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/ 12
‘Object Oriented Programming Concept Using C++
2 Marks Questions & Answers
L. List out the characteristics of FOP.
1. Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions.
2, Most of the functions share global data
3, Functions transform data from one form to another.
4, It employs top-down approach.
2. List out the characteristics of OOP.
1, Programs are divided into objects.
2. Data is hidden.
3. Objects communicate with each other, by sending messages and receiving responses.
4, It follows bottom-up approach.
3. List down the basic concepts of OOP.
1, Objects
2. Classes
3, Data abstraction and encapsulation
4. Inheritance
5. Polymorphism
6. Dynamic binding
T. Message passing
4. Define an object.
Objects are the basic run time entities in an object oriented system.
They may represent a person, a place or any item that a program has to handle.
5. Define Object Oriented Programming.
OOP is a method of implementation in which programs are organized as co-operative collection of
objects, each of which represents an instance of some class and whose classes are all members of a
hierarchy of classes united through the property called Inheritance.
6. Define a class.
A.class is a collection of objects with similar attributes and operations.
Eg. Class ~ Account
It will create an object savings_account belonging to the class Account.
7. Define Encay -
‘The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit is known as encapsulation. The data is kept safe
from external interference and misuse.
8, Define Data hiding?
The isolation of data from direct access by the program is called as data hiding or information hiding. 1. Define class?
A class is a way to bind data and its associated functions together. It allows the data to be hidden if
necessary.
2. What are the parts of class specification?
The class specification has two parts
1. Class declaration — To describe the type and scope of its members 2. Class function definition — To describe how the class functions are implemented.
3. Write the syntax of class declaration
class classname
&
Private:
Variable declaration;
Function declaration;
Public:
Variable declaration;
Function declaration;
u
4. Where will you define a member function?
‘Member functions can be defined in two places,
1. Outside the class definition.
2. Inside the class definition.
5, Give the syntax for member function definition outside the class.
Return type class name:: function name (argument name declaration)
{function body
}
6. List the characteristics of member function.
1, Member function can access the private data of class.
2. A member function can call another member function directly without using the dot operator.
7. Define nesting of member function.
‘A member function can be called by using its name inside anather member function of the same class.
This is known as nesting of member functions.
8, List the properties of static members.
A data member of a class can be qualified as static properties.
1 It is always initialized to zero when the first abject of its class is created.
2. Itis visible only within the class.
9. Write the properties of static member function.
1. A static function can have access to only other static members declared in the same class.
2. A static member function can be called using the class name (Instead of objects) as
follows: class name:: function name;
10. Define constructor?
‘A constructor is a special member function whose task is to initialize the object of its class,
Its called constructor because it constructs the value of data members of the class. 11. What are the characteristics of constructor?
1. Constructors should be declared in public section.
2. They are involved automatically when the objects are created,
3. They do not have return types.
4. They can not be inherited.
12. Define parameterized constructor.
Arguments can be passed to the constructor function when the objects are created. The constructors that
can take arguments are called as parameterized constructor.
13, What is an implicit constructor?
‘C++ compiler has an implicit constructor which creates objects even though it was not defined in the
class.
14, What is the use of copy constructor?
Copy constructor is used to declare and initialize an object from another object.
E.g. Class name object2 (object);
Will define the object2 and at the same time initialize it the values of object.
15. What do you mean by dynamic construction?
Allocation of memory to objects at the time of their contraction Is known as dynamic contraction of
objects.
16. What is the use of destructor?
It is used to destroy the objects that have been created by a constructor. It releases the memory space for
future use.
17. What are the characteristics of destructor?
1. A destructor is a member function whose name is the same as the class name but it is preceded by a
tilde
2. It neither takes any argument nor returns any value.
3. It will be invoked implicitly by the compiler to cleanup the storage.
18. Define operator overloading?
The process of making an operator to exhibit different behaviors in different instances is known as
operator overloading.
19, Define function overloading?
Performing different types of task using single function name is referred as function overloading,
20. Define Virtual function.
‘When the form of a member function is changed at run time, that member function Is referred to as
virtual function. 1What are the characteristics of procedure oriented programming language?
1. Large programs are divided into smaller programs known as functions
Most of the functions share global data
Data move openly around the system from function to function
Functions transform data from one form to another
Uses top-down approach in program design.
Concentration is on doing things( algorithms)
essen
2.What are the features of object-oriented programming languages?
Programs are divided into objects
Data structures designed such that they characterize the objects.
Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together in the data structure
Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions
Objects may communicate with each other through functions
New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary
IT follows bottom-up approach in program design
Concentration is on data rather than procedure
ee
3.Define Object Oriented Programming
It is an approach that provides a way of modularizing programs by creating partitioned memory area for
both data and functions that can be used as templates for creating copies of such modules on demand.
4. What is meant by an object?
Objects are the basic run-time entities in an object-oriented system.
‘They may represent a person, a place, , a table of data or any item that the program must handle
They may also represent user defined data such as vectors, time and lists.
‘When a program is executed, the objects interact by sending message to one another.
Each object contains data and code to manipulate the data.
Objects can interact without knowing having to know details of each other's data or code.
5. What is meant by Classes?
1. A class is a collection of objects of same type.
2. Once the class has been defined , we can create any numer of objects belonging to that class.
3. Each object is associated with the data of type class with which they are created.
{Whit i eant by Kncapsitei?
The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit (called class) is known as encapsulation
Data encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class.
# The data is not accessible to the outside world and only those functions which are wrapped in the
class can access it.
‘+ These functions provide the interface between the object’s data and the program
+ This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called data hiding. 5.
What is a class ?
It is an extension to the structure data type. A class can have both variables and functions
as members
What is the difference between structure and a class ?
The only difference between a structure and a class in C++ is that , by default , the
members of a class are private, while , by default the members of a structure are public.
What is the specification for a class ?
* Class declaration
* Class function definitions
°
What are data members and member functions?
The variables declared inside the class are known as data members and the functions are known
as member functions. The data members are usually private and member functions as public.
Give a simple class example.
class item
{
int number;
float cost; public:
void getdata(int a, float b);
void putdata(void) ;
‘
Here class name is item
Data : number, cost
Functions: getdata(), putdataQ)
6. What are objects ?
‘The class variables are called objects. With objects we can access the public members using dot
operator
7. Howisa member function of a class is defined?
It can be defined either inside or outside the class
8. Cir tee ree eed
Several different classes can use the same function name. the membership label will
resolve their scope
‘© Member functions can access the private data of the class. Anon member function cannot
do so
+ A member function can call another function directly ,without using dot operator
9. When a function is defined inside a class ?
‘+ it is treated as a inline function
‘© only small functions are defined inside the class definition
10. What is nesting of member functions ?
Amember function can be called by using its name inside another member function of the same
class, is known as member function
11. How the space is allocated for the objects?
‘The memory space is allocated when they are declared . space for the member variables is allocated
separately for each object, but no separate space is allocated for the member functions
12, When do we declare a member of a class static?
‘When it is used to maintain values common to the entire class, The static member variables defined
‘outside the class
13. What is a friend function?
‘The functions that are declared with the keyword friend are known as friend functions. A function
‘can be declared as a friend in any number of classes, it has full access rights to the private members
of the class.
14. What are the properties of a friend function ?
~ A friend function is not in the scope of the class to which it has been declared as friend.
+ Itcan be invoked like a normal function without the help of any object.
+ Unlike member functions it cannot access the member names directly and has to use an object
name and dot membership with each member name, 15. What is the difference between friend function and member function ?
‘The only difference between a friend function and member function is that, the friend function
requires the argument to be explicitly passed to the function and processes them explicitly, whereas,
the member function considers the first argument implicitly.
16. What is an inline function ?
Inline functions are those whose function body is inserted in place of the function call statement
during the compilation process. With the inline code the program will not incur any context
switching overhead.
17. What is a recursive function ?
‘A function that contains a function call to itself or a function call to a second function which
eventually calls the first function is known as recursive functions.
18. What are the special characteristics of friend function ?
4. Can be invoked like a normal function, with the help of the object.
2. Ithas the objects as arguments
3, It is not in the scope of the class to which is has been declared has friend
19, What is const member function ?
If'a member function does not alter any data in the class, then we declare it as const member
function, The keyword const is appended to the function prototype.
20. What is a constructor ?
It is a special member function whose task is to initialize the objects of its class. It is,
special because its name is the same name as the class name.
21. How do we invoke constructor function?
It is invoked whenever an object of an associated class is created. It is called constructor
because it constructs the values of data members of the class.
22. List some special properties of constructor functions.
. They should be declared in the public section
‘They are invoked automatically when the objects are created
‘They do not have return types, therefore they cannot return values
They cannot be inherited
‘They can have default arguments
Cannot refer to addresses
PRseNne
23. What is parameterized constructor ?
It is nothing but passing arguments to the constructor function when the objects are created. The
constructor can take arguments are called parameterized constructor.
24, What is copy constructor ?
The constructor that creates a new class object from an existing object of the same class.
25. What is dynamic initialization of objects ?
‘The initial value of an object provided at the run time. The advantage is that we can
provide various initialization formats ,using overloaded constructors. 26. What is dynamic constructor ?
Allocation of memory to objects at the time of their construction is known as dynamic
construction of objects. The memory is allocated with the help of new operator.
27. What is a destructor?
It is used to destroy the objects that have been created by a constructor, when they no
longer required.
1.What is operator overloading?
Operator overloading is a compile-time polymorphism in which the operator is overloaded
to provide the special meaning to the user-defined data type. Operator overloading is used to overload
or redefines most of the operators available in C++. For example, C++ provides the ability to add the
variables of the user-defined data type that is applied to the built-in data types.
2.List the Operator that cannot be overloaded.
Operator that cannot be overloaded are as follows:
© Scope resolution operator (::)
© Size operator (sizeof)
‘© Class member access operator (.)
© Pointer to member operator (.*)
© Ternary (or) Conditional operator(?:)
3. What is the purpose of using operator function? Write its syntax.
To define an additional task to an operator, we must specify what it means in
relation to the class to which the operator is applied. This is done by Operator function , which
describes the task. Operator functions are either member functions or friend functions. The general
form is
return type classname :: operator op(arglist )
£
function body
y
where return type is the type of value returned by specified operation.
Op-operator being overloaded. The op is preceded by a keyword operator. operator op is the
function name.
4, How will you overload Unary & Binary operator using member functions? When unary
operators are overloaded using member functions it takes no explicit arguments and return no explicit
values.
‘When binary operators are overloaded using member functions, it takes one
explicit argument. Also the left hand side operand must be an object of the relevant class.
5. How will you overload Unary and Binary operator using Friend functions? When unary
operators are overloaded using friend function, it takes one reference argument (object of the relevant class)
When binary operators are overloaded using friend function, it takes two explicit arguments.
6, How an overloaded operator can be invoked using Friend functions?
In case of unary operators, overloaded operator can be invoked as
Operator op (x);
In case of binary operators, overloaded operator can be invoked as.
Operator op (x, y)
7. List out the operators that cannot be overloaded using Friend function.
Operator that cannot be overloaded by friend function are as follows:
© Assignment operator =
© Function call operator ()
© Subscripting operator |}
© Class member access operator ->
5. What are process of operator overloading?
1, Create a class that defines the data type that is to be used in the overloading operation.
2. Declare the operator function operator op() in the public part of the class. It may be either a member
function or a friend function.
3, Define the operator function to implement the required operations.
6. What are the rules for overloading operators?
0 Existing operators can only be overloaded, but the new operators cannot be overloaded.
co The overloaded operator contains atleast one operand of the user-defined data type.
© We cannot use friend function to overload certain operators. However, the member function can
be used to overload those operators.
© When unary operators are overloaded through a member function take no explicit arguments,
but, if they are overloaded by a friend function, takes one argument.
© When binary operators are overloaded through a member function takes one explicit argument,
and if they are overloaded through a friend function takes two explicit arguments.
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