Q1.Use the periodic table and the information in the table below to help you to answer the questions.

The table shows part of an early version of the periodic table.

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7

Li Be B C N O F

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

(a) Hydrogen was placed at the top of Group 1 in the early version of the periodic table.

The modern periodic table does not show hydrogen in Group 1.

(i) State one similarity between hydrogen and the elements in Group 1.

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(1)

(ii) State one difference between hydrogen and the elements in Group 1.

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(b) Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine are in Group 7, the halogens.

The reactivity of the halogens decreases down the group.

Bromine reacts with a solution of potassium iodide to produce iodine.

Br2 + 2KI 2KBr + I2

(i) In the reaction between bromine and potassium iodide, there is a reduction of
bromine to bromide ions.

In terms of electrons, what is meant by reduction?

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(ii) Complete the half equation for the oxidation of iodide ions to iodine molecules.

2I−
(2)

(iii) Explain, in terms of electronic structure, why fluorine is the most reactive element in
Group 7.

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(Total 8 marks)

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Q2.(a) Dmitri Mendeleev was one of the first chemists to classify the elements by arranging them in order of
their atomic weights. His periodic table was published in 1869.

How did Mendeleev know that there must be undiscovered elements and how did he take
this into account when he designed his periodic table?

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(b) By the early 20th century protons and electrons had been discovered.

Describe how knowledge of the numbers of protons and electrons in atoms allow chemists
to place elements in their correct order and correct group.

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(c) The transition elements are a block of elements between Groups 2 and 3 of the periodic
table.

(i) Transition elements have similar properties.

Explain why, in terms of electronic structure.

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(ii) There are no transition elements between the Group 2 element magnesium and the
Group 3 element aluminium.

Give a reason why, in terms of electronic structure.

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

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Q3. By 1869, about 60 elements had been discovered.
Mendeleev arranged these elements in a table, in order of their atomic weight.
He also put elements with similar chemical properties in the same columns.

Mendeleev and part of his table are shown below.

Group

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Period 1 H

Period 2 Li Be B C N O F

Period 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

K Ca – Ti V Cr Mn
Period 4 Fe Co Ni
Cu Zn – – As Se Br

(a) (i) Name one element in Group 1 of Mendeleev’s table that is not in Group 1 of the
periodic table on the Data Sheet.
Give a reason why this element should not be in Group 1.

Name of element ...................................................

Reason .................................................................................................

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(ii) Which group of the periodic table on the Data Sheet is missing from Mendeleev’s
table?

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(b) The gaps (–) in Mendeleev’s table were for elements that had not been discovered.

(i) Compare Mendeleev’s table with the periodic table on the Data Sheet.

Name one of the elements in Period 4 that had not been discovered by 1869.

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(ii) Mendeleev was able to make predictions about the undiscovered elements.
This eventually led most scientists to accept his table.

Suggest what predictions Mendeleev was able to make about these undiscovered
elements.

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(c) In terms of their electronic structure:

(i) state why lithium and sodium are both in Group 1

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(ii) explain why sodium is more reactive than lithium.

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(Total 10 marks)

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Q4. The table shows some properties of gases in dry air

Gas in dry air Density in kg/m3 Melting point in °C Boiling point in °C Percentage (%) in
air

Nitrogen 1.2506 –210 –196 78.08

Oxygen 1.4290 –219 –183 20.95

Carbon dioxide 1.977 –57 –57 0.033

Helium 0.1785 –272 –269 0.00052

Neon 0.8999 –249 –246 0.0019

Argon 1.7837 –189 –186 0.934

Krypton 3.74 –157 –153 0.00011

Xenon 5.86 –112 –108 0.0000087

(a) In 1895, Lord Rayleigh isolated nitrogen from dry air by removing the other known gases,
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
He then discovered that nitrogen from dry air had a different density to pure nitrogen
produced from chemical reactions.
He concluded that nitrogen extracted from dry air was mixed with another gas.
The density of nitrogen extracted from dry air was higher than the density of pure nitrogen.

Use the information above to explain why.

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(b) Gases from the air are separated to provide raw materials used in many different industrial
processes.

Steps in dry air separation:

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Step 1: Filter to remove solid particles

Step 2: Remove carbon dioxide

Step 3: Cool the remaining air to –200 °C

Step 4: Separate by allowing the liquefied gases to warm up.

(i) Carbon dioxide is removed before the air is cooled to –200 °C.

Suggest one reason why.

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(ii) Which two gases do not condense when the remaining air is cooled to –200 °C?

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(1)

(iii) Two gases in air do not separate completely when the liquefied gases are allowed to
warm up.

Name these two gases and give a reason for your answer.

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(Total 6 marks)

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Q5. The halogens are in Group 7 of the periodic table.

(a) Why, in terms of electrons, are the halogens in Group 7?

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(b) Sea water contains bromide ions (Br-).

The bromide ions can be changed to bromine by bubbling chlorine gas into sea water.
Chlorine is able to displace bromine from sea water because chlorine is more reactive than
bromine.

2Br-(aq) + Cl2(g) → Br2(g) + 2Cl-(aq)

Explain, in terms of electrons, why chlorine is more reactive than bromine.

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(3)
(Total 4 marks)

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Q6. (a) Dimitri Mendeleev was one of the first chemists to classify the elements by arranging
them in order of their atomic weights. His periodic table was published in 1869.

By unknown / неизвестен (here / здесь) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

How did Mendeleev know that there must be undiscovered elements and how did he take
this into account when he designed his periodic table?

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........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) By the early 20th century protons and electrons had been discovered.

Describe how this discovery allowed chemists to place elements in their correct order and
correct group.

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(c) The transition elements are a block of elements between Groups 2 and 3 of the periodic
table.

(i) Transition elements have similar properties.

Explain why in terms of electronic structure.

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(2)

(ii) There are no transition elements between the Group 2 element magnesium and the
Group 3 element aluminium.

Explain why in terms of electronic structure.

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(1)
(Total 8 marks)

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Q7. Read the information about the development of the periodic table and answer the questions
that follow:

The modern periodic table on the Data Sheet may help you to answer these questions.

(a) Döbereiner suggested that calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) were also a triad.

Use relative atomic masses to explain why.

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(b) Suggest why Döbereiner’s ideas were replaced by those of Mendeleev.

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(c) Lithium, sodium and potassium are in Group 1. All these elements react with water.

Describe what you see when potassium is added to water.

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(2)

(d) In terms of electronic structure, explain why:

(i) elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar chemical properties

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(1)

(ii) transition elements have similar properties even though they are not in the same
group

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(2)

(iii) in Group 1, lithium is less reactive than potassium.

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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

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