing Parliament:
o The President has the right to address Parliament at the beginning of the first session following each
general election.
o The President also addresses Parliament at the commencement of each year.
5. Sending Messages to Houses:
o The President can send messages to either House of Parliament.
o These messages may relate to a pending bill or any other matter.
6. Appointing Pro Tem Speaker:
o When both the offices of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha become vacant, the
President has the authority to appoint any member of the Lok Sabha to preside over its
proceedings.
7. Appointing Pro Tem Chairman of Rajya Sabha:
o Similarly, if both the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha’s positions become vacant,
the President can appoint any Rajya Sabha member to preside over its proceedings.
8. Appointing Members with Special Knowledge:
o The President appoints 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from among those with special knowledge
or practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service.

These legislative powers ensure that the President plays a crucial role in the functioning of India’s parliamentary
system.

17. The Prime Minister of India is considered to be at the head of the Council of Ministers due to constitutional
provisions and practical governance. Let’s explore why:

1. Constitutional Provisions:
o Article 74 (1) of the Indian Constitution explicitly states that the Prime Minister shall be “at the
head” of the Council of Ministers.
o The President of India appoints the Prime Minister, who must command the confidence of the
majority of members in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament).
o Article 75 (1) further specifies that the other ministers are appointed by the President on the advice
of the Prime Minister.
o The Prime Minister’s position is central to the functioning of the government .
2. Role and Responsibilities:
 o The Prime Minister is the leader of the ruling party or coalition that holds the majority of seats in
the Lok Sabha.
o As the head of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister:
 Presides over cabinet meetings: Coordinates the activities of various ministries and
departments.
 Formulates policies: Shapes the government’s agenda and priorities.
 Represents the government: Acts as the chief spokesperson for government policies.
 Coordinates administration: Ensures effective governance and decision-making.
o The Prime Minister’s role is pivotal in the functioning of India’s parliamentary system, making it a
"Prime Ministerial Government".

In summary, the Prime Minister’s position is crucial, and the Indian Constitution recognizes the Council of Ministers
with the Prime Minister at its helm.

18. Bureaucracy serves essential functions within a government and organizational context. Here are some of its key
functions:

1. Execution and Enforcement of Laws:

o Bureaucracy is responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws passed by the legislature.
o It ensures that government policies and programs are carried out efficiently and effectively.
2. Administration:
o Bureaucracy manages the day-to-day administration of government departments and agencies.
o It handles tasks related to public services, infrastructure, and public welfare.
3. Policy Advice:
o Bureaucrats provide policy advice to political leaders.
o They analyze complex issues, conduct research, and recommend policy options.
4. Articulating Interests:
o Bureaucracy represents the interests of various groups within society.
o It balances competing interests and ensures fair decision-making.
5. Maintaining Political Stability:
o Bureaucracy contributes to political stability by ensuring continuity in governance.
o It remains operational even when political leadership changes.
6. Rulemaking Process:
o Bureaucracy plays a crucial role in the rulemaking process.
o It formulates regulations and guidelines necessary for policy implementation.
7. Individual Actors and Impact:
o Bureaucrats, as individual actors, influence policy outcomes.
o Their decisions, expertise, and actions shape governance and public services.

In summary, bureaucracy facilitates efficient governance, policy implementation, and stability, despite its occasional
negative image.

SECTION- C

19. The Election Commission of India plays a crucial role in ensuring free and fair elections. Here are some ways it
achieves this:

1. Conducting Elections:
o The Election Commission announces the dates and schedules of elections.
o It ensures that elections are held in a phased manner to maintain law and order.
2. Model Code of Conduct (MCC):
o The Election Commission enforces the MCC for all parties and candidates.
o The MCC prevents unfair practices, misuse of government resources, and undue influence during
elections.
3. Monitoring Election Infrastructure:
o The Commission oversees the election infrastructure across the nation.
 o It ensures that polling stations are set up properly, electoral rolls are accurate, and voting machines
function correctly.
4. Preventing Use of Money, Muscle, and Media Power:
o The Election Commission takes measures to prevent the use of money, muscle, or media power to
influence voters.
o It monitors campaign expenses and takes action against violations.
5. Ensuring Voter Education and Awareness:
o The Commission conducts voter education programs to raise awareness about voting rights,
procedures, and ethical voting.
o It promotes voter participation and inclusivity.
6. Security Arrangements:
o The Election Commission collaborates with law enforcement agencies to ensure security
arrangements during elections.
o It prevents any disruptions or violence that could affect the electoral process.
7. Fair Representation and Equal Opportunities:
o The Commission ensures that all political parties and candidates have equal opportunities to
campaign.
o It promotes fair representation of diverse sections of society.

In summary, the Election Commission’s vigilant efforts contribute to maintaining the integrity and fairness of India’s
democratic electoral process.

20. The statement that “The President is an essential part of the Parliament” requires careful consideration. Let’s
explore this:

1. Constitutional Position:
o The President of India is not a member of either House of Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha).
o However, the President plays a crucial role in the functioning of the Parliament due to specific
constitutional provisions.
2. Functions Performed by the President:
o Assent to Bills: The President’s assent is necessary for a bill passed by both Houses of Parliament to
become law.
o Summoning and Proroguing Sessions: The President summons and prorogues sessions of
Parliament.
o Addressing Parliament: The President addresses both Houses at the beginning of each session.
o Dissolving the Lok Sabha: The President can dissolve the Lok Sabha, leading to general elections.
3. Integral Role:
o While not directly involved in day-to-day legislative activities, the President’s approval and actions
are integral to the functioning of Parliament.
o The President ensures the continuity of governance and the enactment of laws.

In summary, although the President is not a member of Parliament, the constitutional provisions make the President
an essential part of the legislative process. Therefore, I agree with the statement to some extent.

21. The Union Legislature, commonly known as Parliament, is composed of three essential components:

1. Council of States (Rajya Sabha):

o The Rajya Sabha represents the states and union territories.
o It consists of 250 members:
 238 members represent the states and union territories.
 12 members are nominated by the President for their expertise in fields like literature,
science, art, and social service.
o Members are elected indirectly by the elected members of state legislative assemblies using the
system of proportional representation through the single transferable vote.
o The Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution, and one-third of its members retire every second year.
2. House of the People (Lok Sabha):
 o The Lok Sabha represents the people directly.
o It has a maximum strength of 552 members:
 530 members represent states.
 20 members represent union territories.
 2 members are nominated by the President to represent the Anglo-Indian community (if not
adequately represented).
o Members are elected through direct elections based on adult suffrage.
o The Lok Sabha’s term is five years, unless dissolved earlier.
o The total number of seats remains unaltered until the first census after 2026.
3. The President of India:
o Although not a member of Parliament, the President plays a crucial role.
o The President’s assent is necessary for bills to become law.
o The President addresses Parliament, summons sessions, and dissolves the Lok Sabha.

In summary, the Union Legislature consists of the Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha, and the President, collectively responsible
for lawmaking and governance in India.

22. Certainly! The Indian judicial system, while commendable in many aspects, does face certain weaknesses. Let’s
explore them:

1. Pending Cases:
o One of the most significant flaws is the large number of pending cases.
o Justice delayed is justice denied, and the backlog of cases undermines the system’s efficiency.
o Over four crore cases are pending in India, leading to frustration and prolonged legal battles.

2. Slow Disposal of Cases:

o The pace of justice delivery remains agonizingly slow.
o Factors such as procedural delays, insufficient judges, and cumbersome processes contribute to this
issue2.

3. Lack of Transparency:
o The selection and appointment of judges lack transparency.
o The process of appointing assistants and other court staff also lacks openness.

4. Inadequate Infrastructure:
o The Indian judiciary faces challenges related to infrastructure, including courtrooms, technology,
and administrative support.
o Insufficient resources hinder efficient functioning.

5. Corruption:
o Instances of corruption within the judiciary erode public trust.
o Corruption affects the impartiality and integrity of the system.

6. Complex Legal Procedures:

o The legal procedures can be complex and time-consuming for litigants.
o Simplification and accessibility are essential for justice to reach all sections of society.

7. Lack of Technological Integration:

o The judiciary needs to embrace technology for efficient case management, e-filing, and virtual
hearings.
o The transition to digital processes has been slow.

In conclusion, while the Indian judiciary has made significant strides, addressing these weaknesses is crucial for a
more effective and accessible justice system.
 OR

Certainly! Here are four features of the Indian Constitution that give greater power to the Central government than
the State government:

1. Centralization during Emergency:

o During an emergency, power becomes lawfully centralized in the hands of the Central government.
o The Central government can take necessary actions to address crises and maintain order.

2. Control over Revenue-Generating Items:

o Items that generate revenue (such as taxes, customs duties, and excise duties) are under the control
of the Central government.
o The Central government formulates and manages fiscal policies related to revenue collection.

3. Planning Commission and Resource Supervision:

o The Planning Commission (now replaced by NITI Aayog) is appointed by the Central government.
o It controls and supervises resource management across states, influencing development and
allocation of resources.

4. Veto Power over State Legislation:

o The Central government can delay state legislation and examine bills passed by state legislatures.
o It has the authority to completely veto state bills if necessary.

These features ensure a strong Central government in India’s federal system.

23. Certainly! The negative conception of liberty and the positive conception of liberty represent two distinct
philosophical approaches to understanding freedom. Let’s explore their differences:

1. Negative Conception of Liberty:

o Definition: Negative liberty emphasizes freedom from external interference or constraints.
o Focus: It defines and defends the area of an individual’s life where no external authority can
interfere.
o Concerns: It is not concerned with the conditions of society.
o Explanation: Negative liberty explains the idea of “freedom from” external limitations.
o Example: The absence of government censorship allows individuals to express their opinions freely.

2. Positive Conception of Liberty:

o Definition: Positive liberty emphasizes the individual’s capacity to pursue their own goals and well-
being.
o Focus: It defines the area of society where an individual can be free, with some constraints made by
society and the government.
o Concerns: It is concerned with the enabling conditions of society.
o Explanation: Positive liberty explains the idea of “freedom to” achieve one’s potential.
o Example: Access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities enables individuals to lead
fulfilling lives.

In summary, negative liberty emphasizes absence of external obstacles, while positive liberty emphasizes
empowerment and self-determination.

OR

Certainly! In the context of individual actions, we distinguish between self-regarding and other-regarding activities:

1. Self-Regarding Actions:
o Self-regarding actions are those that primarily concern the individual agent performing them.
 o These actions do not directly impact others or their interests.
o Examples of self-regarding actions include personal choices related to lifestyle, beliefs, and
preferences.
o For instance, deciding what to eat, which hobbies to pursue, or how to spend leisure time are self-
regarding actions.

2. Other-Regarding Actions:
o Other-regarding actions are those that affect other people or their interests.
o These actions have consequences beyond the individual performing them.
o Examples of other-regarding actions include helping someone in need, paying taxes, or participating
in community service.
o These actions consider the well-being and rights of others.

In summary, self-regarding actions primarily concern the individual, while other-regarding actions involve
interactions with and impact on others.

SECTION- D

24. (i) Our Constitution stops protecting the system of inequality by prohibiting discrimination based on religion,
race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It ensures that the government and the law of the land do not support or protect
systems of inequality.

(ii) Two types of inequalities still prevalent in our society are gender inequality and caste-based discrimination.

(iii) Untouchability is not permitted in our society. Article 17 of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability.

(iv) The values that violate the system of inequality include discrimination, prejudice, and unfair treatment based on
caste, race, religion, or gender. Our Constitution aims to eliminate such values and promote equality for all.

25. 1. Why do leaders fear the Election Commission?

o Leaders fear the Election Commission because it has the power to take decisive action against
politicians found guilty of violating election laws or misusing their powers to gain an unfair
advantage in elections.
o The Election Commission ensures fair elections, a level playing field, protection of democratic
principles, and public trust.

2. Is this good for democracy?

o Yes, it is good for democracy. A strong and autonomous Election Commission guarantees clear and
satisfactory elections by restricting misbehavior and illegal means during elections.
o The Election Commission’s role is integral to conducting free and fair elections, which is fundamental
to democracy.

26. 1. The four states with bicameral legislatures depicted in the map are as follows:

Sr. No. Concerned Name of State

Alphabet

i. A Jammu and Kashmir

ii. B Karnataka

iii. C Maharashtra

iv. D Telangana
 2. These states have a bicameral legislature, consisting of two houses: the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
and the Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad).

SECTION- E

27. The Indian Constitution is a comprehensive and well-drafted document that lays down the framework for
fundamental political principles, rights, and duties. Here are some of its salient features:

1. Lengthiest Written Constitution:

o The Indian Constitution is the world’s longest and most comprehensive constitution.
o It covers a wide range of topics, including fundamental rights, directive principles, and the structure
of government.

2. Drawn from Various Sources:

o The Constitution incorporates provisions from various sources:
 Other constitutions: It draws from constitutions worldwide.
 Government of India Act, 1935: About 250 provisions from this Act were included in the
Constitution.

3. Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility:

o The Constitution is rigid in some aspects (e.g., amendment procedures).
o It is also flexible to adapt to changing circumstances (e.g., fundamental rights can be amended).

4. Federal System with Unitary Bias:

o India has a federal structure, but the Constitution leans toward unitary features.
o The Central government has more powers than state governments.

5. Parliamentary Form of Government:

o India follows a parliamentary system where the Prime Minister is the head of government.
o The President is the nominal head of state.

6. Integrated and Independent Judiciary:

o The Constitution establishes an integrated judiciary with the Supreme Court at the apex.
o The judiciary is independent and has the power of judicial review.

7. Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles:

o The Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to citizens.
o It also includes directive principles of state policy to guide the government in social and economic
matters.

In summary, the Indian Constitution is a remarkable document that reflects the aspirations and values of a diverse
nation.

OR

Article 19 of the Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental freedoms to every citizen of India:

1. Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19(1)(a)):

o This freedom allows citizens to express their views, opinions, and beliefs freely.
o It encompasses the right to hold an opinion, receive information, and impart information.
o Freedom of speech and expression is the foundation of a democratic society and plays a crucial role
in forming public opinion.
 o However, this freedom is not absolute and is subject to reasonable restrictions for the sake of
public order, decency, morality, and the sovereignty and integrity of India.

28. The Indian Parliament is a vital institution that plays a central role in the country’s governance. It consists of two
houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). Let’s explore the powers and
functions of the Indian Parliament:

1. Legislative Powers:
o Making Laws: The primary function of Parliament is to enact laws. Bills are introduced, debated, and
passed by both houses.
o Union List: Parliament has exclusive authority over subjects listed in the Union List (e.g., defense,
foreign affairs, currency).
o Concurrent List: In the Concurrent List, Parliament’s law prevails over state laws.

2. Executive Powers:
o The Council of Ministers (headed by the Prime Minister) is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
o Parliament exercises control over the executive through question hour, debates, and committees.

3. Financial Powers:
o Parliament approves the annual budget presented by the government.
o It scrutinizes government spending through financial committees.

4. Constituent Powers:
o Parliament can amend the Constitution by a special majority.
o It can create new states, alter boundaries, and change names.

5. Judicial Powers:
o Parliament can impeach the President, remove judges, and punish members for breach of privileges.
o It has the authority to remove the Vice-President.

6. Electoral Powers:
o Parliament participates in the election of the President and Vice-President.
o The Lok Sabha elects the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.

7. Other Powers:
o Parliament discusses national and international issues.
o It can impose emergency and alter state boundaries.
o It has the power to create or abolish state legislatures.

In summary, the Indian Parliament is a multifunctional institution that ensures democratic governance,
accountability, and representation.

OR

The High Court in India plays a crucial role in the judicial system. Let’s delve into its composition, jurisdiction, and
powers:

1. Composition of High Court:

o Each state (and some union territories) has its own High Court.
o The High Court consists of a Chief Justice, who is appointed by the President in consultation with the
Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the respective state.
o Other judges are appointed by the President based on the workload requirements of the High Court.
There is no specific limit on the number of judges.
o Qualifications for judges include being a citizen of India, having ten years of experience as a judge or
practicing advocate in the High Court, and no upper age limit (unlike the Supreme Court).
o Eminent jurists are not eligible for High Court judge positions.
 2. Tenure of High Court Judges:
o A High Court judge holds office until the age of 62 years.
o Judges can resign by submitting a written resignation to the President.
o Removal can occur based on misbehavior or incapacity, subject to approval by a two-thirds majority
in Parliament.

3. Jurisdiction and Powers of High Court:

o Original Jurisdiction: The High Court can hear cases as an original court in certain matters, such as
marriage, wills, contempt of court, enforcement of fundamental rights, etc.
o Writ Jurisdiction: The High Court issues writs (like habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition,
and quo warranto) to protect citizens’ rights.
o Appellate Jurisdiction: The High Court is the highest appellate authority within the state. It hears
appeals from lower courts.
o Supervisory Jurisdiction: The High Court supervises the functioning of subordinate courts.
o Court of Record: It maintains records of its proceedings and decisions.
o Power of Judicial Review: The High Court can review the constitutionality of laws and executive
actions.

In summary, the High Court is a vital institution that ensures justice, upholds constitutional rights, and maintains the
rule of law at the state level.

29. Let’s explore the Gram Panchayat, which is a fundamental unit of local self-government in India:

1. Composition of Gram Panchayat:

o The Gram Panchayat is the village-level institution in the Panchayati Raj system.
o It consists of elected representatives known as panchayat members.
o The composition includes:
 Sarpanch: The head of the Gram Panchayat, elected by the members.
 Panchayat Members: Elected from different wards within the village.
 Gram Sabha Members: All eligible voters in the village form the Gram Sabha, which plays an
advisory role.

2. Functions of Gram Panchayat:

o Implementation of Government Schemes: The Gram Panchayat executes various government
programs and schemes at the grassroots level.
o Beneficiary Identification: It identifies beneficiaries for welfare schemes when the Gram Sabha is
unable to do so.
o Local Infrastructure Development: The Gram Panchayat is responsible for developing and
maintaining local infrastructure such as roads, water supply, sanitation, and schools.
o Social Justice: It ensures social justice by addressing issues related to caste, gender, and
marginalized communities.
o Tax Collection: The Gram Panchayat levies and collects local taxes to fund its activities.

3. Source of Income for Gram Panchayat:

o House Tax: Collected from households based on property size and type.
o Tax on Cattle: Levied on cattle ownership.
o Tax on Immovable Property: Applicable to land and buildings.
o Commercial Crops Tax: Imposed on income from commercial crops.
o Drainage Tax: Collected for maintaining drainage systems.
o Sanitation Fee: Charged for sanitation services.
o Tax on Produce Sold in Village: Applied to goods sold within the village.
o Water Supply Fee: Collected for providing water to households.
o Income from Common Property: Includes revenue from common grounds, jungles, and cattle
grazing areas.
In summary, the Gram Panchayat plays a vital role in local governance, development, and social justice, with its
income derived from various sources.

OR

Political theory is a fascinating field that delves into the intricacies of governance, power dynamics, and societal
organization. Let’s explore its nature and scope:

1. Meaning of Political Theory:

o Political theory involves the study and analysis of political ideas, concepts, and principles.
o It seeks to understand how power is wielded, how governments function, and how individuals and
communities engage in political activities.
o By examining the philosophical foundations of political systems, it shapes our understanding of
justice, freedom, and the role of citizens.
o Political theory also explores fundamental values like justice, equality, rights, and democracy.
o It scrutinizes various ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and feminism.

2. Scope of Political Theory:

o Normative Analysis:
 Political theory delves into ethical questions related to governance, power, and political
processes.
 It establishes moral norms that dictate what should and should not happen in political life.
o Empirical Analysis:
 While normative dimensions guide moral aspects, empirical analysis provides a practical
perspective.
 It examines factual, observable political phenomena and institutions.
o Conceptual Analysis:
 Here, political theory breaks down abstract concepts (e.g., democracy, justice, power,
equality) and explains their practical implications.
o Relevance:
 In an era of rapid socio-political transformations, understanding political theory is crucial.
 It serves as a compass, framework for analysis, and catalyst for political evolution.

In summary, political theory dissects the puzzle of politics, unraveling its pieces to help us navigate the complex
world of governance and societal organization.

30. India has taken several measures to secure social justice for its citizens. Let’s explore some of these initiatives:

1. Reservation Policies:
o India has implemented reservation quotas for historically marginalized groups, including Scheduled
Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
o These quotas ensure representation in education, employment, and political offices.

2. Women Empowerment:
o Reservation for women in panchayats (local self-governance) and urban bodies.
o Initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao promote girl child protection and education.

3. Civil Rights Acts:

o Laws to prevent atrocities on SC/STs and ensure their rights.
o Affirmative action through reservations in education and employment.

4. Antyodaya Schemes:
o These schemes focus on uplifting the poorest of the poor.
o They aim to provide basic amenities, education, and healthcare.

5. Pragati Platform:
 o A public grievance redressal system to address citizens’ concerns.
o Ensures accountability and transparency.

6. Development of Infrastructure for the Judiciary:

o Establishment of Gram Nyayalays in villages.
o Strengthening the judicial system.

India’s commitment to social justice remains an ongoing endeavor, with continuous efforts to bridge gaps and uplift
marginalized sections of society.

OR

Certainly! In a modern state, citizens enjoy several civil rights that safeguard their individual freedoms and ensure a
just society. Let’s explore some of these essential civil rights:

1. Right to Life and Liberty:

o Every citizen has the fundamental right to life and personal liberty.
o Protection against arbitrary arrests or detentions is guaranteed.

2. Freedom of Speech and Expression:

o Citizens can express their opinions, ideas, and beliefs freely.
o This includes the right to criticize the government and participate in public discourse.

3. Right to Privacy:
o Individuals have the right to privacy and protection from unwarranted intrusion into their personal
lives.
o Privacy ensures autonomy and dignity.

4. Freedom of Religion:
o Citizens can practice any religion of their choice.
o The state remains neutral and does not interfere in religious matters.

5. Right to Equality:
o All citizens are equal before the law.
o Discrimination based on caste, gender, race, or religion is prohibited.

6. Right to Property:
o While the right to property is no longer a fundamental right in India, citizens still have legal
protections regarding property ownership.

7. Access to Justice:
o Citizens have the right to a fair trial and access to the judicial system.
o Legal remedies are available for any violation of civil rights.

8. Right to Information:
o Citizens can seek information from public authorities.
o Transparency and accountability are promoted.

9. Freedom of Movement and Residence:

o Citizens can travel within the country and choose their place of residence.
o Restrictions on movement are minimal.

Remember, these civil rights form the bedrock of a democratic society, ensuring individual dignity, freedom, and
justice. THE END