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BIO-BOTANY

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&

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BOTANY

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(Short version and Long version)

11th Standard
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Salient Features
Prepared as per the updated New Textbook for the year 2019.
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Exhaustive Additional MCQs (Questions, Match the following, Fill in the blanks, Choose the
odd man out, Choose the incorrect/Correct pair, Assertion-Reason, Choose the correct or
incorrect statement) are given in each chapter.
Comprehensive Additional VSA, SA, LA, HOTS questions with answers are given in each
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chapter.
All the diagrams are included and neatly labeled.
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Govt. Model Question Paper-2018, First Mid-Term Test, Quarterly Exam - 2018 and Half yearly
Exam - 2018 Questions are incorporated at appropriate sections.
Govt. Model Question Paper (Short version and Long version), March-2019 Question
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paper, Half Yearly examination -2020 and Sura Model Question paper.
Public Examination March 2020 Question Paper with Answers are given.
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CONTENTS

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UNIT I: Diversity of Living World

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Chapter 1 Living World...........................................................................................................................1-44
Chapter 2 Plant Kingdom......................................................................................................................45-68

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UNIT II: Plant Morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperm
Chapter 3 Vegetative Morphology .........................................................................................................69-90

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Chapter 4 Reproductive Morphology.................................................................................................. 91-114
Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Systematic Botany....................................................................................115-140

UNIT III: Cell biology and Biomolecules o

Chapter 6 Cell: The Unit of Life.........................................................................................................141-164
Chapter 7 Cell Cycle..........................................................................................................................165-178
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Chapter 8 Biomolecules.....................................................................................................................179-200

UNIT IV: Plant Anatomy (Structural Organisation)

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Chapter 9 Tissue and Tissue System..................................................................................................201-222

Chapter 10 Secondary Growth............................................................................................................223-238
UNIT V: Plant Physiology (Functional Organisation)
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Chapter 11 Transport in Plants ...........................................................................................................239-258

Chapter 12 Mineral Nutrition.............................................................................................................. 259-276
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Chapter 13 Photosynthesis..................................................................................................................277-302
Chapter 14 Respiration........................................................................................................................303-323
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Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development........................................................................................324-344

Bio-Botany (Short version) and Botany (Long version) Govt. Model Question papers
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March-2019, Half Yearly examination -2020 and Sura Model Question paper �����������������345-358
Public Examination March 2020 Question Paper with Answers����������������������������������������������� 359-370

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Unit-I

Diversity of Living

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World
Chapter 1

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Living World

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CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
1.1 Attributes of living organisms
o 1.4 Bacteria
1.1.1 Growth 1.4.1 Milestones in Bacteriology
1.1.2 Cellular structure 1.4.2 General characteristic Features of
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1.1.4 Reproduction Bacteria
1.1.3 Response to Stimuli 1.4.3 Ultra structure of a Bacterial cell
1.1.5 Homeostasis 1.4.4 Gram staining procedure
1.1.6 Metabolism 1.4.5 Life processes in Bacteria
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1.2 Viruses 1.4.6 Reproduction in Bacteria

1.2.1 Milestones in Virology 1.4.7 Economic Importance of Bacteria
1.2.2 Size and Shape 1.4.8 Archaebacteria
1.2.3 Characteristic features of Viruses 1.4.9 Cyanobacteria (Blue Green
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Algae)
1.2.4 Classification of Viruses
1.4.10 Mycoplasma or Mollicutes
1.2.5 Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
1.4.11 Actinomycetes (Actinobacteria)
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1.2.6 Bacteriophage
1.5 Fungi
1.2.7 Multiplication or Life Cycle of
Phages 1.5.1 Milestones in Mycology
1.5.2 General Characteristic features
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1.2.8 Viral diseases

1.5.3 Methods of Reproduction in
1.3 Classification of Living World
Fungi
1.3.1 Need of Classification
1.5.4 Classification of Fungi
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1.3.2 Classification of Living World

1.5.5 Economic Importance
1.3.3 Five Kingdom Classification
1.5.6 Mycorrhizae
1.5.7 Lichens

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Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Chapter 1  Living World 13

4. Assembly and Maturation : rough colonies and are avirulent (R type).

(i) DNA of the phage and protein coat are 4. When S-type of cells were injected into the
synthesized separately, assembled to form mouse, the mouse died. When R-type of cells
phage particles. were injected, the mouse survived.
(ii) This assembling process of the phage 5. He injected heat killed S-type cells into the
particles is known as maturation. mouse the mouse did not die.

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6. When the mixture of heat killed S-type cells and
(iii) After 20 min of infection about 300 new
R-type cells were injected into the mouse. The
phages are assembled.
mouse died.
5. Release :

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7. The avirulent rough strain of Diplococcus had
(i) Maturation of phage particles starts and been transformed into S-type cells.
accumulate inside the host cell. 8. The hereditary material of heat killed S-type
(ii) The phage particles are released by the lysis cells had transformed R-type cell into virulent
of host cell wall. smooth strains.

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9. Thus the phenomenon of changing the character
3. Explain sexual reproduction in Bacteria. of one strain by transferring the DNA of another
Ans. Sexual Reproduction in Bacteria: [HY-2019] strain into the former is called Transformation.

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Typical sexual reproduction involving the formation (iii) Transduction:
and fusion of gametes is absent in bacteria. However  Zinder and Lederberg (1952) discovered
gene recombination can occur in bacteria by three Transduction in Salmonella typhimurum. Phage
different methods. They are: mediated DNA transfer is called Transduction.
(i) Conjugation Transduction is of two types:
(ii) Transformation
o (i) Generalized transduction
(iii) Transduction (ii) Specialized or Restricted transduction.
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(i) Conjugation (i) Generalized Transduction:
1. J. Lederberg and Edward L. Tatum demonstrated  The ability of a bacteriophage to carry
conjugation in E. coli. in the year 1946. genetic material of any region of bacterial
2. In this method of gene transfer the donor cell DNA is called generalised transduction.
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gets attached to the recipient cell with the help (ii) Specialized or Restricted Transduction:
of pili.
The ability of the bacteriophage to carry
3. The pilus grows in size and forms the conjugation
only a specific region of the bacterial
tube.
DNA is called specialized or restricted
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4. The plasmid of donor cell which has the F+

transduction.
(fertility factor) undergoes replication.
5. Only one strand of DNA is transferred to the
recipient cell through conjugation tube.
Additional
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6. The recipient completes the structure of double

stranded DNA by synthesizing the strand that
complements the strand acquired from the Choose Correct Answers 1 MARK
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the
donor.
(ii) Transformation:
1. Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another I. Choose the Correct options for the
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is called transformation. below Questions:

2. In 1928 the bacteriologist Frederick Griffith
demonstrated transformation in Mice using 1. Identify the criteria not used for classification of
Diplococcus pneumoniae. viruses?
3. Two strains of this bacterium are present. One (a) –ss or – ds (b) Use of RT
strain produces smooth colonies and are virulent in (c) (+) RNA or (–) RNA (d) Reproduction
nature (S type) In addition another strain produced  [Ans. (d) Reproduction]

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Unit-I

Diversity of Living

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World
Chapter 2

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Plant Kingdom

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2.1 Classification of Plants
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
o ok 2.6 Gymnosperms
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2.2 Life Cycle patterns in Plants 2.6.1 General characteristic features
2.3 Algae 2.6.2 Comparison of Gymnosperms
2.3.1 General characteristic features with Angiosperms
2.3.2 Classification 2.6.3 Economic importance of
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Gymnosperms
2.3.3 Economic Imporatance
2.7 Angiosperms
2.4 Bryophytes
2.7.1 Salient features of Angiosperms
2.4.1 General characteristic features
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2.7.2 Characteristic features

2.4.2 Economic Importance
of Dicotyledons and
2.5 Pteridophytes Monocotyledons
2.5.1 General characteristic features
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2.5.2 Economic Importance

2.5.3 Types of Stele
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45

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Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Chapter 2  Plant Kingdom 65

6. List the salient features of Bryophytes. 17. The zygote, embryo and the sporogonium constitute
Ans. Salient features of Bryophytes : sporophytic phase. The green long living haploid
1. Plant body of bryophyte is gametophyte, not phase is called gametophytic phase.
differentiated into root, stem and leaf like 18. The haploid gametophytic phase alternates with
structure. diploid and shows heterologous alternation of
generation.

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2. Most of them are primitive land dwellers. Some
of them are aquatic (Riella, Ricciocarpus). 7. Write the general characteristic features of
3. The gametophyte is conspicuous, long lived Gymnosperms.
phase of the life cycle. Thalloid forms are present Ans. Gymnosperms are naked seed bearing plants.

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in liverworts and Hornworts. 1. Most of the Gymnosperms are evergreen woody
4. In Mosses leaf like, stem like structures are trees or shrubs. Some are lianas (Gnetum).
present. In Liverworts thallus grows prostrate on 2. The plant body is sporophyte and is differentiated
the ground and is attached to the substratum by into root, stem and leaves.

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means of rhizoids. 3. A well developed Tap root system is present.
Coralloid Roots of Cycas have symbiotic
5. Vascular tissues Xylem and Phloem are absent,
association with blue green algae. In Pinus the
so called Non vascular cryptogams.
roots have mycorrhizae.

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6. Vegetative reproduction takes place by the 4. The stem is aerial, erect and branched or
formation of adventitious buds (Riccia fluitans). unbranched (Cycas) with leaf scars.
Tubers develop in Anthoceros. Gemmae are 5. In conifers, two types of branches namely
formed in Marchantia. o branches of limited growth (Dwarf shoot) and
7. Sexual reproduction is oogamous. Antheridia Branches of unlimited growth (Long shoot) is
and Archegonia are produced in a protective present.
covering and are multicellular. 6. Leaves are dimorphic, foliage and scale leaves are
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8. The antheridia produces biflagellate antherozoids present. Foliage leaves are green, photosynthetic
which swims in thin film of water and reach and borne on branches of limited growth. They
the archegonium and fuse with the egg to form show xerophytic features.
diploid zygote. 7. The xylem consists of tracheids but in Gnetum
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9. Water is essential for fertilization. and Ephedra vessels are present.

8. Secondary growth is present. The wood may
10. The zygote is the first cell of the sporophyte
be manoxylic (Porous, soft, more parenchyma
generation. It undergoes mitotic division to
with wide medullary ray -cycas) or pycnoxylic
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form multicellular undifferentiated embryo. The (compact with narrow medullary ray-Pinus).
embryogeny is exoscopic. The embryo divides 9. They are heterosporous. The plant may be
and give rise to sporophyte. monoecious (Pinus) or dioecious (Cycas).
11. The sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte.
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10. Microsporangia and megasporangia are produced

12. It is differentiated in to three recognizable parts on microsporophyll and megasporophyll
namely foot, seta and capsule. respectively.
11. Male and female cones are produced.
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13. The foot is the basal portion and is embedded

in the gametophyte through which water and 12. Anemophilous pollination is present.
nutrients are supplied for the sporophyte. 13. Fertilization is siphonogamous and pollen tube
14. The diploid spore mother cells found in the helps in the transfer of male nuclei.
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capsule region undergoes meiotic division and 14. Polyembryony (presence of many embryo) is
present. The naked ovule develops into seed.
give rise to haploid spores.
The endosperm is haploid and develop before
15. In some sporophytes Elaters are present and help fertilization.
in dispersal of spores. Eg: Marchantia. 15. The life cycle shows alternation of generation.
16. Bryophytes are homosporous. The sporophytic phase is dominant and
gametophytic phase is highly reduced.

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Unit-II
Plant Morphology
and Taxonomy of

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Angiosperms
Chapter 3

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Vegetative Morphology

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3.1 Habit
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
o ok 3.7 Leaf
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3.2 Plant habitat 3.7.1 Parts of the leaf
3.3 Life Span 3.7.2 Venation
3.4 Parts of a flowering plant 3.7.3 Phyllotaxy
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3.5 Root system 3.7.4 Leaf mosaic

3.5.1 Types of root 3.7.5 Leaf type
3.5.2 Modification of root 3.7.6 Modification of leaf
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3.6 Shoot system 3.7.7 Ptyxis

3.6.1 Buds (Young or immature shoot) 3.7.8 Leaf duration
3.6.2 Types of stem 3.7.9 Leaf symmetry
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3.6.3 Modification of stem

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69

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 70
CONCEPT MAP
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Vegetative Morphology Of Flowering Plants
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Stem modification Leaf modification
Root modification
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Aerial modification Sub Aerial Underground
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Tap root modification Adventitious root modification modification modification

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Runner Stolon Sucker Offset
Storage Breathing root
Creepers Trailer Climber
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1. Conical Bulb Corm Rhizome Tuber
2. Fusiform
3. Napiform
Storage Mechanical support Vital function
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1. Leaf Tendrils
Sura’s  XI Std

1. Prop root 1. Root Climber 2. Leaf hooks

1. Epiphytic root
1.Tuberous root 2. Stilt root 3. Leaf Spines
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2. Foliar root 2. Stem Climber (Twiner)
2. Fasciculated root 3. Climbing root 4. Storage leaves
3. Sucking root 3. Tendril Climber
3. Nodulose root 4. Buttress root 5. Phyllode
4. Photosynthetic root 4. Hook Climber
4. Moniliform root 6. Pitcher
5. Lianas
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5. Annulated root 7. Bladder
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1. Procumbent 8. Floral leaves

2. Decumbent
3. Diffuse
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 Bio-Botany & Botany  Unit - II
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Unit-II
Plant Morphology
and Taxonomy of

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Angiosperms
Chapter 4

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Reproductive morphology

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CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
4.1 Inflorescence 4.4.5 Anther attachment
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4.1.1 Types of Inflorescence 4.4.6 Anther dehiscence
4.1.2 Based on branching pattern and 4.4.7 Anther dehiscing direction
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other character 4.5 Gynoecium
4.2 Flower 4.5.1 Number of carpel
4.2.1 Parts of flower 4.5.2 Fusion of carpels
4.2.2 Whorls of flower 4.5.3 Number of locules
4.2.3 Flower sex 4.5.4 Style and stigma
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4.2.4 Plant sex 4.5.5 Extension of the condensed

4.2.5 Flower symmetry internode of the receptacle
4.3 Accessory Organs 4.5.6 Ovary position
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4.3.1 Arrangement of whorls 4.5.7 Perianth / Androecial position on

4.3.2 Cycly thalamus
4.3.3 Merosity 4.6 Construction of floral diagram and
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4.3.4 Calyx floral formula

4.3.5 Corolla 4.7 Fruits
4.3.6 Perianth 4.7.1 Structure of fruit
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4.3.7 Aestivation 4.7.2 Types of fruit

4.4 Androecium 4.7.3 Function of fruit
4.4.1 Fusion of stamens 4.8 Seed
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4.4.2 Arrangement of stamens relate to 4.8.1 Types of seed

length of stamens 4.7.2 Significance of ssseeds
4.4.3 Stamen insertion
4.4.4 Anther types

91

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Evaluation
1. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family 8. Explain the different types of placentation with
 [March-2019] example. [March-2019]
(a) Fabaceae (b) Asteraceae

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Ans. The mode of distribution of placenta inside the ovary
(c) Solanaceae (d) Brassicaceae is called placentation. Placenta bears the ovules.
 [Ans. (a) Fabaceae] Different types as follows:
2. Gynoecium with united carpels is termed as 1. Marginal: It is with the placentae along the

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(a) Apocarpous (b) Multicarpellary margin of a unicarpellate ovary.
(c) Syncarpous (d) None of the above Eg: Fabaceae.
 [Ans. (c) Syncarpous] 2.  Axile : The placentae arises
from the column in a compound
3. Aggregate fruit develops from

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ovary with septa. Eg: Hibiscus,
(a) Multicarpellary, apocarpous ovary tomato, lemon.
(b) Multicarpellary, syncarpous ovary
(c) Multicarpellary ovary 3. Superficial: Ovules arise from the

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(d) Whole inflorescence[Ans. (a) Multicarpellary, surface of the septa.
 apocarpous ovary] Eg: Nymphaeaceae.
4. In an inflorescence where flowers are borne 4. Parietal: It is the
laterally in an acropetal succession the position of placentae on the ovary walls or upon
the youngest floral bud shall be
o intruding partitions of a unilocular,
(a) Proximal (b) Distal compound ovary. Eg: Mustard,
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(c) Intercalary (d) Anywhere Argemone, cucumber.
 [Ans. (b) Distal] 5. Basal: It is the placenta at the base of
the ovary. Eg: Sunflower,
5. A true fruit is the one where Marigold.
(a) Only ovary of the flower develops into fruit 6. Free-central: It is with the
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(b) Ovary and calyx of the flower develops into fruit placentae along the column
(c) Ovary, calyx and thalamus of the flower develops in a compound ovary without septa.
into fruit Eg: Caryophyllaceae, Dianthus, Primrose.
(d) All floral whorls of the flower develops into fruit
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 [Ans. (a) Only ovary of the flower develops 9. Differentiate between aggregate fruit with
 into fruit] multiple fruit.
Ans.
6. Find out the floral formula for a bisexual flower
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No. Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit

with bract, regular, pentamerous, distinct calyx 1. It is formed from a It is formed from whole
and corolla, superior ovary without bracteole. single flower with inflorescence.
Ans. Br., Ebrl., ,О→, K , C , C , G . apocarpous pistil.
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+ 5 5 10 (3) Each free carpel

Note: No of stamens has been taken as 10. Not develops into a
mentioned in the question. Similarly No of carpels fruitlet.
has been taken as 5.
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2. It is a group or Many fruitlets form a

etaerio of fruitlets. composite fruit.
7. Give the technical terms for the following:
(a) A sterile stamen 3. It can be compact It is Compact.
(Annona) or loose
(b) Stamens are united in one bunch
(polyalthia).
(c) Stamens are attached to the petals
Ans. (a) Staminode (b) Monadelphous 4. Eg: Annona, Eg: Pineapple, Jack
Polyalthia. fruit.
(c) Epipetalous

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Unit-II
Plant Morphology
and Taxonomy of

m
Angiosperms
Chapter 5

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Taxonomy And Systematic Botany

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CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
5.1 Taxonomy and systematics 5.11 Modern trends in taxonomy
5.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy 5.11.1 Chemotaxonomy
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5.3 Concept of species - Morphological, 5.11.2 Biosystematics
Biological and Phylogenetic 5.11.3 Karyotaxonomy
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5.4 International code of Botanical 5.11.4 Serotaxonomy
Nomenclature (immunotaxonomy)
5.5 Type concept 5.11.5 Molecular taxonomy
5.6 Taxonomic Aids (molecular systematics /
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5.7 Botanical Gardens molecular Phylogenetics)

5.8 Herbaruim - Preparation and uses 5.11.6 DNA Barcoding
5.9 Classification of plants 5.11.7 Differences between classical
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and modern Taxonomy

5.9.1 Need for classification
5.12 Cladistics
5.10 Types of classification
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5.13 Selected Families of Angiosperms

5.10.1 Artificial system of
classification 5.13.1 Fabaceae
5.10.2 Natural system 5.13.2 Solanaceae
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5.10.3 Phylogenetic system of 5.13.3 Liliaceae

classification
5.10.4 Angiosperm phylogeny group
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(APG) classification

115

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118 Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Unit - II

MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS

Taxonomy : Taxonomy as "the science dealing with the study of classification including the principles,
rules and procedures".
Systematics : Systematics as "Scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and all

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relationships between them".
Taxonomic hierarchy : It is the arrangement of various taxonomic levels in descending order starting from
kingdom up to species.

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Kingdom : Kingdom is the highest level or rank of the Taxonomic hierarchy.
Division : It is the next level of classification after 'kingdom' that consists of number of classes.
Class : It consists of group of orders which share few similarities.

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Order : It includes group of families which show less similarities among them.
Family : It comprises a number of genera which share some similarities among themselves.

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Genus : It consists of multiple species which have similar characters but differ from the species
of another genus.
Species : It is the lowest rank of classification and shows the highest level of similarities among
the organisms. Species is the fundamental unit of taxonomic classification.
Morphological species
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: When the individuals are similar to one another in one or more features and different
(Taxonomic species) from other such groups are called Morphological speices.
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Biological species : These are groups of populations that inter breed and are reproductively isolated from
(Isolation Species) other such groups in nature.
: Phylogenetic species as an evolutionary species is a single lineage of ancestor descendent
Phylogenetic species
populations which maintains its such linages identity from other such lineages.
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Nomenclature : Assigning name for a plant is known as Nomenclature.

Vernacular names : They are very often descriptive and poetic references to plants. It refers to more than
(Common names) one plant or many plants may have same common name.
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Scientific names : ICN assigns a name for individual plant group which is known as scientific name.
: Polynomial included a single word for a plant followed by a lengthy list of discriptive
Polynomial terms in Latin. It was followed earlier but now-a-days only binomial is universally
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followed.
: Scientific name of a species consists of two words. According to Binomial nomenclature,
Binomial the first name is called genus and second one is scientific Epithet. Eg: Mangifera india.
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Mangifera is a genus name and indica is specific epithet.

: This refers to valid name of the taxa accompanied by the author's name who published
Author Citation
the name validly. Eg: Solanum americanum.L (L stands for Linnaeus)
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: Specimen must be associated with the scientific name known as Nomenclatural type.
Type concept
This is either a specimen or may be an illustration.
Taxonomic Aids : Taxonomic aids are the tools for the taxonomic study.

Keys : Taxonomic keys are the tools for the identification of unfamiliar plants.

Dichotomous type : The most common type of key.

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122 Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Unit - II

2. Artificial system of classification is also known as 3. Draw the floral diagram and write the floral
________ of classification. [QY-2018] formula of Allium cepa. [HY-2019]
(a) Natural system (b) Phylogenetic system Ans. Floral Formula:
(c) Bio-systematic (d) Sexual system Br., Ebrl., , О→, P , A3+3, G(3).
+ (3+3)
 [Ans. (d) Sexual system]
Floral diagram :

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3. ________ is known as Father of Botany. [QY-2019]
(a) John Ray (b) Theophrastus
(c) Bauhin (d) Linnaeus
[Ans. (b) Theophrastus]

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Very Short Answers 2 MARKS

Long Answers  5 MARKS
1. Find out the floral formula for a unisexual Describe the Floral characters of Allium Cepa

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1.
female flower with bract and without bracteolate with a neat floral diagram. [March-2019]
trimerous with indisinct calyx and corolla with
Trilocular superior ovary. [QY-2019]
Ans. Floral Characters :

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→, P 1. Inflorescence: Scapigerous i.e. the inflorescence
Ans. Br., Ebrl., , О
+ (3+3)
, A0 G(3).
axis (peduncle) arising from the ground bearing a
2. What is Biosystematics? [HY-2018] cluster of flowers at its apex. Pedicels are of equal
Ans. 1. Biosystematics is an “Experimental, ecological length, arising from the apex of the peduncle
and cytotaxonomy” through which life forms which brings all flowers at the same level.
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are studied and their relationships are defined. 2. Flower: Small, white, bracteate, ebracteolate,
2. The term biosystematics was introduced by pedicellate, complete, trimerous, actinomorphic
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Camp & Gilly in 1943. and hypogynous. Flowers are protandrous.
Short Answers  3 MARKS 3. Perianth: Tepals 6, white, arranged in two
whorls of three each, syntepalous showing
1. Write the major class of seed plants. [QY-2018]
valvate aestivatikon.
Ans. Phanerorgams : Seed producing plants. They are
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Gymnosperms : They are naked seed producing 4. Androecium: Stamens 6, arranged in two
whorls of three each, epiphyllous, apostamenous
plants. Eg: a) Cycas, b) Thuja c) Taxus, d) Ginkgo.
/free and opposite to tepals. Anthers dithecous,
Angiosperms : Seeds are enclosed by fruit which is
basifixed, introse, and dehiscing longitudinally.
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formed by ovary. Eg: Mangifera indica, Musa

8. Gynoecium: Tricarpellary and syncarpous.
2. Write three uses of Herbarium? [QY-2019] Ovary superior, trilocular with two ovules in
Ans. 1. Herbarium provides resource material for each locule on axile placentation. Style simple,
w

systematic research and studies. slender with simple stigma.

2. It is a place for orderly arrangement of voucher 7. Fruit: A loculicidal capsule.
specimens.
8. Seed: Endospermous.
w

3. Voucher specimen serves as a reference for

comparing doubtful newly collected fresh 9. Floral Formula:
Br., Ebrl., , О→, P
(3+3), A3+3, G(3).
specimens. +
w

4. Voucher specimens play a role in studies like

floristic diversity, environmental assessment,
ecological mechanisms and survey of
unexplored areas.
5. Herbarium provides opportunity for
documenting biodiversity and studies related to
the field of ecology and conservation biology.

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Unit-III

Cell Biology and

m
Biomolecules
Chapter 6

co
Cell: The Unit of Life

s.
ok
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
6.1 Discovery 6.6.4 Mitochondria
6.2 Microscopy o 6.6.5 Plastids
6.2.1 Bright field Microscope 6.6.6 Chloroplast
6.2.2 Dark field Microscope 6.6.7 Ribosome
ab
6.2.3 Phase contrast Microscope 6.6.8 Lysosomes (Suicidal Bags of Cell)
6.2.4 Electron Microscope 6.6.9 Peroxisomes
6.3 Cell Theory 6.6.10 Glyoxysomes
6.3.1 Exception to Cell Theory 6.6.11 Microbodies
ur

6.3.2 Cell Doctrine (Cell Principle) 6.6.12 Sphaerosomes

6.3.3 Protoplasm Theory 6.6.13 Centrioles
6.3.4 Cell sizes and shapes 6.6.14 Vacuoles
6.4 Cell types 6.7 Nucleus
.s

6.4.1 Prokaryotes 6.7.1 Chromosomes

6.4.2 Mesokaryotes 6.8 Flagella
w

6.4.3 Eukaryotes 6.8.1 Prokaryotic Flagellum

6.5 Plant and Animal cell 6.8.2 Eukaryotic Flagellum-Cell
6.5.1 Ultra Structure of Eukaryotic Cell Motility
w

6.5.2 Protoplasm 6.8.3 Cilia

6.5.3 Cell Wall 6.9 Cytological Techniques
6.5.4 Cell Membrane 6.9.1 Preparation of slides
w

6.6 Cell organelles 6.9.2 Recording the Observations

6.6.1 Endomembrane system 6.9.3 Staining Techniques
6.6.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum
6.6.3 Golgi Body (Dictyosomes)

141

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7. Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 8 Nucleus present along the Nucleus at the centre
 [QY-2018] periphery of the cell. of the cell.
Ans. Features Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 9 Lysosomes are rare. Lysosomes present.
Nuclear Nuclear material A well 10 Storage material is starch Storage material is a
character is called designed grains. glycogen granules.
Nucleoid and not nucleus

m
bound by nuclear with nuclear 9. Draw the ultra structure of plant cell.
membrane. membrane is Ans. Golgi Membrane Cell wall
seen. apparatus Ribosomes Cytoplasm

co
Histones DNA is not DNA is Chloroplast
Vacuole

associated with associated with

histone protein. histone protein. Mitochondrion

Organelles Membrane bound Membrane

Perixosome
organelles like bound

s.
Mitochondria, organelles are Rough
Nucleus
endoplasmic
Plastids, Golgi are present. reticulum
absent. Eg: Higher

ok
Eg : Bacteria. plants.
Ribosomes. Ribosomes Ribosomes Ultra Structure of Plant Cell
(50s + 30s) type. (60s + 40s type.
DNA DNA is usually DNA is usually
circular. linear. GOVERNMENT EXAM QUESTIONS
Cell division Cell division
oCell division
occurs by Binary occurs by
ab
fission. Mitosis and Bio-Botany (Short version)
Meiosis.

8. Difference between plant and animal cell. Choose the Correct Answers 1 MARK
Ans. 1. Regarding flip-flop movement, which one of the
ur

No. Plant cell Animal cell following statement is correct? [Govt. MQP-2018]
1 Usually they are larger Usually smaller than
(a) Proteins can flip-flop, lipids cannot
than animal cells. plant cells. (b) Neither lipids nor proteins can flip-flop
.s

2 Cell wall present in Cell wall absent. (c) Both lipids and proteins can flip-flop
addition to plasma (d) Lipdis can rarely flip-flop, proteins cannot
membrane and consists of  [Ans. (d) Lipdis can rarely flip-flop,
middle lamellae, primary proteins cannot]
w

and secondary walls.

3 Plasmodesmata present. Plasmodesmata 2. German botanist Matthias Schleiden and German
absent. Zoologist Theodor Schwann proposed cell theory
w

4 Chloroplast present. Chloroplast absent. in ________ . [QY-2018]

(a) 1833 (b) 1883
5 Vacuole large and Vacuole small and
permanent. temporary. (c) 1863 (d) 1933 [Ans. (a) 1833]
w

6 Tonoplast present around Tonoplast absent. 3. Ribosomes were first observed by _____ [HY-2018]
vacuole. (a) Christian de Duve (b) George Palade
7 Centrioles absent except Centrioles present. (c) A.Kolliker (d) A.F.U.Schimper
motile cells of lower  [Ans. (d) A.F.U.Schimper]
plants.

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Unit-III

Cell Biology and

m
Biomolecules
Chapter 7

co
Cell Cycles

s.
7.1 History of a Cell
7.1.1
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
o
The Role of the nucleus
ok 7.2.6 G2 The Second Gap phase - 4 C
amount of DNA in cells of G2 and
ab
mitosis
7.1.2 Chromosomes
7.3 Cell Division
7.1.3 Nuclear divisions
7.3.1 Amitosis (Direct Cell Divisions)
7.2 Cell Cycle
ur

7.3.2 Mitosis
7.2.1 Duration of Cell Cycle
7.3.3 Closed and open mitosis
7.2.2 Interphase
7.3.4 Cytokinesis
.s

7.2.3 G1 Phase
7.3.5 Significance of mitosis
7.2.4 G0 Phase
7.3.6 Meiosis
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7.2.5 S Phase - Synthesis Phase - cells

with intermediate amounts of 7.3.7 Significance of meiosis
DNA. 7.4 Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis
w

7.5 Mitogen
w

165

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176 Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Unit - III

3. Identify the name of the phases of the below 2. (a) Glyoxysome (b) Phosphate granules
diagram. (c) Carboxysomes (d) Gas vacuoles
A B  [Ans. (a) Glyoxysome]
(a) Metaphase Anaphase A B Reason: Glyoxysome is a single membrane bound
(b) Telophase Prometaphase organelle. Others are the reserve materials of

m
(c) Prometaphase Metaphase prokaryotes.
(d) Anaphase Telophase
Competitive Examination Questions
[Ans. (d) A-Anaphase, B-Telophase]

co
VIII. Identify the Correct pair from the 1. Omnis-cellula-e-cellula was given by  (2007 AIIMS)
below : (a) Virchow (b) Hooke
1. (a) Amitosis - Indirect cell division (c) Leeuwenhoek (d) Robert Brown

s.
(b) Karyokinesis - Cytoplasm  [Ans. (a) Virchow]
(c) Cytokinesis - Nucleus
2. Which of the following is responsible for the
(d) Mitosis - Equational division

ok
mechanical support, protein synthesis and enzyme
[Ans. (d) Mitosis - Equational division]
transport  (2007 AIIMS)

2. (a) Dyad of cells - haploid (a) cell membrane (b) mitochondria

(b) Tetrads - Chiasmata (c) dictyosomes
(c) X-shape -
o
Bivalent (d) endoplasmic reticulum
(d) Pachytene - Synapsis
ab
 [Ans. (d) endoplasmic reticulum]
[Ans. (a) Dyad of cells - haploid]

IX. Identify the Incorrect pair from the

Very Short Answers 2 MARKS
below : 1. What are the drawbacks of amitosis?
ur

1. (a) Bipolar spindle - Cytoplasmic fibres of protein Ans. 1. Causes unequal distribution of chromosomes.
(b) Prophase - Chromosome made up of two 2. Can lead to abnormalities in metabolism and
chromatids and centromere
reproduction.
.s

(c) Anaphase - Equatorial plate

(d) Metaphase - Kinetochore 2. What are APC?
 [Ans. (c) Anaphase - Equatorial plate] Ans. 1. Anaphase–Promoting Complex Cyclosome
w

2. (a) G2 phase - Growth phase (APC/C) is a ubiquitine ligase.

(b) M phase - Interphase 2. It is a cluster of proteins that induces breaking
(c) S phase - DNA synthesis
down of cohesion proteins thus facilitating the
w

(d) G1 phase - RNA and DNA synthesis

separation of chromatids during mitosis.
 [Ans. (b) M phase - Interphase]
X. Identify the Odd-man out from the 3. What is closed mitosis?
w

below : Ans. In closed mitosis, the nuclear envelope remains

1. (a) Haplostele (b) Solenostele intact and Chromosomes migrate to opposite poles
(c) Actinostele (d) Plectostele of a spindle within the nucleus.
 [Ans. (b) Solenostele] Eg: Yeast and Slime molds.
Reason: Solenostele is a type of Siphonostele. Others
are the type of Protostele.

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Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Chapter 8  Biomolecules 181

CONCEPT MAP

m
Enzymes

co
Lock and Key Allosteric enzymes Nomenclature
Mechanism of
of enzymes
Enzyme Action

s.
Factors affecting

ok
the rate of enzyme
reactions End product Inhibition

Temperature
pH
Substrate
oInhibitors of
Enzyme
concentration
ab
Enzyme
concentration
Enzyme Cofactors
ur

Holoenzyme
Competitive Non-competitive
Inhibitor Inhibitor Apoenzyme
Inorganic
.s

Prosthetic groups
Coenzymes
w
w
w

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194 Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Unit - III

2. (a) Alkaloids - Abrin Very Short Answers 2 MARKS

(b) Toxins - Ricin 1. What are macromolecules? Give example.
(c) Drugs - Curcumin Ans. Macromlecules: Simple molecules assemble
(d) Pigments - anthocyanins and form large and complex molecules called
[Ans. (a) Alkaloids - Abrin] macromolecules.

m
3. (a) Protein - Important components of Examples: These include four main classes –
nucleus. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
(b) Nucleic acid - M
 ajor components of Write the test for starch.

co
2.
chromosomes. Ans. Presence of starch can be tested by adding a solution
(c) Amino acid - An amphoteric compound. of iodine in potassium iodide to it. Blue-black colour
(d) Enzymes - Colloidal catalysts. is obtained if starch is present.
 [Ans. (d) Enzymes - Colloidal catalysts]

s.
3. Mention two uses of cellulose.
X. Identify the Odd-man out from the Ans. 1. Cellulose fibres are found in cotton.
below : 2. Nitrocellulose is used in explosives.

ok
4. What are unsaturated lipids?
1. (a) Mushroom (b) Crab Ans. 1. Lipids are made of fatty acids which are
(c) Prawn (d) Mosquito carboxylic acid of long chain hydrocarbons.
 [Ans. (d) Mosquito] 2. In unsaturated fatty acids the hydrocarbon chain
Reason: Mosquito cell walls are not made up of
o
Chitin. Mushroom cell walls and Crab and Prawn
is double bonded. Eg: Oleic acid.

shells are made of Chitin. 5. What are polypeptides?

ab
Ans. 1. The amino group of one amino acid reacts with
2. (a) Lysine (b) Arginine
(c) Histidine (d) Aspartate carboxyl group of other amino acid, forming a
 [Ans. (d) Aspartate] peptide bond.
Reason: Aspartate is the type of negatively charged 2. Long strings of amino acids linked by peptide
ur

R group Amino acids. Other are positively charged R bonds are called polypeptides.
group Amino acids. 6. What is a prosthetic group?
Ans. 1. Prosthetic groups are organic molecules that
.s

Competitive Examination Questions assist in catalytic function of an enzyme.

2. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) contains
1. In mitochondria the enzyme cytochrome oxidase riboflavin (vit B2), the function of which is to
w

is present in  (2012 JIPMER) accept hydrogen.

(a) Outer mitochondrial membrane
(b) inner mitochondrial membrane 7. What is meant by activation energy?
Ans. 1. In a enzyme catalysed reaction, the starting
w

(c) Stroma
(d) Grana substance is the substrate.
 [Ans. (b) inner mitochondrial membrane] 2. It is converted to the product.
3. The substrate binds to the specially formed
w

2. Sequences of which of the following is used to pocket in the enzyme – the active site, this is
know the phylogeny  (2002 JIPMER) called lock state and this minimum energy
(a) mRNA (b) rRNA needed is called the activation energy.
(c) tRNA (d) Hn RNA
 [Ans. (b) rRNA]

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Unit-IV

Plant Anatomy

m
(Structural organisation)

Chapter 9

co
Tissue and Tissue System

s.
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT

ok
9.1 Meristematic tissue
9.5 Fundamental tissue system
9.2 Permanent tissues
9.6 Vascular tissue system
9.3 The tissue system
9.7 Comparision of primary structure
9.4 Epidermal tissue system o
ab
CONCEPT MAP
Classification of meristem
ur

Position Origin Function Plane of division

Apical meristem Mass meristem

Primary Meristem
Present in apices of Protoderm It divides in all
.s

It is derived from
root and shoot. It is It gives rise to planes. Example:
embryonic stages and
responsible for increase epidermal tissue endosperm,young
differentiated into
in the length of the plant, system and embryo and
primary permanent
it is called as primary develops into sporangium
tissues.
w

growth. epidermis,stomata
Secondary meristem It is and hairs.
derived during later stage Rib meristem or
Intercalary meristem
of development of the File meristem
Occurs between the Procambium
plant body. It produces It divides
w

mature tissues. It is It gives rise to

cork cambium and anticlinally in one
responsible for elongation primary vascular
interfascicular cambium. plane. Example:
of internodes. tissues. Example: development of
xylem and phloem. cortex and pith
Lateral meristem
w

Occurs along the

Secondary meristem
longitudinal axis of stem
It is derived during later
and root. It is responsible Ground Plate meristem
stage of development
for secondary tissues and Meristem It divides
of the plant body. It
thickening of stem and It gives rise to anticlinally in two
produces cork cambium
root. Example: vascular all tissues except planes. Example:
and interfascicular
cambium and cork epidermis and development of
cambium.
cambium. vascular strands. epidermis

201
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Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Chapter 9  Tissue and Tissue System 207

Long Answers  5 MARKS

1. Draw and label the parts of T.S.of Dicot leaf
Additional
 [HY-2018]
Cuticle
Ans. Upper epidermis
Palisade parenchyma
Choose the Correct Answers 1 MARK

m
Protoxylem
Metaxylem
Spongy parenchyma
Phloem I. Choose the Correct options for the
Bundle sheath
below Questions:

co
Stoma
Epidermal hair
Lower epidermis 1. Who proposed Tunica corpus theory?
Respiratory cavity

T.S. of Dicot Leaf (Sunflower)

(a) Henstein (b) Strassburgur
(c) Schmidt (d) Hofmeister

s.
2. (a) (i) Draw and lable the internal structure of  [Ans. (c) Schmidt]
Nerium leaf. [March-2019]
2. Which of the following is not a function of
(ii) Name the following Vascular Bundle. epidermis?

ok
(a) Protection of internal tissues.
(A) XYLEM (b) Exchange of gases.
(c) Providing mechanical strength and flexibility.
(d) Minimising surface transpiration.
PHLOEM
o 

[Ans. (c) Providing mechanical strength and
flexibility]
ab
3. Who is the Father of Plant Anatomy?
(a) Esau (b) Nehemiah
(c) Linnaeus (d) Leeuwenhock
PHLOEM  [Ans. (b) Nehemiah]
(B)
ur

4. How many types of wood fibres?

XYLEM (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 2
 [Ans. (c) 4]
5. Which is the are modified stomata?
.s

(a) Guard cells (b) Bulliform cells

Ans. i) Internal Structure of Nerium Leaf : (c) Motor cells (d) Hydathodes
 [Ans. (d) Hydathodes]
w

II. Choose the Correct options for the

below Fill in the blanks:
w

1. In a vertical section of a typical dicot leaf, the

phloem in the mid-vein is situated at _______.
w

(a) Facing the lower epidermis

(b) Facing the upper epidermis
(c) Facing sideways
(d) All around the xylem
ii) Vascular Bundle :
 [Ans. (a) Facing the lower epidermis]
A) Concentric Amphivasal vascular bundle
B) Radial arrangement

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Unit-IV

Plant Anatomy

m
(Structural organisation)

Chapter 10

co
Secondary Growth

s.
ok
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
10.1 Secondary growth in Dicot stem
10.2 Secondary growth in Dicot root
10.3
o
Anomalous secondary growth
10.4 Timber
ab
ur

CONCEPT MAP
.s

Secondary Growth
w

Vascular Cambium Annual rings Cork cambium Commercial Barks

Secondary Xylem Secondary Phloem Phellem Phelloderm Products

w

Quinine

Cork

Rubber
w

Spring wood Autumn wood Porous wood Non Porous wood Sap wood Heart wood
Turpentine

Cinnamomum

Gum Arabic

223

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Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Chapter 10  Secondary Growth 227

Reason: (vi) The spring wood is lighter in colour and has

(i) In the cross section of the tree trunk, the lighter a lower density whereas the autumn wood is
(spring wood) and darker (Autumn wood) rings darker and has a higher density.
appear in the form of concentric circles. (vii) The annual ring denotes the combination of
(ii) One spring wood circle and one autumn wood early wood and late wood and the ring becomes
evident to our eye due to the high density of late

m
circle together constitute an annual ring.
wood.
(iii) Thus one dark and one light ring would have
(viii)Sometimes annual rings are called growth rings
been formed every year.
but it should be remembered all the growth
(iv) 60 dark and 60 light rings indicate the age of the

co
rings are not annual.
tree as 60 years. (ix) Additional growth rings are developed within
10. A transverse section of the trunk of a tree shows a year due to adverse natural calamities like
concentric rings which are known as growth drought, frost, defoliation, flood, mechanical
rings. How are these rings formed? What are the injury and biotic factors during the middle of a

s.
significance of these rings? growing season,which results in the formation
Ans. (i) The activity of vascular cambium is under of more than one annual ring. Such rings are
the control of many physiological and called pseudo- or false- annual rings.

ok
environmental factors. (x) Each annual ring corresponds to one year’s
(ii) In the spring season, cambium is very active growth and on the basis of these rings, the age
and produces a large number of xylary elements of a particular plant can easily be calculated.
having vessels/tracheids with wide lumen. (xi) The determination of the age of a tree by counting
(iii) The wood formed during this season is called the annual rings is called dendrochronology.
o
spring wood or early wood. The tracheary Significance of growth ring:
elements are fairly thin walled. (i) Age of wood can be calculated.
ab
(iv) In winter, the cambium is less active and forms (ii) The quality of timber can be ascertained.
fewer xylary elements that have narrow vessels/ (iii) Radio-Carbon dating can be verified.
tracheids and this wood is called autumn wood
(iv) Past climate and archaeological dating can be
or late wood.
made.
ur

(v) The tracheary elements are with narrow lumen,

(v) Provides evidence in forensic investigation.
very thick walled.
.s

Botany Long Version Questions (for pure science Group)

5. The common bottle cork is a product of

w

Long Version Evaluation (a) Phellem (b) Phellogen

(c) Xylem (d) Vascular cambium
 [Ans. (b) Phellogen]
w

1. Refer Evaluation Q.No.1

6. Refer Evaluation Q.No.4
2. Refer Evaluation Q.No.2 Assertion and Reason:
3. Refer Evaluation Q.No.3 7. These questions consist of two statements each
w

printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering

4. Inner, darker & harder portion of secondary these questions you are required to choose any
xylem that cannot conduct water in an older dicot one of the following four responses.
stem is called A. If both Assertion and Reason are true but the
(a) Alburnum (b) Bast Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) Wood (d) Duramen B. If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason
 [Ans. (d) Duramen] is not a correct explanation of the Assertion.

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Unit-V

Plant Physiology

m
(Functional Organisation)

Chapter 11

co
Transport in plants

s.
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT

ok
11.1 Types of transport 11.5 Ascent of Sap
11.2 Cell to Cell transporto 11.6 Transpiration
11.3 Plant water relations 11.7 Translocation of organic solutes
11.4 Absorption of water 11.8 Mineral absorption
ab

CONCEPT MAP
ur

Transport in Plants
.s

Short Distance Long Distance

(Cell to Cell transport) Transport
w

Passive Water transport Transpiration Translocation of Mineral

Active
in plant Solutes Absorption
Channel Protein
Carrier Protein Path
w

Absorption Distribution Mechanism

Pumps
Ascent of
Osmotic active Non Osmotic active Sap
Diffusion Facilitated Imbibition Osmosis
w

diffusion, Endosmosis
Exosmosis
Channel Carrier Plasmolysis
Protein Protein Deplasmolysis
Types Structure Theories. Factors Measurement
Reverse Osmosis of Stomata

239

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248 Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Unit - V

2. (a) Imbibition theory - sachs 3. Identify the odd-man out regarding “protein -
lecithin theory”.
(b) Capillary theory - Boehm
(a) phosphatidic acid (b) ATP
(c) Cohesion-tension - Dixon (c) Choline (d) Dehydrogenase
theory
 [Ans. (d) Dehydrogenase]
(d) Root pressure - Stoking Reason: Except “Dehydrogenase” all the three are

m
theory
the enzymes involved in “Protein-lecithin theory”.
[Ans. (c) Cohesion-tension theory - Dixon]
Competitive Examination Questions

co
IX. Identify the Incorrect pair from the
1. The water potential of pure water is  (NEET 2017)
below :
(a) Less than zero
1. (b) More than zero but less than one
(a) Stress hormone - Abscisic acid

s.
(c) More than one
(b) Ganongs potometer - Rate of
(d) Zero [Ans. (d) Zero]
transpiration
(c) Necessary evil - Curtis 2. Transpiration and root pressure cause water to

ok
rise in plants by  (NEET 2015)
(d) Succinic acid - Opening of
stomata (a) pulling it upward
(b) pulling and pushing it, respectively
[Ans. (d) Succinic acid - Opening of stomata]
(c) pushing it upward
2. (a) Cladode -
o
Cladophyll
(d) pushing and pulling it, respectively
 [Ans. (b) pulling and pushing it, respectively]
(b) Subsidiary cells - Accessory cells
ab
(c) Kens-shaped spots - Stomata 3. Movement of ions or molecules in a direction
opposite to that of prevailing electro-chemical
(d) Phosphorylase - Guard cells
gradient is known as  (C.B.S.E. 2000)
[Ans. (c) Kens-shaped spots - Stomata] (a) Active transport (b) Pinocytosis
ur

(c) Brownian movement (d) Diffusion

X. Identify the Odd-man out from the  [Ans. (a) Active transport]
below : 4. Correct sequence of events in wilting?
 (P.M.T. Kerala 2001)
.s

1. (a) Colourless Plastics (b) Silicone oil

(a) Exosmosis-deplasmolysis-temporary and
(c) Low viscosity waxes (d) Malic acid
permanent wilting
 [Ans. (d) Malic acid]
(b) Exosmosis-plasmolysis-temporary and
w

Reason: In guard cell, starch is converted into

permanent wilting
organic acid (malic acid). Colourless plastics,
Silicone oil and Low viscosity waxes are sprayed on (c) Endosmosis-plasmolysis-temporary and
leaves forming a thin film to act as a physical barrier. permanent wilting
w

(d) Endosmosis-deplasmolysis - temporary and

2. Identify the odd-man out regarding “Colloidal
permanent wilting
systems”.
(e) Exosmosis-deplasmolysis-plasmolysis -
(a) Gum (b) starch
w

temporary and permanent wilting

(c) sugar (d) proteins
 [Ans. (b) Exosmosis-plasmolysis- temporary
 [Ans. (c) sugar]
 and permanent wilting]
Reason: Colloidal systems such as gum, starch,
proteins, when placed in water, will absorb a large
volume of water and swell up, but sugar is not a
colloidal system.

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Unit-V

Plant Physiology

m
(Functional Organisation)

Chapter 12

co
Mineral Nutrition

s.
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
o
12.1 Classification of Minerals
ok
12.5 Critical Concentration and
ab
12.2 Functions, mode of absorption, Toxicity of minerals
deficiency symptoms of 12.6 Hydroponics and Aeroponics
Macronutrients 12.7 Nitrogen Fixation
12.3 Functions, mode of absorption 12.8 Nitrogen Cycle and Nitrogen
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and deficiency symptoms of Metabolism

Micronutrients
12.9 Special Modes of Nutrition
12.4 Deficiency Diseases and
.s

symptoms
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259

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262 Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Unit - V

Evaluation
1. Identify correct match. 6. The nitrogen is present in the atmosphere in huge
1. Die back disease of citrus - (i) Mo amount but higher plants fail to utilize it. Why?
2. Whip tail disease - (ii) Zn Ans. 1. Plants absorb minerals from the soil along

m
3. Brown heart of turnip - (iii) Cu with water with the help of Roots. Minerals are
4. Little leaf - (iv) B absorbed as salts.
(a) 1 (iii) 2 (ii) 3 (iv) 4 (i) 2. Nitrogen is present in large quantities in the

co
(b) 1 (iii) 2 (i) 3 (iv) 4 (ii) atmosphere in a gaseous form. The gaseous
(c) 1 (i) 2 (iii) 3 (ii) 4 (iv) nitrogen must be fixed in the form of Nitrate
(d) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (ii) 4 (i) salts in the soil to facilitate absorption by plants.
 [Ans. (b) 1 (iii), 2 (i), 3 (iv), 4 (ii)] 3. Nitrogen fixation can occur only by

s.
2. If a plant is provided with all mineral nutrients a) Non - Biological means (Industrial processes
but, Mn concentration is increased, what will be or by lightning)
the deficiency?
b) Biological means (Bacteria / Cyanobacteria
(a) Mn prevent the uptake of Fe, Mg but not Ca

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Fungi)
(b) Mn increase the uptake of Fe, Mg and Ca
Therefore higher plants cannot utilize the
(c) Only increase the uptake of Ca
atmospheric Nitrogen.
(d) Prevent the uptake Fe, Mg, and Ca
 [Ans. (a) Mn prevent the uptake of Fe, Mg but
o 7. Why is that in certain plants deficiency symptoms
 not Ca] appear first in younger parts of the plants while in
others, they do so in mature organs?
3. The element which is not remobilized?
Ans. When deficiency symptoms appear first, we can
ab
(a) Phosphorous (b) Potassium
notice the differences in old and younger leaves. It
(c) Calcium (d) Nitrogen
is mainly due to mobility of minerals. Based on this,
 [Ans. (c) Calcium]
they are classified into 1. Actively mobile minerals
4. Match the correct combination. and 2. Relatively immobile minerals
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Minerals Role (a) Actively mobile minerals: Nitrogen,

A Molybdenum 1 Chlorophyll Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Chlorine,
B Zinc 2 Methionine Sodium, Zinc and Molybdenum.
Deficiency symptoms first appear on old and
.s

C Magnesium 3 Auxin
senescent leaves due to active movement of
D Sulphur 4 Nitrogenase
minerals to younger leaves.
(a) A-1 B-3 C-4 D-2 (b) A- 2 B-1 C-3 D-4 (b) Relatively immobile minerals: Calcium,
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(c) A-4 B-3 C-1 D-2 (d) A-4 B-2 C-1 D-3 Sulphur, Iron, Boron and Copper. Here,
 [Ans. (c) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2] deficiency symptoms first appear on young
5. Identify the correct statement leaves due to the immobile nature of minerals.
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(i) Sulphur is essential for amino acids Cystine and 8. Plant A in a nutrient medium shows whiptail
Methionine disease. Plant B in a nutrient medium shows a
(ii) Low level of N, K, S and Mo affect the cell Little leaf disease. Identify mineral deficiency of
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division plant A and B?

(iii) Non-leguminous plant Alnus which contain
Ans. Plant A in nutrient medium shows whiptail disease:
bacterium Frankia
(iv) Denitrification carried out by nitrosomonas and Mineral deficiency is due to Molybdenum.
nitrobacter. Plant B in a nutrient medium shows little leaf disease:
(a) I, II are correct (b) I, II, III are correct Mineral deficiency is due to zinc.
(c) I only correct (d) all are correct
 [Ans. (b) I, II, III are correct]

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Unit-V

Plant Physiology

m
(Functional Organisation)

Chapter 13

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Photosynthesis

s.
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT
o
13.1 Historical events in photosynthesis ok 13.9 Photo-oxidation phase of light reaction
ab
13.2 Definition, Significance and Site of 13.10 Photochemical phase of light reaction
photosynthesis 13.11 Photophosphorylation
13.3 Photosynthetic pigments 13.12 Chemiosmotic theory
13.4 Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation 13.13 Dark reaction or C3 cycle
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13.5 Photosynthetic unit 13.14 Hatch & Slack Pathway or C4 Cycle

13.6 Absorption spectrum and Action 13.15 CAM cycle or Crassulacean Acid
spectrum Metabolism
.s

13.7 Emerson’s experiments & Hill’s 13.16 Photorespiration or C2 Cycle

reaction
13.17 Factors affecting photosynthesis
13.8 Modern concept of photosynthesis
13.18 Photosynthesis in bacteria
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w
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277

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Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Chapter 13  Photosynthesis 287

3. Assertion (A) : The optimum temperature for A B C D

photosynthesis varies from plant
(a) Thylakoid Antenna Chlorophyll Carotenoid
to plant.
Molecule ‘b’
Reason (R) :  Optimum temperature for
(b) Antenna Thylakoid Chlorophyll Carotenoid
photosynthesis is 25oC to 35oC.
Molecule ‘b’
This is not applicable for all

m
plants. The ideal temperature (c) Antenna Chlorophyll Carotenoid Thylakoid
for plants like opuntia is 55oC, Molecule ‘b’
Lichens 20oC and Algae 75oC. (d) Carotenoid Chlorophyll Antenna Thylakoid

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(a) Both (A) and (R) are wrong ‘b’ Molecule
(b) (A) is wrong and (R) is correct [Ans. (a) A-Thylakoid, B-Antenna Molecule
(c) (A) is correct and (R) is wrong  C-Chlorophyll ‘b’, D-Carotenoid]
(d) (A) is correct and (R) explains (A) 3. Identify the parts marked as A, B, C and D for the
 [Ans. (d) (A) is correct and (R) explains (A)] below diagram “Light and Dark Reaction”.

s.
VII. Identify the correct options for the A

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parts of the diagram:

1. The photosynthetic pathway is represented in

a schematic representation. Mark the correct
D
C B

option. o A B C D
CO2
Sugar (a) Granum H2O CO2 Chloroplast
(b) Granum CO2 H2O Chloroplast
ab
C4 Calvin
Pathway (c) Chloroplast CO2 H2O Granum
CO2
(d) Chloroplast H2O CO2 Granum
Night Day
[Ans. (c) A-Chloroplast, B-CO2
(a) It represents cactus plants where A occurs in the  C-H2O, D-Granum]
ur

mesophyll & B in the bundle sheath cells

4. Identify the parts marked as A, B, C and D for the
(b) It represents sugarcane plants where A occurs in
the mesophyll & B in the bundle sheath cells below diagram “Chemiosmotic theory”.
H+

(c) It represents pineapple plants where both A & B NADP+

.s

occur in the mesophyll cells

+
B NADPH+H

A C
(d) It represents maize plants where A & B are
EN
L UM
H+
H+ H
+ Thylakoid

separated only temporarily H membrane

+

H
+
H
+

[Ans. (d) It represents maize plants where A & B

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STROMA

 are separated only temporarily] ADP

D
ATP

2. Identify the parts marked as A, B, C and D for the A B C D

below diagram “Quantasome”.
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(a) PS - II Cytochromes PS - I ATP

‘b’ & ‘f’ Synthase
A
(b) PS - I Cytochromes PS - II ATP
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’b’ & ‘f’ Synthase

(c) Cytochromes PS - II PS - I ATP
B ’b’ & ‘f’ Synthase
(d) Cytochromes PS - I PS - II ATP
C
D ‘b’ & ‘f’ Synthase
[Ans. (a) A - PS - II, B - Cytochromes
 C - PS - I, D - ATP Synthase]

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Unit-V

Plant Physiology

m
(Functional Organisation)

Chapter 14

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Respiration

s.
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT

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14.1 Gaseous exchange 14.6 Respiratory Quotient
14.2 Structure of ATP 14.7 Anaerobic Respiration
14.3 Redox reactions o 14.8 Factors Affecting Respiration
14.4 Types of Respiration 14.9 Pentose Phosphate Pathway
14.5 Stages of Respiration
ab

CONCEPT MAP
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Respiration

Respiratory
.s

Types Pentose
quotient Phosphate
Pathway
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Based on Presence
Respiratory and absence
substrate of oxygen
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Floating Protoplasmic Aerobic

Respiration Respiration Respiration Anaerobic
Respiration
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Site Respiration
Alcoholic Mixed acid
Process fermentation fermentation
Structure of Glycolysis
Mitochondria Lactic acid
Link reaction
fermentation
Krebs cycle

Electron
transport chain

303

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Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Chapter 14  Respiration 309

Long Answers  5 MARKS

1. Write the flow chart of Glycolysis. [HY-2018]
Ans. Glycolysis / EMP Pathyway:

m PHASE
PREPARATORY PHASE
Glucose
Glucose cc cc cc cc cc cc
1
1 ATP
ATP
Hexokinase
Hexokinase
ADP

co
ADP
PP
Glucose-6-Phosphate
Glucose-6-Phosphate cc cc cc cc cc cc

PREPARATORY
2
2 Phosphohexose isomerase
Phosphohexose isomerase
Mg++
Mg
++

PP

s.
Fructose-6-Phosphate
Fructose-6-Phosphate cc cc cc cc cc cc
ATP
ATP Phosphofructo kinase
Phosphofructo kinase
3 ADP Mg
++
ADP Mg PP
++
PP

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Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate c c c c c c
c c c c c c
Aldolase
two 4
two molecules
molecules P
P PP
c c c c c c
Triose phosphate
Glyceraldehyde- Acetone
o isomerase Dihydroxy Acetone
3-Phosphate 5 Phosphate
ab
2NAD + + 2Pi Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
2NAD
+ dehydrogenase
2NADH+H 6
+

PP PP
1,3 Bisphospho Glycerate c c c
ur

2x

2ADP
2ATP
7 Phosphoglycerate kinase
Mg++ ++

PAY OFF PHASE

.s

PP
2x 3-Phospho Glycerate c c c

8 Phosphoglyceromutase
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rd nd ++
3 C to 2 C
rd nd Mg++ PP
2x 2-Phospho Glycerate c c c
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2H2O
9 Enolase
++
Mg
++

PP
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2x Phospho Enol Pyruvate c c c

2ADP Pyruvate kinase
10 Mg ++
2ATP
K
++

2x Pyruvate c c c

Glycolysis or EMP pathway

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324 Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Unit - V

Unit-V

Plant Physiology

m
(Functional Organisation)

Chapter 15

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Plant Growth and Development

s.
CHAPTER SNAPSHOT

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15.1 Characteristics of growth 15.6 Seed germination and
15.2 Plant growth regulators dormancy
15.7 Senescence
15.3 Plant movements
o 15.8 Stress physiology
15.4 Photoperiodism
ab
15.5 Vernalization

CONCEPT MAP
ur

Plant growth
.s

Concept of Plant growth Photoperiodism Vernalization Seed Seed Senescence

growth Regulators germination dormancy
w

Mechanism Applications
Phases of Conditions for Types Factors
growth growth
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Auxins Technique
Stages in
growth rate External Internal Gibberellins
factors Factors Methods of breaking
factors
dormancy
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Cytokinins
Types of growth
rate Types
Ethylene

Physiology
Arithmetic Geometric Abscisic acid
growth growth
Factors

324 Abscission

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328 Sura’s  XI Std  Bio-Botany & Botany  Unit - V

Botany Long Version Questions (for pure science Group)

11. Explain the mechanism of biotic stress.

Long Version Evaluation Ans. Biotic Stresses:

m
1. These are adverse effects on plants caused by
1. Refer Evaluation Q.No.1 other living organisms such as viruses, bacteria,
2. Refer Evaluation Q.No.2 fungi, parasites, insects, weeds and competing

co
plants.
3. Refer Evaluation Q.No.3 2. Biotic environmental stress is also caused due
4. Refer Evaluation Q.No.4 to the activity of man by cutting herbs and
trees, twigs for fodders, fuels and agricultural
5. Refer Evaluation Q.No.5 purposes.

s.
6. Refer Evaluation Q.No.6 3. The biotic stresses caused by bacteria, fungi
7. Refer Evaluation Q.No.7 and nematodes that are ever present in the
environment are called potential biotic stresses.

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8. Refer Evaluation Q.No.8
These are divided into two types. They are:
9. Refer Evaluation Q.No.9 1. Allelopathy:
10. What are the physiological effects of plants facing i. An organism producing one or more
drought condition? biochemical substances that greatly
Ans. Drought Stress:
o influence the germination, growth and
1. The term ‘drought’ denotes a period without reproduction of other organisms is called
ab
appreciable precipitation, during which the Allelopathy.
water content of the soil is reduced to such an ii. These biochemicals are known as
extent that plants suffer from water deficiency. allelochemicals.
Effects of drought are as follows: iii. They are beneficial (positive allelopathic)
ur

2. Decrease in cellular growth and synthesis of or detrimental (negative allelopathic).

cell wall components cause the cells to become iv. These allelochemicals are obtained from
smaller in size. leaf after leaching on the ground and also
3. Nitrogen fixation and its reduction are decreased from roots.
.s

by decreasing the activity of certain enzymes. v. The term allelopathy is from Greek words
4. Increase in abscisic acid level ultimately closes allelon-each other and pathos-to suffer and
down the stomatal apparatus to the minimum, first used in 1937 by Hans Molisch.
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hence, transpiration declines. vi. Allelopathic effect may occur with weeds
5. Protochlorophyll formation is inhibited and on crops and vice versa.
photosynthetic process declines. vii. One of the most famous allelopathic plants
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6. Levels of proline increases; Respiration and is Black walnut (Juglans nigrum).

translocation of assimilates decreases.
viii. The chemical which is present in Black
7. Loss of water leads to increase in the activity of walnut is Juglone and it is a respiratory
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hydrolytic enzymes, followed by destruction of inhibitor.

RNA and disruption of protein.
ix. Solanaceous plants such as tomato,
8. Wilting in mature leaves is associated with capsicum and eggplant are susceptible to
carbohydrate depletion due to mobilization juglone.
export, followed by leaf senescence.

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352 Sura’s  XI Std - Bio - Botany  Government Model Question Paper-1

PUBLIC EXAM QUESTION PAPER MARCH - 2019

11th
STD.
Time Allowed : 1.15 Hours Bio-Botany Maximum Marks : 35
Instructions:

m
i. Check the question paper for fairness of printing. It 5. The pairing of Homologous chromosomes on
there is any lack of fairness, inform the Hall Supervisor Meiosis is known as :

co
immediately. (a) Disjunction (b) Synergids
ii. Use Blue or Black ink to write and underline and pen- (c) Bivalent (d) Synapsis
cil to draw diagrams: 6. If the haploid number of chromosomes for an
angiosperm is 14, then the number of chromosome
SECTION – I in its endosperm would be ___________.

s.
Note : (i) Answer all the questions:  (8 × 1 = 8) (a) 42 (b) 28 (c) 7 (d) 14
(ii) Choose the most appropriate answer from the
given four alternatives and write the option 7. Which of the following represents symport?

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code and the corresponding answer. O O O

1. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic feature of (a) (b)

_______ family.
(a) Ssolanaceae (b) Brassicaceae O O
(c) Fabaceae (d) Asteraceae
o O
O
2. Match : O O
ab
(1) Potassium – (i) C  onstituent of cell
membrane, Proteins, (c) (d)
Nucleic acids, ATP
(2) Magnesium – (ii) Essential component of
Proteins, Nucleic acids, O O O
ur

Amino acids
(3) Nitrogen – (iii) Maintains osmotic Nitrogenous base
8.
potential and turgidity of
the cell
.s

(4) Phosphorus – (iv) Constituent of chlorophyll P o

5-carbon
(a) (1)–(iii), (2)–(iv), (3)–(ii), (4)–(i) Phosphate
group sugar
(b) (1)–(iii), (2)–(ii), (3)–(i), (4)–(iv)
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(c) (1)–(iv), (2)–(ii), (3)–(iii), (4)–(i) The above structure represents a _____________.
(d) (1)–(i), (2)–(iv), (3)–(iii), (4)–(ii) (a) Polynucleotide (b) Amino acid
(c) Nucleoside (d) Nucleotide
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3. For every CO2 molecule entering the C3 cycle, the

number of ATP and NADPH required is :
(a) 3 ATP + 2 NADPH SECTION - II
(b) 3 ATP + 3 NADPH Answer any four of the following. (4 × 2 = 8)
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(c) 2 ATP + 2 NADPH

(d) 2 ATP + 3 NADPH 9. a. What is Plectostele? Give an example.
4. Photosynthetic roots are seen in : b. Mention any one character shared by
(a) Vanda (b) Tinospora gymnosperms and angiosperms.
(c) Cuscuta (d) Viscum

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11th
PUBLIC EXAM QUESTION PAPER MARCH - 2020
STD. (With Answers)

Time Allowed : 3.00 Hours Part-III / Biology Maximum Marks : 70

Instructions: 5. Protoplasm was first observed by :

m
i. Check the question paper for fairness of printing. (a) Hardy (b) Hugovanmohl
If there is any lack of fairness, inform the Hall (c) Corti (d) Huxley
Supervisor immediately. 6. The element which is not remobilized:

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ii. Use Blue or Black ink to write and underline and (a) Nitrogen (b) Phosphorous
pencil to draw diagrams. (c) Potassium (d) Calcium
PART - I (BIO-BOTANTY) 7. Refer to the given figure and select the correct
statement.
(Marks : 35)

s.
SECTION – 1
Note : (i) Answer all the questions:  (8 × 1 = 8)
(ii) Choose the most appropriate answer from the

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given four alternatives and write the option
code and the corresponding answer.
(i) A, B and C are histogen of shoot apex
1. Axillary bud is modified into thorns in: (ii) A gives rise to medullary rays
(a) Bambusa (b) Citrus (iii) B gives rise to cortex
(c) Chrysanthemum (d) Oxalis
o (iv) C gives rise to epidermis
2. The correct sequence in cell cycle is: (a) (iii) and (iv) only (b) (i) and (ii) only
ab
(a) M - G - G2 - S (b) S - M - G1 - G2 (c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (i) and (iii) only
(c) S - G1 - G2 - M (d) G1 - S - G2 - M 8. Gynoecium with united carpel is termed as :
3. Read the following sentences and identify the (a) syncarpous (b) apocarpous
correctly matched sentences.
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(c) multicarpellary (d) none of the above

(i) In exarch condition, the protoxylem lies outside
of metaxylem. SECTION - 2
(ii) In endarch condition, the protoxylem lies Answer any four questions. Question No.14 is
.s

towards the centre. compulsory. (4 × 2 = 8)

(iii) In centrarch condition, the metaxylem lies in the 9. Give any two floral characteristics of Clitoria
middle of protoxylem. ternatea.
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(iv) In mesarch condition, protoxylem lies in the 10. What are the parameters which control water
middle of metaxylem. potential ?
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv) only 11. What is plasticity?
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(b) (i), (ii) and (iii) only 12. What are the enzymes involved in phosphorylation
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only and dephosphorylation reactions in EMP pathway ?
(d) All of these 13. Give general account on Lichens.
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4. Which of the plant group has gametophyte as a 14. What is plectostele ? Give an example.
dominant phase ?
(a) Angiosperms (b) Pteridophytes
(c) Bryophytes (d) Gymnosperms

[359]

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