Physical World, Units and Dimension & Errors in Measurement

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Physical World, Units and Dimension & Errors in

Measurement
SOLUTIONS
Exercise-I (Conceptual Questions) 20. d = 103 kg/m3
1. SI system has seven fundamental units. 103  103 gram
= = 1 gram / cm3
2. Density is a derived quantity 10−6 cm3
Mass 21. 1 dyne = 10–5 N
Density =
Volume 1 cm = 10–2 m
3. Kilogram is a unit 70 dyne 70  10−5 N
Surface Tension = =
4. (a) 10–6 sec (b) 366 days (c) 27.3 days cm 10−2 m
(d) 3.08 × 1016 m (not the unit of time) = 7 × 10–2 N/m
5. Energy = Work = (Force) (Displacement)
 Length 
= N × m = Joule 22. (a) [Time] =   = Unchanged
 Velocity 
6. Theory-Kelvin
7. Momentum = mv = M1L1T–1 kg × m/sec.  Force 
(b) [Mass] =  −2 
= Unchanged
Force N  Length  Time 
8. Pressure = =
Area m2  Length 
(c) [Momentum] = Mass   [Length]
m  Time 
9. F = Ma = Kg 
sec2 so double
N Force  Mass  Length2 
10. = = Acceleration (d) [Energy] =  2   [Length ]
2

Kg Mass  Time 
11. Velocity = [L1T–1] So becomes four times of initial
= (10–6 m) (10–6 sec)–1 = m/sec. 23. [Power] = [Force × Velocity]
Eerngy so becomes one fourth
12. Power = = J/sec. = Watt or Kilowatt
time 24. Angle = Dimensionless but unit = radian
13. Kilowatt hour = Power × time = Energy relative density = Dimensionless and is
14. 1 nanometer = 10–9 m = 10–7 cm unitless so dimensionless quantity may have
15. Angstrom = 10–10m, nanometre = 10–9m a unit.
Fermi = 10–15m, attometre = 10–18m 25. For unitless quantity dimensions are always
16. 1 Fermi = 10–15 meter zero i.e. they never have non zero dimension.
17. Velocity = [L1T–1] → derived 26. Coefficient of friction is unitless &
18. Temperature being a fundamental quantity dimenssionless.
itself cannot be expressed in terms of any of Density of substance
27. Relative density =
these. Density of water
displacement (L1 ) kgm −3
19. Velocity = = = dimensionless
time (T1 ) kgm −3
It can be derived from other two so it is a 28. 1 Fermi = 10–15 m; 1 Micron = 10–6 m
derived. 1 angstrom = 10–10 m; radian → Angle
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29. Force → [M1L1T–2] 40. P = P0e −t
2

Pressure → [M1L–1T–2]
t2 must be dimensionless
Gravitational constant → [M–1L3T–2]
1
30. Energy = Work = (Force) (displacement) Thus dimensions of  = = [T −2 ]
t2
= [M1L1T–2]
41. F = Pt–1 + Q  [F] = [PT–1]
31. Impulse = Force × Time
[M1L1 T −2 ]
 Linear momentum  P= = [M1L1 T −1 ] = Momentum
=
time   time −1
[T ]
 
= linear momentum F M1L1 T −2
42. = = 1 1 −1 = M1L−1T −1
32. Torque= (Force) × (distance) 6av [L ][L T ]
Energy = Work = (Force) × (displacement) 43.  in cos and sin is dimensionless
33. Dimensional analysis cannot be used to Bx = M0L0L0  BL1 = M0L0T0  B = M0L–1T0
derive relations involving trigonometric, Dt = M0L0T0  DT1 = M0L0T0  D = M0L0T–1
exponential functions and relations involving
D M0L0T−1 1 −1
(+) & (–) sign = =L T
B M0L−1T0
34. In ex, x must be dimensionless so in e–A/B, A &
44. x = at2 + b
B must have same dimensions also A+B and
[x] = [at2] = [b]
A–B are not possible because quantities with
different dimensions can't be added or a = [L1T–2]; b = [L1]
subtracted. ab = [L2T−2 ] = [L1T−1 ]
35. Dimensionally correct equation may be correct
45. y = r sin (t – kx)
or incorrect but dimensionally incorrect
[t – kx] = [M0L0T0]
mv
equation is always incorrect e.g. p = is [t= [kx] = [M0L0T0]
t
dimensionally as well as experimentally wrong.   x  1 −1
 k  =  t  = [L T ]
36. Dimensionally correct equation may be correct    
or incorrect but dimensionally incorrect 46. y = a sin [At – Bx + C]
mv [At – Bx + C] = [M0L0T0]
equation is always incorrect e.g. p = is
t [At] = [Bx] = [C] = [M0L0T0]
dimensionally as well as experimentally wrong. [A] = [T–1]; [B] = [L–1]; [C] = [M0L0T0]
37. x = at + bt2 47. at + 3 = dimensionless
[x] = [at] = [bt2]
 at = dimensionless  aT1 = M0L0T0
x
b = 2 = m / hr2 a = M0L0T–1
t
dv
38. F = at + bt2 48. = AT – Bv
dt
dimensions of at and bt2 are same as that of F
 dv 
at = F  a[T] = [M1L1T–2]  dt  = [AT] = [Bv]
 
a = [M1L1T–3]
bt2 = F  b[T]2 = [M1L1T–2] [L1T–2] = [AT] ; [L1T–2] = [B] [L1T–1]
b = [M1L1T–4] [A] = [L1T–3] [B] = [T–1]
39. S = 1/3 ft3 d2y  L1 
49. 2
=  2  = [L1T−2 ]
[S] dx  T 
[S] = [ft3]  [f] = 3 = [L1T −3 ]
[t ]
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 Physical World, Units and Dimension & Errors in Measurement
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50. M = EaVbFc 64. If % change in radius = x%
[M1] = [ML2T–2]a [L1T–1]b [M1L1T–2]c then % change in area = 2x%
[M1L0T0] = [Ma+c L2a+b+c T–2a–b–2c] and % change in volume = 3x%
a + c = 1; 2a + b + c = 0; –2a – b – 2c =0 65. Circumference (S) = 2r
51. F = DaVbAc S r
[M1L1T–2] = [M1L–3]a [L1T–1]b [L2]c  100 =  100 = 2%
S r
[M1L1T–2] = [Ma L–3a + b + 2c T–b] 3
4 3 4  d  d3
a = 1 ; –3a + b + 2c = 1; –b = –2 66. V= r =    =
3 3 2 6
54. According to the rules of significant figures
0.007 m2 has one significant figures. %V = 3%d  1.5 = 3%d  %d = 0.5%
2.64 × 1024 kg has three significant figures. 67. Volume of cube V = (side)3
0.0006032 m2 has four significant figures.  V = a3. Take log and differentiate.
6.3200 J has five significant figures. V a
 100 = 3  100 = 3(±2%) = ±6%.
55. P = 0.0030  2 SF V a
Q = 2.40  3 SF A 
68. A= 2
  100 = 2  100 = 2 ( 2% ) = 4%
R = 3000 m  4 SF A
56. 4621 = 4.621 × 103 69. f(x) = x2
 4.6 × 103 = 4600  x 
Relative error = 2  
57. L+B = 4.431 cm = 4.4 cm  x 
(Final answer must be upto as many decimal 1
places as in number with least decimal 70. KE = mv2
2
places)
KE m v
5.27 = +2
58. KE m v
−0.2
KE
5.07 ≃ 5.1 J
 100 = 2 + 2 × 3 = 8%
KE
59. 17.8 × 3.1143 = 55.4354 71. H = I2Rt
In product & division the number of S.F. in the
H 2I R t
answer would be equal to least S.F. figure of   100 =  100 +  100 +  100
H I R t
one of the individual qunaity.
= 2(2%) + 1% + 1% = 6%
Answer will have 3 S.F.
60. 1013 = 1.013 × 103≈103 order of magnitude = 3 72. I = 2/5 MR2
61. Sum of lengths of two rods = L1+L2 = (22.10 ± I M R
= +2
0.10)cm I M R
62. Thickness of cylinder can be written as I
 100 = 1% + 2  2% = 5%
t = t ± t I
t = r2 – r1 = 5.23 – 4.89 = 0.34 l
73. Resistance of a wire R =
t = r1 + r2 = 0.015 + 0.005 = 0.02 r 2
t = (0.34 ± 0.02) cm R   r
 100 =  100 +  100 + 2  100
V R V I R  r
63. R=  = +
I R V I = 1% + 2% + 2(3%) = 9%
R  5 0.2 
  100 =   100 +  100  = 7%
R  100 10 
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F F K
74. P= = For max. error 81. PV 3/2 = K  P =
A L2 V 3/2
P F 2L 3 3
 100 =  100 +  100 %P = 1%K – %V = 1(0)– (–0.5) = 0.75%
P F L 2 2
= 4% + 2(2%) = 8% 82. Zero error is due to erroneous manufacture of
42 instrument so it is a instrumental error 
75. T = 2 g=
g T2 systematic error.
84. 40 VSD = 38 MSD
g  2T
= + = y + 2x 40
g T 1 MSD = VSD
38
42
76. T = 2 g= L.C = 1 MSD – 1 VSD
g T2
85. 10 MSD = 1 cm
g  2T 1 MSD = 0.1 cm
 100 =  100 +  100
g T
20 VSD = 16 MSD
= 1% + 2(3%) = 7% 16
1 VSD = MSD
X a b c 20
77. X = ab2/c3  = 2 3
X a b c L.C. = 1 MSD – 1 VSD
X 86. 10 MSD = 1 cm
 100 = 1%  2  3%  3  2% = 13%
X 1 MSD = 0.1 cm
2k 3 I 2 10 VSD = 9 MSD  1 VSD = 0.9 MSD
78. Given : X =
m n 1 VSD = 0.09 cm
X k l m 1 n L.C. = 1 MSD – 1 VSD = 0.1 – 0.09
 =3 +2 + +
X k l m 2 n = 0.01 cm
Percentage error in X T.R. = MSR + VSR = 2.8 cm + 7(0.01 cm)
X  k l m 1 n  = 2.87 cm
 100 =  3 +2 + +   100
X  k l m 2 n  87. The correct value of diameter is upto 3 digits
1 after the decimal as the least count is 0.001 cm
= 3 × 1 % + 2 × 1% + 3% + × 4%
2 Pitch 5mm
88. LC = =
= 3% + 2% + 3% + 2% = 10 % Total circular divisions 100
Hence, the value of X is uncertain by 12 %. = 0.05 mm
X M L T 89. In 5 rotation distance moved = 5 mm
79.  100 = a %+b %+c % In 1 rotation distance moved = 1 mm
X M L T
= a% + b% + c% = Pitch
X Pitch 1mm
 100 = (a + b + c)% LC = =
X Total circular divisions 100
80. X = [M–1L3T–2] = 0.01 mm = 0.001 cm
90. Total reading (T.R.) = MSD + CSR
 x   1M 3L 2T 
 x  100% =  M + L + T  100% = (3 mm) + 25 × (L.C.)
   
L.C. = 0.01 mm
= 2% + 3(3%) + 2(4%) = 19%

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 Physical World, Units and Dimension & Errors in Measurement
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Pitch 5. [Force] = [MLT–2]
91. L.C. =
no. of division on circular scale [Pressure] = [ML–1T–2]
1 [Velocity] = [LT–1]
= = 0.01 mm [Acceleration] = [LT–2]
100
T.R. = MSR + CSR 1 Energy
6. 0 E2 = Energy density = = [M1L–1T–2]
2 Volume
= 2 × 1 mm + 25 × L.C.
1
= 2 × 1 mm + 25 × 0.01 mm 7. h = gt 2 (for free fall)
2
True value (T.V.) = T.R. – error
2h g h 2t
= 2.25 – 5 × 0.01 g= 2  = + = e1 + 2e2
t g h t
= 2.20 mm 8. (µ00)–1/2 = c = speed of light
Exercise-II (Previous Year Questions) (µ00)–1/2 = [L1T–1]
9. Density of material
b
1. v = at + g 4  1000 100g (100g)
t +c =4 3 = 3
= 40
cm 100 (10cm) (10cm)3
Dimensionally,
P V
at = v  a[T] = [LT–1]  a = [LT–2] 10. P  V2 So  100 = 2  100 = 5%
P V
c = t  c = [M0L0T1]
a3b2 P
11. P=   100
b b cd P
= v  = [LT −1 ]  b = [M0L1T0]
t +c T  a b c d 
=  3 + 2 + +   100
2. Power = i2R  a b c d 
Work done Force  Dis tance = ± (3 × 1 + 2 × 2 + 3 + 4) = ± 14%
 =
Time Time Force  Force 
12. mass =  Acceleration  =  Velocity / time 
 MLT −2L   1     
 [R] =  
 T   A 2  = [F V–1
T]
 [R] = [ML2T–3A–2]. 13. Applying dimensional analysis
S  EaVbTc
Energy [M1L2T −2 ]
3. Energy density = = [M1L0T–2] = k [M1L2T–2]a [L1T–1]b [T1]c
volume [L3 ]
[M1L0T–2] = k [MaL2aT–2a] [LbT–b] [Tc]
= [M1L–1T–2]
[M1L0T–2] = k[M]a[L]2a+b[T]–2a–b+c
refractive index = dimensionless Comparision
dielectric constant = dimension less 2a + b = 0 –2 = –2a – b + c
a =1
stress b = –2 –2 = –2(1) + 2 + c
young modulus = = [M1L–1T–2]
strain c = –2
force 1 1
[M L T ] −2
So the dimensional formula for surface tension
Magnetic field = =
pole strength [AL] will be [E1V–2T–2]
Alternate solution :
= [M1T–2A–1]
Surface energy
(a, d) and (b, c) having same dimensions Surface Tension =
Area
4 V 3r [E]
4. V = r3   100 =  100 = 3(2%) = 6% [Surface tension] = = [E V–2 T–2]
3 V r [V  T]2
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14. c  [x y rz] dQ dT
19. = −(K)A
[L1T–1]  [M1 L–1 T–1]x [M1L–3 ]y [L1]z dt dx
J kelvin
[L1T–1]  [Mx+y] [L–x–3y+z] [T–x] = (K)m2
s m
taking comparision on both size
(K) = watt m–1 K–1
x + y = 0, –x – 3y + z = 1, –x = –1 ( n − 1)
20. n(VSD) = (n – 1)MSD  1 VSD = MSD
 x = 1, y = –1, z = –1 n
15.   hxGycz  ( n − 1) 
Least count =1MSD –1VSD= 1 − MSD
 n 
M0L1T0 = (ML2T–1)x (M–1L3T–2)y (LT–1)z
1 11 1
= Mx–y L2x+3y+z T–x–2y–z Least count = MSD =   cm = 2 cm
n nn n
Equating : 21. In subtraction the number of decimal places
1 1 3 in the result should be equal to the number of
x−y =0  x = ;y = ;z = − decimal places of that term in the operation
 2 2 2
2x + 3y + z = 1  which contain lesser number of decimal
hG
−x − 2y − z = 0   3/2 places.
c 9.99
 e2 
c
−0.0099
16. [L] = [c]a [G]b  
 40  9.98
c  Force   M1L1T −2  1 −1 −2
[L] = [LT–1]a [M–1L3T–2]b ML3 T −2  22. [stress] =   =  2  =M L T
 Area   L 
[L] = La+3b+3c M–b+c T–a–2b–2c Pitch
23. L.C. =
a + 3b + 3c =1 Number of division on circular scale
–b + c = 0 Pitch
 0.01mm =  Pitch = 0.5 mm
a + 2b + 2c = 0 50
o
On solving,  1  1 
24. 1' =   =  radian
1 1  60  60 180
a = – 2, b = , c =
2 2 25. Mean of observation
1.25 + 1.24 + 1.27 + 1.21 + 1.28
1
= = 1.25 s
1 e2  2 5
 L = 2 G. 
c  40  Mean absolute error
0 + 0.01 + 0.02 + 0.04 + 0.03
17. Reading of screw gauge = = 0.02 s
5
= MSR + VSR × LC + zero error 0.02
= 0.5 cm + 25 × 0.001 cm + 0.004 cm % error =  100 = 1.6%
1.25
= 0.529 cm 26. E  Fa Ab Tc
A2B1/2 [M1L2T–2] = [M1L1T–2]a [LT–2]b [T]c
18. x= Solving,
C1/3D3
a=1 ...(i)
x 2A 1 B 1 C D a+b=2b=1 ...(ii)
= + + +3
x A 2 B 3 C D –2a – 2b + c = –2  c = 2 ...(iii)
x 1 1  a=1 b=1 c=2
  100 = 2(1%) + (2%) + (3%) + 3(4%) =16%
x 2 3 E = [F] [A] [T2]
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1mm 5. Relative error is unitless and dimensionless.
27. Least count = = 0.01mm
100 Absolute error has dimension.
Diameter = main scale + circular scale 6. Exact numbers have an infinite number of
reading reading significant digits but they are generally not
Diameter = 0 + 52 × 0.01 mm reported.
= 0.52 mm = 0.052 cm for eg. If you count 2 person (which is exact
28. E = energy = [ML2T–2]
number), then the number of person can also
G = Gravitational constant = [M–1L3T–2]
be written as 2.000.........
E [E] ML2T −2
So = = = [M2L−1 T0 ] 7. Shake measures time whereas light year
G [G] M−1L3T −2
measures distance.
29. Plane angle and solid angle are dimensionless
Pitch
but have units. 8. Least count =
No. of circular scale divisions
30. [MLT–2A–2] = Magnetic permeability
stress  Statement I is false.
31. Y= (Strain is dimensionless)
strain Statement II is true because smaller pitch
means, smaller least count. Greater
 [Y] = [stress] = [Pressure]
accuracy.
Kq1q2 9. [Stress] = [Modulus of Elasticity] = [Pressure]
Fe 2
32. = r = [Energy density] = [ML–1T–2]
FG Gm1m2
[Strain] = [Angle] = [M0L0T0]
r2
[Torque] = [Energy] = [ML2T–2]
K (1.6  10 )
−19
2

2.4  1039 =  10. Electrical resistance [Use P = I2R]

G ( 9.11  10−31  1.67  10−27 )
[P] [ML2T −3 ]
R= = = [ML2T–3 A −2 ]
K 2.4  1039  15.2137  10−58 [I2 ] [A 2 ]
=
G 2.56  10−38  1 Q2 
Capacitance use U = 
= 14.26 × 1019  2 C

= 1.426 × 1020 [Q 2 ] [AT]2

[C] = = = [M−1L−2T 4 A 2 ]
[U] [ML2T −2 ]
 1020
Magnetic field [use F = ILB]
Exercise-III (Analytical Questions) [F] [MLT −2 ]
[B] = = = [MT −2 A −1 ]
2. Reason is false because error in measurement [I][L] [A][L]
can have any value.
1 2
eg. :- A student can read 23 as 25 from the Inductance [use U = LI ]
2
device from which he is measuring a physical
quantity. [U] [ML2T −2 ]
[L] = = = [ML2T −2 A −2 ]
[I]2 [A 2 ]
3. Assertion is true because lower least count
means lower error. 11. [LC] = [T2]
Since accuracy increases when least count [LR] = [M2L4T–5A–4]
decreases. [H] = [L2T–2]
Reason is correct explanation because higher
[S] = [L2T–2K–1]
accuracy indicates error will be smaller.
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3
12. Boltzmann constant (use E = KT]
2
[K] = ML2T–2K–1
 F  x  
Coefficient of viscosity  use  =  
 A  v  
[] = [ML–1T–1]
Planck's constant (use E = h)
[h] = [ML2T–1]
 iL 
Thermal conductivity  use K = t 
 A 
[K] = [MLT K ]
–3 –1

13. [Energy density] = [Young's modulus] = [ML–1T–2]

14. Parsec and light year are units of distance.
15. [h] = [Angular impulse] = [Angular momentum]
= [ML2T–1]

TG: @Chalnaayaaar

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