World Seaborne Trade Tables March 2024

Table 1 World Seaborne Trade Summary - Mar-24

Table 2 World Seaborne Trade - Million Tonnes
Table 3 World Seaborne Trade - Billion Tonne Miles
Table 4 Monthly Seaborne Trade Growth Indicators - Million Tonnes
Table 5 Seaborne Crude Oil Trade
Table 6 Seaborne Oil Products Trade
Table 7 Seaborne Iron Ore Trade
Table 8 Seaborne Coal Trade
Table 9 Seaborne Grain Trade
Table 10 Seaborne Minor Bulk Trade
Table 11 Seaborne Container Trade
Table 12 Seaborne Chemicals Trade
Table 13 Seaborne LNG Trade
Table 14 Seaborne LPG Trade
Table 1 World Seaborne Trade Summary
World Seaborne Million Tonnes y-o-y growth
Trade 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) '23% '24% '25%
Iron Ore 1,528 1,478 1,547 1,546 1,539 4.7% -0.1% -0.4%
Coal ~ 1,226 1,228 1,303 1,296 1,282 6.1% -0.6% -1.0%
Grain* 530 516 523 533 559 1.3% 2.0% 5.0%
Minor Bulk 2,175 2,081 2,126 2,190 2,264 2.1% 3.0% 3.3%
TOTAL Dry Bulk 5,459 5,303 5,498 5,565 5,644 3.7% 1.2% 1.4%
Crude 1,838 1,975 2,020 2,073 2,117 2.3% 2.6% 2.1%
Products 1,011 1,048 1,073 1,108 1,129 2.3% 3.3% 2.0%
TOTAL Oil 2,849 3,024 3,092 3,181 3,247 2.3% 2.9% 2.1%
Gas^ 510 534 552 572 603 3.3% 3.6% 5.5%
Containers 1,923 1,851 1,852 1,921 1,982 0.1% 3.7% 3.1%
Chemicals 379 369 375 386 398 1.5% 3.0% 3.1%
Other Dry 940 935 952 967 981 1.9% 1.5% 1.5%
TOTAL 12,061 12,016 12,322 12,592 12,855 2.5% 2.2% 2.1%
y-o-y change 3.4% -0.4% 2.5% 2.2% 2.1%
* Includes soybean. ~ Includes lignite.

World Seaborne Estimated Billion Tonne Miles y-o-y growth

Trade 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) '23% '24% '25%
Iron Ore 8,530 8,144 8,633 8,638 8,576 6.0% 0.1% -0.7%
Coal ~ 4,856 5,134 5,465 5,436 5,361 6.4% -0.5% -1.4%
Grain* 3,814 3,739 3,826 4,006 4,128 2.3% 4.7% 3.1%
Minor Bulk 11,967 11,823 12,311 12,803 13,228 4.1% 4.0% 3.3%
TOTAL Dry Bulk 29,168 28,840 30,234 30,883 31,293 4.8% 2.1% 1.3%
Crude 9,383 10,129 10,723 11,182 11,464 5.9% 4.3% 2.5%
Products 3,091 3,236 3,527 3,808 3,807 9.0% 8.0% 0.0%
TOTAL Oil 12,474 13,364 14,250 14,990 15,271 6.6% 5.2% 1.9%
Gas^ 2,406 2,380 2,530 2,696 2,877 6.3% 6.6% 6.7%
Containers 9,046 8,537 8,646 9,370 9,191 1.3% 8.4% -1.9%
Chemicals 1,548 1,516 1,559 1,620 1,664 2.8% 4.0% 2.7%
Other Dry 4,837 4,843 4,970 5,077 5,137 2.6% 2.2% 1.2%
TOTAL 59,478 59,481 62,188 64,637 65,433 4.6% 3.9% 1.2%
y-o-y change 3.2% 0.0% 4.6% 3.9% 1.2%

Source: Clarksons Research

* Includes soybean. ~ Includes lignite.

^ Includes LNG, LPG, ammonia. LPG trade basis customs statistics for liquefied propane and butane.

Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24

Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in the same month.
Table 2 World Seaborne Trade Million Tonnes

Million Tonnes
Year Iron TOTAL y-o-y Steel Forest Other TOTAL TOTAL y-o-y y-o-y Other TOTAL y-o-y Crude Oil TOTAL y-o-y TOTAL y-o-y TOTAL y-o-y y-o-y
Coal~ Grain* Containers LPG^ LNG TOTAL
Ore Major Bulk % Prod. Prod. Dry Bulk Minor Bulk Dry Bulk % % Dry Dry % Oil Prod. Oil % Gas '' % Chemicals % %

1980 314 188 181 683 141 126 102 1,320 369 1,689 19 26 45
1981 303 206 188 698 2.2% 142 120 113 11.2% 1,170 359 1,529 -9.5% 21 26 47 4.6%
1982 273 206 183 662 -5.1% 136 124 118 4.3% 993 381 1,374 ### 23 30 57 20.1%
1983 257 197 182 636 -3.9% 145 129 380 654 1,290 127 7.4% 458 1,875 930 377 1,307 -4.9% 22 32 59 3.7% 80 3,321
1984 306 235 188 729 14.6% 158 130 432 720 1,449 12.3% 148 16.1% 439 2,036 8.6% 934 397 1,331 1.8% 25 40 69 17.8% 85 6.3% 3,521 6.0%
1985 321 272 201 793 8.8% 170 131 423 724 1,518 4.7% 160 8.2% 458 2,135 4.9% 984 385 1,370 2.9% 25 41 72 3.9% 89 4.7% 3,665 4.1%
1986 311 270 170 751 -5.4% 161 133 427 721 1,472 -3.0% 173 8.2% 467 2,112 -1.1% 1,030 393 1,423 3.9% 26 41 73 1.1% 98 10.3% 3,705 1.1%
1987 319 272 191 782 4.2% 161 149 423 733 1,515 2.9% 192 10.9% 465 2,172 2.9% 1,048 397 1,445 1.5% 28 44 78 6.8% 105 7.1% 3,800 2.5%
1988 353 296 196 844 8.0% 167 160 440 767 1,611 6.3% 211 10.0% 466 2,288 5.3% 1,137 421 1,558 7.8% 26 49 82 4.9% 108 2.9% 4,036 6.2%
1989 373 306 199 878 4.0% 169 162 454 785 1,663 3.2% 231 9.6% 480 2,374 3.8% 1,199 441 1,640 5.3% 30 52 89 8.6% 108 0.7% 4,212 4.4%
1990 356 331 195 882 0.5% 168 119 489 776 1,658 -0.3% 246 6.1% 632 2,536 6.8% 1,268 433 1,701 3.7% 33 58 98 9.9% 111 2.3% 4,446 5.6%
1991 363 351 195 909 3.0% 175 116 472 763 1,671 0.8% 268 9.1% 659 2,599 2.5% 1,279 423 1,702 0.0% 35 58 100 2.3% 112 1.2% 4,513 1.5%
1992 343 357 202 901 -0.9% 178 114 485 777 1,678 0.4% 292 9.1% 680 2,650 2.0% 1,408 448 1,856 9.0% 37 60 104 4.4% 112 -0.6% 4,722 4.6%
1993 358 358 182 898 -0.3% 181 119 497 796 1,694 1.0% 322 10.1% 692 2,708 2.2% 1,443 483 1,926 3.8% 39 62 108 3.7% 122 9.6% 4,865 3.0%
1994 383 370 178 931 3.7% 190 122 546 858 1,788 5.6% 357 10.9% 626 2,771 2.3% 1,470 495 1,965 2.0% 38 66 112 3.6% 134 9.2% 4,982 2.4%
1995 404 402 193 998 7.3% 198 126 580 904 1,903 6.4% 389 9.0% 657 2,949 6.4% 1,505 498 2,003 1.9% 39 68 116 3.3% 140 4.6% 5,207 4.5%
1996 392 422 198 1,012 1.4% 200 136 593 929 1,941 2.0% 423 8.9% 721 3,085 4.6% 1,567 544 2,111 5.4% 41 74 124 6.7% 144 3.3% 5,464 4.9%
1997 426 447 211 1,084 7.2% 218 146 622 986 2,070 6.7% 461 8.8% 751 3,282 6.4% 1,642 571 2,213 4.8% 43 83 134 8.8% 148 2.5% 5,777 5.7%
1998 423 451 209 1,082 -0.2% 220 156 638 1,013 2,095 1.2% 492 6.8% 695 3,283 0.0% 1,708 569 2,277 2.9% 40 85 134 -0.2% 152 2.7% 5,846 1.2%
1999 399 458 223 1,080 -0.2% 229 168 670 1,066 2,146 2.4% 546 11.0% 800 3,492 6.4% 1,706 580 2,287 0.4% 43 93 145 8.4% 164 8.1% 6,089 4.2%
2000 447 509 230 1,186 9.8% 251 172 696 1,118 2,304 7.4% 604 10.7% 828 3,737 7.0% 1,745 586 2,331 1.9% 45 103 158 8.4% 169 2.8% 6,394 5.0%
2001 449 546 234 1,229 3.6% 248 176 713 1,137 2,366 2.7% 627 3.7% 830 3,822 2.3% 1,774 601 2,375 1.9% 42 107 161 1.8% 172 1.8% 6,529 2.1%
2002 478 557 232 1,267 3.0% 271 188 735 1,194 2,461 4.0% 674 7.5% 870 4,005 4.8% 1,728 600 2,329 -1.9% 44 113 170 5.7% 181 5.6% 6,685 2.4%
2003 514 599 234 1,348 6.4% 288 194 777 1,259 2,607 5.9% 779 15.7% 807 4,193 4.7% 1,819 627 2,446 5.0% 47 125 186 9.6% 186 2.3% 7,010 4.9%
2004 589 641 226 1,456 8.1% 320 207 847 1,374 2,830 8.6% 885 13.6% 762 4,478 6.8% 1,964 668 2,633 7.6% 51 132 197 5.7% 192 3.2% 7,499 7.0%
2005 656 671 248 1,575 8.2% 347 219 888 1,455 3,029 7.0% 975 10.1% 741 4,745 6.0% 1,995 725 2,721 3.3% 52 142 209 6.3% 200 4.3% 7,874 5.0%
2006 709 712 256 1,677 6.5% 351 227 937 1,515 3,192 5.4% 1,060 8.8% 723 4,975 4.9% 1,998 752 2,750 1.1% 52 160 228 9.0% 211 5.8% 8,165 3.7%
2007 778 762 277 1,817 8.4% 390 238 1,026 1,653 3,470 8.7% 1,185 11.8% 640 5,295 6.4% 2,018 799 2,816 2.4% 55 171 244 7.1% 223 5.5% 8,579 5.1%
2008 842 791 284 1,917 5.5% 386 222 1,012 1,620 3,537 1.9% 1,233 4.1% 695 5,465 3.2% 2,024 837 2,861 1.6% 55 173 243 -0.4% 229 2.7% 8,799 2.6%
2009 917 807 299 2,022 5.5% 292 214 899 1,405 3,427 -3.1% 1,095 ### 678 5,201 -4.8% 1,898 866 2,764 -3.4% 54 183 252 3.5% 233 1.7% 8,450 -4.0%
2010 990 927 319 2,237 10.6% 356 241 1,009 1,606 3,843 12.1% 1,239 13.1% 729 5,811 11.7% 1,917 904 2,821 2.0% 55 222 293 16.4% 252 8.3% 9,177 8.6%
2011 1,053 1,000 318 2,371 6.0% 353 261 1,112 1,725 4,096 6.6% 1,329 7.3% 714 6,139 5.6% 1,955 937 2,892 2.5% 60 247 323 10.3% 264 4.6% 9,618 4.8%
2012 1,111 1,113 347 2,571 8.4% 361 264 1,153 1,777 4,348 6.1% 1,374 3.4% 753 6,474 5.5% 1,961 945 2,906 0.5% 61 240 316 -2.0% 279 5.6% 9,975 3.7%
2013 1,189 1,185 363 2,737 6.5% 356 277 1,211 1,844 4,581 5.4% 1,454 5.8% 779 6,814 5.3% 1,900 997 2,897 -0.3% 64 241 321 1.3% 293 5.1% 10,325 3.5%
2014 1,342 1,220 409 2,971 8.5% 395 287 1,193 1,874 4,845 5.8% 1,519 4.5% 809 7,173 5.3% 1,851 977 2,828 -2.4% 72 246 332 3.7% 298 1.8% 10,632 3.0%
2015 1,358 1,137 430 2,925 -1.5% 416 297 1,224 1,937 4,862 0.4% 1,551 2.1% 830 7,243 1.0% 1,920 1,042 2,962 4.7% 80 250 345 3.7% 314 5.4% 10,863 2.2%
2016 1,419 1,142 450 3,011 2.9% 408 313 1,209 1,929 4,941 1.6% 1,623 4.7% 854 7,418 2.4% 1,967 1,098 3,065 3.5% 89 268 372 7.9% 321 2.1% 11,176 2.9%
2017 1,477 1,213 475 3,164 5.1% 393 333 1,286 2,012 5,176 4.8% 1,712 5.5% 888 7,776 4.8% 2,027 1,108 3,134 2.2% 91 293 400 7.6% 342 6.7% 11,653 4.3%
2018 1,478 1,275 474 3,227 2.0% 396 339 1,355 2,090 5,317 2.7% 1,786 4.4% 914 8,017 3.1% 2,049 1,117 3,166 1.0% 101 318 435 8.6% 362 5.7% 11,980 2.8%
2019 1,457 1,300 481 3,237 0.3% 384 331 1,389 2,104 5,341 0.5% 1,828 2.3% 927 8,096 1.0% 2,003 1,085 3,088 -2.5% 107 356 480 10.5% 374 3.4% 12,039 0.5%
2020 1,508 1,181 524 3,213 -0.7% 355 321 1,395 2,072 5,285 -1.1% 1,812 -0.9% 903 8,000 -1.2% 1,852 966 2,817 -8.8% 106 360 482 0.4% 370 -1.2% 11,669 -3.1%
2021 1,528 1,226 530 3,285 2.2% 400 330 1,445 2,175 5,459 3.3% 1,923 6.2% 940 8,323 4.0% 1,838 1,011 2,849 1.1% 113 380 510 5.7% 379 2.5% 12,061 3.4%
2022 1,478 1,228 516 3,222 -1.9% 361 319 1,402 2,081 5,303 -2.9% 1,851 -3.8% 935 8,089 -2.8% 1,975 1,048 3,024 6.1% 121 399 534 4.7% 369 -2.6% 12,016 -0.4%
2023 (e) 1,547 1,303 523 3,372 4.7% 369 332 1,425 2,126 5,498 3.7% 1,852 0.1% 952 8,303 2.6% 2,020 1,073 3,092 2.3% 127 409 552 3.3% 375 1.5% 12,322 2.5%
2024 (f) 1,546 1,296 533 3,374 0.1% 386 347 1,458 2,190 5,565 1.2% 1,921 3.7% 967 8,453 1.8% 2,073 1,108 3,181 2.9% 131 425 572 3.6% 386 3.0% 12,592 2.2%
2025 (f) 1,539 1,282 559 3,380 0.2% 402 352 1,510 2,264 5,644 1.4% 1,982 3.1% 981 8,607 1.8% 2,117 1,129 3,247 2.1% 135 452 603 5.5% 398 3.1% 12,855 2.1%

Compound Average Growth Rates

1993-2003 3.7% 5.3% 2.6% 4.1% 4.8% 5.0% 4.6% 4.7% 4.4% 9.2% 1.5% 4.5% 2.3% 2.6% 2.4% 2.0% 7.3% 5.6% 4.3% 3.7%
2003-2013 8.8% 7.0% 4.5% 7.3% 2.1% 3.6% 4.5% 3.9% 5.8% 6.4% -0.3% 5.0% 0.4% 4.8% 1.7% 3.1% 6.8% 5.6% 4.7% 3.9%
2013-2023 2.7% 1.0% 3.7% 2.1% 0.4% 1.8% 1.6% 1.4% 1.8% 2.5% 2.0% 2.0% 0.6% 0.7% 0.7% 7.1% 5.4% 5.6% 2.5% 1.8%
* Includes wheat, coarse grain and soybeans. ~ Includes lignite. ^ LPG trade basis customs statistics for liquefied propane and butane. '' Total Gas trade includes ammonia.
Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24
Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in the same month.
Source : Clarksons Research.
Table 3 World Seaborne Trade Billion Tonne Miles

Estimated Billion Tonne Miles

Year Iron TOTAL y-o-y Steel Forest Other TOTAL TOTAL y-o-y y-o-y Other TOTAL y-o-y Crude Oil TOTAL y-o-y TOTAL y-o-y TOTAL y-o-y y-o-y
Coal~ Grain* Containers LPG^ LNG TOTAL
Ore Major Bulk % Prod. Prod. Dry Bulk Minor Bulk Dry Bulk % % Dry Dry % Oil Prod. Oil % Gas '' % Chemicals % %

1980 1,520 933 1,171 3,625 506 6,281 1,032 7,313

1981 1,421 1,098 1,219 3,738 3.1% 563 11.3% 5,529 1,012 6,541 ###
1982 1,360 1,072 1,207 3,639 -2.6% 588 4.3% 4,660 1,083 5,742 ###
1983 1,244 1,036 1,223 3,503 -3.7% 632 7.5% 2,284 4,333 1,093 5,426 -5.5%
1984 1,537 1,245 1,247 4,029 15.0% 734 16.2% 2,192 4,321 1,153 5,474 0.9%
1985 1,579 1,449 1,082 4,110 2.0% 794 8.2% 2,286 4,521 1,107 5,628 2.8%
1986 1,601 1,527 985 4,113 0.1% 860 8.3% 2,331 4,697 1,117 5,814 3.3%
1987 1,660 1,589 1,143 4,393 6.8% 954 10.9% 2,323 4,746 1,113 5,859 0.8%
1988 1,838 1,648 1,204 4,690 6.8% 1,050 10.1% 2,326 5,372 1,216 6,589 12.4%
1989 1,896 1,717 1,180 4,793 2.2% 1,151 9.7% 2,397 5,903 1,331 7,234 9.8%
1990 1,864 1,812 1,156 4,833 0.8% 1,222 6.2% 3,160 6,116 1,313 7,429 2.7%
1991 1,893 1,959 1,152 5,004 3.5% 1,333 9.1% 3,296 6,128 1,253 7,381 -0.6%
1992 1,787 1,961 1,176 4,924 -1.6% 1,455 9.2% 3,401 6,615 1,278 7,893 6.9%
1993 1,886 1,910 1,119 4,915 -0.2% 1,603 10.2% 3,462 6,725 1,409 8,133 3.0%
1994 2,041 1,974 1,069 5,083 3.4% 1,778 10.9% 3,128 6,695 1,398 8,093 -0.5%
1995 2,156 2,132 1,250 5,538 8.9% 1,938 9.0% 3,287 6,623 1,381 8,004 -1.1%
1996 2,099 2,172 1,214 5,485 -1.0% 2,111 8.9% 3,624 6,884 1,476 8,360 4.4%
1997 2,304 2,285 1,260 5,848 6.6% 2,297 8.8% 3,775 7,296 1,515 8,811 5.4% 231
1998 2,174 2,370 1,147 5,690 -2.7% 2,455 6.9% 3,500 7,705 1,510 9,215 4.6% 238
1999 2,194 2,315 1,278 5,787 1.7% 1,363 904 3,083 5,350 11,137 2,725 11.0% 4,027 17,889 7,984 1,591 9,575 3.9% 203 272 508 612 28,584
2000 2,446 2,492 1,288 6,226 7.6% 1,442 948 3,195 5,585 11,811 6.1% 3,017 10.7% 4,161 18,989 6.2% 8,095 1,605 9,700 1.3% 216 321 571 12.4% 630 2.9% 29,890 4.6%
2001 2,536 2,526 1,421 6,484 4.1% 1,371 991 3,202 5,565 12,049 2.0% 3,129 3.7% 4,124 19,301 1.6% 8,184 1,698 9,882 1.9% 192 348 579 1.3% 642 2.0% 30,405 1.7%
2002 2,683 2,569 1,293 6,545 0.9% 1,489 1,049 3,306 5,844 12,389 2.8% 3,335 6.6% 4,307 20,031 3.8% 7,668 1,630 9,298 -5.9% 196 365 600 3.8% 679 5.7% 30,609 0.7%
2003 2,877 2,736 1,402 7,015 7.2% 1,633 1,094 3,504 6,231 13,246 6.9% 3,911 17.3% 4,046 21,203 5.9% 8,119 1,688 9,808 5.5% 209 403 654 9.0% 696 2.4% 32,361 5.7%
2004 3,311 2,843 1,468 7,622 8.7% 1,698 1,182 3,766 6,646 14,269 7.7% 4,432 13.3% 3,782 22,483 6.0% 8,760 1,842 10,602 8.1% 235 439 718 9.8% 719 3.3% 34,522 6.7%
2005 3,674 2,928 1,539 8,141 6.8% 1,680 1,234 3,937 6,852 14,993 5.1% 4,896 10.5% 3,692 23,581 4.9% 8,897 1,982 10,879 2.6% 225 457 729 1.5% 751 4.5% 35,941 4.1%
2006 4,109 3,089 1,608 8,806 8.2% 1,833 1,362 4,355 7,550 16,356 9.1% 5,301 8.3% 3,626 25,283 7.2% 9,055 2,079 11,133 2.3% 223 549 822 12.7% 796 6.0% 38,034 5.8%
2007 4,556 3,212 1,763 9,532 8.3% 2,012 1,533 4,728 8,272 17,805 8.9% 5,859 10.5% 3,232 26,895 6.4% 9,124 2,238 11,362 2.1% 235 631 918 11.7% 839 5.4% 40,014 5.2%
2008 4,831 3,352 1,817 10,000 4.9% 1,983 1,474 4,584 8,041 18,041 1.3% 6,086 3.9% 3,489 27,616 2.7% 9,346 2,392 11,737 3.3% 234 684 963 5.0% 862 2.8% 41,179 2.9%
2009 5,518 3,247 1,909 10,675 6.7% 1,471 1,489 4,236 7,195 17,870 -0.9% 5,466 ### 3,454 26,789 -3.0% 8,578 2,571 11,149 -5.0% 233 690 958 -0.5% 886 2.7% 39,782 -3.4%
2010 5,864 3,828 2,187 11,878 11.3% 1,723 1,656 4,629 8,009 19,888 11.3% 6,145 12.4% 3,665 29,698 10.9% 8,855 2,654 11,509 3.2% 234 877 1,153 20.4% 953 7.6% 43,313 8.9%
2011 6,339 4,091 2,128 12,558 5.7% 1,722 1,854 5,092 8,668 21,226 6.7% 6,590 7.2% 3,608 31,425 5.8% 9,253 2,713 11,966 4.0% 239 1,059 1,348 16.9% 1,002 5.2% 45,741 5.6%
2012 6,739 4,549 2,289 13,577 8.1% 1,784 1,821 5,251 8,855 22,432 5.7% 6,699 1.7% 3,758 32,889 4.7% 9,439 2,693 12,132 1.4% 245 1,050 1,345 -0.2% 1,062 6.0% 47,428 3.7%
2013 6,981 4,775 2,576 14,332 5.6% 1,684 1,887 5,432 9,003 23,334 4.0% 7,091 5.9% 3,855 34,280 4.2% 9,244 2,854 12,098 -0.3% 263 1,046 1,357 0.9% 1,103 3.8% 48,837 3.0%
2014 7,623 4,907 2,754 15,285 6.6% 1,946 1,944 5,560 9,450 24,735 6.0% 7,354 3.7% 4,046 36,135 5.4% 9,136 2,808 11,944 -1.3% 307 1,067 1,416 4.4% 1,101 -0.2% 50,596 3.6%
2015 7,608 4,626 3,033 15,267 -0.1% 2,101 1,986 5,742 9,828 25,095 1.5% 7,439 1.2% 4,139 36,673 1.5% 9,271 2,982 12,253 2.6% 371 1,035 1,447 2.2% 1,163 5.6% 51,537 1.9%
2016 7,940 4,644 3,085 15,669 2.6% 1,949 2,137 6,005 10,092 25,761 2.7% 7,740 4.0% 4,313 37,814 3.1% 9,684 3,109 12,793 4.4% 447 1,040 1,527 5.6% 1,209 3.9% 53,343 3.5%
2017 8,218 4,919 3,272 16,409 4.7% 1,903 2,302 6,574 10,779 27,188 5.5% 8,141 5.2% 4,531 39,860 5.4% 10,278 3,120 13,398 4.7% 460 1,146 1,655 8.3% 1,293 6.9% 56,206 5.4%
2018 8,198 5,226 3,163 16,587 1.1% 2,001 2,307 6,920 11,228 27,816 2.3% 8,447 3.8% 4,657 40,920 2.7% 10,590 3,129 13,719 2.4% 499 1,303 1,852 11.9% 1,410 9.1% 57,901 3.0%
2019 7,983 5,167 3,395 16,545 -0.3% 1,846 2,292 7,145 11,283 27,829 0.0% 8,636 2.2% 4,720 41,184 0.6% 10,445 3,143 13,589 -0.9% 547 1,437 2,033 9.8% 1,488 5.5% 58,294 0.7%
2020 8,406 4,663 3,776 16,845 1.8% 1,712 2,279 7,346 11,337 28,182 1.3% 8,546 -1.0% 4,634 41,362 0.4% 9,740 2,853 12,593 -7.3% 564 1,537 2,146 5.6% 1,514 1.7% 57,615 -1.2%
2021 8,530 4,856 3,814 17,201 2.1% 2,038 2,309 7,620 11,967 29,168 3.5% 9,046 5.9% 4,837 43,051 4.1% 9,383 3,091 12,474 -0.9% 631 1,730 2,406 12.1% 1,548 2.3% 59,478 3.2%
2022 8,144 5,134 3,739 17,017 -1.1% 1,889 2,190 7,744 11,823 28,840 -1.1% 8,537 -5.6% 4,843 42,221 -1.9% 10,129 3,236 13,364 7.1% 648 1,688 2,380 -1.1% 1,516 -2.0% 59,481 0.0%
2023 (e) 8,633 5,465 3,826 17,923 5.3% 1,946 2,246 8,119 12,311 30,234 4.8% 8,646 1.3% 4,970 43,850 3.9% 10,723 3,527 14,250 6.6% 720 1,764 2,530 6.3% 1,559 2.8% 62,188 4.6%
2024 (f) 8,638 5,436 4,006 18,080 0.9% 2,043 2,348 8,412 12,803 30,883 2.1% 9,370 8.4% 5,077 45,330 3.4% 11,182 3,808 14,990 5.2% 760 1,888 2,696 6.6% 1,620 4.0% 64,637 3.9%
2025 (f) 8,576 5,361 4,128 18,066 -0.1% 2,122 2,378 8,727 13,228 31,293 1.3% 9,191 -1.9% 5,137 45,621 0.6% 11,464 3,807 15,271 1.9% 768 2,059 2,877 6.7% 1,664 2.7% 65,433 1.2%

Compound Average Growth Rates

1993-2003 4.3% 3.7% 2.3% 3.6% 9.3% 1.6% 1.9% 1.8% 1.9%
2003-2013 9.3% 5.7% 6.3% 7.4% 0.3% 5.6% 4.5% 3.7% 5.8% 6.1% -0.5% 4.9% 1.3% 5.4% 2.1% 2.3% 10.0% 7.6% 4.7% 4.2%
2013-2023 2.1% 1.4% 4.0% 2.3% 1.5% 1.8% 4.1% 3.2% 2.6% 2.0% 2.6% 2.5% 1.5% 2.1% 1.7% 10.6% 5.4% 6.4% 3.5% 2.4%
* Includes soybean. ~ Includes lignite. ^ LPG trade basis customs statistics for liquefied propane and butane. '' Total Gas trade includes ammonia.
Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24
Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in the same month.
Source : Clarksons Research.
Table 4 Monthly Seaborne Trade Growth Indicators Million Tonnes

Month Million Tonnes

Iron Ore Coal Grain Minor Bulk TOTAL DRY BULK CONTAINERS Crude Oil Oil Products TOTAL OIL LNG LPG TOTAL GAS Chemicals Cars TOTAL
Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma Index y-o-y % 3mma

Jan-15 91.0 5.0% 5.0% 98.4 2.5% 2.5% 99.3 7.5% 7.5% 98.2 -9.2% -9.2% 96.1 -0.4% -0.4% 95.2 -2.1% -2.1% 103.8 -0.9% -0.9% 104.7 1.4% 1.4% 104.1 -0.2% -0.2% 113.9 1.8% 1.8% 104.4 7.3% 7.3% 111.8 2.9% 2.9% 101.3 3.2% 3.2% 85.4 -3.4% -3.4% 98.9 -0.3% -0.3%
Table 5 Seaborne Crude Oil Trade
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Imports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
China 354 386 412 452 490 461 453 508 523 542 3% 4% 7%
Japan 165 158 149 147 123 122 134 122 119 117 -3% -2% -4%
Korea 144 149 149 143 131 129 138 133 136 139 3% 2% 1%
India 216 216 227 225 201 211 233 237 257 277 9% 8% 2%
Other Asia 186 196 212 197 184 180 200 210 222 237 6% 7% 2%
TOTAL ASIA 1,064 1,105 1,148 1,164 1,130 1,103 1,159 1,210 1,257 1,313 4% 4% 3%
% of global imports 54% 55% 56% 58% 61% 60% 59% 60% 61% 62%
UK/Cont 217 231 226 235 208 208 229 238 239 235 0% -2% 0%
Mediterranean (Eur.) 223 239 226 227 196 208 217 215 222 221 3% -1% 0%
Baltic 47 50 54 51 47 49 54 61 63 63 4% -1% 4%
TOTAL EUROPE 501 534 521 527 462 475 516 527 538 532 2% -1% 1%
% of global imports 25% 26% 25% 26% 25% 26% 26% 26% 26% 25%
North America 260 254 232 183 144 146 151 156 154 146 -1% -5% -6%
Latin America 36 29 31 31 23 27 33 38 37 37 -2% -2% -2%
Australia/New Zealand 22 23 25 23 16 14 9 7 7 6 -10% -5% -12%
Others 84 82 92 76 77 74 108 81 80 83 -1% 4% -5%
TOTAL 1,967 2,027 2,049 2,003 1,852 1,838 1,975 2,020 2,073 2,117 3% 2% 1%

Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year

Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Middle East Gulf 964 942 947 874 823 822 947 921 923 927 0% 0% 0%
Latin America/Caribs 254 247 235 214 205 191 197 231 254 276 10% 9% -1%
West Africa 213 215 215 215 201 179 169 168 150 137 -11% -9% -3%
Mediterranean 120 148 150 153 107 136 126 113 121 129 7% 6% -2%
North America 26 56 105 153 165 157 186 207 238 258 15% 9% 32%
Black Sea 86 101 105 105 91 87 93 93 98 99 5% 1% 1%
UK/Cont 89 102 96 93 100 102 94 105 109 112 4% 2% 1%
Baltic 91 91 79 86 64 73 77 84 86 87 3% 1% 0%
South East Asia 47 44 39 29 28 25 19 20 18 17 -10% -4% -8%
Others 77 80 79 81 66 67 67 77 76 76 -1% 0% 3%
TOTAL 1,967 2,027 2,049 2,003 1,852 1,838 1,975 2,020 2,073 2,117 3% 2% 1%
y-o-y change 2% 3% 1% -2% -8% -1% 7% 2% 3% 2%

Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year

Imports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
China 2,570 2,985 3,160 3,400 3,590 3,249 3,126 3,586 3,673 3,891 2% 6% 6%
Japan 952 915 886 844 701 699 798 742 723 711 -3% -2% -2%
Korea 871 923 1,017 1,051 943 992 1,040 1,035 1,066 1,092 3% 2% 4%
India 737 735 787 836 722 770 878 1,022 1,042 1,183 2% 14% 3%
Other Asia 813 901 1,044 1,066 1,050 984 1,202 1,229 1,385 1,487 13% 7% 5%
TOTAL ASIA 5,944 6,459 6,894 7,197 7,005 6,695 7,044 7,615 7,889 8,364 4% 6% 4%
% of global imports 61% 63% 65% 69% 72% 71% 70% 71% 71% 73%
UK/Cont 555 620 653 734 612 599 784 920 972 923 6% -5% 4%
Mediterranean 779 843 825 739 699 672 709 721 818 757 13% -7% 1%
Baltic 89 102 115 110 104 98 130 197 224 211 13% -6% 12%
North America 1,693 1,697 1,499 1,111 830 838 888 844 855 818 1% -4% -6%
Latin America 161 175 183 178 125 160 198 214 221 224 3% 1% 1%
Australia/New Zealand 129 136 144 154 108 82 63 60 50 46 -17% -7% -9%
Others 334 247 275 222 257 240 311 152 153 122 1% -20% -13%
TOTAL 9,684 10,278 10,590 10,445 9,740 9,383 10,129 10,723 11,182 11,464 4% 3% 1%

Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year

Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Middle East Gulf 4,985 5,199 5,058 4,515 4,199 4,003 4,587 4,650 4,838 4,795 4% -1% 1%
Latin America/Caribs 1,652 1,696 1,637 1,719 1,574 1,333 1,381 1,554 1,638 1,759 5% 7% 3%
West Africa 1,406 1,484 1,470 1,493 1,355 1,264 1,108 1,099 1,026 954 -7% -7% -3%
Mediterranean 381 425 483 487 301 419 393 390 388 390 -1% 1% -1%
North America 126 447 927 1,266 1,355 1,290 1,479 1,695 1,886 2,108 11% 12% 43%
Black Sea 178 258 262 298 225 264 242 296 318 342 7% 8% 3%
UK/Cont 174 236 231 238 308 379 191 125 133 141 6% 6% 3%
Baltic 116 136 114 102 87 94 352 635 672 717 6% 7% 17%
South East Asia 117 108 113 78 59 64 34 37 29 26 -21% -11% -11%
Others 551 288 295 250 276 274 361 242 254 232 5% -9% -15%
TOTAL 9,684 10,278 10,590 10,445 9,740 9,383 10,129 10,723 11,182 11,464 4% 3% 1%
y-o-y change 4% 6% 3% -1% -7% -4% 8% 6% 4% 3%
Asia excluding Oceania. Mediterranean includes Europe, Mid East & N. Afr Med and exports from Azerbaijan & Iraq via pipeline to Ceyhan unless otherwise specified. Regional totals
may not equal sum of rows above. Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24. Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research
periodicals later in the same month. CAGR basis 10 year period up to and including the last complete year.
Index

Table 6 Seaborne Oil Products Trade

Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg
Imports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f)
China/Japan/Korea 83 86 96 88 87 95 84 107 115 115 7% 0%
South East Asia 201 221 203 191 181 181 179 183 191 198 4% 4%
ISC 28 31 27 29 35 42 42 39 37 36 -5% -1%
TOTAL ASIA 350 376 362 340 330 345 326 351 366 374 4% 2%
% of global imports 32% 34% 32% 31% 34% 34% 31% 33% 33% 33%
Latin America 110 121 116 124 96 104 112 105 104 107 -1% 3%
North America 108 104 108 112 90 104 88 88 95 102 9% 7%
TOTAL AMERICAS 218 225 224 236 186 207 201 192 199 209 3% 5%
% of global imports 20% 20% 20% 22% 19% 21% 19% 18% 18% 18%
UK/Cont 204 188 183 180 168 174 178 171 181 186 6% 2%
Mediterranean (Europe) 94 94 93 89 79 79 79 87 92 96 6% 4%
Africa (inc. Med) 84 84 84 89 80 99 103 96 93 86 -4% -8%
Middle East Gulf 36 35 41 28 21 23 29 29 27 25 -5% -6%
Others 112 105 130 123 102 84 132 146 149 153 2% 3%
TOTAL 1,098 1,108 1,117 1,085 966 1,011 1,048 1,073 1,108 1,129 3% 2%
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg
Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f)
UK/Cont 166 157 151 149 133 142 151 147 144 141 -2% -2%
Baltic 99 88 87 86 80 84 70 66 66 65 0% -1%
Mediterranean (Europe) 77 85 78 79 69 72 71 67 66 64 -1% -4%
TOTAL EUROPE 400 393 377 371 335 353 362 359 346 345 -4% 0%
% of global exports 36% 35% 34% 34% 35% 35% 35% 33% 31% 31%
US 123 133 136 128 106 105 115 109 111 108 1% -2%
Latin America 52 44 41 34 34 30 37 38 41 41 7% 0%
TOTAL AMERICAS 191 195 193 179 153 149 165 162 166 164 3% -1%
% of global exports 17% 18% 17% 17% 16% 15% 16% 15% 15% 14%
East Asia (inc. FE Russia) 146 149 157 169 134 129 143 146 147 150 1% 2%
Middle East Gulf 155 155 182 168 143 175 191 202 219 227 8% 4%
India 64 63 61 62 55 59 59 62 73 81 18% 10%
Africa (inc. Med) 26 27 28 23 28 26 21 21 28 31 33% 12%
Others 116 125 120 113 116 119 107 121 128 132 6% 3%
TOTAL 1,098 1,108 1,117 1,085 966 1,011 1,048 1,073 1,108 1,129 3% 2%
y-o-y change 5% 1% 1% -3% -11% 5% 4% 2% 3% 2%

Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg % Chg

Imports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f)
East Asia 476 506 549 492 493 529 483 569 625 640 10% 2%
South East Asia 588 583 489 417 437 412 372 405 430 453 6% 5%
ISC 42 54 49 54 55 78 113 133 133 130 1% -2%
TOTAL ASIA 1,105 1,143 1,087 963 984 1,020 967 1,107 1,189 1,223 7% 3%
% of global imports 36% 37% 35% 31% 34% 33% 30% 31% 31% 32%
Latin America 323 368 337 376 319 398 407 365 380 388 4% 2%
North America 489 472 497 534 430 499 451 458 492 516 8% 5%
TOTAL AMERICAS 812 840 833 911 748 897 858 823 872 903 6% 4%
% of global imports 26% 27% 27% 29% 26% 29% 27% 23% 23% 24%
UK/Cont 406 373 380 380 326 293 348 389 475 470 22% -1%
Mediterranean 307 279 290 307 216 245 258 341 393 358 16% -9%
Africa (excl. Med) 208 209 232 252 262 316 381 352 334 295 -5% -12%
Middle East Gulf 84 90 97 81 69 71 105 133 127 123 -5% -3%
Others 187 187 210 249 248 248 318 382 418 434 9% 4%
TOTAL 3,109 3,120 3,129 3,143 2,853 3,091 3,236 3,527 3,808 3,807 8% 0%
Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg % Chg
Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f)
UK/Cont 365 338 331 311 262 260 283 274 260 254 -5% -2%
Baltic 188 162 154 172 170 179 165 318 318 313 0% -2%
Mediterranean 221 253 260 258 239 260 249 240 231 250 -4% 8%
North America 453 488 463 413 385 353 330 313 326 328 4% 1%
Latin America 205 185 154 127 136 138 149 158 175 183 11% 5%
East Asia (inc. FE Russia) 471 473 477 554 460 482 546 543 560 565 3% 1%
Middle East Gulf 555 567 655 612 531 658 730 812 963 933 19% -3%
ISC 262 247 247 279 226 282 287 303 333 335 10% 1%
Africa (excl. Med) 29 28 24 23 20 15 14 15 35 44 125% 26%
Others 360 378 365 395 423 464 481 549 606 601 10% -1%
TOTAL 3,109 3,120 3,129 3,143 2,853 3,091 3,236 3,527 3,808 3,807 8% 0%
y-o-y change 4% 0% 0% 0% -9% 8% 5% 9% 8% 0%
Asia does not include Oceania. Mediterranean includes Europe, Mid East Med & N. Afr Med unless otherwise specified. Regional totals may not equal sum of rows above. Data based on
latest available information at start: Mar-24. Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in the same month. CAGR calculated
using 10 year period up to and including the last complete year.
10 year
CAGR
1%
1%
7%
1%

1%
-2%
0%

-1%
0%
3%
-1%
6%
1%
10 year
CAGR
-1%
-3%
0%
-1%

0%
-4%
-1%

2%
6%
0%
-4%
1%
1%

10 year
CAGR
0%
-2%
19%
0%

3%
1%
2%

0%
-1%
11%
7%
6%
2%
10 year
CAGR
-1%
6%
1%
-4%
-4%
 5%
7%
1%
-7%
4%
2%

ows above. Data based on

month. CAGR calculated
Table 7 Seaborne Iron Ore Trade
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Imports
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024(f) 2025 (f) 2024(f) 2025 (f) CAGR
China 1,008 1,058 1,048 1,047 1,146 1,107 1,092 1,161 1,147 1,121 -1% -2% 4%
% of global imports 71% 72% 71% 72% 76% 72% 74% 75% 74% 73%
Japan 130 127 124 120 99 113 104 102 111 115 8% 4% -3%
South Korea 72 72 73 75 70 74 66 68 72 74 5% 3% 1%
Taiwan 23 24 24 23 21 25 23 21 23 25 7% 8% 0%
TOTAL ASIA ex. China 251 249 259 243 220 253 230 234 241 256 3% 6% 0%
% of global imports 18% 17% 18% 17% 15% 17% 16% 15% 16% 17%
TOTAL EUROPE 116 120 117 106 93 108 98 94 98 99 5% 1% -3%
% of global imports 8% 8% 8% 7% 6% 7% 7% 6% 6% 6%
Others 70 76 92 86 79 101 94 100 96 105 -5% 10% 7%
TOTAL 1,419 1,477 1,478 1,457 1,508 1,528 1,478 1,547 1,546 1,539 0% 0% 3%

Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year

Exports
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024(f) 2025 (f) 2024(f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Australia 808 828 835 836 867 871 884 894 902 900 1% 0% 5%
% of global exports 57% 56% 56% 57% 57% 57% 60% 58% 58% 58%
Brazil 371 380 387 349 341 355 342 373 379 373 2% -2% 2%
% of global exports 26% 26% 26% 24% 23% 23% 23% 24% 25% 24% ###
India 18 31 19 30 49 38 20 39 33 30 -16% -7% 11%
% of global exports 1% 2% 1% 2% 3% 3% 1% 3% 2% 2%
South Africa 65 66 61 62 62 61 54 54 55 55 1% 1% -1%
% of global exports 5% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 4% 4%
Canada 40 42 47 51 54 52 54 56 56 56 0% 0% 5%
Sweden 21 22 23 22 24 21 21 23 23 23 0% 0% 1%
Peru 12 14 18 19 16 18 20 23 21 20 -8% -5% 8%
Russia 4 5 4 5 8 6 4 5 5 5 -5% 9% -4%
Others 80 87 84 83 88 104 79 80 72 76 -10% 5% -6%
TOTAL 1,419 1,477 1,478 1,457 1,508 1,528 1,478 1,547 1,546 1,539 0% 0% 3%
y-o-y change 4% 4% 0% -1% 4% 1% -3% 5% 0% 0%

Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year

Imports
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024(f) 2025 (f) 2024(f) 2025 (f) CAGR
China 5,762 5,982 5,960 5,901 6,666 6,350 6,191 6,689 6,606 6,458 -1% -2% 3%
% of global imports 73% 73% 73% 74% 79% 74% 76% 77% 76% 75%
Japan 774 751 708 664 541 626 559 579 627 651 8% 4% -3%
South Korea 372 389 382 375 345 369 355 353 372 385 5% 3% 0%
Taiwan 110 115 113 98 67 78 71 61 65 70 7% 8% -6%
TOTAL ASIA ex. China 1,397 1,401 1,407 1,273 1,098 1,277 1,173 1,210 1,249 1,324 3% 6% -1%
% of global imports 18% 17% 17% 16% 13% 15% 14% 14% 14% 15%
TOTAL EUROPE 443 475 460 388 323 405 369 331 346 349 5% 1% -4%
% of global imports 6% 6% 6% 5% 4% 5% 5% 4% 4% 4%
Others 478 507 575 556 464 703 598 620 623 662 1% 6% 4%
TOTAL 7,940 8,218 8,198 7,983 8,406 8,530 8,144 8,633 8,638 8,576 0% -1% 2%

Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year

Exports
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024(f) 2025 (f) 2024(f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Australia 2,788 2,867 2,887 2,878 2,956 2,995 3,048 3,076 3,104 3,096 1% 0% 4%
% of global exports 35% 35% 35% 36% 35% 35% 37% 36% 36% 36%
Brazil 3,519 3,570 3,616 3,361 3,422 3,501 3,396 3,707 3,767 3,707 2% -2% 2%
% of global exports 44% 43% 44% 42% 41% 41% 42% 43% 44% 43%
India 85 149 91 140 233 183 74 177 152 140 -14% -8% 10%
% of global exports 1% 2% 1% 2% 3% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2%
South Africa 479 486 451 464 462 449 395 400 404 408 1% 1% -2%
% of global exports 6% 6% 5% 6% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
Canada 263 274 297 342 402 363 378 395 399 398 1% 0% 4%
Sweden 50 58 60 60 93 68 71 70 80 75 14% -6% 1%
Peru 110 136 175 183 154 173 189 216 199 190 -8% -5% 8%
Russia 31 28 23 31 41 49 18 22 21 22 -5% 9% -8%
Others 615 650 596 525 644 749 575 570 514 539 -10% 5% -5%
TOTAL 7,940 8,218 8,198 7,983 8,406 8,530 8,144 8,633 8,638 8,576 0% -1% 2%
y-o-y change 4% 4% 0% -3% 5% 1% -5% 6% 0% -1%

Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24. Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in the same month.
CAGR calculated using 10 year period up to and including the last complete year.
Table 8 Seaborne Coal Trade
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Imports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
China 200 217 237 258 238 281 234 361 337 321 -7% -5% 3%
India 199 205 237 255 227 204 243 239 248 253 3% 2% 3%
Japan 184 186 183 180 168 176 178 164 162 161 -1% 0% -1%
South Korea 125 141 141 135 117 119 120 115 118 116 3% -2% 0%
Taiwan 65 69 69 71 67 69 63 54 55 54 1% -2% -2%
Malaysia 24 34 34 34 36 35 34 35 34 34 -1% 0% 4%
TOTAL ASIA 883 950 1,017 1,073 1,005 1,029 1,010 1,109 1,103 1,095 -1% -1% 2%
% of global imports 77% 78% 80% 83% 85% 84% 82% 85% 85% 85%
EU+UK 144 145 138 109 70 90 121 97 96 90 -1% -6% -6%
% of global imports 13% 12% 11% 8% 6% 7% 10% 7% 7% 7%
US 8 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 -5% 0% -9%
Brazil 20 20 20 17 18 21 15 17 17 17 1% 0% 1%
Others 86 92 95 96 85 83 78 77 77 77 -1% 1% 0%
TOTAL 1,142 1,213 1,275 1,300 1,181 1,226 1,228 1,303 1,296 1,282 -1% -1% 1%
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Indonesia 364 388 423 459 407 436 470 523 506 495 -3% -2% 2%
% of global exports 32% 32% 33% 35% 34% 36% 38% 40% 39% 39%
Australia 383 373 387 397 371 366 339 353 359 363 2% 1% 0%
% of global exports 34% 31% 30% 31% 31% 30% 28% 27% 28% 28%
US (exc. Canada) 49 83 100 80 58 73 73 86 86 82 0% -4% -2%
Canada (exc. US) 29 30 30 34 31 31 35 38 36 37 -4% 2% 0%
TOTAL N. AMERICA 79 113 130 114 90 104 107 124 122 119 -1% -2% -1%
% of global exports 7% 9% 10% 9% 8% 8% 9% 9% 9% 9%
Colombia 89 88 82 74 60 55 54 48 54 54 13% 1% -5%
South Africa 75 82 80 77 73 65 71 73 75 76 2% 1% 0%
Russia 120 134 136 150 154 167 158 153 150 148 -2% -1% 5%
Others 33 36 36 29 26 34 28 30 30 27 0% -12% -2%
TOTAL 1,142 1,213 1,275 1,300 1,181 1,226 1,228 1,303 1,296 1,282 -1% -1% 1%
y-o-y change 0% 6% 5% 2% -9% 4% 0% 6% -1% -1%

Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year

Imports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
China 715 770 831 888 806 876 632 1,073 1,002 955 -7% -5% 1%
India 936 974 1,154 1,207 1,109 1,072 1,208 1,232 1,275 1,300 3% 2% 5%
Japan 693 729 739 731 653 704 742 731 722 719 -1% 0% 0%
South Korea 416 501 494 472 411 438 419 413 425 417 3% -2% 0%
Taiwan 204 237 230 229 205 224 207 186 188 185 1% -2% -2%
Malaysia 48 67 60 60 63 61 62 60 60 60 -1% 0% 4%
TOTAL ASIA 3,295 3,610 3,911 4,082 3,778 3,887 3,751 4,204 4,214 4,207 0% 0% 2%
% of global imports 71% 73% 75% 79% 81% 80% 73% 77% 78% 78%
EU+UK 706 646 588 472 255 382 665 694 692 645 0% -7% -2%
% of global imports 15% 13% 11% 9% 5% 8% 13% 13% 13% 12%
US 15 13 11 11 10 8 6 4 4 4 -5% 0% -11%
Brazil 116 115 111 91 95 115 90 100 100 101 1% 0% 1%
Others 512 536 605 511 527 465 623 463 426 405 -8% -5% 0%
TOTAL 4,644 4,919 5,226 5,167 4,663 4,856 5,134 5,465 5,436 5,361 -1% -1% 1%
Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year
Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Indonesia 1,078 1,137 1,253 1,324 1,148 1,234 1,392 1,529 1,465 1,433 -4% -2% 2%
% of global exports 23% 23% 24% 26% 25% 25% 27% 28% 27% 27%
Australia 1,993 1,899 1,976 2,012 1,878 1,911 1,820 1,864 1,898 1,917 2% 1% 1%
% of global exports 43% 39% 38% 39% 40% 39% 35% 34% 35% 36%
US (exc. Canada) 266 479 598 493 363 456 429 547 558 528 2% -5% 1%
Canada (exc. US) 170 177 184 201 184 169 190 213 214 213 0% 0% 0%
TOTAL N. AMERICA 436 656 783 694 546 625 619 759 771 741 2% -4% 1%
% of global exports 9% 13% 15% 13% 12% 13% 12% 14% 14% 14%
Colombia 428 431 426 399 354 302 268 269 311 315 16% 1% -2%
South Africa 388 441 426 379 357 355 425 405 415 422 2% 2% -1%
Russia 205 229 228 260 286 301 492 513 450 424 -12% -6% 13%
Others 115 126 135 100 94 127 119 125 125 109 0% -13% 0%
TOTAL 4,644 4,919 5,226 5,167 4,663 4,856 5,134 5,465 5,436 5,361 -1% -1% 1%
y-o-y change 0% 6% 6% -1% -10% 4% 6% 6% -1% -1%

Coal includes coking coal, steam coal and lignite. Data basis latest available information at start: Mar-24. Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons
Research periodicals later in the same month. CAGR basis 10 year period up to and including the last complete year.
Table 9 Seaborne Grain Trade
Wheat & Coarse Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Grain Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
United States 77 75 83 57 71 83 67 50 57 60 13% 6% -1%
Canada 21 21 24 25 29 26 21 29 28 29 -3% 2% 5%
Argentina 39 40 38 51 50 57 55 30 41 45 34% 10% 1%
TOTAL AMERICAS 158 165 169 177 185 187 189 168 178 188 6% 6% 3%
% of global exports 50% 50% 51% 53% 52% 50% 52% 47% 49% 49%
EU+UK 51 38 33 39 53 49 46 51 52 52 2% 0% 2%
Ukraine 40 42 41 54 49 49 29 34 35 47 3% 33% 2%
Russia 31 39 49 34 38 28 27 32 31 30 -5% -3% 7%
TOTAL EUR. & FSU 122 119 123 127 140 126 102 118 118 129 0% 9% 3%
% of global exports 38% 36% 37% 38% 39% 34% 28% 33% 33% 34%
Australia 23 31 19 13 15 37 40 41 38 39 -6% 1% 5%
Others 16 13 18 16 16 24 32 28 28 28 -1% 1% 1%
TOTAL 319 328 328 332 356 374 363 354 362 384 2% 6% 3%
y-o-y change 5% 3% 0% 1% 7% 5% -3% -3% 2% 6%

Wheat & Coarse Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year
Grain Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
United States 567 537 512 378 532 621 500 341 413 424 21% 3% -2%
Canada 146 156 197 182 221 197 162 221 213 217 -3% 2% 6%
Argentina 267 262 215 357 341 392 401 207 278 305 34% 10% 0%
TOTAL AMERICAS 1,196 1,234 1,149 1,331 1,420 1,410 1,476 1,326 1,406 1,469 6% 4% 3%
% of global exports 66% 67% 65% 68% 66% 61% 65% 61% 61% 62%
EU+UK 166 119 108 164 228 248 225 266 325 298 22% -8% 6%
Ukraine 160 161 165 214 237 246 120 134 138 184 3% 33% 3%
Russia 104 130 166 100 103 91 69 93 89 86 -4% -3% 5%
TOTAL EUR. & FSU 431 410 439 477 567 584 414 493 552 568 12% 3% 5%
% of global exports 24% 22% 25% 24% 26% 25% 18% 23% 24% 24%
Australia 73 100 63 44 55 146 152 142 134 135 -6% 1% 5%
Others 105 87 114 108 116 172 226 206 208 213 1% 2% 1%
TOTAL 1,805 1,831 1,765 1,960 2,158 2,312 2,268 2,167 2,300 2,384 6% 4% 3%
y-o-y change 0% 1% -4% 11% 10% 7% -2% -4% 6% 4%

Soybean Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year

Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
United States 55 52 43 48 60 49 53 45 45 44 1% -2% 2%
Canada 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 3% 2% 5%
TOTAL N. AMERICA 60 57 48 52 65 53 57 49 50 49 0% 0% 2%
% of global exports 45% 39% 33% 35% 39% 34% 37% 29% 29% 28%
Brazil 52 68 83 74 84 86 79 102 100 103 -2% 3% 9%
Argentina 9 7 4 10 7 5 6 2 6 8 195% 40% -13%
Paraguay 5 6 6 5 7 6 2 6 7 7 2% 9% 2%
Uruguay 2 3 1 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 0% 0% -14%
TOTAL S. AMERICA 68 85 94 92 99 100 90 111 113 119 2% 5% 6%
% of global exports 52% 58% 64% 62% 59% 64% 59% 66% 66% 67%
Others 4 5 4 5 4 4 6 8 8 8 0% 0% 15%
TOTAL 132 146 146 149 167 156 152 168 171 176 1% 3% 5%
y-o-y change 4% 11% 0% 1% 13% -7% -3% 11% 1% 3%

Soybean Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year

Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
United States 521 488 324 417 554 436 466 393 425 403 8% -5% 1%
Canada 35 38 55 24 31 34 36 44 40 40 -10% 1% 9%
TOTAL N. AMERICA 556 526 379 440 585 470 502 437 465 443 6% -5% 2%
% of global exports 43% 36% 27% 31% 36% 31% 34% 26% 27% 25%
Brazil 534 720 888 777 857 879 804 1,069 1,048 1,080 -2% 3% 9%
Argentina 98 81 41 112 73 59 61 21 61 85 195% 40% -13%
Paraguay 32 37 37 30 43 42 15 43 44 47 2% 9% 4%
Uruguay 22 35 15 32 23 19 34 8 8 8 0% 0% -14%
TOTAL S. AMERICA 687 873 981 952 996 999 914 1,141 1,160 1,220 2% 5% 7%
% of global exports 54% 61% 70% 66% 62% 66% 62% 69% 68% 70%
Others 37 43 38 43 37 34 56 80 81 81 0% 1% 15%
TOTAL 1,280 1,442 1,398 1,436 1,617 1,503 1,471 1,659 1,706 1,744 3% 2% 5%
y-o-y change 4% 13% -3% 3% 13% -7% -2% 13% 3% 2%
Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24. Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in the same month.
CAGR calculated using 10 year period up to and including the last complete year.
Table 10 Seaborne Minor Bulk Trade
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Minor Bulks
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Agribulks and Softs
Raw Sugar 37 38 33 32 38 39 37 41 38 38 -8% 1% 2%
White Sugar 25 27 26 26 28 25 28 26 26 26 -1% -1% 1%
TOTAL SUGAR 62 65 59 58 66 64 64 67 64 64 -5% 0% 2%
Soymeal 62 60 58 62 61 64 63 62 63 65 2% 4% 1%
Oilseed/meal 42 47 48 50 54 55 53 60 58 60 -4% 3% 5%
Rice 40 48 48 44 45 52 56 53 52 54 -1% 3% 3%
TOTAL AGRIBULKS^ 159 170 168 166 173 186 190 190 189 196 -1% 3% 3%
Urea 47 47 45 52 54 53 54 52 52 54 -1% 4% 2%
Potash 35 42 43 42 45 47 42 44 45 46 2% 2% 3%
Sulphur 29 30 32 34 31 32 30 31 32 33 3% 4% 1%
Phosphate Rock 25 26 27 27 27 28 25 28 29 30 5% 2% 2%
Processed Phosphates~ 30 31 34 35 35 36 30 32 34 35 6% 4% 2%
TOTAL FERTILISERS 166 177 182 190 193 196 180 187 192 198 2% 3% 2%
TOTAL 387 412 409 415 432 447 434 445 445 458 0% 3% 2%
y-o-y change -1% 7% -1% 1% 4% 4% -3% 3% 0% 3%

Metals and Minerals

Coke 20 19 24 20 20 24 27 25 27 28 6% 6% 4%
Pet. Coke 71 73 74 72 68 65 70 68 69 70 1% 1% 1%
Bauxite 82 101 115 134 145 140 152 164 174 183 6% 5% 4%
Chinese Imports 52 69 83 101 112 107 126 140 147 153 5% 4% 12%
US Imports 6 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 0% 0% -11%
Australia Exports 22 26 30 37 38 35 35 31 33 35 6% 5% 13%
Guinea Exports 26 43 54 61 73 73 85 107 119 130 11% 9% 17%
Indonesia Exports 0 1 8 14 19 18 19 2 0 0 0% 0% -4%
Alumina 31 31 30 31 32 34 35 35 36 37 2% 3% 3%
Scrap 87 97 96 93 94 103 94 99 101 103 2% 2% 1%
Manganese Ore 25 34 41 47 46 47 44 45 48 50 5% 5% 6%
Anthracite 53 36 34 32 32 33 32 34 34 34 -1% 1% -6%
Cement 119 118 138 141 151 157 130 116 119 126 3% 6% 0%
Salt 43 49 53 49 50 53 53 48 49 53 2% 7% 1%
Nickel Ore 42 44 57 67 49 54 47 53 54 55 2% 1% -4%
Chinese Imports 32 35 47 56 39 43 40 47 47 48 1% 1% -4%
Philippines Exports 33 31 32 32 33 41 35 35 36 38 3% 4% 1%
Indonesia Exports 0 4 16 25 4 1 1 2 2 2 18% 0% -28%
Copper Ore / Conc. 30 31 33 34 34 36 38 39 40 42 3% 4% 5%
Stone & Aggregates 135 147 151 145 140 145 141 144 149 152 3% 2% 2%
Others 85 93 101 109 104 106 104 108 113 119 5% 5% 3%
TOTAL 822 873 946 974 964 998 967 980 1,013 1,053 3% 4% 1%
y-o-y change -1% 6% 8% 3% -1% 4% -3% 1% 3% 4%

Manufactures
Steel Products 408 393 396 384 355 400 361 369 386 402 5% 4% 0%
Chinese Exports 107 74 68 63 52 66 68 93 93 94 1% 0% 2%
...to ASEAN 39 23 24 21 17 19 20 28 4%
...to EU-28 7 4 4 8 6 7 7 9 5%
...to South Korea 14 12 7 6 6 7 8 10 -2%
...to US 1 1 1 6 5 5 7 12 14%
...to India 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 -8%
Forest Products 313 333 339 331 321 330 319 332 347 352 5% 1% 2%
TOTAL 721 726 735 715 676 730 680 701 733 753 5% 3% 1%
y-o-y change 1% 1% 1% -3% -5% 8% -7% 3% 5% 3%

TOTAL MINOR BULK 1,929 2,012 2,090 2,104 2,072 2,175 2,081 2,126 2,190 2,264 3% 3% 1%
y-o-y change 0% 4% 4% 1% -2% 5% -4% 2% 3% 3%

Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24. Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in the same month.
CAGR calculated using 10 year period up to and including the last complete year.
Country sub-totals do not equal total trade for commodities. ~Processed Phosphates (DAP, MAP, TSP). ^Includes other minor agribulks.
Table 11 Seaborne Container Trade
Million TEU % Chg % Chg 10 year
Trade Lane 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024(f) 2025 (f) 2024(f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Mainlane Trade
N. America - Far East 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 6 7 4% 1% -2%
Far East - N. America 17 18 19 19 20 24 22 21 22 23 7% 3% 3%
Europe - Far East 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 7 7 2% 2% -1%
Far East - Europe 15 16 16 17 16 17 15 17 17 17 1% 1% 1%
Europe - N. America 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 5 7% 2% 3%
N. America - Europe 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5% 2% -1%
Non-Mainlane Trade
Non-Mainlane E-W 19 20 21 21 20 22 22 23 24 25 3% 4% 4%
North/South 29 30 32 33 32 34 33 34 35 36 3% 4% 2%
Intra-Regional/Other 73 77 82 85 84 89 87 86 89 92 4% 3% 3%
TOTAL 175 185 194 198 195 208 200 201 209 215 4% 3% 3%
y-o-y change 4% 6% 5% 2% -1% 7% -4% 0% 4% 3%

Million TEU % Chg % Chg 10 year

Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024(f) 2025 (f) 2024(f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Europe 20 22 22 23 22 23 22 20 21 22 5% 3% 1%
North America 15 16 16 16 15 14 14 14 14 14 4% 2% -1%
Asia 49 51 53 54 53 60 56 59 61 63 4% 3% 3%
Middle East/ISC 7 8 8 8 8 10 9 10 10 10 3% 3% 4%
Southern Hemisphere 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 3% 3% 2%

Million TEU % Chg % Chg 10 year

Imports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024(f) 2025 (f) 2024(f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Europe 24 25 26 26 25 27 25 26 27 27 2% 2% 2%
North America 25 26 28 28 29 34 32 30 32 33 6% 3% 3%
Asia 22 23 23 23 23 22 21 21 22 23 3% 2% 0%
Middle East/ISC 14 14 14 15 14 15 15 16 17 17 3% 4% 4%
Southern Hemisphere 18 19 21 21 20 22 21 22 22 23 4% 4% 2%
Intra-Regional/Other 72 77 82 84 84 89 87 86 89 92 4% 3% 3%
TOTAL 175 185 194 198 195 208 200 201 209 215 4% 3% 3%

Estimated Billion TEU Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year

Trade Lane 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024(f) 2025 (f) 2024(f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Mainlane Trade
N. America - Far East 58 60 57 57 56 49 47 48 49 50 3% 2% -1%
Far East - N. America 127 135 146 143 154 181 170 162 172 177 6% 3% 4%
Europe - Far East 77 82 79 85 85 80 69 67 78 69 16% -11% -1%
Far East - Europe 157 164 168 173 163 177 158 171 196 173 15% -12% 1%
Europe - N. America 15 16 17 17 17 19 19 16 18 18 7% 2% 3%
N. America - Europe 9 9 10 10 9 9 9 8 9 9 5% 2% -1%
Non-Mainlane Trade
Non-Mainlane E-W 112 117 121 126 118 129 128 136 155 144 14% -7% 4%
North/South 198 212 224 227 220 235 230 240 249 258 4% 4% 2%
Intra-Regional/Other 124 132 140 146 145 153 150 148 153 159 4% 4% 3%
TOTAL 876 926 962 984 967 1,033 978 996 1,079 1,057 8% -2% 2%
y-o-y change 4% 6% 4% 2% -2% 7% -5% 2% 8% -2%

Estimated Billion TEU Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year

Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024(f) 2025 (f) 2024(f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Europe 150 158 161 167 163 164 152 145 166 154 15% -7% 1%
North America 97 100 101 102 96 91 87 87 92 92 6% 0% -1%
Asia 389 412 429 435 429 482 448 471 511 499 8% -2% 3%
Middle East/ISC 43 46 50 50 49 58 57 58 67 61 15% -8% 4%
Southern Hemisphere 73 78 81 83 84 85 84 87 90 92 3% 3% 3%

Estimated Billion TEU Miles % Chg % Chg 10 year

Imports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024(f) 2025 (f) 2024(f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Europe 205 214 221 226 214 233 211 225 258 230 15% -11% 2%
North America 162 173 187 186 196 230 217 205 219 224 7% 2% 4%
Asia 183 193 191 197 197 185 171 174 188 183 8% -3% 0%
Middle East/ISC 78 80 82 86 79 82 81 90 101 96 12% -5% 3%
Southern Hemisphere 125 134 142 144 136 150 146 153 159 165 4% 4% 2%
Intra-Regional/Other 124 132 140 146 145 153 150 148 153 159 4% 4% 3%
TOTAL 876 926 962 984 967 1,033 978 996 1,079 1,057 8% -2% 2%
Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24. Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in the same month.
CAGR calculated using 10 year period up to and including the last complete year.
Table 12 Seaborne Chemicals Trade
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Organics 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2021 2022 CAGR
Imports
China 35.4 38.5 41.4 44.2 46.2 48.8 52.0 47.1 43.8 -10% -7% 3%
United States 9.8 8.9 7.7 7.5 7.7 6.9 6.4 6.5 6.1 1% -7% -4%
India 7.2 8.2 9.1 10.1 10.8 11.4 10.5 11.4 12.9 9% 13% 7%
Exports
Saudi Arabia 15.4 16.1 15.8 16.2 17.2 18.7 18.5 18.1 18.5 -2% 2% 1%
United States 13.8 14.2 16.8 17.8 20.3 21.3 23.5 22.9 24.8 -2% 8% 6%
South Korea 11.3 13.4 14.2 15.1 15.3 15.1 13.6 13.7 12.7 1% -7% 4%
TOTAL ORGANICS 119 124 128 135 144 147 147 147 142 0% -3% 2%
y-o-y change 1% 4% 3% 6% 6% 2% 0% 0% -3%
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Inorganics 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2021 2022 CAGR
Imports
United States 5.3 5.5 4.5 4.1 4.0 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.1 -3% -15% -1%
Brazil 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.8 3.1 3.6 3.7 3.9 3% 6% 2%
Australia 2.8 3.2 3.4 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.5 4.0 3.9 13% -3% 1%
Exports
United States 5.2 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.0 6.5 5.9 5.7 5.9 -4% 4% 3%
South Korea 3.5 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.7 3.6 -10% -4% 1%
Japan 2.7 3.1 3.9 3.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.7 5% 4% 4%
TOTAL INORGANICS 38 40 41 43 46 47 45 48 48 6% 1% 2%
y-o-y change 0% 4% 3% 6% 5% 2% -3% 6% 1%
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Veg Oils 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2021 2022 CAGR
Imports
India 12.2 15.2 14.2 15.2 14.6 15.6 13.8 13.9 15.2### 1% 10% 4%
China 8.8 9.5 7.9 8.6 9.4 13.0 13.0 12.6 8.4 ### -3% -33% -2%
Italy 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.9 ###
3.0 -11% 2% 3%
Exports
Indonesia 23.9 27.0 23.3 27.1 28.5 30.6 27.6 27.9 24.8 ### 1% -11% 2%
Malaysia 16.2 16.8 15.7 14.9 15.6 16.9 16.2 15.5 15.2 ### -4% -2% -1%
Ukraine 3.9 3.9 4.6 5.6 5.5 6.9 7.1 5.5 4.5 ### -23% -18% 4%
TOTAL VEG OILS 72 77 73 79 83 89 88 86 81 ### -2% -6% 2%
y-o-y change 2% 7% -5% 8% 4% 8% -1% -2% -6% ###
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Lube Oils 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2021 2022 CAGR
Imports
China 3.1 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.3 -11% -12% 0%
United States 2.5 2.3 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.2 2.8 3.4 3.7 21% 7% 6%
India 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.8 2.4 2.4 2.5 3.3 2.5 32% -22% 7%
Exports
South Korea 4.4 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.5 5.0 4.3 11% -15% 2%
United States 3.4 3.8 3.6 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.7 5.4 4.5 14% -16% 3%
Singapore 2.7 2.4 2.9 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.3 5% -7% 4%
TOTAL LUBE OILS 25 25 27 29 30 29 29 34 29 18% -15% 2%
y-o-y change 3% 1% 6% 10% 4% -3% -3% 18% -15%
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Other Chems 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2021 2022 CAGR
ASPHALT & BITUMEN 20.1 24.9 25.2 25.5 25.4 26.1 26.0 27.7 29.4 6% 6% 7%
y-o-y change 12% 24% 1% 1% -1% 3% 0% 6% 6%
BIODIESEL & UCO 12.4 11.6 14.3 16.2 19.4 21.2 20.3 22.2 24.5 10% 10% 8%
y-o-y change 3% -6% 23% 13% 20% 10% -5% 10% 10%
MOLASSES 5.8 5.1 5.7 5.7 6.2 6.6 6.1 5.9 6.5 -2% 10% 1%
y-o-y change -3% -12% 12% 1% 8% 8% -9% -2% 10%
ETHANOL 5.5 6.6 7.0 7.8 9.1 8.8 9.3 8.7 8.3 -7% -4% 2%
y-o-y change -14% 19% 7% 10% 17% -3% 5% -7% -4%
Million Tonnes/Est. Billion Tonne Miles
Total Chems 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f)
TOTAL TONNES 298 314 321 342 362 374 370 379 369 375 386 398
y-o-y change 2% 5% 2% 7% 6% 3% -1% 2% -3% 1% 3% 3%
TOTAL TONNE-MILES 1,101 1,163 1,209 1,293 1,410 1,488 1,514 1,548 1,516 1,559 1,620 1,664
y-o-y change 0% 6% 4% 7% 9% 6% 2% 2% -2% 3% 4% 4%
Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24. Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in the same month.
CAGR calculated using 10 year period up to and including the latest full year of available data as on page.
Index

Table 13 Seaborne LNG Trade

Million Tonnes % Chg
Imports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f)
China 27.4 39.0 54.0 61.8 68.9 80.5 64.8 72.8 77.9 90.3 7%
Japan 83.3 83.6 82.6 76.9 74.4 74.8 72.2 66.4 65.1 64.1 -2%
South Korea 34.4 38.0 43.9 40.1 40.8 47.0 47.3 44.9 44.9 45.3 0%
India 19.1 19.3 22.5 24.0 26.6 24.0 19.9 21.5 22.3 25.5 4%
Taiwan 15.1 16.6 16.8 16.7 17.8 19.4 20.0 20.0 22.0 25.9 10%
TOTAL ASIA 192.2 212.0 239.3 246.7 255.7 275.2 254.5 262.8 274.2 297.1 4%
% of global imports 72% 72% 75% 69% 71% 72% 64% 64% 64% 66%
Spain 10.3 12.1 11.0 15.7 15.5 14.8 20.7 18.2 18.4 19.0 1%
France 6.7 8.1 9.5 16.2 13.5 14.1 26.0 22.5 22.5 22.9 0%
UK 7.9 5.0 5.2 13.5 13.4 11.0 19.9 15.5 15.8 16.0 2%
TOTAL EUROPE 42.0 47.6 51.8 86.8 83.2 79.8 125.2 126.7 130.1 132.7 3%
% of global imports 16% 16% 16% 24% 23% 21% 31% 31% 31% 29%
Others 33.9 33.4 26.4 22.8 21.3 25.2 18.8 19.7 21.2 22.2 8%
TOTAL 268.1 293.0 317.6 356.3 360.2 380.2 398.5 409.1 425.4 452.0 4%
Million Tonnes % Chg
Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f)
Qatar 79.6 77.5 76.8 77.8 77.1 77.6 79.0 78.4 78.4 79.0 0%
TOTAL MIDDLE EAST 93.6 91.3 92.3 93.9 92.6 93.9 95.6 94.3 94.5 95.3 0%
% of global exports 35% 31% 29% 26% 26% 25% 24% 23% 22% 21%
Australia 44.9 55.6 66.7 75.4 77.8 78.9 78.9 79.7 79.3 78.5 -1%
Malaysia 25.1 26.9 24.7 26.2 23.9 25.3 27.6 27.1 27.6 27.3 2%
Indonesia 20.0 18.7 18.2 15.5 15.0 14.4 14.0 15.3 17.7 18.4 16%
TOTAL ASIA PACIFIC 115.2 127.9 134.5 143.5 143.7 143.3 146.7 147.1 149.8 149.9 2%
% of global exports 43% 44% 42% 40% 40% 38% 37% 36% 35% 33%
United States 2.8 12.2 20.6 33.8 46.3 69.4 77.9 87.3 89.5 103.8 2%
Russia (Arctic) 0.0 0.6 7.5 18.1 18.3 19.5 22.2 20.6 25.2 26.9 22%
Nigeria 17.8 20.3 19.7 20.8 20.6 16.4 14.2 13.2 14.3 16.3 8%
TOTAL ATLANTIC 59.4 73.8 90.7 118.9 123.8 143.0 156.2 167.8 181.1 206.9 8%
% of global exports 22% 25% 29% 33% 34% 38% 39% 41% 43% 46%
TOTAL 268.1 293.0 317.6 356.3 360.2 380.2 398.5 409.1 425.4 452.0 4%
y-o-y change 7% 9% 8% 12% 1% 6% 5% 3% 4% 6%

Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg

Imports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f)
China 94.7 143.1 209.6 233.6 282.8 372.0 263.8 353.7 417.8 499.0 18%
Japan 326.2 324.3 340.3 310.7 311.7 335.3 278.9 239.0 234.2 230.7 -2%
South Korea 154.5 185.0 237.0 212.1 224.3 280.4 248.8 246.9 251.4 253.9 2%
India 67.5 69.8 87.3 95.4 109.0 100.0 69.9 75.5 78.5 101.9 4%
Taiwan 56.6 58.3 58.4 62.3 75.6 91.2 95.5 95.5 105.1 129.5 10%
TOTAL ASIA 736 820 996 1,002 1,095 1,287 1,051 1,131 1,227 1,381 8%
% of global imports 71% 72% 76% 70% 71% 74% 62% 64% 65% 67%
Spain 36.3 47.4 43.2 65.0 64.8 57.5 86.8 76.4 77.2 79.5 1%
France 14.4 24.5 29.8 63.3 51.0 54.2 116.2 94.4 94.4 96.3 0%
UK 47.1 29.8 24.2 66.0 67.2 52.5 100.3 77.4 85.3 86.1 10%
TOTAL EUROPE 161.5 185.5 196.1 351.1 347.8 333.2 556.5 555.2 579.5 593.0 4%
% of global imports 16% 16% 15% 24% 23% 19% 33% 31% 31% 29%
Others 142.7 140.4 111.5 84.1 93.9 109.2 80.5 76.9 81.8 85.0 6%
TOTAL 1,040 1,146 1,303 1,437 1,537 1,730 1,688 1,764 1,888 2,059 7%
Estimated Billion Tonne Miles % Chg
Exports 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f)
Qatar 377.4 365.3 361.3 362.4 351.4 351.9 346.2 343.4 373.3 342.9 9%
TOTAL MIDDLE EAST 451.1 439.1 442.5 428.9 411.2 418.8 418.6 413.0 443.5 413.9 7%
% of global exports 43% 38% 34% 30% 27% 24% 25% 23% 23% 20%
Australia 148.8 177.5 209.9 233.4 239.7 241.9 246.7 244.2 243.0 240.6 -1%
Malaysia 53.5 56.5 49.7 51.8 48.5 50.8 55.9 54.8 55.9 55.4 2%
Indonesia 50.0 46.8 44.5 37.0 35.6 33.9 37.0 36.0 40.8 41.4 13%
TOTAL ASIA PACIFIC 330.0 366.6 391.6 418.6 423.3 410.1 426.1 421.9 427.2 425.8 1%
% of global exports 32% 32% 30% 29% 28% 24% 25% 24% 23% 21%
United States 17.1 78.2 151.9 233.6 356.8 574.1 520.7 603.0 636.0 803.4 5%
Russia (Arctic) 0.0 0.4 25.5 74.1 85.5 88.4 104.4 99.0 128.3 135.9 30%
Nigeria 107.4 120.2 118.5 121.6 126.9 99.3 80.8 75.1 81.1 92.5 8%
TOTAL ATLANTIC 259 340 469 590 702 901 843 929 1,017 1,220 10%
% of global exports 25% 30% 36% 41% 46% 52% 50% 53% 54% 59%
TOTAL 1,040 1,146 1,303 1,437 1,537 1,730 1,688 1,764 1,888 2,059 7%
y-o-y change 1% 10% 14% 10% 7% 13% -2% 4% 7% 9%
Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24. Note: Data points may differ from statistics published in regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in
the same month. CAGR calculated using 10 year period up to and including the latest full year of available data as on page. Data includes re-exports. Source: Clarksons Research, GIIGNL.
For timeseries of regional trade patterns see Shipping Intelligence Network (TSIDs 541495 - 541503)
% Chg ###
10 year
2025 (f)
16%
###
CAGR
###15%
-2% ###-3%
1% ### 1%
14% ### 5%
18% ### 5%
8% ### 4%

3% ### 5%
2% ###14%
1% ### 8%
2% ###13%

5% ###-2%
6% ### 5%

###
% Chg 10 year

1%
###
2025 (f) CAGR
### 0%
1% ### 0%

-1% ###14%
-1% ### 1%
4% ###-2%
0% ### 6%

16% ###97%
7% ### 0%
14% ###-2%
14% ###11%

6% ### 5%

% Chg ###
10 year
2025 (f)
19%
###
CAGR
###21%
-2% ###-4%
1% ### 4%
30% ### 8%
23% ### 9%
13% ### 6%

3% ### 9%
2% ###26%
1% ###26%
2% ###13%

4% ###-4%
9% ### 7%

###
% Chg 10 year
###
2025 (f) CAGR
-8% ###-2%
-7% ###-2%

-1% ### 9%
-1% ### 0%
2% ### 0%
0% ### 5%
 26% ###
6% ###
14% ###-3%
20% ###16%

9% ### 7%

esearch, GIIGNL.
Table 14 Seaborne LPG Trade
Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year
Imports
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
Japan 10.9 10.8 10.7 10.6 9.8 10.1 10.5 10.2 10.0 9.6 -2% -4% -2%
% of global imports 12% 12% 11% 10% 9% 9% 9% 8% 8% 7%
China 15.9 18.3 18.8 20.5 19.5 24.5 26.6 32.2 34.1 37.6 6% 10% 23%
% of global imports 18% 20% 19% 19% 18% 22% 22% 25% 26% 28%
India 8.6 9.2 12.7 14.9 16.2 17.5 18.4 17.8 18.5 19.4 4% 5% 13%
% of global imports 10% 10% 13% 14% 15% 15% 15% 14% 14% 14%
South Korea 7.0 6.1 6.4 7.5 7.9 8.0 8.8 8.1 8.2 8.0 1% -2% 4%
Indonesia 4.4 5.5 5.5 5.7 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2 2% 2% 7%
Other Asia 7.8 7.9 8.5 9.4 8.5 7.7 10.0 11.8 11.8 11.9 0% 1% 5%
TOTAL ASIA 54.7 57.7 62.7 68.5 68.3 74.2 80.9 87.0 89.7 93.7 3% 4% 9%
% of global imports 61% 63% 62% 64% 65% 65% 67% 68% 69% 70%
France 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.7 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.8 1% 1% 0%
Italy 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2% 1% 1%
Spain 1.5 1.4 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 2% 1% 9%
Other Europe 10.0 8.2 10.0 10.0 10.2 10.9 12.0 12.8 12.9 13.0 1% 1% 6%
TOTAL EUROPE 16.8 14.8 17.0 17.3 16.8 17.2 19.0 19.5 19.8 19.9 1% 1% 4%
% of global imports 19% 16% 17% 16% 16% 15% 16% 15% 15% 15%
Others 17.6 18.9 21.2 21.1 20.7 21.9 20.9 20.8 21.0 21.1 1% 0% 5%
TOTAL 89 91 101 107 106 113 121 127 131 135 2% 3% 7%

Million Tonnes % Chg % Chg 10 year

Exports
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
TOTAL MIDDLE EAST 36.9 34.9 39.2 38.0 34.2 35.6 41.7 42.8 43.4 44.7 1% 3% 3%
% of global exports 41% 38% 39% 36% 32% 31% 35% 34% 33% 33%
TOTAL EUROPE 11.6 11.7 11.5 11.3 10.1 10.3 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.7 2% 2% 1%
% of global exports 13% 13% 11% 11% 10% 9% 8% 7% 7% 7%
United States 23.9 27.1 31.4 37.6 43.6 50.3 52.0 57.8 59.8 62.2 3% 4% 23%
% of global exports 27% 30% 31% 35% 41% 44% 43% 45% 46% 46%
Algeria 7.3 6.9 6.7 6.2 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 1% 1% -1%
Others 9.3 10.8 12.0 13.9 12.3 11.6 12.5 11.9 12.2 12.6 2% 3% 1%
TOTAL 89 91 101 107 106 113 121 127 131 135 2% 3% 7%
y-o-y change 11% 3% 10% 6% -1% 7% 7% 5% 2% 3%

million tonnes/est. bn tonne miles % Chg % Chg 10 year

Total Trade
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 (e) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) 2024 (f) 2025 (f) CAGR
TOTAL TRADE 89 91 101 107 106 113 121 127 131 135 2% 3% 7%
y-o-y change 11% 3% 10% 6% -1% 7% 7% 5% 2% 3%
TOTAL TONNE-MILES 447 460 499 547 564 631 648 720 760 768 6% 1% 11%
y-o-y change 20% 3% 9% 10% 3% 12% 3% 11% 6% 1%

LPG trade basis customs statistics for liquefied propane and butane. Data based on latest available information at start: Mar-24. Note : Data points may differ from statistics published in
regular Clarksons Research periodicals later in the same month. CAGR calculated using 10 year period up to and including the latest full year of available data as on page.
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