Hindawi

Security and Communication Networks

Volume 2022, Article ID 9639195, 11 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9639195

Research Article
IoT-Based Health Monitoring System Development and Analysis

Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan ,1 Turki M. Alanazi ,2

Amani Abdulrahman Albraikan ,3 and Faris A. Almalki4
1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka-1229, Bangladesh
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences,
Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P. O. Box 11099,
Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan; [email protected]

Received 19 February 2022; Accepted 2 April 2022; Published 21 April 2022

Academic Editor: Muhammad Arif

Copyright © 2022 Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

This paper presents the design and implementation of a health monitoring system using the Internet of Things (IoT). In present
days, with the expansion of innovations, specialists are always looking for innovative electronic devices for easier identification of
irregularities within the body. IoT-enabled technologies enable the possibility of developing novel and noninvasive clinical
support systems. This paper presents a health care monitoring system. In particular, COVID-19 patients, high blood pressure
patients, diabetic patients, etc., in a rural area in a developing country, such as Bangladesh, do not have instant access to health or
emergency clinics for testing. Buying individual instruments or continuous visitation to hospitals is also expensive for the regular
population. The system we developed will measure a patient’s body temperature, heartbeat, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels in
the blood and send the data to a mobile application using Bluetooth. The mobile application was created via the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) inventor app and will receive the data from the device over Bluetooth. The physical, logical, and
application layers are the three layers that make up the system. The logical layer processes the data collected by the sensors in the
physical layer. Media access management and intersensor communications are handled by the logical layer. Depending on the
logical layer’s processed data, the application layer makes decisions. The main objective is to increase affordability for regular
people. Besides sustainability in the context of finance, patients will have easy access to personal healthcare. This paper presents an
IoT-based system that will simplify the utilization of an otherwise complicated medical device at a minimum cost while sitting at
home. A 95 percent confidence interval with a 5 percent maximum relative error is applied to all measurements related to
determining the patient’s health parameters. The use of these devices as support tools by the general public in a certain situation
could have a big impact on their own lives.

1. Introduction doctors is not exactly the same as in urban areas. Medical

equipment is not readily available in rural areas, except for
These days, the expansion of innovations by wellbeing government medical centers. The percentage of patients in
specialists is exploiting these electronic devices [1]. IoT these clinics is greater than that in government medical
devices are profoundly utilized in the clinical area. In this facilities. Similarly, the equipment has, for the most part,
paper, the research is about an IoT-based health monitoring ended. As a result, if an emergency situation arises, this
system. In particular, for COVID-19 patients, high blood hardware component will send a report to the physicians or
pressure patients, hypertension patients, diabetic patients, medical professionals as soon as possible. The remaining
etc., in a country territory, in rural areas, the number of work will be done by doctors based on their reports. The IoT
2 Security and Communication Networks

health-monitoring platform has provided us with a signif- which can be done with the help of an IoT-based real-time
icant benefit in the advancement of contemporary medicine. patient monitoring system.
IoT devices are widely used in the medical sector. And the While individuals with coronavirus illness feel ill, their
technology we are talking about is a patient health oxygen levels are often insufficient [3]. Low oxygen levels
monitoring system that uses the IoT. A sensor in this could be a precursor to the need for medical intervention.
health monitoring system will collect information about Pulse oximetry is a technology for determining the amount
the patient’s health condition. It is smaller in size, faster, of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the blood. Most people
and more affordable. This system can be used to measure consider it to be a vital indicator, analogous to blood
the oxygen saturation level, heart rate, and temperature pressure. With the help of a pulse oximeter, a light emission
of the human body and display the results on a web- passes through the fingertip. By measuring how much light
based platform. The physical, logical, and application is taken in as it passes through the fingertip, the oxygen level,
layers are the three layers of the system. It is a multi- or saturation (SpO2), is managed. In any case, normal SpO2
parameter monitoring system that will monitor oxygen levels for humans are often greater than 95%. A small
saturation level, heart rate, and temperature simulta- number of patients with chronic lung disease or sleep apnea
neously. The term “IoT” was first referenced by Kevin may have normal values of approximately 90%. A clinical
Ashtor in 1998. expert should be counseled for SpO2 perusing underneath
To begin with, as an apparatus layer that enables con- pattern or per office convention if the patient is a drawn-out
nections through the use of sensors and improvements, consideration office occupant or has been recently assessed
heart rate, oxygen saturation level, respiratory flow rate, by a doctor for coronavirus-related concerns. Supplemental
temperature, and other parameters are all measured using oxygen or different medicines may be required. Others in the
sensors. The primary goal of this IoT is to enhance a cos- network should contact a medical care supplier in the event
mology-based response with the ability to track the state of that they experience wind or when the estimated SpO2 is less
health. One of the “important indicators,” or important than 95%. The CDC identifies serious sickness from coro-
measures of wellbeing in the human body, is heart rate. It navirus in individuals who have a respiratory recurrence of
counts how many times the heart contracts or beats per more than 30 breaths every moment, SpO2, and a lower than
minute [2]. Because of continuous work, security threats, 94% at room air adrift level (or, for patients with ongoing
and passionate responses, the heartbeat speed changes. The hypoxemia, an abatement from the pattern of more than3%).
resting pulse refers to a person’s pulse while he or she is There are many patients with chronic diseases like asthma,
relaxed. While relaxing, a person’s pulse rate should be COPD, and heart-related problems in the world. In COVID-
between 60 and 100 beats per minute after the age of ten. 19-affected people, the SpO2 level changes very rapidly and,
During exercise, the heart beats faster. There is a recom- without continuous monitoring, can cause death as well. It is
mended maximum heart rate that varies based on the essential to keep continuous real-time monitoring of the
person’s age. It is not just the rate at which your heart beats SpO2 level of the above-mentioned patients. Body tem-
that matters. The heartbeat state is also important, and an perature is another vital physiological parameter of humans.
irregular beating can indicate a serious medical problem. People with illnesses find it very essential to monitor their
The heart is a powerful organ located in the center of the body temperature. High fever is one of the main symptoms
chest. When the heart thumps, it transports oxygen- and of COVID-19 patients. It is very important to monitor the
nutrient-rich blood around the body while also returning body temperature of such patients continuously. An IoT-
waste products. A healthy heart supplies the body with just based real-time SpO2 level, heart rate, and temperature
the appropriate amount of blood at precisely the right time monitoring system is very helpful now in the modern age.
for whatever it is doing at the time. The pulse is frequently This motivates the development of an IoT-based health
confused with the heartbeat, which refers to how often the monitoring system.
supply pathways expand and contract as a result of the Due to IoT-based health monitoring systems, it has
heart’s siphoning activity. Because the compressions of the become possible for users to get the necessary physiological
heart create the expansion of pulse rate in the channels that information while sitting at home. This system has made life
lead to a noticeable pulse, the beat rate is probably the same easier for elderly patients, as for them, the long way to the
as the pulse. Measuring the pulse is an instantaneous per- hospital can be both difficult and tiring. In this paper, we
centage of the heart in this method. The typical pulse rate for have chosen some specific sensors to detect certain prob-
adults over the age of ten, especially elderly people, is lems. The system will collect data on the patient’s heartbeat,
somewhere between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm). oxygen saturation level, temperature, and other parameters.
Competitors who have been thoroughly prepared may have IoT-based patient monitoring systems using sensors to
a resting pulse of less than 60 beats per minute, with some detect, evaluate, and monitor two basic vital signs are dis-
reaching 40 beats per minute. It is noticed that the heartbeats cussed in a paper [4]. They used the Arduino Mega 2560 and
of the patients change continuously. The heart rate is not ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module and two sensors modules to design
stable for patients with chronic diseases like asthma, hy- an IoT-based patient monitoring system that can detect
pertension, heart disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary two primary vital signs of body temperature and respira-
Disease (COPD), etc. In addition, for the COVID-19-af- tory rate, analyze the level of vital signs according to the
fected people, the heart rate also varies very quickly. It is patient’s age, provide alerts for abnormal conditions, and
critical to keep track of these patients’ heartbeats in real time, display the results wirelessly through Android apps.
Security and Communication Networks 3

Wearable IoT-enabled real-time health monitoring system Bangladesh, where most people from rural areas do not get
[5–9] is another work, in which the authors developed a enough medical facilities or cannot do regular testing of
wearable IoT-cloud-based health monitoring system for various types of health parameters such as pulse rate, oxygen
real-time individual health monitoring. The researchers level, body temperature, blood test, ECG, and diabetes. Since
used a variety of wearable sensors, including heartbeat, regular testing is quite costly, people from rural areas cannot
body temperature, and blood pressure monitors. Another go to hospitals or medical centers daily. In Bangladesh,
example is a review of IoT-based health monitoring sys- especially in remote areas, healthcare facilities are not
tems using Raspberry Pi, LPC2129, and wearable bio- available. People need to travel a very long distance to get
medical devices [10], in which researchers discussed IoT- medical testing and treatment services. This system will help
based health monitoring systems utilizing Raspberry Pi, people who can not afford regular checkups such as pulse
LPC2129, and wearable biomedical devices. An Android- rate, oxygen level, and body temperature. This system is not
based pulse monitoring system is presented in [11]. In [12], only cost-friendly, but also easy to use. Our system will
the author uses both MAX30100 and Lm35, so the author is be helpful to all ages of people, particularly the elderly or
measuring, but they show the value on the website, not on Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients. It will measure the
the mobile applications that are more widely available to heartbeat, oxygen saturation level, and body tempera-
people nowadays. The papers [1, 13] and [14] measure ture of the patient and transfer the outcome to the web
heartbeat and body temperature but not the oxygen level server and mobile applications. Subsequently, in the
and also do not show the data in the mobile app or on the future, we can also create a website just like a mobile
LCD display. The author of the paper [13] also measured application to which individuals can get access and see
the electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters alongside body the output by looking through the date and time. Be-
temperature and pulse rate and showed the data on a web- sides, if there should be an occurrence of a crisis, the
based platform. Finally, in [14], the author measures ev- medical attendant or patient’s relative looks at the pa-
erything except SpO2 and does not display the results on a tient’s conditions. Our objective is to develop a system
mobile application. In the paper [14], the authors made this with high precision at the lowest possible cost, so
system using a different microcontroller called the ESP32, anybody can utilize and manage the cost of this. This
and the health parameters they discussed were body system will be very helpful now during the COVID-19
temperature and heart rate. All of them measure the heart pandemic situation as well.
rate and body temperature, but we also need to measure the The first section contains an introduction. The materials
oxygen level in our body. In the paper [15], the author used and techniques are discussed in part two, and the findings
the ESP32 to connect the sensors, not the Arduino Uno. In and analysis are presented in section three. Finally, the
the paper [16], the author measured body temperature and conclusion is presented in section four.
heart rate and showed the data on a website platform. In the
paper [17], the author measured respiration rate alongside 2. Materials and Method
body temperature and heart rate and showed the value on
an LCD display. In the paper [18], the author developed a 2.1. Introduction. The system’s goal is to build a health
system to calculate the heart rate, body temperature, and monitoring system that can quickly measure a variety of
respiration rate, and the measurements will be shown in the health factors. In this part, the techniques and materials used
mobile application. The author of the paper [19] introduced in the system are detailed. The system’s block diagram is
a solution that uses a Raspberry Pi microprocessor to re- presented in the first subsection. In this part, the techniques
cord the patient’s pulse rate and blood pressure and is and materials used in the system are detailed. The system’s
wearable. In the paper [20], the author has made a system block diagram is presented in the first subsection.
that can measure body temperature, heart rate, diabetes,
BP, and cough detection and send the data to a mobile
application as well as a wearable device. In [21], the authors 2.2. Block Diagram. The system’s structure is depicted in
have not used mobile applications in their design. In the Figure 1. Here, patients will measure their pulse rate and
paper [22], the author measures heart rate, body temper- SpO2 using the max30100 sensor and body temperature
ature, and blood pressure using an Arduino Mega. T. Y. using the Lm35 sensor, and patients can see measurement
Hoe et al. introduced a patient-centered IoT-based ECG data in the mobile app and LCD display. The data will be
monitoring system. In this case, the researchers only shown in the mobile app with the help of a Bluetooth
employed an ECG sensor to measure the ECG of patients module that will receive data from the Arduino and save it
[23]. In this study, the sensor is limited. in the cloud. From there, the data will be transferred into
The development of an IoT-based health monitoring the mobile application, and the patients can view the
system is described in this study. The paper’s main con- measurement of the health parameters. After measuring
tribution is to create an IoT-based real-time health moni- the physiological vital data of the human body, it will be
toring system. Various sensors have been used to measure sent to the Arduino UNO, which will process the analog
the data of patients in real-time. A mobile application has data into digital. After that, the data via Bluetooth module
also been developed. It was tested after the entire system had will appear on the mobile application. Measured data
been developed. In this investigation, three separate real-life from the human body can be seen on the LCD display as
human test volunteers were used. In a country like well.
4 Security and Communication Networks

Bluetooth
Module

Pulse/SpO2 Sensor Patient

Mobile Application
Temperature Sensor Ardunio Uno

Power Supply LCD Display

Figure 1: Block diagram of the system.

Table 1: Description of the components.

Components Description
An open-source microcontroller based on the 8 bit ATmega238p microchip. It will work as an interface between
the sensor and the mobile application described in this paper. This consists of additional components that help the
Arduino Uno microcontroller, such as a crystal oscillator, serial contact, voltage controller, etc. The Arduino Uno has 14 pins,
including 6 pins for analog input, a link to the universal serial bus (USB), an ICSP header, and a reset button. The
Arduino Uno provides an ICSP case.
The MAX30100 is a pulse oximetry and heart rate monitor sensor that can be powered by 1.8 V or 3.3 V power
supply. A host microcontroller uses the I2C interface to communicate. The MAX30100 pulse oximetry subsystem
Max 30100
consists of the ALC, a 16 bit sigma-delta ADC, and a patented disconnected time filter. It is ultra-low-powered,
making it suitable for systems operating on batteries.
The LM35 is an integrated circuit temperature sensor with a temperature-dependent output voltage. It’s a
LM35 compact, low-cost IC that can determine temperature anywhere between -55 and 150 degrees Celsius. It can easily
be interfaced with any ADC or development platform, like an Arduino microcontroller. It can be linked.
The HC-05 is a module that can provide wireless functionality. We are using this module to set up communication
Bluetooth module HC- between the Arduino and the mobile application. The HC-05 module can easily be coupled with microcontrollers
05 because it uses the serial port protocol (SPP). Power the module simply by using +5V and connecting the module’s
rx pin to the tx and the tx module pin to the MCU rx, as shown below.
A 16 × 2 LCD display with I2C can show 16 characters in 2 lines. This means that you will only have four pins for
LCD display
the LCD display: VCC, GND, and SDA, as well as SCL.
Without the requirement for soldering, flexible wire with connections on each end can be connected to other
Jumper wires
jumper wires or a pin header.
Bread board It’s a construction base.

2.3. Hardware Design. This health monitoring system connection between the microcontroller and a device using a
consists of sensors and a microcontroller. We used the USB. Also, the data is received in the mobile application, and
Arduino Uno as the microcontroller, and the sensors are the serial monitor of the Arduino IDE is shown in Figure 3.
MAX30100 (pulse rate and SPo2 measurement sensor) and The circuit is mainly made with an Arduino Uno and two
LM35 (body temperature measurement sensor). And there sensors that can measure three human body parameters. A
are more components we are using, such as an HC-05 5 V power supply powers the sensors, LCD display, and
(Bluetooth module), to connect the Arduino with the mobile microcontroller. The microcontroller is connected to a
application and LCD display. All the needed components for laptop using a USB that sends commands to the sensors.
the health monitoring system are described in Table 1. There is also a Bluetooth module that helps mobile appli-
Figure 2 is the circuit diagram for the system. An cations read data from the system.
Arduino Uno microcontroller, two sensors (MAX30100
and LM35), a 16 × 2 I2C LCD display, and a Bluetooth
module make up the circuit. The whole system is 2.4. Cost of Materials. The device is developed and prod-
powered by 5V. The microcontroller (Arduino Uno) is uced at a cheap and affordable price, as shown in Table 2.
connected to the computer using a USB (Universal Serial Because of the system’s design innovations, the overall cost
Bus) that sends commands to the device. The circuit of the system is Taka (Tk.) 1443, making its deployment
was designed on an online circuit designing app called relatively economical. The price of the parts required for the
circuito.io. gadget to be produced is broken out in Table 2. The device
Figure 3 is the prototype of the whole health monitoring was designed to sell cheaply at Bangladeshi Taka 1443, which
system. In Figure 3, the connections between the sensors, works out to less than 17 US dollars when converted. In
Bluetooth module, and microcontroller are shown, as is the Table 2, the overall cost has been shown.
Security and Communication Networks 5

Figure 2: Circuit diagram for the system. The system displays the Arduino microcontroller, which controls the sensor to measure the health-
related parameter.

Figure 3: Prototype of the health monitoring system.

2.5. Software Materials. The mobile application was devel- results on the screen. Users will use the visual block language
oped by the MIT inventor App. After developing the appli- to build applications by dragging and dropping components
cation, we simply load it onto the mobile device, and a link will into the design view. This tool enables individuals worldwide
be provided to download the application. After connecting the to create digital solutions to pressing problems. With the help
Bluetooth device to the application through scanning with the of the Bluetooth module HC-05, the microcontroller will now
mobile, a connected message will be viewed. Then, after be connected to the mobile application. Figure 4 showcases the
performing the required process, we can show our collected system from the MIT inventor’s view.
6 Security and Communication Networks

Table 2: Cost of the components.

Component Model Quantity Price/Unit (BDTK) Price (BDTK)
Pulse oximeter and pulse rate sensor MAX30100 1 300 300
Body temperature sensor LM35 1 70 70
LCD display 16 × 2 I2C 1 273 273
Microcontroller Arduino uno 1 430 430
Bluetooth module HC-05 1 30 90
Jumper wires 20 × 3 280 280
Bread board 1 85 85
Total cost 1443

Figure 4: MIT inventor app view.

Figure 5: Diagram showing full system consisting of the mobile application and microcontroller.

3. Result and Analysis completed system consists of the pulse rate and SpO2
sensors and the body temperature sensor connected to an
The system created for this research study is shown in this Arduino Uno. The Arduino is connected to a device with the
section, along with the results obtained by the system. The help of a USB, which will help power up the system. When
Security and Communication Networks 7

Figure 6: Diagram showing the measurement in the serial monitor of Arduino IDE.

Figure 8: Diagram showing measurements in the mobile appli-

Figure 7: Diagram showing the mobile application we are using cation after Bluetooth is ‘On’.
before the Bluetooth is ‘On’.
8 Security and Communication Networks

Figure 9: Diagram of “Patient 1” utilizing the IoT-based device and given their test results instantly.

we upload data to the Arduino, the system starts working, In Figure 10, we examined an individual whom we will
and the measurement data will be shown in the serial refer to as “Patient 2.” A similar process to “Patient 1″ has
monitor of the Arduino Integrated Development Environ- been followed, and thus, their health data was determined.
ment (IDE) and the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) display, However, we could see that their body temperatures were
and the data will also be shown in a mobile application with unusually high. It might mean that this individual has a high
the help of a Bluetooth module. fever. Thus, this individual could monitor their health in-
The full system diagram is shown in Figure 5, including stantly and get medical assistance over the following days. If
the measurements of the pulse rate, SpO2, and body tem- their heartbeat rate goes high or low, they could contact
perature, shown in the serial monitor of the Arduino IDE doctors with their data over the course of testing.
and in the mobile application. Figure 6 shows the data of the In Figure 11, we examined ‘‘Patient 3’’ to measure their
measurements of all the parameters in the serial monitor of health data in the same pattern. ‘‘Patient 3’’ has a higher
the Arduino IDE. The data value is taken from the sensors heartbeat rate. Over the next few days, they would be able to
MAX30100 and LM35. measure their health data and figure out their own health
In Figure 7, the Bluetooth in the system is turned on or through medical help again and again.
off via the options in Part “LED Bluetooth” in the mobile The test results and analysis of all the patients’ mea-
application. Before turning the Bluetooth “On,” a default surements for each health parameter are provided below. To
sign “--” representing nil will show on the screen for test the system, three real human test subjects were used for
heartbeat, SpO2, and temperature measurement. Figure 8 this study. Measurement results were obtained using our
shows the diagram showing measurements in the mobile developed system in this study. Real-life measurement and
application after Bluetooth is “on.” When we turn the implementation of the system were carried out. The real-life
Bluetooth “on” in Figure 8, the data will be sent into the IoT test results obtained using the systems are shown in the
system we built via the Bluetooth device. After collecting the following tables, consecutively. Table 3 shows body tem-
data, the collected results will be visible in the mobile ap- perature measurement analysis on three different people.
plication. It might take a moment of time, depending on the During the measurement, the temperature data was taken
available data connection. In Figure 8, the measured three times for each patient case. The temperature values are
heartbeat, Spo2, and temperature are displayed on the very close for each measurement setting of a test subject.
mobile application. However, due to different human bodies, the data varies
In Figure 9, we examined an individual to measure their slightly for each test subject.
heartbeat, Spo2, and body temperature. We addressed this Table 4 shows the pulse rate measurement analysis on
individual as “Patient 1.” In the figure, their immediate data three different people. The same people were used in this
is collected and shown in the mobile application. The data case as were used for the temperature measurement case. In
shows that “Patient 1″ has normal health and nothing to be Table 4, it is noted that the heart rates of three different
concerned about. And thus, they do not need to contact people are comparable. The results obtained using the
medical assistance. proposed system show standard values for heart rate. We
Security and Communication Networks 9

Figure 10: Diagram of “Patient 2” utilizing the IoT-based device and given their test results instantly.

Figure 11: Diagram of “Patient 3” utilizing the IoT-based device and given their test results instantly.

Table 3: Body temperature test results on three different people of Table 4: Pulse rate test results on three different people of the
the proposed system. proposed system.
Body temperature Patient-1 Patient-2 Patient-3 Pulse rate Patient-1 Patient-2 Patient-3
Take-1 39.20 37.10 36.95 Take-1 95.26 95.69 93.25
Take-2 39.43 36.95 36.80 Take-2 95.22 95.78 93.56
Take-3 39.80 37.33 37.20 Take-3 95.38 95.42 93.10
Average 39.48 37.13 36.98 Average 95.29 95.63 93.31

know that the heart rates of different people can vary. other two cases. From Table 5, it is observed that the
However, the proposed system shows good results. SpO2 levels for three people are quite close. For dif-
Table 5 shows the SpO2 measurement analysis on ferent test subjects, the measured SpO2 values changed
three different people. In this SpO2 measurement set- slightly. The proposed system shows standard values for
ting, the same people were used as were used in the SpO2.
10 Security and Communication Networks

Table 5: SpO2 test results on three different people of the proposed system.
SpO2 Patient-1 (%) Patient-2 (%) Patient-3 (%)
Take-1 97 97 98
Take-2 97 97 98
Take-3 97 97 98
Average 97 97 98

Table 6: Hardware comparison with other articles.

No Name Heart rate measurement SpO2 measurement Body Temp measurement Data in mobile app Data In LCD display
1 This paper Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
2 Ref [12] Yes Yes Yes No Yes
3 Ref [1] Yes No Yes No No
4 Ref [13] Yes No Yes No No
5 Ref [14] Yes No Yes No No
6 Ref [15] Yes No Yes No No
7 Ref [16] Yes No Yes No Yes
8 Ref [17] Yes No Yes No Yes
9 Ref [18] Yes No No Yes No
10 Ref [19] Yes No No No No
11 Ref [20] No No Yes Yes No
12 Ref [21] Yes Yes Yes Yes No
13 Ref [22] Yes No Yes No No

Table 6 shows the hardware comparison between this Data Availability

health monitoring system and other existing similar-type
health monitoring systems. No data were used to support the findings of this study.

4. Conclusion and Future Work Conflicts of Interest

The design and implementation of a health monitoring The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to
system using IoT are presented in this study. This IoT-based report regarding the present study.
device allows users to determine their health parameters,
which could help regulate their health over time. Eventually, Acknowledgments
the patients could seek medical assistance if the need arises.
They could easily share their health parameter data instantly This research was funded by Princess Nourah Bint Abdul-
within one application with the doctor. As we know, the IoT rahman University Researchers Supporting Project Number
is now considered one of the most desirable solutions in (PNURSP2022R190), Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman
health monitoring. It makes sure that the parameter data is University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
secured inside the cloud, and the most important thing is
that any doctor can monitor the health of any patient at any References
distance. The paper is about an IoT-based health monitoring
[1] A. Sharma, A. K. Sing, K. Saxena, and M. A. Bansal, “Smart
system using Arduino that has been developed. The system health monitoring system using IoT,” International Journal
will measure a patient’s body temperature, heartbeat, and the for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology,
SpO2 levels in the blood and send the data to an app via vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 654–658, 2020.
Bluetooth. This information is also transmitted to the LCD [2] M. MacGill, “What should my heart rate be?,” 2021, https://
panel, allowing the patient to see their current health state www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/235710.
quickly. Elderly patients, asthma patients, COPD patients, [3] Minnesota Department of Health, “Pulse oximetry and
patients with chronic diseases, COVID-19 patients, and COVID-19,” 2020, https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/
diabetic patients will be able to keep their health in check coronavirus/hcp/pulseoximetry.pdf.
over time with the help of the system we developed. [4] N. S. M Hadis, M. N. Amirnazarullah, M. M. Jafri, and
The system could be improved and adjusted in a variety S. Abdullah, “IoTbased patient monitoring system using
sensors to detect, analyse and monitor two primary vital
of ways in the future. The system’s microcontroller can be
signs,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1535, pp. 1–
replaced with a Raspberry Pi and tweaked in a variety of 12, Article ID 012004, 2020.
ways. The sensors used in the system can be improved, and [5] J. Wan, M. A. A. H. Al-awlaqi, M. S. Li, M. O. Grady, and
we can measure several health parameters when additional X. Gu, “Wearable IoT enabled real-time health monitoring
sensors are added. For the system’s security, new algorithms system,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and
may be integrated with the whole system [24–28]. Networking, vol. 298, pp. 1–10, 2018.
Security and Communication Networks 11

[6] I. Khan, K. Zeb, A. Mahmood, W. Uddin, and M. A. Khan, [22] M. Fezari, R. Rasras, and I. M. M. E. Emary, “Ambulatory
“Healthcare monitoring system and transforming monitored health monitoring system using wireless sensors node,”
data into real time clinical feedback based on IoT using Procedia Computer Science, vol. 65, pp. 86–94, 2015.
Raspberry Pi,” in Proceedings of the 2nd International Con- [23] H. T. Yew, M. F. Ng, S. Z. Ping, S. K. Chung, A. Chekima, and
ference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Tech- J. A. Dargham, “IoT based real-time remote patient moni-
nologies (iCFoMET), pp. 1–6, Sukkur, Pakistan, January 2019. toring system,” in Proceedings of the 2020 16th IEEE Inter-
[7] M. Masud, G. S. Gaba, K. Choudhary, M. S. Hossain, national Colloquium on Signal Processing & Its Applications
M. F. Alhamid, and G. Muhammad, “Lightweight and ano- (CSPA), pp. 176–179, Langkawi, Malaysia, Febraury 2020.
nymity-preserving user authentication scheme for IoT-based [24] V. Mani, P. Manickam, Y. Alotaibi, S. Alghamdi, and
healthcare,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 9, no. 4, O. I. Khalaf, “Hyperledger healthchain: patient-centric IPFS-
pp. 2649–2656, 2022. based storage of health records,” Electronics, vol. 10, no. 23,
[8] S. Ahmed, M. Monirujjaman Khan, R. Alroobaea, and p. 3003, 2021.
M. Masud, “Development of a multi-feature web-based [25] P. Mohan, N. Subramani, Y. Alotaibi, S. Alghamdi,
physiotherapy service system,” Intelligent Automation & Soft O. I. Khalaf, and S. Ulaganathan, “Improved metaheuristics-
Computing, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 43–54, 2021. based clustering with multihop routing protocol for under-
[9] M. Masud, G. Muhammad, H. Alhumyani et al., “Deep water wireless sensor networks,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 4,
p. 1618, 2022.
learning-based intelligent face recognition in IoT-cloud en-
[26] NathaliaOspinaGarcı́a, “Remote academic platforms in times
vironment,” Computer Communications, vol. 152, pp. 215–
of a pandemic,” International Journal of Emerging Technol-
222, 2020.
ogies in Learning, vol. 16, no. 21, pp. 121–131, 2021.
[10] H. Bhat, N. Shetty, and A. Shetty, “A review on health
[27] H. Zhao, P.-L. Chen, S. Khan, and O. I. Khalafe, “Research on
monitoring system using IoT,” International Journal of En-
the optimization of the management process on internet of
gineering Research and Technology, vol. 6, no. 15, pp. 1–4, 2019. things (Iot) for electronic market,” The Electronic Library,
[11] T. Reza, S. B. A. Shoilee, S. M. Akhand, and M. M. Khan,
vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 526–538, 2021.
“Development of android based pulse monitoring system,” in [28] S. Sengan, O. I. Khalaf, S. Priyadarsini, D. K. Sharma,
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Elec- K. Amarendra, and A. A. Hamad, “Smart healthcare security
trical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT), device on medical IoT using Raspberry Pi,” International
pp. 1–7, Coimbatore, India, Febraury 2017. Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare, vol. 11, no. 3,
[12] S. Nair, N. Augustine, and L. Varghese, “Smart health pp. 1–11, 2021.
monitoring system,” International Journal of Engineering
Research and Technology, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1–6, 2020.
[13] C. Senthamilarasi, J. J. Rani, B. Vidhya, and H. Aritha, “A
smart patient health monitoring system using IoT,” Inter-
national Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 119,
no. 16, pp. 59–70, 2018.
[14] F. M. Yassin, N. A. Sani, and S. N. Chin, “Analysis of heart rate
and body temperature from the wireless monitoring system
using arduino,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1358,
pp. 1–6, Article ID 012041, 2019.
[15] M. M. Islam, A. Rahman, and M. R. Islam, “Development of
smart healthcare monitoring system in IoTenvironment,” SN
Computer Science, vol. 1, no. 185, pp. 1–11, 2020.
[16] P. Valsalan, T. A. B. Baomar, and A. H. O. Baabood, “IOT
basedhealthmonitoringsystem,” Advance Scientific Research,
vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 3-4, 2020.
[17] N. Arunpradeep and G. N. G. Suseela, “Smart healthcare
monitoring system using IoT,” International Journal of Ad-
vanced Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 2788–2796,
2020.
[18] A. Shivam and G. Amita, “IOT smart health monitoring
system,” in Proceedings of the .International Conference on
Innovative Computing & Communications, pp. 1–8, New
Delhi, India, 2020.
[19] S. Banka, I. Madan, and S. S. Saranya, “Smart healthcare
monitoring using IoT,” International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research, vol. 13, no. 15, Article ID 11984, 2018.
[20] M. Saranya, R. Preethi, M. Rupasriand, and S. Veena, “A
survey on health monitoring system by using IOT,” Inter-
national Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engi-
neering Technology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 778–782, 2018.
[21] A. Kotevski, N. Koceska, and S. Koceski, “E-health moni-
toring system,” in Proceedings of the International Conference
on Applied Internet and Information Technologies, pp. 259–
265, Bitola, Macedonia, 2016.