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Periodic Table of Elements

History and writing an electron configuration

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Kristin Hernais
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17 views

Periodic Table of Elements

History and writing an electron configuration

Uploaded by

Kristin Hernais
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Periodic Table of Elements

Arrangement of Elements

• The elements in the periodic table are listed in order of increasing atomic number
• They can also be described as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids

Periods

• The horizontal rows in the periodic table

Groups

• Groups are the vertical columns in the periodic table


• Elements that are in the same vertical column of the periodic table share similar properties

The s, p, d, f Blocks

• The subshell block depends on the outermost filled orbital, known as valence shell

Subshell Maximum number of electrons


S 2
P 6
D 10
f 14
Writing the Electron Configuration

Electron Configuration

• It describes how electrons are


distributed in its atomic orbitals

Aufbau Principle

• The Aufbau principle states that a


lower energy orbital should be filled up first before the next higher energy orbital

Valence Electrons

• Electrons found in the subshells of the highest principal energy level

Hund’s Rule

• States that, in filling the orbitals of the same energy level, an orbital must be singly filled up first before pairing
the electrons

The Subatomic Particles


Atoms

• Considered as the basic unit of matter


• Atom consists of even smaller particles – the protons,
neutrons, and electrons

Protons

• Ernest Rutherford discovered the protons in early


1900’s
• Named based on the Greek word “protos” which
means first

Neutrons

• In 1932, James Chadwick discovered neutrons


• Neutron is a neutral particle

Electrons

• Electron was discovered by J. J. Thomson in 1897


• Electrons are revolving around the nucleus along orbits

Atomic Number

• Atomic number of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that
element
• The atomic number (Z) is considered an identity of an element
• For an electrically neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Therefore,

Z = number of protons = number of electrons

Atomic Mass

• The atomic mass (A) is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

A = number of protons + number of neutrons

Number of Neutrons

Number of neutrons = A – Z

Representation

History in the Development of the Periodic Table


Law of Triads

• In 1871, Johann Dobereiner observed that elements


can form in triads

Law of Octaves

• In 1863, John Newlands proposed that elements can


be arranged using atomic weights

The Principles of Chemistry

• In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev arranged elements in order


of increasing atomic mass
Moseley’s Periodic Table

• In 1913, Henry Moseley discovered that atoms of an


element have a unique set of protons

The Last Revision

• In 1940, Glenn Seaborg discovered plutonium and


most of the transuranic elements

Trends in the Periodic Table


Atomic Radius

• The atomic radius is used in determining the atomic volume/size


• The concept of atomic radius is connected with the value of the highest principal energy level
• Atomic radius generally increase from right to left across a period and increases down a group

Ionization Energy

• Refers to the energy required to remove an electron from its ground state
• It measures how tightly electrons are bound in an atom
• The amount of energy needed to remove the first electron from an atom is called first ionization energy
• Ionization energy increases from left to right in a period and increases from bottom to top in a group

Metallic Property

• Elements are classified as metals if their outer energy levels have three or less electrons
• Metallic property is the ability of atoms to lose electrons
• Metallic property increases from right to left in a period and increases from top to bottom in a group

Electron Affinity

• Electron affinity is the energy when an incoming electron is finally added to an isolated atom
• Noble gases have zero electron affinity
• Electron affinity increases from left to right in each period and upward in each group

Electronegativity

• The measure of the tendency of an atom to gain an electron


• Nonmetals have a greater tendency to gain electrons than metals
• Electronegativity increases from left to right in a period and increases from bottom to top in a group

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