Algebra,Algebra of Expressions

1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 ; a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 − 2ab

2. (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2 ; a2 + b2 = (a − b)2 + 2ab
3. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
4. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b); a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 − 3ab(a + b)
5. (a − b)3 = a3 − b3 − 3ab(a − b); a3 − b3 = (a − b)3 + 3ab(a − b)
6. a2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b)
7. a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 )
8. a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 − ab + b2 )
9. an − bn = (a − b)(an−1 + an−2 b + an−3 b2 + · · · + bn−1 )
10. an = a.a.a . . . n times
11. am .an = am+n
am
12. n = am−n if m > n
a
=1 if m = n
1
= n−m if m < n; a ∈ R, a 6= 0
a
13. (am )n = amn = (an )m
14. (ab)n = an .bn
 a n an
15. = n
b b
16. a0 = 1 where a ∈ R, a 6= 0
1 1
17. a−n = n , an = −n
a√ a
18. ap/q = q ap
19. If am = an and a 6= ±1, a 6= 0 then m = n
20. If an = bn where n 6= 0, then a = ±b
√ √ √ √
21. If x, y are quadratic surds and if a + x = y, then a = 0 and x = y
√ √ √ √
22. If x, y are quadratic surds and if a + x = b + y then a = b and x = y
23. If a, m, n are positive real numbers and a 6= 1, then loga mn = loga m+loga n
m
24. If a, m, n are positive real numbers, a 6= 1, then loga = loga m − loga n
n
25. If a and m are positive real numbers, a 6= 1 then loga mn = n loga m
logk a
26. If a, b and k are positive real numbers, b 6= 1, k 6= 1, then logb a =
logk b
1
27. logb a = where a, b are positive real numbers, a 6= 1, b 6= 1
loga b
28. if a, m, n are positive real numbers, a 6= 1 and if loga m = loga n, then
m=n
 √
29. if a + ib = 0 where i = −1, then a = b = 0
√
30. if a + ib = x + iy, where i = −1, then a = x and b = y √
−b ± b2 − 4ac
31. The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 +bx+c = 0; a 6= 0 are
2a
( √ √ )
−b + ∆ −b − ∆
The solution set of the equation is ,
2a 2a
where ∆ = discriminant = b2 − 4ac
32. The roots are real and distinct if ∆ > 0.
33. The roots are real and coincident if ∆ = 0.
34. The roots are non-real if ∆ < 0.
35. If α and β are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 6= 0 then
−b coeff. of x
i) α + β = =−
a coeff. of x2
c constant term
ii) α · β = =
a coeff. of x2
36. The quadratic equation whose roots are α and β is (x − α)(x − β) = 0
i.e. x2 − (α + β)x + αβ = 0
i.e. x2 − Sx + P = 0 where S =Sum of the roots and P =Product of the
roots.
37. For an arithmetic progression (A.P.) whose first term is (a) and the common
difference is (d).
i) nth term= tn = a + (n − 1)d
n n
ii) The sum of the first (n) terms = Sn = (a + l) = {2a + (n − 1)d}
2 2
where l =last term= a + (n − 1)d.
38. For a geometric progression (G.P.) whose first term is (a) and common ratio
is (γ),
i) nth term= tn = aγ n−1 .
ii) The sum of the first (n) terms:

a(1 − γ n)
Sn = ifγ < 1
1−γ
a(γ n − 1) .
= if γ > 1
γ−1
= na if γ = 1

39. For any sequence {tn }, Sn − Sn−1 = tn where Sn =Sum of the first (n)
terms.
P
n n
40. γ = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n = (n + 1).
γ=1 2
P 2
n n
41. γ = 12 + 22 + 32 + · · · + n2 = (n + 1)(2n + 1).
γ=1 6
 P
n n2
42. γ 3 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + · · · + n3 = (n + 1)2 .
γ=1 4
43. n! = (1).(2).(3). . . . .(n − 1).n.
44. n! = n(n − 1)! = n(n − 1)(n − 2)! = . . . . .
45. 0! = 1.
n(n − 1) n−2 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) n−3 3
46. (a + b)n = an + nan−1 b + a b + a b +···+
2! 3!
bn , n > 1.
 MENSURATION

Mensuration is a branch of mathematics which deals with the measurements of

lengths of lines, areas of surfaces and volumes of solids.
Mensuration may be divided into two parts.
1. Plane mensuration
2. Solid mensuration
Plane mensuration deals with perimeter, length of sides and areas of two dimensional
figures and shapes.
Solid mensuration deals with areas and volumes of solid objects.

After learning this chapter you will be able to

* Recognise a cylinder, a cone and a sphere.
* Understand the properties of cylinder, cone and sphere.
* Distinguish between the structure of cylinder and cone.
* Derive the formula to find the surface area and volume of cylinder, cone and sphere.
* Solve simple problems pertaining to the surface area and volume of cylinder, cone
and sphere.

CYLINDER
Observe the following figures :

Road roller Circular based storage Tank Cylinder

Wheels of a road roller, a circular based storage tank etc will suggest you, the
concept of a right circular cylinder.
1. The right circular cylinder

A right circular cylinder is a solid

described by revolution of a rectangle
about one of its sides which remains
fixed.

AP = Radius of the circular plane

AB = Axis of the cylinder
PQ = Height of the cylinder

Features of a right circular cylinder

1) A right circular cylinder has two plane surfaces, circular in shape.
2) The curved surface joining the plane surfaces is the lateral surface of the cylinder.
3) The two circular planes are parallel to each other and also congruent.
4) The line joining the centers of the circular planes is the axis of the cylinder.
5) All the points on the lateral surface of the right circular cylinder are equidistant from
the axis.
6) Radius of circular plane is the radius of the cylinder.

Two types of cylinders :

1. Hollow cylinder and
2. Solid cylinder
A hollow cylinder is formed by the lateral surface only.

Example : A pipe
 A solid cylinder is the region bounded by two circular plane surfaces and also
the lateral surface.

Example : A garden roller

2. Surface area of a right circular cylinder

A. Lateral Surface area :

Activity :
1. Take a strip of paper having width equal to the height of the cylinder.
2. Wrap the strip around the lateral surface of the cylinder and cut the overlapping
strip along the vertical line. (say PQ)
3. You will get a rectangular paper cutting which exactly covers the lateral surface.
4. Area of the rectangle is equal to the area of the curved surface of the cylinder.

Expression for the lateral surface area :

(i) Length of the rectangle is equal to the circumference, l = 2 πr
(ii) Breadth of the rectangle b is the height of the cylinder = h
Area of the rectangle A = l x b
Lateral surface area of the Cylinder A = 2 πr h
A = 2 πr h sq. units
 Observe :
Surface area of a thin hollow cylinder having circumference P and
height is ‘h’ = Ph or = 2 πr h (∴ P = 2 πr )

B. Total surface area of a cylinder :

πr 2

2πrh

πr 2
The total surface area
of the cylinder = [ Area of two
circular bases[ [ +
Lateral surface
[
area of cylinder
= r 2π +π
r 2 +2πrh
= 2 π
r 2 +2πrh
= 2πr (r + h) sq. units

Lateral surface area of a cylinder = 2ðrh sq. units.

Total surface area of a cylinder = 2ðr (r+h) sq. units.

Remember :
Area is always expressed in square units

Worked examples :
Example 1 : Find the lateral surface area of a cylinder whose circumference is
44 cm and height 10 cm.

Given : circumference = 2πr = 44 cms

and height = h = 10 cms
Solution : Lateral surface area of cylinder = 2πrh
= 44 x 10
= 440 sq. cm.
Example 2 : Find the total surface area of the cylinder, given that the diameter is
10 cm and height is 12.5 cm.
Given : Diameter = d = 10 cms
d
∴ r = = 5 cms
2
and height = h = 12.5 cms.
Solution : Total surface area of a cylinder = 2πr (r+h)
22
= 2x x 5x (5 + 12.5)
7
22
= 2x x 5x 17.5
7
= 550 sq.cm.

Example 3 : The lateral surface area of a thin circular bottomed tin is 1760 sq. cm
and radius is 10 cm. What is the height of the tin?
Given : The lateral surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh = 1760 sq. cm.
radius = r = 10 cms
Solution : Lateral surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh
22
1760 = 2 x x 10 x h
7
1760 x 7
h =
2 x 22 x 10
h = 28 cms

Exercise : 9.1
1) The radius of the circular base of a cylinder is 14 cm and height is 10 cm. Calculate
the curved surface area of the cylinder.
2) The circumference of a thin hollow cylindrical pipe is 44 cm and length is 20 mts.
Find the surface area of the pipe.
3) A cylinder has a diameter 20 cm and height 18 cm. Calculate the total surface
area of the cylinder.
4) Lateral surface area of a cylinder is 1056 sq. cm and radius is 14 cm. Find the
height of the cylinder.
5) A mansion has twelve cylindrical pillars each having the circumference 50 cm and
height 3.5 mts. Find the cost of painting the lateral surface of the pillars at
Rs. 25 per squaremeter.
6) The diameter of a thin cylindrical vessel open at one end is 3.5 cm and height
is 5 cm. Calculate the surface area of the vessel.
7) A closed cylindrical tank is made up of a sheet metal. The height of the tank is
1.3 meters and radius is 70 cm. How many square meters of sheet metal is required
to make?
8) A roller having radius 35 cms and length 1 meter takes 200 complete revolutions
to move once over a play ground. What is the area of the playground?

3. Volume of a right circular cylinder :

Activity :
1) A coin is placed on a horizontal plane.
2) Pile up the coins of same size one upon the other such that they form a right circular
cylinder of height ‘h’.
Volume of a cylinder = Bh
The area of the circular base B = π r2 [B is the circular base of radius r]
Height of the cylinder = h

∴ Volume of the cylinder = ðr 2h cubic units

Volume of the right circular cylinder of radius ‘r’ and height

‘h’ = ðr 2h cubic units. Volume is expressed in cubic units.
Worked examples :
Example 1 : Find the volume of the cylinder whose radius is 7 cm and height is
12 cm.
Given : Radius of the cylinder = r = 7 cm
Height of the cylinder = h = 12 cm
Solution : Volume of the cylinder V = Bh
= πr 2 h
22
= x 7 x 7 x 12
7

22
= x 49 x 12
7
= 1848 cubic cms.
∴ Volume of the cylinder = 1848 cc

Example 2 : Volume of the cylinder is 462 cc and its diameter is 7 cm. Find the
height of the cylinder.
Given : Volume = V = 462 cc
Diameter = d = 7 cm ∴ r = 3.5 cm.

Solution : Volume of a cylinder V = πr 2 h

22
462 = x (3.5) 2 x h
7
462 x 7
h =
22 x (3.5) 2
h = 12 cm
∴ Height of the cylinder h = 12 cms

Exercise : 9.2
1) Area of the base of a right circular cylinder is 154 sq. cm and height is 10 cm.
Calculate the volume of the cylinder.
2) Find the volume of the cylinder whose radius is 5 cm and height is 28 cm.
3) The circumference of the base of a cylinder is 88 cm and its height is 10 cm.
Calculate the volume of the cylinder.
4) Volume of a cylinder is 3080 cc and height is 20 cm. Calculate the radius of the
cylinder.
5) A cylindrical vessel of height 35 cm contains 11 litres of juice. Find the diameter
of the vessel (one litre = 1000 cc.)
6) Volume of a cylinder is 4400 cc and diameter is 20 cm. Find the height of the
cylinder.
7) The height of water level in a circular well is 7 mts and its diameter is 10 mts.
Calculate the volume of water stored in the well.
8) A thin cylindrical tin can hold only one litre of paint. What is the height of the
tin if the diameter of the tin is 14 cm? (one litre = 1000 cc)

THE RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

Observe the following figures :

Heap of sand Ice cream cone cone

A heap of sand, an Ice cream cone suggests you the concept of a right circular
cone.

1. Surface area of a right circular cone :

A

l A right circular cone is a solid generated by

h the revolution of a right angle triangle about
one of the sides containing the right angle.

O B

235
Properties of a right circular cone :
1) A cone has a circular plane as its base.
2) The point of intersection of the axis of the cone and slant height is the vertex of
the cone (A).
3) The curved surface which connects the vertex and circular edge of the base is the
lateral surface of the cone.
4) The line joining the vertex and the center of the circular base is the height of the
cone (AO = h)

Remember :
The distance between the vertex and any point on the circumference of the
base is the slant height.

A. The curved surface area :

Activity :
1) Take a right circular cone.
2) Wrap the curved surface with a piece of paper.
3) Cut the paper along the length of slant height say AB
4) Take out the paper which exactly covers the curved surface.
5) Spread the paper on a plane surface.

Observe :
Radius of the circular section is equal to slant height of the cone = l
This circular section can be divided into small triangles as shown in the figure say T1,
T2, T3 ... Tn

From the figure lateral surface area of the circular section = sum of the areas
of each triangle.
= T1 + T2 + ..... Tn
1
Area of the Triangle = x base x height
2
1
i.e. Area of T1 = x B1 x l
2
1
T2 = x B2 x l
2
1
T3 = x B3 x l
2
1
Area of Tn = x Bn x l
2
1 1 1
Area of circular section = B1l + B2l + ............... + Bl
2 2 2 n
1
= l (B1 + B2 + ...... + Bn)
2
1
= l ( 2πr ) [B1 + B2 + .... + Bn = 2πr ]
2
1
= l x 2πr
2

∴ Area of the curved surface of a cone = ð rl sq. units

B. Total Surface area of a cone :

ðr 2
ðr l

Total surface area of a cone= Area of circular base + Area of the curved surface
= ðr 2 + ðr l
= πr (r + l)
Total surface area of a cone = πr [r + l] sq. units
2. Volume of a right circular cone

Suggested Activity :
1) Take a conical cup and a cylindrical vessel of the same radius and height.
2) Fill the conical cup with water up to its brim.
3) Pour the water into cylindrical vessel.
4) Count how many cups of water is required to fill the cylindrical vessel upto its
brim.
Observe that exactly three cups of water is required to fill the vessel.
Volume of a cylinder = 3 x volume of a cone having same base and height.

1
∴ Volume of a cone = of the volume of a cylinder having same base and height.
3
1 ∴
= x Bh [ Volume of a cylinder = Bh]
3
1 2
πr h
∴
= [ B = πr 2 ]
3
1 2
Volume of a cone of radius r and height h = ðr h cubic units.
3
 THE SPHERE
Observe the following figures

Shot put Ball Sphere

A shotput, a ball etc, will suggest you the concept of a sphere.

Properties of a sphere :

A sphere is a solid described by the revolution of a

semi circle about a fixed diameter.

1) A sphere has a centre

2) All the points on the surface of the sphere are equidistant from the centre.
3) The distance between the centre and any point on the surface of the sphere is the
radius of the sphere.

Remember :
A plane through the centre of the sphere divides it into two equal
parts each called a hemisphere.

1. Surface Area of a sphere :

Activity :
1) Consider a sphere of radius r.
2) Cut the solid sphere into two equal halves.
3) Fix a pin at the top most point of a hemisphere.
4) Starting from the centre point of the curved

242
 surface of the hemisphere, wind a uniform
thread so as to cover the whole curved surface
of the hemisphere.
5) Measure the length of the thread.
6) Similarily, fix a pin at the center of the plane
circular surface.
7) Starting from the centre, wind the thread of
same thickness to cover the whole circular
surface.
8) Unwind and measure the lengths of the threads.
9) Compare the lengths.
What do you observe from both the activities?
It is found that the length of the thread required to cover the curved surface is
twice the length required to cover the circular plane surface.

Area of the plane circular surface = πr 2

∴ Curved surface area of a hemisphere = 2πr 2
Surface area of the whole sphere = 2 π
r 2 +2πr 2
= 4πr 2

Surface area of a sphere of radius r = 4ðr 2 sq. units.

2. Volume of a sphere
Observe the following figures.

r base = B
height = r
A solid sphere is made up of miniature cones whose height is equal to the radius of
the sphere and each having circular base.
1
Volume of each cone = x base x height
3

1
Volume of cone 1 = x B1 x r
3

1
Volume of cone 2 = x B2 x r etc
3

1
Volume of cone n = x Bn x r
3
Volume of the sphere = Sum of the volumes of all the cones
1 1 1
= x B1 x r + x B2 x r + .... x Bn x r
3 3 3

1 ∴
= r (B1 + B2 + ........ + Bn) [ T.S.A. of sphere 4 πr 2 ]
3

1 ∴
= r (B) [ Surface area of sphere]
3

1
= r x 4 πr 2
3

4 3
= πr
3

4 3
Volume of the sphere = πr cubic units
3

1 4 3
Volume of the hemisphere = x ðr
2 3

2 3
= ðr
3

2 3
∴ Volume of a hemisphere = ðr cubic untis
3

245
Remember at a glance :
Solid Curved Surface Total Surface Volume
area area
Cylinder 2πrl 2πr (r+1) πr 2 h
1 2
Cone πrl πr (r+1) πr h
3
4 3
Sphere 4πr 2 4πr 2 πr
3
2 3
Solid hemisphere 2πr 2 3πr 2 πr
3
 SCALE DRAWING

1 1
Area of triangle = x base x height = bh
2 2

Area of rectangle = length x breadth = lb

1 1
Area of trapezium = x height x (sum of two parallel sides) = h (a+b)
2 2

B
3-D Figures: Regular Solids: Locus Theorems:
Fixed distance from point. Fixed distance from a line.
Prism: V = Bh Tetrahedron – 4 faces
1 Cube – 6 faces
Pyramid: V = Bh Octahedron – 8 faces
3
Cylinder: V = π r 2 h ; SA = 2π rh + 2π r 2 Dodecahedron – 12 faces Equidistant from 2 points. Equidistant 2 parallel lines.
1 Icosahedron – 20 faces
Cone: V = π r 2 h ; SA = sπ r + π r 2
3 Triangles:
4
Sphere: V = π r 3 ; SA = 4π r 2 = π d 2 By Sides: Equidistant from 2
3 Scalene – no congruent sides intersecting lines
Isosceles – 2 congruent sides
Equilateral – 3 congruent sides
Polygon Interior/Exterior Angles: By Angles: Congruent Triangles
Sum of int. angles = 180(n − 2) Acute – all acute angles SSS NO donkey theorem
180(n − 2) Right – one right angle SAS (SSA or ASS)
Each int. angle (regular) = Obtuse – one obtuse angle ASA
n
Sum of ext. angles = 360 Equiangular – 3 congruent angles(60º) AAS
360 Equilateral ↔ Equiangular HL (right triangles only)
Each ext. angle (regular) =
n Exterior angle of a triangle equals the CPCTC (use after the triangles are congruent)
sum of the 2 non-adjacent interior
Related Conditionals: angles. Inequalities:
Converse: switch if and then --Sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater
Inverse: negate if and then Mid-segment of a triangle is parallel than the length of the third side.
Contrapositive: inverse of the converse to the third side and half the length of --Longest side of a triangle is opposite the largest angle.
(contrapositive has the same truth value the third side. --Exterior angle of a triangle is greater than either of the
as the original statement) two non-adjacent interior angles.

Pythagorean Theorem: Similar Triangles: Mean Proportional in Right Triangle:

c2 = a 2 + b2 AA Altitude Rule: Leg Rule:
Converse: If the sides of a triangle SSS for similarity part hyp altitude hyp leg
SAS for similarity = =
satisfy c 2 = a 2 + b 2 then the triangle is a altitude other part hyp leg projection
right triangle. Corresponding sides of similar
triangles are in proportion.
Parallels: If lines are parallel … Quadrilaterals: Transformations:
Parallelogram: Trapezoid: rx −axis ( x, y ) = ( x, − y ) Glide
opp. sides parallel Only one set reflection is
opp sides = parallel sides.
ry −axis ( x, y ) = (− x, y ) composition
opp angles = ry = x ( x, y ) = ( y, x) of a reflection
consec. angles supp Median of trap is and a
diag bis each other parallel to both ry =− x ( x, y ) = (− y, − x) translation.
Corresponding angles are equal.
m<1=m<5, m<2=m<6, m<3=m<7, m<4=m<8
Rectangle: add 4 rt bases and = ½ rorigin ( x, y ) = (− x, − y )
angles, diag. = sum bases. Isometry –
Alternate Interior angles are equal.
Rhombus: add 4 = Isosceles Trap: Ta ,b ( x, y ) = ( x + a, y + b) keeps length.
m<3=m<6, m<4=m<5
Alternate Exterior angles are equal.
sides, diag. perp, legs = Dk ( x, y ) = (kx, ky )
diag bisect angles. base angles = Orientation –
m<1=m<8, m<2=m<7
Square: All from diagonals = label order
Same side interior angles are supp.
above. opp angles supp
m<3 + m<5=180, m<4 + m<6=180

Circle Segments Circle Angles:

In a circle, a radius perpendicular to a chord Central angle = arc Inscribed angle = half arc Angle by tangent/chord = half arc
bisects the chord.
Intersecting Chords Rule:
(segment part)•(segment part) =
(segment part)•(segment part)
Secant-Secant Rule: Angle formed by 2 chords Angle formed by 2 tangents, or 2 secants, or a tangent/secant
(whole secant)•(external part) = = half the sum of arcs = half the difference of arcs
(whole secant)•(external part)
Secant-Tangent Rule:
(whole secant)•(external part) = (tangent)2
Hat Rule: Two tangents are equal.
Slopes and Equations: Coordinate Geometry Formulas: Circles:
vertical change y −y Distance Formula: Equation of circle center at origin:
m= = 2 1.
horizontal change x2 − x1 d = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y2 − y1 ) 2 x 2 + y 2 = r 2 where r is the radius.
y = mx + b slope-intercept Midpoint Formula: Equation of circle not at origin:
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) point-slope ⎛ x + x y + y2 ⎞ ( x − h) 2 + ( y − k ) 2 = r 2 where (h,k) is the
( x, y ) = ⎜ 1 2 , 1 ⎟ center and r is the radius.
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
 2D GEOMETRY FORMULAS

SQUARE CIRCLE
s = side r = radius, d = diameter
Area: A = s2 s Diameter: d = 2r b
Area: A = πr 2 d
Perimeter: P = 4s
Circumference: C = 2πr = πd r
s

RECTANGLE
l = length, w = width SECTOR OF CIRCLE
Area: A = lw w r = radius, θ = angle in radians s
Perimeter: P = 2l + 2w Area: A = 21 θr 2
Arc Length: s = θr θ
l r

TRIANGLE
b = base, h = height ELLIPSE
a c
h a = semimajor axis
Area: A = 12 bh b
b = semiminor axis b
Perimeter: P = a + b + c a
Area: A = πab
b
Circumference:
 p 
C ≈ π 3(a + b) − (a + 3b)(b + 3a)
EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
s = side
s s
√
Height: h = 23 s
√ h
Area: A = 3 2 ANNULUS
4 s
s r = inner radius,
R = outer radius
Average Radius: ρ = 21 (r + R) b r
PARALLELOGRAM
Width: w = R − r
b = base, h = height, a = side R
Area: A = π(R2 − r 2 )
Area: A = bh h a or A = 2πρw
Perimeter: P = 2a + 2b

b
REGULAR POLYGON
TRAPEZOID a
s = side length, s
a, b = bases; h = height; n = number of sides
c, d = sides d b R
c h Circumradius: R = 12 s csc( πn )
Area: A = 21 (a + b)h Area: A = 14 ns2 cot( πn )
Perimeter:
P = a+b+c+d or A = 12 nR2 sin( 2π
n )
b
 3D GEOMETRY FORMULAS

GENERAL CONE
CUBE OR PYRAMID
s = side s A = area of base, h = height h
Volume: V = s3 Volume: V = 13 Ah
Surface Area: S = 6s2 A
s
s

RECTANGULAR SOLID RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE

l = length, w = width, r = radius, h = height
h = height h h
Volume: V = 31 πr 2 h
Volume: V = lwh Surface√Area:
Surface Area: S = πr r 2 + h2 + πr 2 r
S = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh w
l

FRUSTUM OF A CONE
SPHERE
r = top radius, R = base radius, r
r = radius
r h = height, s = slant height
Volume: V = 43 πr 3 s
Volume: V = π3 (r 2 + rR + R2 )h
Surface Area: S = 4πr 2 h
Surface Area: R
S = πs(R + r) + πr 2 + πR2

RIGHT CIRCULAR r
SQUARE PYRAMID
CYLINDER
s = side, h = height
r = radius, h = height h
h Volume: V = 13 s2 h
Volume: V = πr 2 h
Surface Area:
Surface Area: S = 2πrh + 2πr 2 √
S = s(s + s2 + 4h2 ) s
s

R r
REGULAR TETRAHEDRON
TORUS
s = side s
r = tube radius, 1
√ 3
Volume: V = 12 2s
R = torus radius √
Volume: V = 2π 2 r 2 R Surface Area: S = 3s2
Surface Area: S = 4π 2 rR
 Analytic Geometry Formulas
1. Lines in two dimensions
Line forms Line segment
Slope - intercept form: A line segment P1 P2 can be represented in parametric
y = mx + b form by
Two point form: x = x1 + ( x2 − x1 ) t
y2 − y1 y = y1 + ( y2 − y1 ) t
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
x2 − x1 0 ≤ t ≤1
Point slope form:
1 2 and P3 P4 intersect if any only if
Two line segments PP
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) the numbers
Intercept form x2 − x1 y2 − y1 x3 − x1 y3 − y1
x y x3 − x1 y3 − y1 x3 − x4 y3 − y4
+ = 1 ( a, b ≠ 0 ) s= and t=
a b x2 − x1 y2 − y1 x2 − x1 y2 − y1
Normal form:
x3 − x4 y3 − y4 x3 − x4 y3 − y4
x ⋅ cos σ + y sin σ = p
satisfy 0 ≤ s ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
Parametric form:
x = x1 + t cos α
y = y1 + t sin α
Point direction form: 2. Triangles in two dimensions
x − x1 y − y1
= Area
A B
The area of the triangle formed by the three lines:
where (A,B) is the direction of the line and P1 ( x1 , y1 ) lies
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0
on the line.
General form: A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0
A ⋅ x + B ⋅ y + C = 0 A ≠ 0 or B ≠ 0 A3 x + B3 y + C3 = 0
is given by
2
A1 B1 C1
Distance
A2 B2 C2
The distance from Ax + By + C = 0 to P1 ( x1 , y1 ) is
A3 B3 C3
A ⋅ x1 + B ⋅ y1 + C K=
d= A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
2 2 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅
A +B A2 B2 A3 B3 A1 B1
The area of a triangle whose vertices are P1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
Concurrent lines P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
Three lines
x1 y1 1
A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 1
K = x2 y2 1
A2 x + B2 y + C2 = 0 2
x3 y3 1
A3 x + B3 y + C3 = 0
are concurrent if and only if: 1 x2 − x1 y2 − y1
K= .
2 x3 − x1 y3 − y1
A1 B1 C1
A2 B2 C2 = 0
A3 B3 C3
Centroid
3. Circle
The centroid of a triangle whose vertices are P1 ( x1 , y1 ) ,
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
Equation of a circle
 x + x + x y + y + y3  In an x-y coordinate system, the circle with centre (a, b)
( x, y ) =  1 2 3 , 1 2 
 3 3  and radius r is the set of all points (x, y) such that:

( x − a )2 + ( y − b ) 2 = r 2
Circle is centred at the origin
Incenter x2 + y 2 = r 2
The incenter of a triangle whose vertices are P1 ( x1 , y1 ) , Parametric equations
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) : x = a + r cos t
y = b + r sin t
 ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
( x, y ) =  1 ,
 a+b+c a + b + c  where t is a parametric variable.
In polar coordinates the equation of a circle is:
where a is the length of P2 P3 , b is the length of PP
1 3,
r 2 − 2rro cos (θ − ϕ ) + ro2 = a 2
and c is the length of PP
1 2.
Area
A = r 2π

Circumcenter Circumference
The circumcenter of a triangle whose vertices are c = π ⋅ d = 2π ⋅ r
P1 ( x1 , y1 ) , P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
 x12 + y12 y1 1 x1 x12 + y12 1  Theoremes:
 2 2 2 2 
 x2 + y2 y2 1 x2 x2 + y2 1  (Chord theorem)
 x2+y2 y 1 x x2+y2 1 The chord theorem states that if two chords, CD and EF,
( x, y ) =  
3 3 3 3 3 3
, intersect at G, then:
 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1  CD ⋅ DG = EG ⋅ FG
 
 2 x2 y2 1 2 x2 y2 1  (Tangent-secant theorem)
 x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1  If a tangent from an external point D meets the circle at
  C and a secant from the external point D meets the circle
at G and E respectively, then
2
DC = DG ⋅ DE
Orthocenter (Secant - secant theorem)
If two secants, DG and DE, also cut the circle at H and F
The orthocenter of a triangle whose vertices are
respectively, then:
P1 ( x1 , y1 ) , P2 ( x2 , y2 ) and P3 ( x3 , y3 ) :
DH ⋅ DG = DF ⋅ DE
 y1 x2 x3 + y12 1 x12 + y2 y3 x1 1  (Tangent chord property)
 2 2  The angle between a tangent and chord is equal to the
 y2 x3 x1 + y2 1 x2 + y3 y1 x2 1  subtended angle on the opposite side of the chord.
 y xx +y2 1 x2+y y x3 1 
( x, y ) =  
3 1 2 3 3 1 2
,
 x1 y1 1 x1 y1 1 
 
 2 x2 y2 1 2 x2 y2 1 
 x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1 
 
4. Conic Sections
Eccentricity:
The Parabola
The set of all points in the plane whose distances from a a 2 − b2
e=
fixed point, called the focus, and a fixed line, called the a
directrix, are always equal.
Foci:

The standard formula of a parabola: if a > b => F1 ( − a 2 − b 2 , 0) F2 ( a 2 − b 2 ,0)

y 2 = 2 px if a < b => F1 (0, − b 2 − a 2 ) F2 (0, b 2 − a 2 )
Parametric equations of the parabola: Area:
2
x = 2 pt K = π ⋅ a ⋅b
y = 2 pt
Tangent line The Hyperbola
2 The set of all points in the plane, the difference of whose
Tangent line in a point D( x0 , y0 ) of a parabola y = 2 px distances from two fixed points, called the foci, remains
constant.
y0 y = p ( x + x0 )
The standard formula of a hyperbola:
Tangent line with a given slope (m)
p x2 y 2
y = mx + − =1
2m a 2 b2
Tangent lines from a given point Parametric equations of the Hyperbola
Take a fixed point P ( x0 , y0 ) .The equations of the a
x=
tangent lines are sin t
y − y0 = m1 ( x − x0 ) and y=
b sin t
y − y0 = m2 ( x − x0 ) where cos t
Tangent line in a point D ( x0 , y0 ) of a hyperbola:
y0 + y0 2 − 2 px0
m1 = and x0 x y0 y
2 x0 − 2 =1
a2 b
y0 − y0 2 − 2 px0 Foci:
m1 =
2 x0
if a > b => F1 ( − a 2 + b 2 , 0) F2 ( a 2 + b 2 , 0)
if a < b => F1 (0, − b 2 + a 2 ) F2 (0, b 2 + a 2 )
The Ellipse
The set of all points in the plane, the sum of whose
distances from two fixed points, called the foci, is a Asymptotes:
constant.
b b
The standard formula of a ellipse if a > b => y = x and y = − x
a a
x2 y 2 a a
if a < b => y = x and y = − x
+ =1
a 2 b2 b b
Parametric equations of the ellipse
x = a cos t
y = b sin t
Tangent line in a point D ( x0 , y0 ) of a ellipse:

x0 x y0 y
+ 2 =1
a2 b
5. Planes in three dimensions
Equation of a plane
Plane forms
The equation of a plane through P1(x1,y1,z1) and parallel
Point direction form: to directions (a1,b1,c1) and (a2,b2,c2) has equation

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = a1 b1 c1 =0
a b c
where P1(x1,y1,z1) lies in the plane, and the direction a2 b2 c2
(a,b,c) is normal to the plane.
The equation of a plane through P1(x1,y1,z1) and
General form: P2(x2,y2,z2), and parallel to direction (a,b,c), has equation

Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
where direction (A,B,C) is normal to the plane. x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 = 0
Intercept form: a b c
x y z Distance
+ + =1
a b c The distance of P1(x1,y1,z1) from the plane Ax + By +
this plane passes through the points (a,0,0), (0,b,0), and Cz + D = 0 is
(0,0,c). Ax1 + By1 + Cz1
d=
Three point form A2 + B 2 + C 2
x − x3 y − y3 z − z3 Intersection
x1 − x3 y1 − y3 z1 − z3 = 0 The intersection of two planes
x2 − x3 y2 − y3 z2 − z3 A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0,
Normal form: A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0,
x cos α + y cos β + z cos γ = p is the line
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Parametric form: = = ,
a b c
x = x1 + a1 s + a2 t where
y = y1 + b1 s + b2 t B1 C1
a=
z = z1 + c1 s + c2 t B2 C2
where the directions (a1,b1,c1) and (a2,b2,c2) are
parallel to the plane. C1 A1
b=
C2 A2

Angle between two planes: A1 B1

c=
The angle between two planes: A2 B2
A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0 D1 C1 D1 B1
A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 b −c
D2 C2 D2 B2
is x1 = 2 2 2
a +b +c
A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C2 D1 A1 D1 C1
arccos
2
A + B +C 2 2 2 2
A2 + B2 + C2 2 c −c
1 1 1 D2 A2 D2 C2
y1 =
The planes are parallel if and only if 2
a +b +c 2 2

A1 B1 C1 D1 B1 D1 A1
= = a −b
A2 B2 C2 D2 B2 D2 A2
The planes are perpendicular if and only if z1 = 2 2 2
a +b +c
A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1C2 = 0 If a = b = c = 0, then the planes are parallel.
 TRIGONOMETRY FORMULAS

cos 2 ( x) + sin 2 ( x) = 1 1 + tan 2 ( x) = sec 2 ( x) cot 2 ( x) + 1 = csc 2 ( x)

cos( x ± y ) = cos( x) cos( y ) ∓ sin( x) sin( y ) tan( x) ± tan( y )

tan( x ± y ) =
sin( x ± y ) = sin( x) cos( y ) ± cos( x) sin( y ) 1 ∓ tan( x) tan( y )

sin(2 x) = 2 sin( x) cos( x)

cos 2 ( x) − sin 2 ( x) c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos(C )
 sin( A) sin( B ) sin(C )
cos(2 x) = 2 cos 2 ( x) − 1 = =
1 − 2 sin 2 ( x) a b c

2 tan( x)
tan(2 x) =
1 − tan 2 ( x)

1 − cos(2 x) x 1 + cos( x)

sin 2 ( x) = cos  = ±
2 2 2
1 + cos( 2 x)  x 1 − cos( x)
cos 2 ( x) = sin   = ±
2  2 2
1 − cos( 2 x)  x 1 − cos( x)
tan 2 ( x) = tan   = ±
1 + cos(2 x)
2 1 + cos( x)

sin( x) sin( y ) = 12 [cos( x − y ) − cos( x + y )]

cos( x) cos( y ) = 12 [cos( x − y ) + cos( x + y )]
sin( x) cos( y ) = 12 [sin ( x + y ) + sin( x − y )]
cos( x) sin( y ) = 12 [sin ( x + y ) − sin( x − y )]

x+ y x− y
sin( x) + sin( y ) = 2 sin   cos 
 2   2 
x− y x+ y
sin( x) − sin( y ) = 2 sin   cos 
 2   2 
x+ y x− y
cos( x) + cos( y ) = 2 cos  cos 
 2   2 
x+ y x− y
cos( x) − cos( y ) = −2 sin   sin  
 2   2 

For two vectors A and B, A·B = ||A||||B||cos(θ)

The well known results: soh, cah, toa

o
soh: s stands for sine, o stands for opposite and h stands for hypotenuse, sin x =
h
a
cah: c stands for cosine, a stands for adjacent h stands for hypotenuse, cos x = h o
h
o
toa: t stands for tan, o stands for opposite and a stands for adjacent, tan x = a
a
Where x is the angle between the hypotenuse and the adjacent.
Other three trigonometric functions have the following relations:
1 h 1 h 1 a
csc x = = , sec x = = and cot x = =
sin x o cos x a tan x o

Important values:

π π π π
0 300 = 450 = 600 = 900 =
6 4 3 2
sin 1 2 3
0 2 1
2 2
cos 3 2 1
1 2 0
2 2
tan 1
0 3 1 3 undefined
csc 2
undefined 2 2 3 1
sec 2
1 3 2 2 undefined
cot 1
undefined 3 1 3 0

sin(nπ ± x) = [ ? ]sin x, cos(nπ ± x) = [ ? ]cos x, tan(nπ ± x) = [ ? ]tan x , the sign ? is for plus or minus
depending on the position of the terminal side. One may remember the four-quadrant rule: (All
Students Take Calculus: A = all, S = sine, T = tan, C = cosine)

sine all

tan cosine

2
 3
Example: Find the value of sin 3000 . We may write sin 3000 = sin(2 ⋅1800 − 600 ) = [−]sin 600 = - ,
2
in this case the terminal side is in quadrant four where sine is negative.

In the following diagram, each point on the unit circle is labeled first with its coordinates (exact
values), then with the angle in degrees, then with the angle in radians. Points in the lower hemisphere
have both positive and negative angles marked.

3
 7. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Synopsis :
1. Let θ∈R. Take an angle of measure θ radians in the standard position. Let P(x, y) be a point on the
terminal side of the angle θ such that OP = r( > 0). Then
y
i) is called sine of θ and it is denoted by sinθ.
r

x
ii) is called cosine of θ and it is denoted by cosθ
r

y
iii) (x ≠ 0) is called tangent of θ and it is denoted by tanθ.
x

x
iv) (y ≠ 0) is called cotangent of θ and it is denoted by cotθ.
y

r
v) (x ≠ 0) is called secant of θ and it is denoted by secθ.
x

r
vi) (y ≠ 0) is called cosecant of θ and it is denoted by cosecθ.
y

These six functions (ratios) are called trigonometric functions (ratios).

1 1
2. sinθ.cosecθ = 1, sin θ = , cosec θ =
cos ecθ sin θ

1 1
3. cosθ.secθ = 1, cos θ = , sec θ =
sec θ cos θ

1 1
4. tanθ.cotθ = 1, tan θ = , cot θ =
cot θ tan θ

sin θ cosθ
5. = tan θ, = cot θ
cos θ sinθ

6. sin2θ + cos2θ = 1,
sin2θ = 1− cos2θ,
cos2θ = 1 − sin2θ
7. 1+tan2θ= sec2θ, tan2θ = sec2θ − 1, sec2θ − tan2θ=1.
8. 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ, cot2 θ = cosec2 θ −1,
cosec2 θ − cot2 θ = 1.
1
9. sec θ + tan θ = .
sec θ − tan θ

1
 Trigonometric Functions
1
10. cosec θ + cot θ = .
cos ecθ − cot θ
11. The values of the trigonometric functions of some standard angles :

θ 0 π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 0 −1 0
cos 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 −1 0 1
12. Trigonometric functions of 2nπ + θ; n∈Z
1) sin(2nπ + θ) = sinθ, cos(2nπ + θ) = cosθ
2) tan(2nπ + θ) = tanθ, cot(2nπ + θ) = cotθ
3) sec(2nπ + θ) = secθ, cosec(2nπ + θ) = cosecθ
13. Trigonometric functions of (−θ), for all values of θ
1) sin(−θ) = −sin θ, 2) cos(−θ) = cos θ,
3) tan(−θ) = −tan θ, 4) cot(−θ) = −cot θ,
5) sec(−θ) = sec θ, 6) cosec(−θ) = −cosec θ
14. The values of trigonometric functions of any angle can be represented in terms of an angle in the
first quadrant
π π
Let A = n. ± θ where n∈Z, 0 ≤ θ ≤ . Then
2 2
π
i) sin⎛⎜ n. ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± sin θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠
= ± cos θ, if n is odd
ii) cos ⎛⎜ n. π ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± cos θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠

= ± sin θ, if n is odd
π
iii) tan ⎛⎜ n. ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± tan θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠
= ± cot θ, if n is odd
iv) cot ⎛⎜ n. π ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± cot θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠

= ± tan θ, if n is odd
π
v) sec ⎛⎜ n. ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± sec θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠
= ± cosec θ, if n is odd
π
vi) cosec ⎛⎜ n. ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± cosec θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠
= ± sec θ, if n is odd

2
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Function Domain Range

h π πi
arcsin x [−1, 1] − ,
2 2

arccos x [−1, 1] [0, π]

 π π
arctan x (−∞, ∞) − ,
2 2

y y y
π π
2 π 2

π
x 2 x
−1 0 1 −10 −5 0 5 10

− π2 x − π2
−1 0 1
Graph of y = arcsin x Graph of y = arccos x Graph of y = arctan x

Composition
for all x ∈ − π2 , π2
 
sin(arcsin x) = x, for all x ∈ [−1, 1] arcsin(sin x) = x,
cos(arccos x) = x, for all x ∈ [−1, 1] arccos(cos x) = x, for all x ∈ [0, π]
for all x ∈ − π2 , π2


tan(arctan x) = x, for all x ∈ (−∞, ∞) arctan(tan x) = x,

Derivative
d 1 d −1 d 1
arcsin x = √ arccos x = √ arctan x =
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2 dx 1 + x2

Notation
arcsin x = sin−1 x arccos x = cos−1 x arctan x = tan−1 x

Note that the −1 in these notations is not an exponent, e.g., sin−1 x 6= 1
sin x .
 7. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Synopsis :
1. Let θ∈R. Take an angle of measure θ radians in the standard position. Let P(x, y) be a point on the
terminal side of the angle θ such that OP = r( > 0). Then
y
i) is called sine of θ and it is denoted by sinθ.
r

x
ii) is called cosine of θ and it is denoted by cosθ
r

y
iii) (x ≠ 0) is called tangent of θ and it is denoted by tanθ.
x

x
iv) (y ≠ 0) is called cotangent of θ and it is denoted by cotθ.
y

r
v) (x ≠ 0) is called secant of θ and it is denoted by secθ.
x

r
vi) (y ≠ 0) is called cosecant of θ and it is denoted by cosecθ.
y

These six functions (ratios) are called trigonometric functions (ratios).

1 1
2. sinθ.cosecθ = 1, sin θ = , cosec θ =
cos ecθ sin θ

1 1
3. cosθ.secθ = 1, cos θ = , sec θ =
sec θ cos θ

1 1
4. tanθ.cotθ = 1, tan θ = , cot θ =
cot θ tan θ

sin θ cosθ
5. = tan θ, = cot θ
cos θ sinθ

6. sin2θ + cos2θ = 1,
sin2θ = 1− cos2θ,
cos2θ = 1 − sin2θ
7. 1+tan2θ= sec2θ, tan2θ = sec2θ − 1, sec2θ − tan2θ=1.
8. 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ, cot2 θ = cosec2 θ −1,
cosec2 θ − cot2 θ = 1.
1
9. sec θ + tan θ = .
sec θ − tan θ

1
 Trigonometric Functions
1
10. cosec θ + cot θ = .
cos ecθ − cot θ
11. The values of the trigonometric functions of some standard angles :

θ 0 π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

sin 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 0 −1 0
cos 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 −1 0 1
12. Trigonometric functions of 2nπ + θ; n∈Z
1) sin(2nπ + θ) = sinθ, cos(2nπ + θ) = cosθ
2) tan(2nπ + θ) = tanθ, cot(2nπ + θ) = cotθ
3) sec(2nπ + θ) = secθ, cosec(2nπ + θ) = cosecθ
13. Trigonometric functions of (−θ), for all values of θ
1) sin(−θ) = −sin θ, 2) cos(−θ) = cos θ,
3) tan(−θ) = −tan θ, 4) cot(−θ) = −cot θ,
5) sec(−θ) = sec θ, 6) cosec(−θ) = −cosec θ
14. The values of trigonometric functions of any angle can be represented in terms of an angle in the
first quadrant
π π
Let A = n. ± θ where n∈Z, 0 ≤ θ ≤ . Then
2 2
π
i) sin⎛⎜ n. ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± sin θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠
= ± cos θ, if n is odd
ii) cos ⎛⎜ n. π ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± cos θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠

= ± sin θ, if n is odd
π
iii) tan ⎛⎜ n. ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± tan θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠
= ± cot θ, if n is odd
iv) cot ⎛⎜ n. π ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± cot θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠

= ± tan θ, if n is odd
π
v) sec ⎛⎜ n. ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± sec θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠
= ± cosec θ, if n is odd
π
vi) cosec ⎛⎜ n. ± θ ⎞⎟ = ± cosec θ, if n is even
⎝ 2 ⎠
= ± sec θ, if n is odd

2
 PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
1. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent. The point of concurrence is
called circumcentre of the triangle. If S is the circumcentre of ΔABC, then SA = SB = SC. The
circle with center S and radius SA passes through the three vertices A, B, C of the triangle. This
circle is called circumcircle of the triangle. The radius of the circumcircle of ΔABC is called
circumradius and it is denoted by R.
a b c
2. Sine Rule : = = = 2R.
sin A sin B sin C

∴ a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C.

3. Cosine Rule : a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A, b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ca cos B, c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C.
b2 + c 2 − a 2 c 2 + a2 − b2
4. cos A = , cos B = ,
2bc 2ca

a2 + b2 − c 2
cos C = .
2ab

5. Projection Rule : a = b cos C + c cos B, b = c cos A + a cos C, c = a cos B + b cos A.

B−C⎞ b−c
Tangent Rule or Napier’s Analogy : tan⎛⎜
A
6. ⎟= cot ,
⎝ 2 ⎠ b + c 2

⎛C−A ⎞ c −a B
tan⎜ ⎟= cot ,
⎝ 2 ⎠ c+a 2

⎛ A −B⎞ a −b C
tan⎜ ⎟= cot .
⎝ 2 ⎠ a+b 2

7. Mollweide Rule :
⎛ A −B⎞ ⎛ A −B⎞
cos⎜ ⎟ sin⎜ ⎟
a+b ⎝ 2 ⎠, a − b ⎝ 2 ⎠
= =
c C c C
sin cos
2 2

A (s − b)(s − c ) B (s − c )(s − a) C (s − a)(s − b)

8. sin = , sin = , sin = .
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

A s( s − a) B s(s − b) C s( s − c )
9. cos = , cos = , cos = .
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

A ( s − b)(s − c ) B (s − c )(s − a) C (s − a)(s − b)

10. tan = , tan = , tan =
2 s(s − a) 2 s( s − b) 2 s(s − c )
 A Δ ( s − b)(s − c )
11. tan = = ,
2 s(s − a) Δ

B Δ (s − c )(s − a)
tan = = ,
2 s( s − b) Δ

C Δ (s − a)(s − b)
tan = = .
2 s(s − c ) Δ

A s(s − a) B s(s − b) C s(s − c )

12. cot = , cot = , cot =
2 Δ 2 Δ 2 Δ

1 1 1
13. Area of ΔABC is Δ = 2
bc sin A = ca sin B = sin C = 2R sin A sin B sin C =
2 2 2

abc
s( s − a)(s − b)(s − c ) .
4R

Δ A B C A B C a b
14. r = = 4R sin sin sin = (s − a) tan = (s − b) tan = (s − c ) tan = =
s 2 2 2 2 2 2 B C C A
cot + cot cot + cot
2 2 2 2

C
=
A B
cot + cot
2 2

Δ A B C A C B a
15. r1 = = 4R sin cos cos = s tan = (s − b) cot = (s − c ) cot = .
s−a 2 2 2 2 2 2 B C
tan + tan
2 2

Δ B A C
16. r2 = = s tan = (s − c ) cot = (s − a) cot =
s−b 2 2 2

A B C b
4R cos sin cos = .
2 2 2 C A
tan + tan
2 2

Δ C B A
17. r3 = = s tan = (s − a) cot = (s − b) cot =
s−c 2 2 2

c
.
A B
tan + tan
2 2

1 1 1 1
18. + + = .
r1 r2 r3 r

19. r r1 r2 r3 = Δ2.
20. i) ∑ a sin(B − C) = 0 .
3

ii) ∑ a cos(B − C) = 3abc

3

iii) a2 sin 2B + b2 sin 2A = 4Δ

 a2 + b2 + c 2
21. i) cotA + cotB + cotC =
4Δ

A B C (a + b + c )2
ii) cot cot cot = .
2 2 2 4Δ

22. i) If a cos B = b cos A, then the triangle is isosceles.

ii) If a cos A = b cos B, then the triangle is isosceles or right angled.
iii)If a2 + b2 + c2 = 8R2, then the triangle is right angled.
iv) If cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1, then the triangle is right angled.
sin B
v) If cosA = , then the triangle is isosceles.
2 sin C

a b c
vi) If = = , then the triangle is equilateral.
cos A cos B cos C

vii) If cosA + cosB + cosC = 3/2, then the triangle is equilateral.

3 3
viii) If sinA + sinB + sinC = , then the triangle is equilateral.
2

ix) If cotA + cotB + cotC = 3 , then the triangle is equilateral.

a2 + b2 sin( A + B)
23. i) If = , then C = 90°.
a −b
2 2
sin( A − B)

a+b b
ii) If + = 1, then C = 60°.
b+c c+a

1 1 3
iii)If + = , then A = 60°
a+b a+c a+b+c

b c
iv) If + = 0, then A = 60°.
a2 − c 2 a2 − b 2

A B C
i) a, b, c are In H.P. ⇔ sin2 , sin2 , sin2 are in H.P.
2 2 2
A B C
ii) a, b, c are in A.P. ⇔ cot , cot , cot are in A.P.
2 2 2
A B C
iii) a, b, c are in A.P. ⇔ tan , tan , tan are in H.P.
2 2 2
iv) a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. ⇔ cotA, cotB, cotC are in A.P.
v) a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. ⇔ tanA, tanB, tanC are in H.P
 HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES
Synopsis :
ANGLE OF ELEVATION
1. If the position of the object is above the position of the observation then the angle made by the
line joining object and observation point with the horizontal line drawn at the observation point is
called angle of elevation.

ANGLE OF DEPRESSION:
2. If the position of the object is below the position of the observation the angle made by the line
joining object and observation point with the horizontal line drawn at the observation point is
called angle of depression.

3. a. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower, standing on a horizontal plane, from a point A is .
After walking a distance ‘d’ metres towards the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation is found
to be β .
d sin β sin α
The height of the tower h =
Sin( β − α )
d
(or) h =
Cotα − cot β
Where AB = d

4. If the Points of observation A and B lie on either side of the tower, then height of the tower
d sin α sin β
h=
Sin(α + β )
Where AB = d

1
 Heights and Distances
d
(or) h =
Cotα + cot β
C

A α β B
D

5. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from the bottom and top of a building of height ‘d’
metres are β and α respectively. The height of the tower is
d sin β cos α d cot α
h= metres (or) h =
sin( β − α ) cot α − cot β

6. The angle of elevation of a cloud from a height ‘d’ metres above the level of water in a lake is
'α ' and the angle of depression of its image in the lake is β . The height of the cloud from the
water level in metres is
d sin ( β + α ) ⎡ d ( tan β + tan α ) ⎤ ⎡ Cot α + Cot β ⎤
h= (or) h = ⎢ ⎥ (or) h = d ⎢ ⎥
sin ( β − α ) ⎣ ( tan β − tan α ) ⎦ ⎣ Cotα − Cot β ⎦

7. The angle of elevation of a hill from a point A is 'α ' . After walking to some point B at a
distance ‘a’ metres from A on a slope inclined at ' γ ' to the horizon, the angle of elevation was
found to be β .
a Sin α Sin ( β − γ )
Height of the hill h =
Sin ( β − α )

2
 Heights and Distances
8. A balloon is observed simultaneously from the three points A, B, C on a straight road directly
beneath it. The angular elevation at B is twice that at A and the angular elevation at ‘C’ is thrice
that at A. If AB=a and BC=b then the height of the balloon h in terms of a and b is,

a
h= . ( 3b − a ) ( a + b )
2b
E

A θ 2θ 3θ D
B C

9. A flag staff stands on the top of a tower of height h metres. If the tower and flag staff subtend
equal angles at a distance ‘d’ metres from the foot of the tower, then the height the flag - staff in
⎡ d 2 + h2 ⎤
metres is h ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
⎣d − h ⎦

3
 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
Synopsis :
ex − e− x
1. i) sinhx =
2

ex + e− x
ii) coshx =
2

e x − e− x
iii)tanhx =
ex + e− x

ex + e− x
iv) cothx =
ex − e− x
2
v) sechx =
ex + e− x
2
vi) cosechx = are called hyperbolic
e − e− x
x

functions.
Note : sin(ix) = isinhx, cos(ix) = coshx, tan(ix) = itanhx.
2. cosh2x – sinh2x = 1
3. 1 – tanh2x = sech2x
4. coth2x – 1 = cosech2x
5. i) sinh (α + β) = sinh α cosh β + cosh α sinh β
ii) sinh (α – β) = sinh α cosh β – cosh α sinh β
iii)cosh (α + β) = cosh α cosh β + sinh α sinh β
iv) cosh (α – β) = cosh α cosh β – sinh α sinh β
tanh α + tanh β
v) tanh (α + β) =
1 + tanh α tanh β

tanh α − tanh β
vi) tanh (α – β) =
1 − tanh α tanh β

6. i) sinh 2x = 2sinhx coshx

ii) cosh 2x = cosh2x + sinh2x
1 + cosh 2x
iii)cosh 2x = 2 cosh2 x – 1 or cosh2x =
2
cosh 2x − 1
iv) cosh 2x = 1 + sinh2x or 2sinh2x =
2
2 tanh x
v) tanh 2x =
1 + tanh2 x
 Hyperbolic Functions
vi) sinh 3x = 3sinhx + 4sinh3x
vii) cosh 3x = 4cosh3x – 3coshx
3 tanh x + tanh3 x
viii) tanh 3x =
1 + 3 tanh2 x

7. Values of inverse hyperbolic functions as logarithms functions :

i) Sinh−1x = loge ( x + x 2 + 1)

ii) Cosh−1x = log( x + x 2 − 1), x ≥ 1

1+ x ⎞
iii) Tanh −1x = log⎛⎜
1
⎟, x ∈ (-1, 1)
2 ⎝ 1− x ⎠

x + 1⎞
iv) Coth−1x = log⎛⎜
1
⎟, | x |> 1
2 ⎝ x − 1⎠

⎛ 1± 1− x2 ⎞
v) Sech−1x = log⎜⎜ ⎟, 0 < x ≤ 1
⎟
x
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1+ 1+ x2 ⎞
vi) Co sec h−1x = log⎜⎜ ⎟, x > 0 or
⎟
x
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1− 1+ x2 ⎞
log⎜ ⎟, x < 0
⎜ x ⎟
⎝ ⎠