Lab

Operational Amplifier
02
Prepared By:
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, UMP

Lab Instructor

Lab Location
MAKMAL FKM MF12L12

Lab Objectives

By the end of this lab, students should be able to:

1. build and test summing junction

2. build and test difference junction
3. build and test gain circuit

20 Student names Student ID Section

MARISSA BATRISYIA BINTI ARIF MARZUQI MA23134 01

10
1.0 Operational Amplifier

In real world, how adding and subtracting numbers are achieved? In other words, what is the
physical device that adds two numbers1? What is the physical device that subtracts two numbers?
Furthermore, is there any device that multiplies a number?

In this lab, we are going to build three different circuits that perform the following functions:
1. Add two voltages
2. Subtract two voltages
3. Multiply a voltage

The above functions are achieved through the applications of operational amplifier. Before we
proceed with the experiment, we will review the basic of operational amplifier.

Most of the time, operational amplifier is called op-amp. The IC picture and the pin connecting
diagram for the most popular op-amp (741) is shown in Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1: Picture of 741 op-amp and its pin connecting diagram

Notice that the op-amp requires additional power

supply Vcc+ and Vcc-. This is because op-amp is an active
electrical component. Passive electrical components
such as resistor, capacitor and inductor do not require
additional power supply. Figure 2-2 presents the
schematic diagram of an operational amplifier.

Figure 2-2: Schematic diagram of an op-amp

Here are the descriptions for each pin.

Pin 1: We will not use.

Pin 2: The negative input pin. It is called the inverting terminal. In the schematic, it is represented
by the minus symbol inside the triangle.
Pin 3: The positive input pin. It is called the non-inverting terminal. In the schematic, it is
represented by the plus symbol inside the triangle.
Pin 4: This pin is connected to -15V.
Pin 5: We will not use.
Pin 6: The output pin.
Pin 7: This pin is connected to +15V.
Pin 8: Not used.

The basic assumptions for the op-amp are (Nise 2004):

1 I know some of you will say that calculator adds two numbers! What I mean here is how calculator adds two numbers!
1. Differential input: Vin + − Vin −
2. High input impedance: Z i = 
3. Low output impedance: Z o = 0
4. High constant gain amplification: A = 
5. The output: Vout (t ) = A(Vin + − Vin − )

In your class lectures, you have studied the concept of an op-amp and have derived the
relationship between the input and the output voltage for two different op-amp configuration
namely inverting and non-inverting configurations. In this lab, we are going to practically build
the op-amp circuit applications.

2.0 Experiment Set-up

Following are the items needed for the experiment. The equipment is available in the lab while
the components will be given at the beginning of the lab session. Please use the components
carefully as they will be collected (and reused) at the end of the lab.

Equipment

1. Variable power supply

2. Multi-meter
3. Connecting cables
4. Breadboard

Components

1. 741 Op Amp
2. Resistors: 1K
3. Resistors: 2 K
4. Resistors: 10 k , Figure 2-3: Potentiometer
5. Resistors: 100 k ,
6. Potentiometer 0-5 k
7. Potentiometer 0-1 k
8. Wires

In case you are unfamiliar with what we call a “potentiometer”, Figure 3 gives you the picture.

Furthermore, many literatures are available to determine the resistor value by looking at the color
code of the resistor. Some of you are hardworking enough to know the color code meanings by
heart. However, being a little bit smarter (and lazy of course!), why not just use a multi-meter to
determine the resistor values! Happy experimenting!

3.0 Third Circuit: The gain circuit

Figure 2-6 below is the circuit for multiplying voltage. Again, the required components are an op-
amp and resistors. Here, RF is a potentiometer whereby we can change the resistance value. The
resistance RF is a potentiometer of 0 - 5 kΩ. The potentiometer on the left side is a 0 - 1 k .
 RF
0%
0%

15V -15V

4
V1 R1
2
6
3 Vout
7 1 5
-15V

15V

Figure 2-6: The Gain Circuit

Experiment Steps

1. Build the circuit according to the circuit diagram.

2. Set and measure the appropriate voltages and fill-up the following table.

R1 (kΩ) R F ( kΩ) V1 (volts) Vout (volts)

1 3 1.0 -1.2

1 3 2.0 -2.4

1 3 3.0 -1.5

2 4 2.0 -1.6

2 4 3.0 -2.4

2 4 4.0 -1.6

2 4 7.0 1.4

2 4 10.0 4.4

3. Derive an expression that relates V1 and Vout .

When V1 is higher or equal to the supply of positive voltage, the operational amplifier
becomes saturated. When V1 is higher, the Vout is equal to the negative voltage supply.

4. What is the saturation voltage?

Saturated voltage is defined as an amplification or earnings so high that the combined

input and output signals are greater than the operational amplifier power supply's
compliance range.
4.0 First Circuit: The summing junction circuit

Figure 2-4 below is the circuit for summing two voltages, V1 and V2 . The required components are
an op-amp and resistors. Although the voltage are summed, the final summation is negative (I
hope your experiment will prove this). This is what is called inverting op-amp configuration.
Nonetheless, the circuit sums two voltages and is called summing circuit.

15V

V2 R1 R3
10kOhm 10kOhm
-15V
-15V 0%
0%
4
R2
15V 2
10kOhm R4 6
3 Vout
10kOhm
V1 7 1 5

15V
-15V

Figure 2-4: The Summing Circuit

Experiment Steps

1. Build the circuit according to the circuit diagram. Notice that the two potentiometer on
the left side are 0 - 1 k potentiometers.
2. Set and measure the appropriate voltages and fill-up the following table

V1 (volts) V 2 (volts) Vout (volts)

0.5 4.5 -5.0

1.0 4.0 -5.0

1.5 3.5 -5.0

2.0 -8.0 6.0

3.5 2.5 -6.0

3.0 4.0 -7.0

1.0 2.0 -3.0

3. Derive an expression that relates V1 , V 2 and Vout .

The summing amplifier is a different type of operational amplifier that generates a single output
value by combining the voltages from two additional inputs.
- Vout = V1 (R3/R2 + R2/R1)
5.0 Second Circuit: The difference junction circuit

Figure 2-5 below is the circuit for subtracting two voltages, V1 and V2 . Again, the required
components are an op-amp and resistors.

Figure 2-5: The Difference Circuit

Experiment Steps

1. Build the circuit according to the circuit diagram. Notice that the two potentiometer on
the left side are 0 - 1 k potentiometers.
2. Set and measure the appropriate voltages and fill-up the following table

V1 (volts) V 2 (volts) Vout (volts)

0.5 4.5 -5.0

-3.0 4.0 -1.0

1.5 3.5 -5.0

-2.0 7.0 -5.0

-9.5 3.5 6.0

-9.0 2.0 7.0

1.0 4.0 -5.0

4. Derive an expression that relates V1 , V 2 and Vout .

Due to its differential operation, the amplifier increases the voltage differential between its
inverting and non-inverting inputs.

- Vout = V1 (R3/R4 + R3/R1)

6.0 Circuit Design

As a conclusion, design (draw) a circuit that perform the following functions:

Vo = 2.5(V1 − V2 )

References
1. Giorgio Rizzoni, 2004. Principles and Applications of Electrical Engineering, Revised Fourth
Edition, McGraw Hill Inc.
2. Norman S. Nise, 2004. Control Systems Engineering Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/electronic/opampvar2.html
4. http://www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/gadgets/741/741.html
5. http://www.bcae1.com/opamp.htm