'.

R
LiNE

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MOTION IN -A STRAIGHT
IT
~.1 MECHANICS Rest. An object is said to be at rest if it does not change
1. What is mechanics ? What are its various sub- its position w.r.t. its surroundings with the passage of time
branches? e.g., a book lying on a table.

Mechanics. Mechanics is the branch of physics that Motion. An object is said to be in motion if it changes its
deals with the conditions of rest or motion of the material objects position w.r.t. its surroundings with the passage of time e.g.,
H
a train moving- on rails. ' -,
around us. It is one of the oldest branches of physics.
Sub-branches of mechanics: Rest and motion are relative terms. A passenger
sitting in a moving train is at rest with respect to his
(i) Statics. It is the branch of mechanics that deals
fellow, passengers but he is in motion with respect to
with the study of objects at rest or in equilibrium, even
the objects outside the train. Thus an object may be at
when they are under the action of several forces. The
O

rest w.r.t. one object and at the same time it may be in

measurement of time is not essential in statics.
motion relative to another object. Hence rest and
(ii) Kinematics. It is the branch of mechanics that motion are relative terms. c,
deals with the study of motion of objects without considering,
the .cause of motion. Here measurement of time is 3. Can a body exist in a state of absolute rest or of
essential. The word kinematics comes from Greek word absolute motion? Explain.
kinema which means motion.
M

Absolute rest and motion are unknown. In-order

(iii) Dynamics. It is the branch of mechanics that to know whether the position of an object changes with
deals, with' the study of motion of objects taking into time or not, a point absolutely fixed in space has to be
consideration the cause of their motion. The word dynamics chosen as reference point. But no such point is known in
comes from a Greek word dynamics which means the Universe. The earth revolves around the sun, the
power. Dynamics is concerned with the forces which entire solar systemtravels through our own galaxy, the
cause motion. Newton contributed a lot to dynamics milkyway and clusters of galaxies move with respect
by postulating his famous laws of motion. to other clusters. So no object in the universe is in a state of '
absolute rest.
3.2 REST AND MOTION As no object in the universe is at absolute rest, so
2. Define the terms rest and motion. Show that rest the absolute motion cannot be realised. Only elative
and motion are relative terms. rest and relative motion can be realised.
3.1
 3.2 PHYSICS-XI

3.3 CONCEPT OF A POINT OBJECT an object moves along a plane. As shown in Fig. 3.2, the
4. What is meant by a point object ? Give suitable coordinates (xl' Yl) change to tx2, Y2) as the particle
moves from PI to P2 in a plane.
examples. ~
Point object. If the position of an object changes by
Examples of two dimensional motion :
distances much greater than its own size in a resonable (i) Motion of planets around the sun.
duration of time, then the object may be regarded as a point (ii) A car moving along a zig-zag path on a level road.
object. When a point object moves, its rotational and
Three dimensional motion. The motion of an object is
vibrational-motions may be ignored.
said to be three dimensional if all the three coordinates
Examples :- specifying its position change with time. Here an object

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(i) Earth can be regarded as a point object for moves in space. As shown in Fig. 3.3, the coordinates
studying its motion around the sun. (xl' Yl' zl) change to (x2' Y2' z2) as the particle moves
(ii) A train under a journey of several hundred from Ii to P2in space.
kilometres can be regarded as a point object.
Z

3.4 }~OTIONJI')I ONE, TWO AND T~REE

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:,...;'DIMENSIONS, ..,'~
5. What do you mean by motion in one, two and
three dimensions ? Give examples of each type.
One dimensional motion. The motion of an object is
said to be one dimensional if only one of the three coordinates
specifying the position of the object changes with time. Here
the object moves along a straight line. This motion is
also called rectilinear or linear motion. As shown in
IT
Fig. 3.1, only the x-coordinate changes from Xl to x2
when the particle-moves from Ii to P~.along a straight r
line path. ' ..'
)
I' X2-----oj

I--r-XI~ , F!g. 3.;1 Three djp1ensional.,moti.on:

o
o EXar;zpfeiVJFthree'dtme';lsionalriu'Jtloh: {
H
fl~'irig'6na'wl~dy
I I
'(i) fA: kite day: " , .'
Fig. 3.1 One d(mensiona('niotion': -
(ii) Motion of an aeroplke'in·space. '1. f
1ft
Examples of one dimensianal-motion :
§'. , bi.I·1 .!
I
-!I.I

r
.3.5 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
(1) Motion of a train along a straight trade i. t'
O

(ii) Motion: of a-freely fal1irlg'body.

'6. Distirlguish between the terms distance and
.. .1' . j"i (~ i 1 ,~. ~ f; t "
displacemeht.' '1".j ;""
• ')
Two dimeIisional motion. The motion of an objict is , 'Oistanc'e or path length. 1t Is the lengthdftFie actual
said to be two dimensional if only two of the three path traversed' by a body between its initial and final
coordinates specifying its pdsitlon change with time. Here
~ positwns. As shown'tll Fig. 3.4, suppose a body moves
to Bthrough
;

y from 'posfiidri'lt C.Th~n' . ,

M

i f} I I; ld

pis~ance covered = AC + CB

, I
I--- XI ----I
I' X2 ~"--;"""'--I' ·1
.'..
Fig. 3.2 Two dtrnenslonal.motlon. Fig. 3.4
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3:3

Distance is a scalar quantity because it has only (iii) Displacement is not dependent on the choice of the
magnitude and no direction. Distance covered is
always positive-or zero.
.
origin 0 of the position coordinates. As shown in Fig. 3.8, ,

the shift of the origin from 0 to 0' ~on the ,line, L

"The SI urtit of distance is metre (m). produces equal changes in the position coordinates at
The CGS unit of distance is centimetre (em). times tl and t2, so that the difference in the new
) • I J.~ position coordinates still remains the same. Hence the
Displacement. The displacement of an object is the displacement AB remains unaffected. . ~ .I

change in the position of an .object in a fixed direction. It is

Clearly,
the shortest (or the straight line) Pfith measured in the
direction from initial' point to the final point. As

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displacement has both magnitude and direction, so it
is a vector quantity. I.i 'X2--...:...:::.------of
, --Jo
In Fig. 3.4, displacement = AB . ~Xl '1
--+1 ----tl~· -"'--_I -~""';"-I+-I-·L .1'J'

Displacement may be positive, negative or zero. o O' A B

I--x{ --I

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, The SI unit of displacement is metre (m).
. t I! • J. \ {":.;. -. ~. ' r »: ~ I· . ·x2-'-----t·1 -,:
The CGS unit of displacement is centimetre (em). - i
j'.1 . . I .'

7. Mention some important characteristics of displace- Fig. 3.8, Shifting o~igin causes no change
ment. Give illustrations to support these characteristics. '. in displacement. , ,
Characteristics of Displacement: (iv) The actual distance Jravelled by an object in a given
(I) Displacement has the units of length. time interval is greater than or equal to the magnitude of the
(ii) The displacement of an object can be. posiiioe, displacement. The first situation is shown in Fig. 3.9 and
negative or zero. second one in Fig. 3.10. -
IT
When an object moves tow~rds right in tim~ ~'to t2,
its displacement is positive as shown in Fig. 3.5.
A

,.
~ Xl ----I
X2 -~':::="""I' , r
•A
Iii
o A B Fig. 3.9 Magnitude of displacement 6B (2 units)
I
H
<'Actual distance (O~ + AB) travelled (8 units).
I I
!
,.
Fig. 3.5 Positive,displacement. o
When an object moves.to the left in time tl to t2, its o A
t: . (,
displacement is negative as shown in Fig. 3.6.
O

, Fig. 3.10. Magnitude of displacement oB =>Aotual

4 j ' .. ' ,',' I dlstanee travelled (OA+ AB) =-5 units each. ','
..
~ X Xl ----.,., •...••

1
2
1 1
, " ,
(v) The displacement of an object betuieen two points is
the unique path thai takes the body from its initial to final
position.
M

Fig. 3.6 Negative displacement. . (vi) The displacement of an object between two positions
When an object remains stationary, or it cioves first does not give any information regarding the sHape ~fthe
towards right and then an equal distance towards left, actual pathfollowed by the object betueen these two positions.
its displacement is zero as shown in Fig. 3.7. . (vii) The magnitude of the displacement of an object
, ! between two positions gives the shortest distance between
these positions.
(viii) Displacement is a vector quantity. Displacement of

Fig.3.7 Zero displacement.

.. an object between two given positions is independent of the
actual path followed 6y the object in moving from one
position to another. '.
 3.4 PHYSICS-XI

3.6 ~ SPEED
8. Define the term speed. Is it a scalar or vector Average Speed In Different Situations
quantity ? Give its units and dimensions.
.., A body covering different distances with different
Speed. The rate of change of position of an object with speeds. Suppose a body covers distances sl' s2' h' ....
time in any direction is called its speed. It is equal to the
with speeds vI' v2' v3' .... respectively, then its average
. distance travelled by the object per unit time. speed will be'
Speed = Distance travelled Total distance travelled s
v = --=-----:----,------,---
Time taken av Total time taken
= sl + s2 + s3 + .

R
Speed has only magnitude and no direction, so it is
tl + t2 + 's + .
a scalar quantity. Also the distance travelled by an
object is either positive or zero, so the speed may be sl + s2 + s3 + ....
or vav = --'--""---"---
positive or zero but never negative.
The SI unit of speed is ms - 1. (
~+.2+~+ .... J
VI v2 . v3

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The CGS unit of speed is ems-I. Special case If sl = s2 =;0 s i.e., the body covers equal
The dimensional formula of speed is [tviOLIrI].

*': U .:, ,;v:,

distances with different speeds, then
9. Define : (i) uniform speed (ii) variable speed
(iii) average speed and (iv) instantaneous speed. v" = ,(

Different Types of Speed:

(i) Uniform speed. An object is said to be moving Clearly, the average speed is the harmonic mean of the
with uniform speed, if it covers equal distances in
individual speeds.
IT
equal intervals of time, however small these' time •.\. A body moving with different speeds in different time
intervals may be. intervals. Suppose a body travelswith speeds VI' V1' V3' ...
(ii) Variable speed. An object is said to be moving in time intervals tl' t2, t3, •••• respectively, then
with variable speed if it covers unequal distances in Total distance travelled = VItI + vh + v3t3 + ....
equal intervals of time.
Total time taken = II + t2 + t3 + .. ..
(iii) Average speed. For an object moving with
vltj + v2t2 + v3t3 + ....
H
variable speed, the average speedis the total distance •. vav =
tl + t2 + t3 + ....
travelled by the object divided by the total time taken
to cover that distance. Special case It tl = t2 = 's = .... = tn = t (say ~ then
A d Total distance travelled
+ + v3 + ... + vn) + v2 + + ...+ V
verage spee = Total time taken V
av .;
= (VI v2
nt· n
t
= VI v3
n
O

(iv) Instantaneous speed. The speed of an object at any Clearly, average speed is the arithmetic mean of the
particular instant of time or at a particular point of its path individual speeds.
is called the instantaneous speed of the object. Suppose an
object covers distance Sx in a small time interval 6.t
3.7 VELOCITY
around the instant t, then its average speed is tu I M.
The limiting value of this average speed when the time 10. Define the term velocity. Is it a scalar or vector
M

interval M approaches zero, gives the instantaneous quantity ? Give its units and dimensions.
speed at the instant t. Thus Velocity. The rate of change of position of an object with
Instantaneous speed, time in a given direction is called its velocity. It can also be
defined as the speed of an object in a given direction. It
v = lim tu = dx is equal to the displacement covered per unit time.
M~O Mdt · Displacement
V e Iocity = -..!....--.---
Here dx is the first order derivative of distance 'x Time
dt As velocity has both magnitude and direction, it is
with respect to time t.. a vector quantity. Velocity can be positive, zero or
The speedometer of ~r.automobile indicates its negative depending on the displacement is positive,
instantaneous speed at any instant. zero or negative.
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.5

The SI unit of velocity is ms-1. 3.8 UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM MOTIONS

The CGS unit of velocity is ems-1. 13. What is meant by uniform motion ?
The dimensional formula for the velocity is' Uniform motion. An object is said to be in uniform
[MoL1l1). motion if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time,
11. Define (i) uniform velocity (ii) variable velocity howeyfJremall these time intervals may be, in the same fixed
(iii) average velocity and (iv) instantaneous velocity. direction. £0 if an object in uniform motion covers 1200 m
in 1 minute in a given direction, it indicates that it
Different Types of Velocities:
covers 600 m in every 30 S, 300 m in every 15 s, 100 m in
(i) Uniform velocity. A body is said to be moving with every 5 s; and so on.
uniform velocity if it covers equal displacements in equal

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intervals of time, however small these time intervals may be. 14. Obtain the formulae for the position of an. object
moving with uniform velocity v (i) at any time t in terms
(ii) Variable velocity. A body is said to be moving with
of its position at t = 0 and (ii) at any time t' in terms of
oariable velocity if either its speed changes or direction of
its position at another time t.
motion changes or both change with lime.
Kinematic formulae for uniform motion. Consider
(iii) Average Velocity. For an object moving with

SI
an object moving with uniform velocity v along the
variable velocity, average velocity is defined as the ratio of its
positive direction of x-axis. Suppose it occupies positions
total displacement to the total time interval in which that
XO' x and x' at timest =0, t and t' respectively, as shown
displacement occurs. in Fig. 3.11.
. . Total displacement
A verage ve Iocity = ----"---- xo x x'
. Total time
~~~~~--~I--------~I-----+I------'X
o 0 t t'
If Xl and x2 are the positions of an object at times t1
and t2, then the average veloeity from time t1 to t2 is Fig. 3.11 Uniform motion.
given by
IT
x -x !l.x Velocity of the object in the time interval 0 to tis
"v =.:L.....:! = -
av t2 - tl !l.t Displacement x - Xo
v= =--
(iv) Instantaneous velocity. The velocity of an object Time t-O
at a particular instant of time or at a particular point of its or x = Xo -i- vt . ...(1)
path is called its instantaneous velocity. It is equal to the
limiting value of the average velocity of the object in a This" equation gives position of" the particle at
H
small time interval taken around that instant, when the instant t.
time interval approaches zero. Thus Similarly, velocity of theobject in the time interval t
A-+ d-+ to t' is
it= Urn ~=~ x' -x
- M-+O M dt v=-- or x' = x + v (t' - t)
t' - t
O

Thus instantaneous velocity of an object is equal to

This equation gives position'of the object at instant
the first order derivative of its displacement with
t' in terms of position x at time t. "
respect to time.
From equation (1), we h~ve: x - Xo = vt
12. When is the average speed of an object equal to
the magnitude of its average velocity? Give reason also. But x - Xo = displacement in time interval t
M

We know that = s(say)

A d Total path length .. s = vt
verage spee = Time interval This equation can be used to determine the distance
· Displacement travelled by an object in uniform motion.
A verage ve Iocity = --=----
Time interval 15. Give some important features of uniform motion.
When an object moves along a straight line and in Some Important Features of Uniform Motion:
the same direction, its total path length is equal to the (i) The velocity in uniform motion does not
magnitude of its displacement. Consequently, its depend on the choice of origin.
average speed is equal to the magnitude of its average (ii) The velocity in uniform motion does not depend
velocity. on the choice of the time interval (t2 - t1).
 HYSICS ...•
X1 ~

~ (iii) Foruniform motion along a straight line in the Solution. (i) From A to. B. s _w d
same direction, the magnitude of the displace-
ment,is equal to the actual distance covered by
Distance covered ;=, l x 2 nr = t nr. <. :

the object.':' - t ='1 ABI =~OA2 + OW

.
' , .- . • '.
Displacement
(iv) The velocity is positive. if the object is moving
. =~,2 +;. =.J2r;
- ..
tbwards the right of the originand negative if
the object is moving towards the left of the origin. ; . ":

(II) Prom A to. C.

t
~. ; 1 _' , I It 1.

'v). For an object in uniform ,motio~'j~O force is Distance covered' = x 2 ttr = nr.
required to maintain its motion. _ ~ ". ~I.'\ : • ~

(vi) In uniform motion, the instantaneous velocity is .. .Displacement . =j-.~C 1 =2r.

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equal to the average velocity at all times because (iii) From A to D. -
veloqty remains C,O~stan~at each instant or at
Distance, co~ered = t x 2 ttr ~ ~ 1tT.
each point of the path ..
. ~ ..
16. What
*
I.
is• non-uniform
,
motion? Displacement = 1 AD 1 =),2 + ,:z :,:c.J2r ),
t . • It.· .• '! \
6bady ,.is.·said ·to .be in

SI
_i Non-uniform , motion,
-1' ,(iv)·I:'rom A ~0.4P~st~?ce,cov,ered b.~n;r- ,
non-uniform motion if its veloeity changes.with time. Here
either the speed of-the body orits direction of motion r.. As the- final'position coincides with the initial position,
or both change with time. For example, when a v~cle displacement covered = zero. '
starts moving from -rest, its velocity increases for EXAMPI.E 2. A_ca~ is ~oving along X-axis. As shown in
somenme. fhen its velocity may become constant for Fig. 3.13, it moves from 0 to P in 18 s and returns from P to
some time and finally slow down and come to rest Q in 6 p. Wha~ are the 'av~ragevelocity and average speed of
again. The velocity of the vehicle is different at iheccarin,goingjrom Ji)from 0 to,p"and(ii) from 0 to.P and
_different instants and so it lids norl!uniforln motion.' - back to Q ? [NCE~TJ
IT
40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400m
I I I I I .I I I I I .x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 s
Q p

FORM!JLAE Us D.., . . 'I fig. 3.13

s . i.··jBistJnc~ 1c~~ei~dh~;q ~~~ih
'~{l'~b~af;~,a~ ,,. ~- , .r "j r
H
Solution. (I) Prom 0 to. P. ' .
, .' . ,z ~., f

traversed by the body . . Displacement

2. Displacement ='Vettor Ji.~~n froni initial to'rn}al Average velocity = --=---~
Time interval
position of the body ,; !
i' . d
Total distance travelled
1. =.+ 360m\
18 s .
=+20 ms
-1
.
3. Average spee -- " I
O

Total time taken

• II· .' d +Path.lengtho 360.m r.: '. !-1
~\1 ill '·'.H, 'ld"c'I""It,Wid!~1 ,OJ . I In : 'Av!,?ra.ge.spee,·,_, = 20 ms .
'UNITS USED -. . ,. Titrle interval 18 15 " •••
I'. <: '. ,r Ii
Distance and displacement are in metre (or lap), (il) From 0 to. P and back to. Q.
~,\ f' ~ (' 1"-- ;: J.

average speed and average elocity in ms - (or

km )1-1) and-time in sef--Ond·(Ol;
hour). ,f t ,~ . I' . ' 'Displacement OQ .
A verage.ve ocity =-- , = --
M

. . Time interval 18 + 6
EXAMJ>l.E 1. In Fig. 3.12, a + ~40m 10 -1 ..'
particle moves along a circular B :I' '·i ' = ms .
24-s; " {' .
path of 'radiusir: It; starts from ! I t 'll

point A and moves anticlock- Average speed .. = Path length = OP + PQ

unse. Find the distance travelled c Time interval 1&+ 6
by the' particle as it'm ~o~es. _ (360 + 120) _ 20
;,,;ves
-1
from it to'B (ii) from A to C •. 1 '/~: .-" 24s ,11\- ms :'. (.1"

tiii) move A to D av) completes' I

,! c; t ~ ,I" '_! ·l. '.i, 11, 1 .•.. r ;

one revolution. Also' 'find the KYtlMpI~B,3. A body traoels from A" t08 a.t,40'ms-1 arull
magnitude-of displacement in __ ••1••••• ··, from B to A,at 60·ms-1• Calculate the average speed and
each case. ' ,Fig. 3.12 . , average velocity. [Himachal 07]
 MOTIONIN A STRAIGfff UN£ 3:1

. Solution. Total time taken by the body to travel Then t = x/2 =~

from A to B and then from B to A, . 1 Vo 2vo
AB
t +t =-+-= ~_1 ,1'),
BA 'A' -+- =-s.
AB Let the time taken for next x /2 distance = tz.
1 ,.~ ~O pO ,,40 60 24· "
x t ti' (VI + Vz)-tz
Total distance covered- . . .2. ~J Then 2' = vI" 2'z + Y2 : 2' = -'-"''--'-2-. "---"-
= AB+ BA=2AB , ;x. 'r

. ., -~ -2 AS -- 2 AB ~ 1 or t2 =---
.:. Average' speed ;"-' - =---' =48 InS- . VI +,v2'
: I . '"t{+ tz AB/24
Total time. taken' •
As the body comes back to its iciti~lposition A, its ,x

R
X
+ tz = - + ---
, r
= tl
net displacement is ~ero. .' ~~ 2vo VI + V2
" ., . Displacement, ' '0 '
:. Average velocity = ' =---'=0. = x(VI + 'l!z +2vo)
, .' r - Time ·AB/24 '_.
2vo (VI + v2)
ExAlIfPI,E 4. On a 60 km track, a train travels thefirst 3:0}m
Average velocity

SI
with a uniform speed onO kmh-I. How fasi must ihe train Total distance x
travel 'the'next 30 kmso as to average' 40 'kmh-1 fo~ the
entire trip ?' . . ' _,
<"
,r Total time x(v,-f;v.:z+2vo)
2vo (VI + vz)
Solution. Here Sl'~ ~2.=s =39 km, PI =30'km h-r; = 2vo (VI + v2 )
vav=4Okmh-t, vz=?
• VI +~L+2vo
But v =_sI_+_s_<i
=_5_+_S_
aVt + t1. ~ + .!...
I
X PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE'
vI 'vz
1. A 9'clist moving on a circular track of radius 100m
IT
.. 40 2 x 30 x Vz completes one revolution in 4 minutes. What is his
30 + Vz (i) average speed (ii) average. velocity in ore full
revolution? [ADS.(i) 50 1t metre/minute (ii) 0]
or 71
Vz =60 lon.-h • 2. A body travels the first half of the total distance
ExA.lt-fPLE 5. A
body covers one-third of its journey with with velocity q and the second half with velocity V)
L
I

speed 'u', next one-third with speed 'u' and the last one-third Calculate the average vel0c;ity. , . . 2q v2
H
with speed 'w'. Calculate the aoerage speed of the body Ans
C q + Vz
during the entire journey.
Solution. Let total distance = 3x. Then, 3. A car covers the first half of the distance between
two places at a speed of 40 kmh -1 and the second
.
Total time taken = -x + -x + -x = x (vw+uw+uv) half at 60 kmh - 1. What is the average speed of the
O

uvw uvw car? [Central Schools 07]

A' d Total distance ,travelled -. (Ans. 48 kmh-1)
verage spee = Total time taken
4. A train moves with a speed of 30 kmh -1 in the first
3x. 15 minutes, with another speed of 40 kmh -1 the
next 15 minufes,.and then with a speed of 60 kmh-1
~(~+u:+·uV)
in the last 30 minutes. Calculate the average speed
M

~uvw of the train for this journey. (Ans. 47.5 kmh - 1)

uv+vw+uw 5. A body travels a distance ~ with velocity 'l1 and
EXAMPLE 6. A ~ody travelling along a.strai~ht line trauersed distance s2 with velocity v2- in file ·same direction.
o1;te-haIfoftN tot~l distance with q velocity "c: The remaining Calculate the.average velocity:of-the body:
part ofthe,~~stanq~ 'l9.ascovered with a '!1el~c!ty,vy-forhalf - ;' [ ~ r- (~ + s2)'q v~"]
Ans. -'--'-,
--"-'---'--"-
the time and wi,th velocity v2for the other half of time. Find
e
" T .:' SJvi+s2'l1 .
the,mean velocity avC}'ag'edover the uihol~ time of motion. ~ . '.> 1

6. A car travels, along a ,sn;aight line for the first half

Solution. Let total distance = x
time with speed 50 kIDh-1 and the second half time
Letthe time taken to cover first one-half distance with speed' 60 kmh -1. Find the av<:,ragespeed of the
= tt . car. ,'- (Ans.55kmh-1)
 3.8 PHYSICS-XI

X HINTS Acceleration is a vector quantity. It has the same

direction as that of the change in velocity.
1. Distance travelled in one revolution
. The SI unit of acceleration is ms -2.
27tr= 27tx 100 m
=
Time taken = 4 minute The CGS unit of acceleration is em s-2.
Displacement in 4 minute = 0 The dimensional formula of acceleration is
[MOL1r2].
. . Distance 27tx 100 m
(I) Average speed = =----
.. Time 4min 18. Define (i) uniform acceleration (ii) variable'
=501t metre / .minute,
acceleration (iii) average acceleration and (iv) instan-
taneous acceleration. '

R
(I~..) . A verage ve I'
oaty = Displacement
. = 0. Different Types of Acceleration:
. . TIme
(i) Uniform acceleration. The acceleration of an object
2. Let total distance = 2x. Then, is said to be uniform acceleration if its velocity changes by
equal amounts in equal intervals of time, however small
Total-time taken = ~ + ~ = x (t} + V2) these tim~ intervals may be..
v2 t} v2

SI
t}
(ii) Variable acceleration. The acceleration of an object
2x 2iJ v
:. Average speed = = _1_2_ . is said to be variable acceleration if its pelocity changes by
x.(t}+v2) v1+V2 unequal amounts in equal intervals of time.
t} v2 . (iii) Average acceleration. For an object moving
3. v = 2t}v2 = 2 x 40 x 60 = 48 km h - 1• with variable velocity, the average acceleration is defined
av t}+v2 40+60 as the ratio of the total change in velocity of the object to the
total time interval taken. Suppose VI and v2 are the
4. Total distance covered . . velocities of an object at times tl and t2 respectively,
then its average acceleration is
IT
= 30 x 15 + 40 x 15 + 60 x 30 = 47.5 km
60 60 60 v2 -VI ·t:.v
a =---=-
Total time taken = 15 min + 15 min + 30 min av t -t !it
2 1
= 60min = Ih
(iv) Instantaneous acceleration. The acceleration of
Average speed = 47.5 = 47.5 km h-1. an object at a given instant of time' or at a given point of its
1 motion, is called its instantaneous acceleration. It is equal
H
5. Total distance covered = 1it+ s2 to the limiting value of the average acceleration of the
object in small time interval around that instant, when
Total time taken the time interval approaches zero. Thus
=t +t =.:i+~=1itv2+s2t} . t:.v dv
1,2 t} v2 t}v2 a= hm -=-
M-.O!it dt
O

Average velocity dx
,As V=-
_-,,1it_+_S--,,2~
= (1it+ S2)t} v2 dt
1itV2+S2t} 1itv2+S2t} 2
d (dX) dx
t} v2 a = dt dt = dt2
t t
SOx-+6Ox- Thus, acceleration is thefirst order derivative of velocity
M

6. Average speed = 2 2 = 55 kmh-1• and second order derivative of position with respect to time.
t
19. What are positive and negative accelerations? .
3~9 .•• ACCELERATION Give examples.
17. Define the term acceleration. Is it a scalar or a Positive acceleration. If the velocity of an object
vector quantity ? Give its units and dimensions. increases with time, its acceleration is positive. When a bus
leaves a bus-stop, its acceleration is positive.
Acceleration. The rate of change of velocity ~f an object
Negative acceleration. If the velocity of an object
with time is called its acceleration. It tells how fast the
decreases with time, its acceleration is negative. Negative
velocity of an object changes with time.
acceleration is also called retardation or deceleratiqn,
. Change in velocity When a bus slows down on approaching a bus-stop, its
A cce Ieration = --=----~
Time taken acceleration is negative.
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.9

(iii) Acceleration,
a = dv =..!! (18 + lOt) = 10 ms-2•
dt dt
EXAMJ>IJI 9. The displacement x of a particle varies with
time t as x = 4t2 -15 t + 25.
!ls ds
:2.,v= Lirn -=~dt Find the position, velocity and acceleration of the particle
M.-+QtJ.t
at t = O. When will the velocity of the particle become zero ?
.' . '. ~v dv d'4s Can we call the motion of the particle as one with uniform
4. a= Lim -=-=-
Afc-J~
.1,
at di de acceleration ?' 0

Solution. Position, x = 4t2 -1St + 25

R
UNITSUSfD
All velocities are in ms-1 and a~~eleratibns in : . dx
Velocity, v = - =8t -15
ms-'-2 , ' di »
dv
EX.1MPLE z. The positfi:H'! of an b8ject moving along x-axis Acceleration, a= -
dt
=8
is given by x = Ii 'f- bt2, where a :::8.5 m b = 2.5 ms" 2 mid t

SI
is measured in :seconds, What is its velocity .at t ;, 0 sand At time t = 0, we have
t :::2 s ? What is theaveragevelocitybetween t = 2 s and t = 4 s ? x=25m, v=-15ms-1, d=8ms':'2•
[NCERT ; Himachal 08) Velocity will become zero, when 8t -15 =0
oSolution. Given x 0=a + bt2 15
or 0 t = - = 1.875 s.
Instanteneous veiocttj, 0
8
dx d 2 Yes,°the particle has a uniform acceleration because a
v=-=.-(a+bt )=0+bx2t=2bt
. dt dt 0 0 does not depend on time t.
At t =0, v =0. 10. The velocity of a particle is given by the
IT
EXAMJ>l"E

At t =1§, v == 2x 2.5x 2 =10 ms-1• equation, v = 2 t2 + 5 ems: 1. Find (i) the change in velocity
At t=2s,x=a+4b
of the particle during the time interval between t1 = 2 sand
t2 = 4 s (ii) the averag,eacceleration during the same interval
At t = 4s, x = a + 16b and (iii) the instantaneous acceleration at ti = 4 s.
Average velocity
·Solution. Given v =2t2 + 5 cm:s-1
=x2-x1 =(a+16b)-(a+4b)0=6b·
H
. t2 - t1 4-2 (i)When t1=2s, v1=2(2)2+5~13cms-1
v2=2(4)2+5=37cms-1
= 6 x 2.5 = 15.0 ms-1• When t2=4s,
Change in velocity
Example 8. The displacement (in metre) of a particle
moving along x-axis i~ given by x = 18t + St2. Calculate: 0
~ v2 - v1 =37 -13 = 2~ cms'".
(ii) Average acceleration,
O

(i) the instantaneous velocity at t =2 e,

(ii) average velocity between t =2 sand t = 3 s, a = v2 - v1 = 37 -13 ~ 12 cms-2•
av t - t 4-2
(iii) instantaneous acceleration. [Central Schools 05) 2 1
Solution. Given: x = 18t + 5t 2 (iii) Instantaneous acceleration,
dv d 2
(i) Velocity, v = dx =..!! (18t + 5t2) = 18 + lOt a=-=-(2t +5)=4t
o
M

dt dt dt dt
At t = 2 s, the instantaneous velocity At t = 4s, a =4 x4 =16 cms-2•

=18+10x2 =38ms-1• EXAMJ>IJ'; H. The distance x of a particle moving in one

(ii) Displacement at t = 2 s ois 0

dimension, under the action of a constant force is related to
.time t by the equation, t =.JX + 3, where x is in metres and t
Xl =18x2"+50x22=56m
in seconds. Find the displacement of the particle when its
Displacement at t = 3 s is velocity is zero. . [lIT).
x2 = 18 x 3 + 5?<32 = 54 + 45 =99 m Solution. Given: t =.JX + 3 or .JX = t - 3
Average velocity,
or x=(t-3)2=t2-6t+9
- x2 -xl 99 -56 1 dx
v=---=--0-=43ms .
0-

o Velocity, v = - =2t-6
t2 - t1 3-2 dt
 3.10 ,-PHYSrCS-xt

Velocity becomes zero when 2t -6 =0 or t =3 s (ii) x=xo +vi+fat2'or s=vot+tat2

:. At t =3"s, (iii) v2 =v~ + 2a (x -xo) =v~ + 2as
x = (t _3)2 =(3 _3)2 =0 a
Hence displacement of the particle is zero when its (iv) Snth =vo +-(2n-1).
2
velocity is zero. '
'", Equations for uniformly accelerated motion along
is
\ .
EXA.'lfPLEl2. The.acceleration of a particle in ms: 2 given a straight line. Consider an object moving with constant
by' a = ~t2 + 2 t + 2, where time. t is in second. If the particle acceleration along positive direction of X-axis.
st~rts with a velodty v = 2' nis- 1 at t = 0, then find the
velocity at the end of2p. _ -
xo x -
-,

I I I 'x

R
0 0 t
Solution. A~- a = (Iv =3t; ~ 2t + 2 vo V
,dt J

or
Integrating
dv = (3t2 -+ 2 t + 2) dt
both sides, we get
) . Fig._3.14

As shown in Fig.
Uniformly accelerated motion

3',1'4, let
f f -. "
.
' t
~.

SI
\

dv= (3t2 +2t+2)qt ,," i' ... ~ ,. ",.. 'Xo = position p(~th~ object at Instant t ,=0. _
t3 i2,..;- x='positiorroflh~oBjectatinstant'f
+ t2:+ 2 t + ,.C
• 0
r ~ "J.,; \ -
or -v = 3 - + 2 - +'2 t + C = t3
:: 3' ,2.'" ,- Vo =,velodry 'of the object at instant t =0
At t =0, v =2ms-1, therefore v = velocity of th~ object at 'insi.fnf' t' < I' I J

2=0+C or C=2ms-1 (i) Velocity after a certain ti~e. By definition;'

v= 3 2
t + t +2t +2 • .
Acceleration =
Change m velocity
..
At t =2·s, ..v =8 + 4 + 4 +f. =18 ms-t. Time taken
IT
v-v
a=..:..........:J t
X PROBLEMS FOR .PRACT,ICE t-O
1. 'The displacement X. of a particle at 'time t along a or at =v - Vo
straight line is 'given by·x-=-a -Ilt + y t2. Find the
or v = Vo + at ...(1)
acceleration of the particle. ( .(Ans. 2y)
2. A particle.moves.along X-axis in such a way that THis is the required velocity-time relation.
H
its x-coordinate varies with time t as x = 2 - 5t + 6t 2. (iz) Distance covered in a certain time. Average
Find the initial velocity of the particle. [MNREC 87] velocity of the object in time interval 0 tor is given by
(Ans.·~5 units) Displacement x - Xo •
v = . =~
a~ .Time , t.,-O
3. The dl~p1aceinent x "()f" a- particle along X-a~is is
given by x = 3 + St +o;>Jt2! Otitain its velocity and or
O

x - Xo = vav x t '.
acceler~tipn at f~J.~:_'" '(A~~. 36 ms-I, 14 ms" 2)
~ Initiahi-elodti -fI Final'velbaty i I
4. The distance trav~rs~'<iby a particle movin~ along a But vl/V = . 2
straight line is- given tby X,= 18().t .+, 50 t metre.
Find: = Vo + v
" 2
(i) the initial velocity of the particle
M

_vO+v _2vo_+at
(ii) tfie velocity at the end of 4s and x - Xo - -2- x t - 2 x t
(iii) the acceleration of the particle.
[.; v = Vo + at]
[Ans, (I) 180 ~s; 1 (ii) s80 ms-I (iil)IDO ms" 2]
r

- , t'
= vot +~ ai!
3.10 .:~ KtNEMAnC EQUATIONS FOR or X = Xo +- vot + '21 at 2 ~..(2)
UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION . Also, x - Xo = di~tanc~ travelled in time t = 5, say
,
20. Derive the following equations of motionfor
an object moving Wjth (X!'nstant acceleration alonq a ., 5 = vot + t at2 _..(3)
straight line : Equati0I1- (2) -is the required position-time relation
(i) v = Vo + at and equation (3) is the required distance-time relation.
 ", :1" < ••

MOTION IN.A STRAIGHT LINE 3.11

(iii) Velocity at a certain position. We know that- 3.11 EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY

CALCULUS METHOD
v = va + at
21. Deduce the following equations for uniformly
or v - va = at ...(4)
accelerated motion by using integration technique:
Also, Average velocity x time = Displacement
(i)v=u+at (ii)s=ut+tat2
v+v
__ a t=x-xa
or = U + t (2n -1).
x
2 (iv) Snth

2 First equation of motion. Acceleration is defined as

or v + va =- (x - xa) ...(5)

R
t . dv
a=-
Multiplying equations (4) and (5), we get , dt
2 or dv = adt ...(1)
(v + va)(v - va) =- (x - xa) at
t When time = 0, velocity = u (say)
or v2 = 2 a (x = t, velocity = v

SI
- v~ - Xa) When time (say)

or V
2
= va2 + 2a (x - xa)
.'
...(6) Integrating equation (1) within the above limits of
time and velocity, we get
But x - xa = s, the distance travelled in time t, v t
therefore f dv = f a dt
...(7) u a
t
Equation (6) is the required velocity-position relation or [v]~ = a f dt=a[t]~
and equation (7) is the required velocity-distance relation. a
= a (1.;:,0)
IT
(iv) Distance (overed in nth second. As shown' in or- v - u
Fig. 3.15, the distance travelled 41 nth second can be
obtained by subtracting the distance travelled in first or v = u + at ...(2)
{n -1) seconds from the distance travelled in first n Second equation of motion. Velocity is defined as
seconds. ds
V=-
I
S"th
I dt
I I I
H
t=O t=n -1 t= n or ds = vdt =(u + at) dt ...(3)
I- 5"_1 'I When time = 0, distance travelled =0
,~
" I- s" 'I When time = t, distance travelled = s (say)
Fig. 3.15 Distance travelled in nth second. Integrating equation (3) within the above limits of
,.
time and distance, we get
O

Distance travelled in first t seconds is given by

_ 1 2 5 t i- t
St - vat +"2 at f ds= f (u+at)dt=uf dt+af tdt
:. Distance travelled in first (n -1) seconds is a a a a
sn_1 =va(n-1)+ta(n-1)2 2]
[ t
5 t t
or [s]a = u [t]a + a 2' a
M

Distance travelled in first n seconds is

_ 1 2
sn - van +"2 an
or S -0 =-,'u (t -0) + Ii [t2]
--0
Hence the distance travelled in nth second is
'" , . 2
Snth = sn - sn - 1
s = ut + 1at2
= (van + t an2) - [Va (n -1) + t a (n _1)2] or
2
... (4)

= (van + t an -[van -va + t a (n2 -2n + 1)]

2 Third equation of motion. By the definitions of
)
acceleration and velocity,
= v n + 1 an2 - v n + v _1 an2 + an - !!. dv dv ds
a=-=-x--'=-xv
dv "--
P 2 a a 2 2
dt ds dt ds
a
or Snth = va + 2' (2 n -1). or ads = vdv ...(5)
 3.12 PHYSICS-XI

When time = 0, velocity = u, distance travelled = 0

When time = t, velocity = v, distance travelled = s
(say) FORMULAE USED
Integrating equation (5) within the above limits of 1. Equations of motion in conventional form,
velocity and distance, we get
(i) v:= u + at
v
!at
S

J ads= J vdv (ii) s = ut + 2

o u
(iii) v2 - ,; = 2 as or v2 = ,; + 2as
v
J v dv

R
S
a
or aJ ds = (tv) <« =u+ "2(2n-l)
0 u
2. Equations of motion in Cartesian form,
or a [s]~ = [~2I (i) v(t) = v(O) + at
(ii) v(t')=v(t)+a(t'-t)

SI
v2 u2 (iii) x(t)=x(O)+v(O)t +!at2
or a[s-O]=---
2 2 (iv) x(t')=x(t)+v(t)(t'-t)+!a(t'-t,i
2 (v) [v(t')j2 - [v(t)2] = 2a [x(t') - x(t)].
or 2as = v - u2
UNITS USED
or v2 _ u2 =2as ...(6)
Displacement is in metre, velocity in ms" ',
Fourth equation of motion. By definition of acceleration in ms" 2 and time in second.
velocity,
ds 13. A jet plane starts from rest with an acce-
IT
ExAMPLE
V=-
dt leration of 3 ms- 2 and makes a run for 35 s before taking off.
or ds = vdt =(u + at) dt ...(7) What is the minimum length of the runway and what is the:
velocity of the jet at take off ?
When time = (n - 1) second, distance travelled = sn _ 1
Solution. Here u =0, a';"3 ms" 2, t =35s
(say)
Minimum length of the runway is given by
,When time = n second, distance travelled = sn
t at t x 3 x (35)2 = 1837.5 m.
H
2
(say) s = ut + =0 +

Integrating equation (7) within the above limits of Velocity of the jet at take off is
time and distance, we get v = u + at = 0 + 3'x 35 = 105 ms ".

r
S

J
n~
14. An electron travelling with a speed of
O

EXAMPLE
ds= (u+at)dt 3 1
5 x 10 ms- passes through an electric field with an
Sn -1 n-l acceleration ofl012 ms" 2. (i) How long will it take for the
n n electron to double its speed? (it) What will be the distance
or [s]:n
n -1
=u J dt + a J t dt covered by the electron in this time ?
n-l n-1' Solution. Here u = 5 x 103 ms -I,
M

v =2 x 5 x 103 ms-1, a =1012 ms-2

or
v - u 2 x 5 x 103 - 5 x 103
(I) Time, t = -- = -----=----
a 1012
=u[n-(n-1)]+-[n a 2
-(n-1)] 2
5 x 103
2 = --- 9 =5x 10- s.
1012
=u+-[na 2
-(n 2
-2n+1)] (ii) Distance,
2
s = ut + 1at2
a 2
or Snth = U + 2" (2n -1) ...(8)
= 5 x 103 x 5 x 10- 9 + 1x 1012 x (5 x 10- 9)2
2
where snth = sn - sn -1 = distance travelled in nth second. = (25+ 12.5)x 10- 6 = 3.75x 10-5 m.
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.13

EXAMPLE 15. A driver takes 0.20 s to apply the brakes after Solution. The situation is shown in Fig. 3.16.
he sees a need for it. This is called the reaction time of the
x=O SOm 7Sm 100m
driver. If he is driving car at a speed of 54 kmh" 1 and the I I I I
brakes cause a deceleration of 6.0 ms" 2, find the distance A
travelled by the car after he sees the need to put the brakes. t=0

Solution. During the time of reaction, the car

Fig. 3.16
continues to move with uniform speed of 54 kmh - 1 or
15 ms-l. For the motion from A to B :
•. Distance covered during 0.20 s =15 x 0.20 =3.0 m u = 0, a = 1 ms - 2, S = 50 m
For motion with deceleration: As s = ut + 1at 2

R
2
u=15ms-l, v=0,a=-6.0ms-2
As v2 - u2 = 2 as
50 =0+ t x 1x ti
02 -152 = 2 x (- 6.0) s or ti = 100
or s = 225 =18.75 m .'. Time taken for first half run AB = tl = 10 s,

SI
12
For the motion from A to C :
Total distance travelled = 3.0+ 1&.75=21.75 m.
u=O, a=lms-2, s=75m
EXAlI'IPLE 16. On a foggy day two drivers spot each other
As s = ut + 1at 2
when they are just 80 metres apart. They are travelling at 2
72 km h- 1 and 60 km h- \ respectively. Both of them
applied brakes retarding their cars at the rate of 5 ms" 2.
75 = 0 + x 1 x t ti
Determine whether they avert collision or not. or t2 = .J155 = 12.2 s
Solution. For the first car: Time taken to run BC = 12.2-10= 2.2 s
IT
u=72 kmh-l =20ms-l, v=0,a=-5ms-2
Again for part AC, u =0, a =1 ms-2, t =12.2 s
As v2 - u2 = 2 as v = u + at =0 + 1 x 12.2 = 12.2 ms-1
.. 02 -202 =2 (-5)SI
For motion from C to D : This motion is uniform with
Distance covered by first car, sl = 40 m speed equal to 12.2 ms - 1.
For the second car:
H
.'. Time taken = 25 m = 2.04 s
u = 60 kmh - 1 = 60 x 5 12.2 s
18
Total time taken for 2nd half run BD
= -50 ms -1 ,v = 0,a = - 5 ms - 2
3 = 2.2 + 2.04 = 4.24 s.
As v2 -
2
u = 2 as: EXAiVIPLE 18. A motor car starts from rest and accelerates
O

uniformly for 10 s to a velocity of 20 ms- 1. It then runs at a

o2 -"3
(50)2 =2 (-5)s2 constant speed and is finally brought torest in 40 m with a
constant acceleration. Total distance covered is 640 m. Find
Distance covered by second car, the value of acceleration, retardation and total time taken.
2500 Solution. Let sl' s2 and s3 be distances covered in
s2 = -- =27.78 m
M

9 x 10 the three parts of the motion.

Total distance covered by the two cars Forfirs: part of the motion :
= SI + s2 = 40 + 27.78 =67.78 m u=O, t=lOs, v=20ms-l
As this distance is less than the initial distance As v = u + at :. 20 =0 +ax W
(=80 m) between the two cars, so the collision will be Acceleration, a = 2 ms -2 '
averted.
Distance, s = ut + 1at2
1 2'
EXA111PLE 17. A hundred metre sprinter increases her speed
from rest uniformly at the rate of 1ms" 2 upto three quaters = 0 x 10 + 1x 2 x (10)2 = 100 m
2
of the total run and covers the last quater with uniform
For second part of the motion: We have
speed. How much time does she take to cover the first half
and the second half of the run ? sl =100 m, s3 =40 m .'
 3.14 PHYSICS-XI

As sl + S2 + s3 = 640 EXAi\>1PLE 20. A man is s = 9 m behind the door of a train

100 + s2 + 40 = 640 when it starts moving with acceleration a = 2 ms- 2. The
man runs atfull speed. How far does he have to run and after
or s2 = 500 m
uiha: time does he get into the train? What is his full speed?
This distance is covered with a, uniform speed of
Solution. Let v be the full speed of the man. He gets
20 ms-l.
into the train when his velocity becomes equal to the
:. Time taken = 500 =25 s velocity of the train.
20
v = 0 + at
For third part of the motion:
Also, the man's acceleration is - a relative to train
u = 20 ms - I, V = 0, s = s3 = 40 m and his initial velocity is v relative to train, so

R
As v2 _u2 =2as
s = vt _1 at2 = at . t _1 at2 = 1 at2
02 - 202 = 2 x a x 40 222

or a = - 400 = _ 5 ms - 2
80
or t= fI = ~2 ; 9 = 3 s

= 5 ms-:-2

SI
:. Retardation
s = vt = at. t = at2 = a. 2s =2s =2 x 9 = 18 m

J¥
v - u 0 -20 a
Time taken, t =-- =-- =4s
a -5 and v = at = a = ~2 as = ~2 x 2 x 9' = 6 ms -1.
Total time taken = 10 + 25 + 4 = 39 s.
EXA1HPI,E 21. A car acceleratesfrom rest at a constant rate
EXA.MPl,E19. An athlete runs a distance of 1500 m in the a for some time, after which it decelerates at a constant rate p
following manner. (i) Starting from rest, he accelerates to come to rest. If the total time elapsed is t second, then
himself uniformly at 2 ms" 2 till he covers a distance of calculate:
900 m. (ii) He, then runs the remaining distance of 600 m at
IT
(i) the maximum velocity attained by the car, and
the uniform speed developed. Calculate the time taken by the
athlete to cover the two parts of the distance covered. Also (ii) the total distance travelled by the car in terms of a, p
find the time, when he is at the centre of the track. and t.
Solution. The situation is shown in Fig. 3.17. Solution. (i) Let the car accelerate for time tl and v
t=0 t1 t2 be the maximum velocity so attained in time tl.
I I I As v = u + at
H
x=c 750m 900m 1500m
v =0 + atl
v
.1

Fig. 3.17 or ...(1)

tl =-
a
For motion between times t = 0 and '2:
Now, starting with the maximum velocity v, the car
u=O, a=2ms-2, s =900 m, v=v2(say)
decelerates at constant rate p and comes to rest in time
O

As v2 - u2 = 2 as (t - tl)· Therefore,
vi - 02 = 2 x 2 x 900 o = v - p (t - tl)
or v2 =60 ms-l or t - tl =- v
... (2)
v-u 60-0 P
Time, t2 =--=--=30 s.
M

a 2 Adding equations (1) and (2), we get

For motion between times t2 and t3.: This motion
occurs at a constant speed of 60 ms-l.
. 1500 -900
': ~ +
ap t
* = v ( aa~P )

:. TIme taken, t3 - t2 = = 10 s. or V=-- ...(3)

60 a+p
For motion between time t = 0 and (J :
This gives the maximum velocity attained by the
u=O, s=750m, a=2ms-2, t=tl(say) car.

A.s s = ut + ~ at2 .' 750 =0 x tl +~x 2 x t~ (ii) Distance covered by the car in time tl is
1 2 1 v2 v2
or tl =~ = 27.4 s. Xl = 0 + - a tl = - a. 2 = - [using (1)]
. 2 2 a 2a
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.15

Distance covered by the car in time (t - tl) is Subtracting (3) from (2),
a y -z
X2 = V (t - tl) - 2"1 p (t - tl)
2
y-z=2"(2q-2r) or q-r=--
a
V l' v2 v2 Subtracting (1) from (3),
=v.---p.-=-
P 2 p2 2P [using (2)] a z-x
z-x=2"(2r-2p) or r-p=--
:. Total distance travelled by the car is a

x = xl + x2 = ;: + ;; = ~2 ( ± + ~)
Subtracting
a
(2) from (1),
x-y

R
x- y = - (2 P - 2 q) or p-q=--
a2p2t2 (a + P) 2 a
[using (3)]
2(a+p)2' ap Hence (q - r) x + (r - p) y + (p - q) z
2
apt
or X= . = (y-z)x +
(z-x)y (x-y)z
+ -'-----"--'---
2 (a + P) a a a

SI
EX.,11HPU' 22. A body covers. 12 m in 2nd second and 20 m = (xy - xz) + (yz - xy) + (xz - yz) = O.
in 4th second. How much distance will it cover in 4 seconds a
after the 5th second? [Chandigarh 03]
Lt_'WII; 24. Two buses A and B are at positions 50 m and
Solution. Here s2nd =12 m, S4th =20 m 100 III from the origin at time t = O. They start moving in the
a same direction simultaneously with uniform velocity of
10 1115-1 and 5 ms-l. Determine the time and position at
As Snth =u+2"(2n-l)
a which A overtakes B.
s2nd = U + 2" (2 x 2 -1) = 12
Solution. Here we use equation of motion for
IT
3 constant velocity in Cartesian form.
or u + - a = 12 ...(i)
2 - Given xl (0) = 50 m, x2 (0) = 100 m,
a
, v = 5-ms
1
Also s41h= u + 2" (2 x 4 -1) = 20 vI = 10 ms -1
2

7a The positions of the two buses at any instant tare

or u+ - =20 ...(ii)
2 xl(t)=xl(0)+vlt=50+10t
H
Subtracting (i) from (ii), x2 (t) = x2 (0) + v2t =100 + 5t
2a = 8 or a = 4 ms - 2 When A overtakes B,
From (i), Xl (t)=x2(t)
u+3.x4=12 -or u=12-6=6ms-l 50 + lOt = 100 + 5t
O

Distance covered in 4 seconds after 5th second or 5t = 50

= s9 - S5 [Here St = ut + 1 2
at ] t = 10 s

= (6 x 9 + 1. x 4 x 92)...,.(6 x 5 + 1. x 4 x 52) Xl (10) = x2 (10) = 150 m.

2 _ 2
Thus A overtakes B at a position of 150 m from the
M

= 216 -80 = 136 m.

origin at time t = 10 S.
EA"r11HnE 23. If x, y, z be the distances described by a Bx.4.1iiPl.l? 25. An object is moving along +ve x-axis with a
particle during the pth, qth and r1h second respectively, uniform acceleration of 4 ms" 2. At time t =0, x = 5 mand
prove that: (q r) x + (r - p) y + (p - q) z = a v=3ms-l.
a
Solution. As s II = u + -2 (2 n -1) 11 I
(a) What will be the velocity and position of the object at
time t =2 s?
• a-
x = u + - (2 P-1) ...(1) (b) What will be the positio!!:Jif the object when it has a
2 velocity of 5 ms-l ? '--
a
y = u + 2" (2q -1) ...(2) Solution. Here we use equations of motion for
constant acceleration in Cartesian form.
a
z=u+- (2 r -1) ...(3) x(0)=5m, v(0)=3ms-l, a=4ms-2
2
 3.16 PHYSICS-XI

(i) Velocity of the object at time t = 2 s is given by 7. Two trains-one travelling at 72 krnh -1 and other at
v(t) = v(O) + at 90 krnh - 1 are heading towards one another along a
straight level track. When they are 1.0 krn apart,
v(2)=3+4x2 =l1ms-1
both the drivers simultaneously see the other's
Position of the object at time t = 2 s is given by train and apply brakes which retard each train at
the rate of 1.0 ms - 2. Determine whether the trains
x(t) = x(O) + v(O) t + ~ at2 would collide or not. (Ans. No)
x(2) = 5 +3x 2 +1 x 4 x (2)2 = 19 m. 8. A bur~lar's car had a start with an acceleration of
2 2 ms - .A police vigilant party came after 5 seconds
, (ii) The position x(t)of the body when its velocity is and continued to chase the burglar's car with a uni-

R
5 ms-1 is given by form velocity of 20 ms - 1. Find the time in which the
2a [x(t) - x(O)] = v(t)2 - v(0)2 police van overtakes the burglar's car. (Ans.5 s)
9. A ball rolls down an inclined track 2 m long in 4 s.
2 x 4[x(t) - 5] = 52 _32
Find (i) acceleration -(ii) time taken to cover the
16
or x(t)-5 = 8 second metre of the track and (iii) speed of the ball

SI
at the bottom of the track.
or x( t) = 2 + 5 = 7 m. [Ans. (i) 0.25 ms" 2 (ii) 1.17 s (iii) 1 ms" 2]
10. A bus starts from rest with a constant acceleration
X PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
of 5 ms - 2. At the same time a car travelling with a
1. A race car accelerates on a straight road from rest to constant velocity of 50 ms - 1 overtakes and passes
a speed of 180 krnh - 1 in 25 s. Assuming uniform the bus. (i) Find at what distance will the bus
acceleration of the car throughout, find the distance overtake the car ? (ii) How fast will the bus be
covered in this time. [Delhi 02] travelling then? [Ans. (i) 1000 m (ii) 100 ms-1]
IT
(Ans. 625 m)
11. A body starting from rest accelerates uniformly at
2. A bullet travelling with a velocity of 16 ms-1 the rate of 10 ems - 2 and retards uniformly at the rate
penetrates a tree trunk and comes to rest in 0.4 m. of 20 ems - 2. Find the least time in which it can
Find the time taken during the retardation.
complete the journey of 5 km if the maximum
(Ans. 0.05 s) velocity attained by the body is 72 krnh -1.
3. A car moving along a straight highway with a (Ans. 400 s)
H
speed of 72 krnh -1 is brought to a stop within a 12. A body covers a distance of 20 m in the 7th second
distance of 100 m. What is the retardation of the car and 24 m in the 9th second. How much shall it
and how long does it take for the car to stop? cover in 15th s ? (Ans. 36 m)
[Delhi 95, OSC] 13. A body covers a distance of 4 m is 3rd second and
(Ans.2ms-2,.lOs) 12 m in 5th second. If the motion is uniformly
O

accelerated, how far will it travel in the next 3

4. On turning a corner a car driver driving at 36 krnh - 1r
seconds? (Ans. 60 m)
finds a child on the road 55 m ahead. He imme-
diately applies brakes, so as to stop within 5 m of the 14. An object is moving with uniform acceleration. Its
child. Calculate the retardation produced and the velocity after 5 seconds is 25 ms - 1 and after
time taken by the car to stop. (Ans. 1 ms - 2, 10 s) 8 seconds, it is 34 ms - 1. Find the distance traveIled
M

by the object in 12th second. (Ans. 44.5 m)

5. The reaction time for an automobile driver is 0.6 s.
If the automobile can be decelerated at 5 ms" 2, X HINTS

calculate the total distance travelled in coming to 1. Here u = 0, t = 25 s,

stop from an initial velocity of 30 kmh -1, after a
signal is observed. (Ans. 11.94 ~) v = 180 krnh - 1 = 180 x 5 = 50 ms - 1
18
6. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly for
Acceleration,
10 s to a velocity of 8 ms -1. It then runs at a constant
velocity and is finally brought to rest in 64 m with a v-u 50-0 2
a = -- = -- = 2 ms"
constant retardation. The total distance covered by t 25
the car is 584 m. Find the value of acceleration, Distance, ,
retardation and total time taken. s = ut + -t at 2 = 0 x 25 + -t x 2 x (25)2
(Ans. 0.8 ms-2, 0.5ms-2, 86s)
= 625 m.
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.17

2. Here u=16ms-1,v=0, s=OAm,t =? . For bus, 5 = ut + f at 2 = 0 + f x 5t 2

As V2 - if = 2 as For car, 5 = 50 t
02 - 162 = 2a x 0.4 .. ~t2=50t or t=20s
16 x 16 _2 2
or a = - --- = - 320 ms Hence = 50 t = 50 x 20 = 1000 m.
5
2 xO.4
v-u 0-16 (ii) v = if + 2as = 0 + 2 x 5 x 1000 = 10,000
2

Time, t =-- =-- =0.05 s. or v=100 ms-l.

a - 320
11. (i) For motion with uniform acceleration:
5. Distance covered in 0.6 s = 30 x ~ x 0.6 = 5.0 m u = 0, v = 72 kmh - 1 = 20 ms -1,
18
During deceleration, a=10cms-2=0.lms-2, t=t1=?' s=?

R
As v ==
u+ at
v2 - if = 2as
.. 20=
0+ G.Lx r, or t1 =2oos
or 3 =2x(-5)s
02_ (25)2 Also, if + 2 as
v2 =
.. 202 =
02 + 2 x 0.1 x 5 or 5 = 2000 m = 2 km
or = 6.94m

SI
5 (ii) For motion with uniform retardation:
Total distance travelled = 5.0 + 6.94 = 11.94 m. u = 20 ms - 1, V = 0,
8. Suppose the police van overtakes the burglar's car a=-20cms-2=-0.2ms-2, t=t2=? s=?
in time t second after it starts chasing. As V= u+ at

Distance covered by police van in t seconds = 20 t .. 0=20-0.2xt2 or t2=lOOs

Distance covered by burglar's car in (t . + 5) seconds, Again, v = if + 2 as
2

5 = U (t + 5) + ~ a (t + 5)2 .. 0 = 202 + 2 x ( - 0.2) s

or 5 = 1000 .m = 1 km
IT
= 0 (t + 5) + ~ x 2 (t + 5)2 = (t + 5)2
Remaining part of journey
Now 20t = (t + 5)2 = 5 - (2 + 1) = 2 km = 2000 m
or t 2 - 10 t + 25 = 0 This journey occurs at the uniform maximum
or (t - 5)2 = 0 velocity of 20 ms - 1.
.. t = 5 s. (iii) For motion with uniform velocity :
H
. 9. (i) Here 5 = 2 m, t = 4 s, u = 0 u=20ms-1, s=2000m, t =t3 =?

As 5 = ut + 1at2
2 Time, t 3 -- ~u -- 2000
20 -- 100 s

2 = 0 ~ ~ xa x 4
2
Total time = t1 + t2 + t3 = 200 + 100 + 100 = 400 s.
or a = 0.25 ms-2. 12. Here 2a· (2 x 7 -1)
O

57th =u+ = 20
(ii) Velocity v at the end of 1 m is given by 13
v2 - if as
= 2
or u+-a=20m ...(i)
2
or v2 02 = 2 x 0.25 x 1 = 0.5
-

v = .J(i5 = 0.707 ms-1

59th = u+ 2a (2 x 9 - 1)= 24 m
17
M

Time taken to cover first 1 m is given by or u+ -a= 24 ...(ii)

2
v- u 0.707 - 0
t = -- = 2.83 s = Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
0.25 a
Hence time taken to cover the second metre
2a =4 or a = 2 ms - 2
= 4 - 2.83 = 1.17 s. From (i),
(iii) Speed at the bottom, 13
u+ - x2=20 or
v = u + at = 0 + 0.25 x 4 = 1 ms-1. 2
10. (i) Suppose the bus overtakes the car after covering Hence,
distance s. 2
SrSth = 7 + - (2 x 15 - 1) = 7 + 29 = 36 m.
When the two meet, time taken t is same. 2
 3.18 PHYSICS-XI

a
13. s3rd = U + 2 (2 x 3 - 1) = 4

5
or u+-a=4
2 FORMULAE USED
a
S5th = U + 2 (2 x 5 - 1) = 12
1. For a freely falling body, the equations of motion
are' ..'
or u+ ~ a == 12 (i) v=-u-l; gt (ii).s=.ut + ~ gt2 (iii) ii -; =2gs
2
2. For a body falling freely under the action of
On solving,
gravity, g is taken positive.
U = - 6 ms -1, a = 4 ms - 2
3. For a body thrown vertic~lly upward, g is taken
Distance travelled in next 3 seconds . negative.

R
= s8 - s5 = [ - 6 x 8 + ~ x 4 x (8)2] 4. When a body is just dropped, U = 0
5. For a body thrown vertically up with initial
velocity u,' ," "':..' '.
-[ -6x5+~X4X(5)2].
(i) Maximum height reached, h = ;
= 80 - 20 = 60 m. 2g

SI
14. As v = u + at
(ii) Time of ascent = Time of descent = .!!.
:. In first case, 25 = U + 5a g
In second case, 34 = U + 8a (iii) Total time of flight = 2u
On solving, g
u=10ms-1, a=3ms-2 (iv) Velocity of fall at the point of projection = U

3 (v) Velocity attained by a body dropped from

S12th = 10 + - (2 x 12 -1)
2
height h; v = fiih.
IT
= 10 + 34.5 = 44.5 m. UNITS USED

Velocities u, v are in ms - 1, acceleration due to

gravity g is in ms - 2, distances sand h are in
3.12. MOTION UNDER GRAVITY metres.
22. Discuss the motion under free fa_ll-,/_.Writethe
equations of motion for a freely falling body. EXAMPLE 26. A ball thrown vertically upwards with a
H
Free fall. A body released near the surface of the speed of 19.6 ms-I from the top of a tower returns to the
earth is accelerated downward under the influence of earth in 6 s. Find the height of the tower.
force of gravity. In the absence of air resistance, all Solution. Here: u =19.6 ms-I, g =-9.8 ms-2, t =6s
bodies fall with the same acceleration near the surface
Net displacement,
of the earth. This motion of body falling towards the
O

s= -h
earth from a small height is called free fall. The
acceleration with which a body falls is called Negative sign is taken
acceleration due to gravity and is denoted by g. because qisplacement is in the
opposite direction of initial
Near the surface of the earth, g = 9.8 ms" 2 velocity.
M

T
Equations.of motion for a freely falling body. For
As s = ut + ~ gt2
a freely falling body, the following equations of motion
hold good: :. - h = 19.6 x 6 + ~ x (- 9.8) x 62 h

(i) v = u + gt (ii) s = ut +.! gt2 (iii) v2 - u2 =2gs = 117.6 -176.4 = - 58.8

2
When a body falls freely under the action of or h = 58.8 m.
gravity, it velocity increases and the value of g is taken Fig. 3.18
positive. 27. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a
Ex.1,'\;lJ>LE
When a body is thrown vertically upward, its velocityof20 ms I from the top of a multistoreyed building.
velocity decreases and the value of g is taken negative. The height of the point from where the ball is thrown is 25 117
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.19

from the ground. (i) How high will the ball rise? (ii) How KYA'HPLB 29. A balloon is ascending at the rate of9.8 ms-1
long will it be before the ball hits the ground? (iii) Trace the at a height of39.2 m above the ground when afood packet is
trajectory of this ball. [Central Schools 08, NCERT] dropped from the balloon. After how mucn time and with
Solution. (i) Here: u = + 20 ms ", g = -lOms-2 what velocitydoes it reachthe ground? Takeg = 9.8 ms" 2.
Solution. Initially the food packet shares the
At the highest point, v =0
upward velocity of the balloon, so
. Suppose the ball rises to the height h from the point
u=9.8ms-l, g=-9.8ms-2, s=-39.2m
of projection.
Here s is taken negative because it is in the opposite
As v2 - u2 =2gs
direction of initial velocity.
02 -202=2 x (-10)x h
t ,\it we get

R
2
or Using, s = ut + ,
h =+20 m.
(ii) Net displacement, s =-25m -39.2 =98 t - t x 9.8 t 2

Negative sign is. taken p~ca~se displacement is in

or 4.9 t2-9.8 t-39.2 =0 or t2-2t-8=0
the opposite 9oirection of,inina.kefoq..ly: . t ,

t gt (t-4)(t+2)=0 or t=4s
s ~ •
or or -2 s

SI
\. ' . ......_ "''''' e.. ~.'

2
As s = ut + As time is never negative, so t = 4 s.
.. - 25 = 20 t + t x (-10) x t2 Velocity with which the food packet reaches the
or 5t2-20t-25=0 ground is

or t2 -4t -5 =0 v = u + gt =9.8 -9.8 x 4 = - 29.4 ms-1.

or (t + l)(t -5)=0 Negative sign shows that the velocity is directed

vertically downwards.
As t"* - L so t = 5 s.
EXA'UPLE 30. A food packet is releasedfrom a helicopter
IT
(iii) The trajectory of the ball will be a vertical line. which is rising steadily at 2 ms- 1. After two seconds (i) What
y = ut + gt2 t r x = 0, y"* O. is the velocity of the packet? iii) How far is it below the
helicopter? Take g = 9.8 me: 2.
EXAMPLE 28. A ball thrown up is caught by the thrower
Solution. Here u =2 ms-1,
after 4 s. How high did it go and with what velocity was it .-
thrown? How far was it below the highest point 3 s after it g = - 9.8 ms - 2, t =2 s
was thrown? + gt =2 -9.8x 2 =-17.6 ms-1•
H
(i) v =U
Solution. As time of ascent = time of descent Negative sign shows that the velocity is directed
...Time taken by the ball to reach the highest point vertically downwards .
=2s (ii) Distance covered by the food packet in 2 s,
For upward motion of the ball: . s = ut + t at2
=2 x 2 - t x 9.8 x 22
O

u=?, v=O, t=2s, g~"':'9,8ms-2

"= 4 -19.6 = -15.6 m
As v = u + gt
Thus the food packet falls through a distance of
0= u - 9.8 x 2 " 15.6 m in 2 s but in the mean time the helicopter rises
or u = 19.6 ms-1. up through a distance
M

Maximum height attained by the ball is given by = 2 ms-1 x 2 s = 4 m

s = ut + t gt 2
.'. After 2 s, the distance of the food packet from the

= 19.6x 2 + t x (-9.8)x 22 =19.6 m.

helicopter
= 15.6 + 4 = 19.6 m.
Distance covered by the ball in 3 s,
EXAMl'I,l; 31. A parachutist bails out from an aeroplane and

s = 19.6 x 3 + t x (- 9.8) x 3 2 after dropping through a distance of 40 m, he opens the

parachute and deceleratesat2 ms: 2. If he reaches the ground
= 58.8 - 44.1 =14.7 m. with a speed of2 ms-1, how long is he in the air? At what
Distance of the ball from the highest point 3 s after height did he bailout from the plane? [AIEEE 05]
it was thrown Solution. When the parachutist falls freely:
= 19.6 - 14.7 = 4.9 m. u=O, g=9.8ms-2, s=40m, t=?, v=?
 3.20 PHYSICS-XI

As s = ut + 1gt 2
Solution. For downward motion of the ball. Suppose
the ball falls from height hI and strikes the floor with
40 = 0 + 1x 9.8 x t 2
velocity vI' Then

t= [80 = 20 s = 2.86 s u=O, v=vl' a=+g, s=hl

or
V9.i3 7
As v2 - u2 = 2 as
v=u+gt=0+9.8x 2
Also, 20 =28ms-1 .. vi _0 =2ghl or vI = ~2g~
7
When the parachutist decelerates uniformly: For upward motion of the ball. Suppose the ball gets
rebounded from the floor with velocity v2 and rises to
u = 28 ms - I, a = - 2 ms - 2, V = 2 ms - I
height h2• Then

R
Time taken,
u=v2, v=O, a=-g, s=h2
v-u 2-28
t=--=--=135 As v2
- u2
= 2 as
a -2

Distance, s = ut + 1at 2
=28 x 13 -1 x 2 x (13)2
.. 02-v~=2x(-g)h2
Average acceleration,
or v2=~2gh2

SI
=364 -169 =195 m
a = !':J.v = v2 - ( - VI )
Total time of parachutist in air !':J.t !':J.t
= 2.86 + 13 = 15.86 s
= v2 + VI = .j2iiI; + ..j2ih;
Height at which parachutist bails out !':J.t !':J.t
= 40 + 195 =235 m.
But hI = 4m, hz =3m, = 0.01 5,
!':J.t g = 9.8 ms" 2
EXA.lI1PLE 32. Two balls are thrown simultaneously, A
vertically upwards with a speed of20 ms-I from the ground, ~2 x 9.8 x 3 + ~2 x 9.8 x 4 2
.. a= = 1652 ms - .
and B vertically downwards from a height of 40 m with the om
IT
same speed and along the same line of motion. At what EXAlI-1PLE 34. A stone falls from a cliff and travels 24.5 m in
points do the two balls collide? Take g = 9.8 ms" 2. the last second before it reaches the ground at the foot of the
Solution. Suppose the two balls meet at a height of cliff. Find the height of the cliff.
x metre from the ground after time t s from the start. Solution. Here u =0, g = 9.8 ms-2
For upward motion of ball A :
Let nth second be the last second. Then
H
u = 20 ms -

s=ut+1gt2
I, g = - 9.8 ms - 2

u=20rns-1
Snth =U+ f (2 n -1)

x = 20 t - 1x 9.8 t 2 or 24.5 = 0 + 9.8

-
(
2 n -1)
2
40-x
= 20 t - 4.9't2 ...(i) 2 n - 1 = 24.5 = 5
O

or
For downward motion of a 4.9
ball B :
~ or n-=3 or t =3s
C

40 - x = 20 x t+ 1x 9.8 t 2
x
Distance, s = ut + 1gt 2
=0 + 1x 9.8 x 3 2
= 44.1 m

= 20t + 4.9 t2 ... (ii) Hence the height of cliff is 44.1 m.

M

u=20rns-1 A

Adding (i) and (ii),

Fig. 3.19 .X PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
40 = 40 t or t=1 s
1. A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a
From (i), x =20 x 1- 4.9 x (1)2 = 15.1 m velocity of 4.9 ms -1. Calculate (i) the maximum
height reached (ii) the time taken to reach the
Hence the two balls will collide after 1 s at a height
maximum height (iii) the velocity with which it
of 15.1 m from the ground. returns to the ground and (iv) the time taken to
ExAMPLE 33. A tennis ball is dropped IJn to thefloor from a reach the ground.
height of 4 m. It rebounds to a height of 3 m. If the ball was in [Ans. (i) 1.225m (ii) 0.5 s (iii) 4.9 ms-I (iv) 1 s]
contact with the floor for 0.01 s, what was its average 2. A stone thrown upwards from the top of a tower
acceleration during contact? 85 m high, reaches the ground in 5 s. Find (i) the
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.21

greatest height above the ground (ii) the velocity X HINTS

with which it reaches the ground and (iii) the time
taken to reach the maximum height. Take 2. Net displacement,5 = - 85 m, t = 5 s, g = - 10 ms - 2
g = 10 ms" 2.[Ans. (i) 88.2 m (ii) 42 ms-I (iii) 0.8 s]
As 5 = ut + -t gt2
3. From the top of a multi-storeyed building, 39.2 m
-85=ux5-1xlOx25
tall, a boy projects a stone vertically upwards with 2
an initial velocity of 9.8 ms -1 such that it finally or u= 8 ms-I.
drops to the ground. (i) When will the stone reach
(i) Height covered in upward motion is given by
the ground? (ii) When will it pass through the point
of projection? (iii) What will be its velocity before v2=~+2g5
0 = 82 + 2 x (- 10) 5

R
striking the ground? Take'g = 9.8 ms" 2. or
(Ans. 4s, 2s, 29.4 ms-I) or s = 3.2 m
4. A rocket is fired vertically from the ground with a .. The greatest height above the ground
resultant vertical acceleration of 10 ms" 2. The fuel = 85+ 3.2 = 88.2.
is finished in 1 minute and it continues to move up. (ii) For the downward motion:

SI
What is the maximum height reached- ? u=O, g=+10ms-2, 5=88.2m
(Ans. 36.4 km) 2 2
v = u + 2 gs = 0 + 2 x 10 x 88.2 = 1764
5. A balloon is ascending at the rate of 14 ms-I at a
.'. Velocity on reaching the ground, v = 42 ms-1.
height of 98 m above the ground when the food
packet is dropped from the balloon. After how (iii) Let t be the time taken to reach the maximum
much time and with what velocity does it reach the height.
ground? Take g = 9.8 ms" 2. For upward motion,
(Ans. 6.12s, 45.98 ms-I) u=8ms-I, v=O, g=-10ms-2
IT
6. A stone is dropped from a balloon rising upwards v-u 0-8
t = -- = -- = 0.8 s.
with a velocity of 16 ms -1. The stone reaches the g -10
ground in 4 s. Calculate the height of the balloon
4. Height covered in 1 min.
when the stone was dropped. (Ans. 14.4 m)
7. From the top of a tower 100 m in height a ball is ~ = ut + -t gt 2 =0+ -t x 10 x (60)2 = 18000m
dropped. and at the same time another ball is Velocity attained after 1 min,
H
projected vertically upwards from the ground with
v = u + at = 0 + 10 x 60 = 600 ms-I
velocity of 25 ms - 1. Find when and where the two
balls will meet. Take g = 9.8 ms" 2. [Delhi 05] After the fuel is finished, u = 600 ms -1, V = 0,
(Ans. 78.4 from top, 4 s) v2-u2=2gs
8. A body is dropped from rest at a height of 150 m, or 0-(600)2=2x(-9.8)xS2
O

and simultaneously, another body is dropped from

or 52= (600)2 = 18367.3m
rest from a 'point 100 m above the ground. What is 2 x9.8
their difference in height after they have fallen
Maximum height reached
(i) 2 s (ii) 3 s ? How does the difference in height
vary with time? Take g = 10 ms" 2. = ~ + S2= 36367.3m 36.4 km. =
(Ans. 50 m, difference in height 6. Hereu=16ms-I, g=-9.8ms-2,t=4s, s=-h
M

remains constant at 50 m)
5 = ut + -t gt2
9. A body falling freely under gravity passes two
points 30 m apart in Is. Find from what point above - h = 16 x 4 - -t x 9.8 x 16 = -14.4 or h = 14.4 m.
the upper point it began to fall? Take g = 9.8 ms - 2.
8. For downward motion of the fir5t body:
(Ans. 32.1 m)
u=O, t=2s, g=10ms-2
10. Four balls are dropped from the top of a tower at
intervals of one-one second. The first ball reaches 5 = ut + 1 gt2 = 0 x 2 + 1 x 10 x 4 = 20 m
2 2
the ground after. 4 s of dropping. What are the Height from the ground, f; = 150 - 20 = 130 m
distances between first and second, second and For downward motion of the second body:
third, third and fourth balls at this instant? u = 0, t = 2 s, g = 10 ms -2.
(Ans. 34.3 m, 24.5 m, 14.7 m) 5= 0 x2 + -t x 10 x 4 = 20 m
 3.22 PHYSICS-XI

Height from the ground, ~ = 100 - 20 = 80 m 24. Draw the position-time graph for an object in
Difference in heights = '1 - ~ = 130 - 80 = Sam uniform motion. Show that the slope of the position-
Similarly at t = 3 s, difference in heights = 50 m time graph gives the velocity of the object.
Hence the difference in heights does not depend on Position-time graph for uniform motion. An
time so long as both the bodies are in air. object in uniform motion covers equal distances in'
9. Suppose the body passes the upper point at t
equal intervals of time. So the position-time graph for an
second and lower point at (t + 1) s, then object in uniform motion along a straight line path is a
straight line inclined to the time-axis, as shown in Fig. 3.21.
52- ~ = t g (t + 1)2 - t gt2 = t g (2t + 1)

or 30m = t x9.8(2t + 1)

R
B

or t = 2.56 s ,
2 : X z -XI
.. ~ = t gt =t x 9.8 x (2.56)2 = 32.1 m.
e----.JR'
10. Here we need to find the distances travelled by the Iz-11
,,
:

SI
first ball in 4 s..by the second ball in 3 s,.by the third
ball in 2 s and by the fourth ball in 1 s. ,,
Xo A
,,
'1 = t g (4)2 = 8 x 9.8 = 78.4 m ;
~ = t g (3)2 = ~ x 9.8 = 44.1 m ;

'1:3 = t g (2)2 = 2 x 9.8 = 19.6 m ;

Fig. 3.21. Position-time graph for uniform motion.
h4 =t g (1)2 = 9~8= 4.9 m.
Slope of position-time graph liB
IT
:. Distance between first and second balls is = tan e = QR = x2 - Xl
'1 - ~ = 78.4 - 44.1 = 34.3 m PR t2 - tl

Distance between second and third balls is - Displacement _ V I . ()

- ,~ e ocity v .
~ - '1:3 = 44.1- 19.6 = 24.5 m Time .
Distance between third and fourth balls is Hence the slope of the position-time graph gives velocity
H
'1:3 - h4 = 19.6 - 4.9 =14.7 m. of the object.
25. Draw the position-time graph for uniformly
accelerated motion. What does its slope give?
3.13 POSITION-TIME GRAPHS
Position-time graph for uniformly accelerated
23. Draw the position-time graph for a stationary motion. The position-time relation for uniformly
O

object. accelerated motion along a straight line is

, Position-time graph for a stationary object. The
position of a stationary object does not change with ~ -= Xo + vot + '21 at 2
time. The object remains at a constant distance x = Xo Clearly, x ex: t2 i.e., x is a quadratic function of t. So
from the origin at all times. So the position-time (x - t) the position-time graph for uniformly accelerated motion is
M

graph for a stationary object is a straight line parallel to a parabola, as shown in Fig. 3.22.
the time-axis, as shown in Fig. 3.20.

,
t ,
t c
o
X
,
, dx
~ , ,
~§xo~--------------
'u; -r -'
'u; £ ,dl
,,
£
Slope e zz, ,,
o Time=e o 1
Time=-s

Fig. 3.20 Position-time graph for a stationary object. Fig. 3.22 Position-time graph for uniform acceleration.
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.23

Slope of position-time graph

B
Small change in vertical coordinate
Small change in horizontal coordinate I
I

: V2 -VI

= -dx = ve loci .
ocity at mstant t e I
dt -------IR
t2- tl :
Thus the slope of the position-time graph gives the I
I
instantaneous velocity of the object. Moreover, the I
,I.
slope of the x-t graph at time t = 0 gives the initial
velocity Vo of the object. o

R
3.14 VELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS Fig. 3.24 Velocity-time graph for uniform
acceleration.
26. Draw the velocity-time graph for an object in
uniform motion. Show that the area under the velocity- Slope of velocity-time graph AB
time graph gives the displacement of the object in the

SI
given time interval. = tan e = QR = v2 - VI
PR t2 - tl
Velocity-time graph for uniform motion. When an
object has uniform motion, it moves with uniform Change in velocity
velocity v in the same fixed direction. So the velocity- Time interval
time graph for uniform motion is a straight line parallel to = Acceleration (a)
the time-axis, as shown in Fig. 3.23- Hence the slope of the velocity-time graph gives the
acceleration of the object.
28. Show that the area under the velocity-time graph
IT
tAB of an object moving with constant acceleration in a
'g.c- v ~---T~--"""'- straight line in certain time interval is equal to the
distance covered by the object in that interval.
~
Distance covered as area under the velocity-time
D c graph. In Fig. 3.25, the straight line AB is the
o velocity-time graph of an object moving along a
H
Time~
straight line path with uniform acceleration a. Let its
velocities be Vo and v at times 0 and t respectively.
Fig. 3.23 Velocity-time graph for uniform motion.

Area under the velocity-time graph between times

tl and t2 I
O

= Area t \:
of rectangle ABCD .c- I
U I
= AD x DC = v (t2 - t1) ~
V
I
I

= Velocity x time ::> Vo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -I C

A .
I
I

--= Displacernent ". ID

o Time~
M

Hence the area under the velocity-time graph gives the

displacement of the object in the given time interval. Fig. 3.25. Area under velocity-time graph.
27. Draw the velocity-time graph for uniformly
Area under the velocity-time graph AB
accelerated motion. Show that slope of the velocity-time
graph gives acceleration of the object. = Area of trapezium OABD
1 1
Velocity-time graph for uniformly accelerated =2'(OA+ BD)x OD=2'(vo +v)x(t-O)
motion. When a body moves with a uniform accelera-
tion, its velocity changes by equal amounts in equal = Average velocity x time interval
intervals of time. So the velocity-time graph for a uniformly = Distance travelled in time t
accelerated motion is a straight line inclined to the time-axis, Hence the area under the velocity-time graph gives the
as shown in Fig. 3.24. distance travelled by the object in the given time interval.
 3.24 PHYSICS-XI

3.15 .•. DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF a= DB = EB- ED or OE= EB- ED

or
MonON BY GRAPHICAL METHOD AD OE a
29. Derive the following equations of motion for s = .! (EB + ED)x (EB - ED)
uniformly accelerated motion from velocity-time graph: 2 a
(i) v = u + at (ii) s = ut + t at 2
(iii) v 2
-
2
u = 2as. 1
=-(EI)
~2 2 1
- ED )=-(v
2
-u 2 )
2a 2a
Equations of motion by graphical method.
Consider an object moving along a straight line path or
with initial velocity u and uniform acceleration a. This proves the third equation of motion.
Suppose it travels distance s in time t. As shown in

R
Fig. 3.26, its velocity-time graph is straight line. Here
OA = ED = u, OC = EB = v and OE = t = AD. ., A straight line graph has a single slope. So if the
displacement-time graph is a straight line, it represents
c a constant velocity. If the velocity-time graph is a
v ------------ B
I straight line, it represents a constant acceleration.

SI
I

t I
., A curved graph has multiple slopes. In Fig. 3.27, as
c- I
I the displacement-time graph bends upwards with the
passage of time, the value of e increases, slope
'0 I
o I

~ I
I (= tan e) of the curve increases, consequently the
I
I velocity increases and hence the motion is accelerated.
U -------------<D
A I

:E
o Tirne--.
IT
Fig. 3.26 Velocity-time graph for uniform acceleration.

(i) We know that,

Acceleration = Slope of velocity-time graph AB
DB DB EB- ED v-u
or a=-=-=---
AD OE OE
H
or v - u = at or v = u + at
Time --.
This proves the first equation of motion.
Fig. 3.27 Displacement-time graph for
(il) From part (i), we have
accelerated motion.
DB. DB
a=-=- or DB=at ., In Fig. 3.28, as the displacement-time graph bends
O

AD t downwards with the passage of time, the value of e

Distance travelled by the object in time t is decreases, the slope of the curve decreases, conse-
quently the velocity decreases and hence the motion is
5 = Area of the trapezium OABE decelerated.
= Area of rectangle OADE
+ Area of triangle ADB
M

= OAx OE+t DBx AD

= ut + t at x t or 5 = ut + t at 2

This proves the second equation of motion.

(iii) Distance travelled by object in time t is
s = Area of trapezium OABE.

=t (EB+ OA)x OE =t (EB+ ED)x OE

Acceleration,
Fig. 3.28 Displacement-time graph for
a = Slope of velocity-time graph AB. decelerated motion.
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.25

3.16 ANALYSING NATURE OF MOTION (vi) The distance covered by a body cannot decrease
FROM VARIOUS GRAPHS with the increase of time. So the distance-time
graph of the type shown in Fig. 3.34is not possible.
30. Discuss the nature of motion from the given
distance-time graphs.

J5bl'
Different Types of Distance-Time Graphs : I Not
t
(i) For a body at rest, the distance-time graph is a
straight line AB, as shown in Fig. 3.29. As the
slope of AB is zero, so speed of the body is zero.

R
Time~ Time~
A
t A B Fig. 3.34 Fig. 3.35

I
is
(vii) The distance-time graph shown in Fig. 3.35 is
not possible because it represents two different

SI
positions of the body at the same instant which
o Time ..• Time ..• is not possible.
31. Discuss the nature of the motion from the given
displacement-time graphs.
Fig. 3.29 Fig. 3.30
Different Types of Displacement-Time Graphs:
(ii) For a body moving with uniform speed, the (i) For a stationary body, the displacement-time
distance-time graph is a straight line inclined to graph is a straight line AB parallel to time-axis.
the time-axis, as shown in Fig. 3.30. As the graph The zero slope of line AB indicates zero velocity.
passes through 0, so distance travelled at t = 0 is
IT
also zero.
t
(iii) The distance-time graph in Fig. 3.31 represents
~ A B
accelerated (speeding up) motion, because the E
slope of the graph is increasing with time. ~
..!S
0...
is"'
H
A A
r t Fig. 3.36 0 Time ~

I
is
j
is'"
(ii) In Fig. 3.37, the displacement-time graph is a
straight line OA inclined to time-axis. It has a
single slope. So it represents a constant velocity
and hence zero acceleration.
O

o
A
Fig. 3.31 Fig. 3.32
r A
(iv) The distance-time graph in Fig. 3.32 represents
decelerated (speeding down) motion, because 1
M

slope of the graph is decreasing with time. '"

P..
.~
(v) In Fig. 3.33, distance-time graph is a straight c
line parallel to distance-axis. It represents
infinite speed which is not possible. o Time=-s Time~

B Fig. 3.37 Fig. 3.38

(iii) In Fig. 3.38, greater displacements are taking
Not
place in equal intervals of time. So the displace-
possible ment-time curve OA represents an increasing
velocity or an accelerated motion. For constant
A acceleration, the displacement-time graph is a
Fig. 3.33 o Time~ parabola bending upwards.
 3.26 PHYSICS-XI

(iv) In Fig. 3.39, decreasing displacements are

taking place in equal intervals of time. So the
displacement-time curve OA represents a A
t
decreasing velocity or deceleration. For uniform L-- A B
deceleration, the displacement-time graph is a
'g F------......;;.
parabola bending downwards. ~

t A
o Trme -e

R
Fig. 3.42 Fig. 3.43

(iii) In Fig. 3.44, the straight line v-t graph does not
pass through origin O. The body has an initial
velocity u (= OA) and then it moves with a
o Time=-e B uniform acceleration.

SI
Fig. 3.39 Fig. 3.40
A
(v) In Fig. 3.40, displacement is decreasing B
uniformly with time and becomes zero after a
certain time. Displacement-time graph has a
negative slope (8 > 90° and tan 8 < 0) and
represents a uniform negative velocity. It
indicates that the body is returning back to its
original position with a uniform velocity.
IT
(vi) In Fig. 3.41, the displacement of the body
becomes negative after time t and then increases Fig. 3.44 fig. 3.4~.
in magnitude with time. It indicates that the
body returning from position A, moves past the (iv) In Fig.. 3.45, greater .changes in velocity ·:are~
original position B andthen moves towards C . taking place. in equalintervals of time: SO-the. zkt
with a uniform velocity: graph bending upwards . represents. art .
H
A increasing.acceleration- '._
(v) In Fig. 3.46, 'smaller changes in velocity are
taking place in equal intervals of time. So the v-t
graph bending downwards represents a
decreasing acceleration.
O

A
A
Fig. 3.41-
32. Discuss the nature of the motion from the given
M

velocity-time graphs.
Different Types of Velocity-Time Graphs :
(i) For a body moving with a uniform velocity, the
v-t graph is a straight line parallel to the
time-axis as shown in Fig. 3.42. The zero slope
of line AB indicates zero acceleration. Fig. 3.46 Fig. 3.47
(ii) When a body starts from rest and moves with
uniform acceleration, its v-t graph is straight (vi) In Fig. 3.47, the body starts with an initial
line OA inclin~d to the time-axis and passing velocity u. The velocity decreases uniformly
through the orig.n 0, as shown in Fig. 3.43. with time, becoming zero after some time. As
Greater is the slope of the v-t graph, greater will 8 > 90°, the graph has a negative slope. The v-t
be the acceleration. graph represents uniform negative acceleration.
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.27

(vii) In Fig. 3.48, the v-t graph represents a body (ii) For a ball dropped on the ground from a certain
projected upwards with an initial velocity u. height, the speed-time graph is of the type
The velocity decreases with time (negative shown in Fig. 3.51. As the ball falls, its speed
uniform acceleration), becoming zero after increases. As the ball bounces back, its speed
certain time t. Then the velocity becomes decreases uniformly and becomes zero at the
negative and increases in magnitude, showing highest point.
body is returning to original position with
positive uniform acceleration.

R
~
'gol---~----
~

Fig. 3.51

SI
Fig. 3.48 34. Discuss the nature of motion from the given
(viii) The area between the velocity-time graph and acceleration-time graphs.
the time-axis gives the displacement. In Fig. 3.49, Different Types of Acceleration-Time Graphs :
the v-t graph represents variable acceleration. (i) For a body moving with constant acceleration,
the acceleration-time graph is a straight line AB
parallel to the time-axis, as shown in Fig. 3.52.
IT
t t A
.,~..
0
!U A B .,•..
~
0

~III
!U
III
u Qj
u
-e u
u
-<
Fig. 3.49
Displacement covered = Area 1 - Area 2 + Area 3
H
0 Time-+ Time-+
Distance covered = Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3.
34. Discuss the nature of motion from the given Fig. 3.52 Fig. 3.53
speed-time graphs.
Different Types of Speed- Time Graphs: (ii) When the acceleration of a body increases uni-
formly with time, its a-t graph is a straight line OA
O

(i) For a body projected upwards, the speed-time

inclined to the time-axis as shown in Fig. 3.53.
graph is of the type shown in Fig. 3.50. When
the body moves, its speed decreases uniformly, (iii) For a body moving with variable acceleration,
becoming zero at the highest point. As the body the a-t graph is a curve. The area between the a-t
moves down, its speed increases uniformly. It graph and the time-axis gives the change in
returns with the same speed with which it was velocity, as shown in Fig. 3.54.
M

thrown up. Change in velocity = Area 1 - Area 2 + Area 3

t
t §

I '.c
~Of--~r----+--~--
]
Time=-e

Fig. 3.50 Fig. 3.54

 3.28 PHYSICS-XI

EXAMPLE .16. Fig. 3.56 shows the distance-time graphs of

two trains, which start moving simultaneously in the same
direction. From the graphs, find:
FORMULAE USED
(i) How much ahead of A is B when the motion starts?
1. Slope of position-time (x-f) .graph gives velocity.
t.x x2 - Xl (ii) What is the speed of B ?
v=-=---. (iii) When and where will A catch B ?
,M t2 -t1
(iv) What is the difference between the speeds of A and B?
2. Slope of velocity-time (v-f) graph gives acceleration.
t.v v - q A
a=-=--2
t.t t2 - t1
t 200 B

R
3. Distance travelled = Area between the (v-t) graph
and time-axis. ! 150 ,,
4. Change in velocity = Area between the (a-t) graph
. and time-axis. j<Il
100 - - -: R
,,
is ,
50
,

SI
Example .15. From the top of a tower, a ball is dropped to
'S
fall freely under gravity and at the same time; another ball is
2 3 4
thrown up with a velocity of 50 ms-1, Plot the position-time Time(h)~
graph for the motion of the two balls during the time interval
, t = 0 to t = 5s. Take g = 10 ms-2. Fig. 3.56
Solution. We can find the distances covered by the Solution. (i) B is ahead of A by the distance
two balls at different instants of time by using the OP = 100 km, when the motion starts.
formula, B ::::-=
QR
(II..) Spee d 0f 150 -100 ::::25 kmh-1 •
1 2
IT
S = ut+-gt PR 2-0
2
(iii) Since the two graphs intersect at point Q, so A
For the ball For the ball thrown up will catch B after 2 hours and at a distance of 150 km
' -1 from the origin.
dropped down u =50 ms ,
Time 0, 9 = + 10 ms-2
u :::: g=-10ms-2 (iv) Speed of A:::: QS:::: 150 -0 =75 krnh-1
OS 2-0
s =5t2 s ::::50t -5t2
H
:. Difference in speeds = 75 - 25 ::::50 kmh -1.
t = Is s=5m s=45m
Example 37. The speed-time graph of a particle moving
t =2s s=20m s = 'Jm
along a fixed direction is shown in figure. Find:
t=3s s=45m s = 105 m
(i) distance travelledby the particlebetween 0 sec to 10 sec
t =4s s=80m s = 120 m
O

(ii) average speed between this interval

t =5s s = 125 m s = 125 m
(iii) the time when the speed was minimum
The position-time graphs for the motion of the two (iv) the time when speed was maximum. [Delhi 06]
balls are as shown in Fig. 355.
M

125
100
75
50
t 25
S
~
O~~~--~~~--~
4 5 6
t (see)
>< 25 t (s) ~
Fig. 3.57
50
75 Solution. (i) Distance travelled by the particle
100 between 0 sec and 10 sec is
125
s ::::Area under speed-time graph

Fig. 3.55 = t (10 -0)(12 -0) = 60 m.

 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.29

..) A d Total distance travelled Maximum acceleration

(II verage spee =
Time taken = Slope of BC
• -1
= 60 = 6 ms-1. =(50-20)kmh = 30 =120kmh-2.
10 . (1.00 - 0.75) h 0.25
(iii) Speed is minimum at t = 0 sand t = 10 s.
(ii) Distance covered from 0.75 h to 1.00 h
(iv) Speed is maximum at t = 5 s.
= Area of trapezium BEFC
Example 38. A body starting from rest accelerates uni-
formly along a straight line at the rate of 10 ms -2 for 5 = ~ [BE + CF] x EF
seconds. It moves for 2 second with uniform velocity of = ~ [20 + 50] x (1.00 -0.75) km = 8.75 km.
50 ms-1. Then it retards uniformly and comes to rest in 3 s.

R
EXAil-IPU;; 40. A ball is thrown upward with an initial
Draw velocity-time graph of the body and find the total
velocity of100 ms-1. After how much time will it return?
distance travelled by the body. [Central Schools 04]
Draw velocity-time graph for the ball and find from the
Solution. The velocity-time graph is shown below. graph (i) the maximum height attained by the ball and
(ii) height of the ball after 15 s. Take g = 10 ms" 2.
u = 100 ms-1, g = -10 ms"

SI
Solution. Here 2

r At highest point, v = 0
As v=u+gt :. 0=100-10x t
:. Time taken to reach highest point,
t = 100 =10 s
2 ·34 5 6 7 8 10
!(see) ~
The ball will return to the ground at t = 20 s.
Fig. 3.58 Velocities of the ball at different instants of time
IT
will be as follows :
Distance travelled by the body
At t=O, v=100-10xO=100ms-1
= Area under v-t graph
1 At t=5s, v=100-10x5=50ms-1
= - (2 + 10) x 50 = 300 m.
.. 2 At t = 10 s, v = 100 -10 x 10 = 0
EXM1PLE 39. A train moves from one station to another in At t = 15 s, v = 100 -10 x 15 = - 50 ms-1
H
two hours' time. Its speed-time graph during the motion is At t = 20 s, v = 100 -10 x 20 = -100 ms-1
shown in Fig. 3.59. (i) Determine the maximum acceleration The velocity-time graph will be as shown in Fig. 3.60.
during the journey (ii) Also calculate the distance covered
during the time interval from 0.75 hour to 1 hour.
O

c t +50
50 ~ c
t
'00 Or-----~--~~----1-----~--
! 5 W
;> -so
t(s)~
-100
M

Fig. 3.60
(i) Maximum height attained by the ball
F 0
0.50 0.75 1.00 2.00 = Area of MOB
Time(h)~ = ~ x 10 s x 100 ms-1 = 500 m.
(ii) Height attained after 15 s
Fig. 3.59
= Area of MOB+ Area of LlBCD
Solution. (i) As the part BC of the speed-time graph
has maximum slope, so acceleration is maximum = 500 + ~ (15 -10)x (-50) =500 -125
during this interval. = 375 m.
 3.30 PHYSICS-XI

E.YAMPLE 41. The velocity-time graph for a vehicle is shown

in Fig. 3.61. Draw acceleration-time graph from it. B

40

Time ~

Fig. 3.63
2 3 4 5
Time (s) ~ AD v

R
Acceleration, a = slope of OA = - =-
OD OD
Fig. 3.61
OD=~
Solution. In time 0 to 2.5 s, acceleration of the a
vehicle,
Acceleration, p = slope of BC = BE =~
20 -0 2 EC EC

SI
a = Slope of OA=-- =8 ms"
2.5 -0
EC=~
In time 2.5 to 5 s, velocity of the vehicle is uniform. P
So acceleration = O. Now, total distance covered
In time 5 to 7 s, acceleration of the vehicle, = Area under the graph OABC

a = Slope of BC = --
0-20
= -10 ms
-2
or x = t [AB + OC] x AD
7-5
Hence the acceleration-time graph will be as shown = t [DE + 00 + DE + EC] x AD
IT
in Fig. 3.62. [.,' AB= DE 1
+ 10 a=8ms-2 = ~ [ 2 DE +~ + *] x v

t +5
a=O
or -=20E+-+-
2x
v p
v
a
v

OE=~[2: _~_*]
H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time(s)~ or

-10
_._-
a=-10ms-2
Now, total time taken is given by

t= 00+ OE+ EC
O

2:_~_*]
Fig. 3.62
V
+-
EXAMPI.E 42. The velocity of a train increases at a constant = ~ +~ [ P
rate a from 0 to v and then remains constant for some time
interval and then finally decreases to zero at a constant rate
11 If the total distance covered by the particle be x, then show
or
t=;+¥[~+~l
M

that the total time taken will be

t=;+~[ ~+~ l )C PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1. Figure 3.64 shows the position-time graphs of three

cars A, B and C. On the basis of the graphs, answer
Solution. The given motion can be represented by
the following questions :
the velocity-time graph OABC shown in Fig. 3.63. The
portion OA represents the motion with constant (I) Which car has the highest speed and which the
acceleration a, the straight line AB parallel to time-axis lowest?
represents the motion with uniform velocity v and the (ii) Are the three cars ever at the same point on the
line BC represents the motion with constant road?
acceleration p. (iii) When A passes C, where is B ?
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.31

C B A 6. The velocity-time graph of an object moving along

14 a straight line is as shown in Fig. 3.65. Find the net
12 distance covered by the object in time interval
between t = a to t = 10s. Also find the displacement
t 10 , in time a to 10 s. (Ans. 100 m, 60 m) .
,
I
k
8
,
,
,
,
20

6 -------~--------+---~
, " .1..10
,, "
"
4 , " '",
,,

R
2
________________ ..J
"
"I I g
r
O~~~--~~~~~~~~---
" ,
O~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~ __ ~, __ ~ __ ~" __ ~ __
·0
o
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 ~-10
t(h)~
-20

SI
Fig. 3.64
Fig. 3.65
(iv) How far did car A travel between the time it
7. As soon as a car just starts from rest in a certain
passed cars Band C ?
direction, a scooter moving with a uniform speed
(v) What is the relative velocity of car C with overtakes the car. Their velocity-time graphs are
respect to car A ? shown in Fig. 3.66. Calculate (i) the difference
(vi) What is the relative velocity of car B with
60
respect to car C ?
r A Car
[Ans. (i) C has the highest speed and A has the , 45 B
,
IT
lowest speed (ii) No (iii) 6 km from the origin g'" ,
(iv) 3 km (v) 7kmh-1 (vi) - 2 kmh-1] 'F Scooter
r30 ,, G
·0
2. An insect crawling up a wall crawls 5 em upwards 0 ,,
in the first minute but then slides 3 cm downwards ~ 15 ,
,
in the next minute. It again crawls up 5 em upwards ,
'C 'D
in the third minute but again slides 3 em
5 10 15 20 25
downwards in the fourth minute. How long will
H
Time(s)~
the insect take to reach a crevice in the wall at a
height of 24 em from its starting point? How does Fig. 3.66
the position-time graph of the insect look like? between the distances travelled by the car and the
(Ans. 21 min) scooter in 15 s (ii) the time when the car will catch
3. A driver of a car-travelling at 52 km h -1 applies the up the scooter and (iii) the distance of car and
O

brakes and decelerates uniformly. The car stops in scooter from the starting point at that instant.
5 seconds. Another driver going at 34 km h -1 applies [Ans. (i) 112.5 m (ii) 22.5 s (iii) 675 m]
his brakes slower and stops after 10 seconds. On the
8. The velocity-time graph of an object moving along
same graph paper, plot the speed versus time graph
a straight line is as shown below:
for two cars. Which of the two cars travelled farther
after the brakes were applied ?
M

A B
(Ans. Second car travelled farther)
4. A motor car, starting from rest, moves with uniform
acceleration and attains a velocity of 8 ms - 1 in 8 s. It
then moves with uniform velocity and finallybrought
to rest in 32 m under uniform retardation. The total
distance covered by the car is 464 m. Find (i) the
acceleration (ii) the retardation and (ii/) the total time
Time(s) ~
taken. [Ans. (i) 1 ms" 2 (ii) 1ms" 2 (iii) 66 s]
a
5. Starting from rest car accelerates uniformly with Fig. 3.67
3 ms - 2 for 5 s and then moves with uniform Calculate the distance covered by object between:
velocity. Draw the distance-time graph of the (i) t = a to t = 5 S (i/) t = a to t = 10 s.
motion of the car upto t = 7s. [Chandigarh 08] [Ans. (I) 80 m (ii) 130 m]
 3.32 PHYSICS XI

X HINTS 60
A
1. (i) Slope of line C is highest and that of A is 50
lowest.
(ii) The lines do not meet at one point at any time.
(iii) A passes C at 0.6 h, at this time B is at 6 km
from the origin. "1:l
gj0- 20
14 - 6 -1
(v) VA = Slope of line A = 1.6 _ 0 = 5 km h Ul
10

R
14 - 2 -1
0
Vc = Slope of line C = 1.0 _ 0 = 12 km h 0 2 4 12

Relative velocity of Cw.r.t. A

= Vc - VA = 12 - 5 = 7 km h -1. Fig. 3.68

14 - 0 Distance travelled by car 2,

SI
-1
(vi) VB = Slope of line B = -- = 10 km h = Area of f1COD
1.4 - 0 . 52

Relative velocity of B w.r.t. C =..!OCxOD=..!x34x~ms-1 xlOs

2 2 18
=vB -vc =10 -12 =-2 km S-l.
= 47.2 m.
2. Net distance crawled upwards in 2 min time
Hence second car travelled farther than first after
=5-3=2cm the brakes were applied.
:. Insect will crawl 2 x 10 = 20 ern upward in 4. Fig. 3.69 shows the velocity-times graph for the
2 x 10 = 20 min. motion of the motor car.
IT
In 21st min, insects covers 5 em upward and
reaches the crevice located at 25 cm.
:. Total time taken = 20 + 1 = 21 min.
The positions of insect at intervals of 1 min each
will be

t (min) x (em) t (min) x (em)

H
c
r- t-----++- t'--l
0 0 11 15
1 5 12 12
85 -1~'---
Time-+
2 2 13 17
3 7 14 14 Fig. 3.69
'-
O

4 4 15 19 Distance covered by the motor car,

5 9 16 16 Area of MOD + Area of rect. ADEB
6 6 17 21 + Area of f1BEC = 464 m
7 11 18 18 1 x 8 x 8 + 8 x t + 32 = 464
8 8 19 23 or t = 50s.
M

9 13 20 20 Suppose the motor car retards for time t ',

10 10 21 25
Area of f1BEC = 1 x 8 x t' = 32
Position-time (x-t) graph can be drawn with the or t'= 8s
help of the above table. :. Total time taken = 8 + t + t ' = 8 + 50 + 8 = 66 s.
3. Fig. 3.68 shows the speed-time graphs for the two AD 8 -2
Acceleration = Slope of OA = - = - = 1ms
cars. OD 8
Distance-travelled by car 1, Retardation = Slope of BC = -
BE 8
= - = 1 ms
-2

EC 8
Sr = Area of toAOB
5. Distance covered by car in first 5 s is given by
= 1 OA x OB =1 x 52 km h-1 x 5s
5 = ut + 1 at 2 = 0 + 1 x 3 x t 2 = ~ t 2 1
= 1x 52 x 2. ms -1 x 5 s = 36.1 m.
2 18 Att = 5 s, v = u + at = 0 + 3 x 5 = 15 ms"
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.33

After t = 5 s, car covers a distance 15 m in each (iii) Distance travelled by the scooter in 22.5 s
second upto t = 7 s. = 30 ms-l x 22.5 s = 675 m.
Hence positions of the car at different instants of
Su :he car catches the scooter when both are at 675 m
time will be
I it'Ll the starting point.
S. (i) Distance covered between t = 0 to t = 5s
= Area OABDO= t(3+ 5) x20 = SO m.
Fig. 3.70 shows the distance-time (x-t) graph for the
(ii) Distance covered between t = 0 to t = 10 s
car. For accelerated motion (0 to 5 s), the graph is a

R
parabola (OA) and for uniform velocity (5 s to 7 s), = Area OABCO=t(3+ 10)x20=130 m.
the graph is straight line AB.

70
3.17 RELATIVE VELOCITY
B
35. Define relative velocity. Deduce an expression for
60 relative velocity of one object with respect to another in

SI
50 terms of their velocities relative to the earth.
t 40
Relative velocity. The relative velocity of an object 2
:§:>< with respect to object 1, when both are in motion, is the time
rate of change of position of object 2 with respect to that of
object 1.
Parabola Expression for relative velocity. As shown in Fig. 3.71,
1 consider the objects 1 and 2 moving along the same
O~~ __~ __~~ __~ __~ __~ _ direction with constant velocities vI and v2 (relative to
IT
123 4 5 6 7 the earth) respectively.
t(s)~
1 2
00-----_1 V1 0-0 ---- •• , V2
Fig. 3.70

6. Total distance covered in 10 s Fig. 3.71 Relative velocity.

= t x 6 x 20 + t x 2 x 20 + 2 x 10 = 100 m. Suppose the position coordinates of the two objects
H
Displacement is positive from 0 to 6 s, negative are xl (0) and x2 (0) at time t =0. At time t = i, their
from 6 to 8 s and positive from 8 to 10 s. position coordinates will be
:. Total displacement in 19 s xl (t) = Xl (0) + vlt ...(1)
= t x 6 x 20 -_~ x 2 x 20 + 2 x 10 = 60 m. x2 (t) = x2 (0) + v2t ...(2)
O

7. (i) Distance travelled by the car in 15 s Subtracting (1) from (2), we find that
= Area of ~OAC x2 (t)xl (t) = X2 (0) - Xl (0) + (V2 - vI) t
-

= t x OC x AC = t x 15 x 45 = 337.5 m or [X2 (t) - X2 (0)] - [Xl (t) - Xl (0)] =(v2 - VI) t

Distance travelled by the scooter in 15 s or Displacement of object 2 in time t
= Area of recto OEFC
M

- Displacement of object 1in time t = (v2 - vI) t

= 15 x 30 = 450 m
or Relative displacement of object 2 w.r. t. object 1
Difference in the distances travelled
in time t=(v2 -vl)t
= 450 - 337.5 =112.5 m.
Relative displacement of object 2 w.r. t. object 1
(ii) After t = 15 s, relative velocity of the car w.r.t. or
the scooter Time t
= 45 - 30 = 15 ms-l = v2 -VI
:. Time taken in covering a difference of 112.5 m or Relative velocity of object 2 w.r.t. object 1,
112.5 m
= 1 = 7.5s V21 = v2 - "i
15ms-
Similarly, relative velocity of object 1 w.r.t. object 2,
:. Time after which car will catch up the scooter
= 15 + 7.5 = 22.5 s. vl2 = vI -v2
 3.34 PHYSICS-XI

3.~~ RELATIVE VELOCITY IN TERMS OF X2 (t) - Xl (t) is positive. The relative separation
POSITION-TIME GRAPHS x2 (t) - xl (t) first decreases till the two objects meet at
the position xl (t) = x2 (t). Then the separation
36. Draw and discuss the position-time graphs of two
objects moving along a straight line, when their relative x2 (t) - xl (t) becomes negative. The object 1 overtakes
the object 2 and the relative separation between them
velocity is (i) zero (ii) positive and (iii) negative.
again begins to increase.
Analysis of relative velocity in tenns of position-
time graphs. The relative velocity, v21 = v2 - vI may be
zero, positive or negative. t
§
Case 1. When the two objects move with same Position of

R
.0
velocity in the same direction. That is vI = v2 and ~ /. ~~e~~~ __
.. relative velocity, v2 - vI = 0
Then, x2 (t) - Xl (t) = X2 (0) - Xl (0)

Thus the two objects remain a constant distance

SI
apart throughout their motion. Their position-time
graphs are parallel straight lines as shown in Fig. 3.72. Time of
Here the initial positions of the objects are xl (0) = 10 m meeting
and x2 (0) = 30 m. Velocities are vI = v2 = 5 ms - I. The
Time --.
two objects remain 20 m apart at all instants.

80 Fig. 3.74 Position-time graphs for v2 < '1'

3.19 ~ DETERMINATION OF
IT
RELATIVE VELOCITY
37. Two bodies A and B are moving with velocities
v A and vB' making an angle e with each other.
Determine the relative velocity of A w.r.t. B. What will be
the relative velocity (i) when the two bodies move in
2 4 6 8 same direction and (ii) when the two bodies move in
Time (s)--.
H
opposite directions ?
Fig. 3.72 Position-time graphs for vI = v2 • Rule to determine relative velocity. The relative
Case 2. When v2 > vt or relative velocity (v2 - vt) is velocity of a body A with respect to another body B
when both are in motion can be obtained by adding to
positive. The relative separation x2 (t) - xl (t) increases
the velocity of A, a velocity equal and opposite to that
by the amount (v2 :: vI) after every second. So the
O

of B.Thus
position-time graphs gradually move apart, as shown
in Fig. 3.73. VAB=VA +(-vB)

This law can be applied even to the bodies moving

in directions inclined to each other.
M

Consider two bodies A and B moving with

velocities v A and vB respectively, making an angle e
with each other as shown in Fig. 3.75(a).

Time --.
P'---:--~,.........----+..,..--p
Fig. 3.73 Position-time graphs for v2 > vI' VB
(a) (b)
Case 3. When V2 < vI or relative velocity (v2 - VI) is
negative. Initially the object 2 is ahead of object 1 and Fig.3.75 Determination of relative velocity.
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.35

To find the relative velocity vAB of the body A with

respect to B, draw OP' = - vB as shown in Fig. 3.75(b).
Now we add vA and (-VB) which make an angle
(180° - 9) with each other. The relative velocity of A FORMULAE USED

with respect to B is given by the diagonal OR of the 1. Relative velocity of object A w.r.t. object B,
parallelogram OQRP'. --> --> -->
vAB = VA -VB
The magnitude of the relative velocity vAB is
2. Relative velocity of object B w.r.t. object A,
--> --> -->
VAB = ~v~ + v~ + 2 v A vB cos (180° - 9) VBA = VB -VA

R
=~v~ +v~-2vA vBcos9 .where 11A and vB are the velocities w.r. t. the ground
3. When the objects A and B move in the same
Suppose the relative velocity v AB makes angle p
direction,
with vA. Then --> --> -->
vAB = VA -VB

SI
VB sin (180° - 9)
tan p = -----"---~---'--- 4. When the object B moves in the opposite direction
vA + "s cos (180° - 9)
of A,
vB sin 9
VA =v« COS 9 UNITS USED
All velocities are in ms-1 or kmh-1.
or p = tan - 1 ( VA v! :~:s 9 J
EXAMPLE 43. A car A moving at 10 ms" 1 on a straight
IT
This gives the direction of the relative velocity v AB. road, is ahead of car B moving in the same direction at
6 ms-1. Find the velocity of A relative to B and vice versa.
Special cases : Solution. Here vA =10ms-1, vB=6ms-1
(i) When both the bodies are moving along Velocity of A relative to B,
parallel straight lines in the same direction. We have
9=0°.
vAB=vA -vB=1O-6=4ms-1
Positive velocity indicates that the driver of car B sees
H
VAB = ~v~ + v~ -2 VA VB cosO° car A moving ahead from him at the rate of 4 ms - 1.
Velocity of B relative to A
=~v~ +v~-2vA VB
vBA =vB-vA =6-10=-4ms-1
=~(VA -vB)2 =vA -vB· Negative velocity indicates that the driver of car A
O

(when looks back) sees the car B lagging behind at the

Thus the relative velocity of A with respect to B is equal rate of 4 ms-1.
to the difference between the magnitudes of their velocities. EXAJHPW 44. Two parallel rail tracks run north south.
(ii)When the two bodies are moving along Train A moves north with a speed of 54 kmh - 1 and train B
parallel straight lines in the opposite directions. We moves south with a speed of90 kmh-1. What is the
M

have 9 = 180°. (i) relative velocity of B with respect to A ?

(ii) relative velocity of ground with respect to B ?
VAB = ~v~ + v~ -2v A VB cos 180°
(iii) velocity of a monkey running on the roof of the train
A against its motion (with a velocity of18 km h- 1 with
= ~v~ + v~ +2vA VB
respect to the train A) as observed by a man standing
on the ground? [NCERT; Delhi 05CI
= ~(v A + vB)2 = VA + VB
Solution. Taking south to north direction as the
Thus the relative velocity of body A w.r.t. body B is positive direction of x-axis, we have
equal to the sum of the magnitudes of their velocities. That is 54xlOOO -1 -1
vA = + 54 km / h = ms = 15 ms
why when two fast trains cross each other in opposite 3600
directions, each appears to go very fast relative to the
VB ---90km/h- - -90xlOOO ms -1--
- 25 ms -1
other. 3600
 3.36 PHYSICS-XI

(i) Relative velocity of B with respect to A

X PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
= vB -VA =-25 -15 =-40 ms-t.
1. A jet airplane travelling at the speed of 450 kmh - 1
So to an observer in train A, the train B appears to
ejects the burnt gases at the speed of 1200kmh - 1
move with a speed of 40 ms-1 from north to south.
relative to the jet airplane. Find the speed of the .
(ii) Relative velocity of ground with respect to B burnt gases w.r.t. a stationary observer on earth.
=0- VB =0 + 25 = 25 ms-t. (Ans. 750~h -1)
So to an observer in train B, the earth appears to
2. Two cars A and B are moving with velocities of
move with a speed of 25 ms - 1 from south to north.
60 kmh -1 and 45 kmh -1 respectively. Calculafe the

R
(iii) Let velocity of monkey with respect to ground relative velocity of A w.r.t. B, -if (i) both cars are
=vM travelling eastwards and (ii) car A is travelling
:. Relative velocity of monkey with respect to train A eastwards and car B is travelling westwards.
[Ans. (i) 15 kmh - 1 eastwards
= vM -VA =-18 km h-1 =-5 ms-1
(ii) 105km h-I eastwards]
-5=15-5=10ms-t.

SI
or vM =vA
3. An open car is moving on a road with a speed of
EXAl.l1PLE 4.7' Two trains 120 m and 80 m in length are 100kmh -1. A man sitting in tIt car fires a bullet
running in opposite directions with velocities 42 kmh" 1 and from the gun in the opposite direction. If the speed
30 kmh - 1. In what time they will completely crosseachother ? of the bullet is 250 kmh -1 relative to the car, then
Solution. Relative velocity of one train w.r.t. the other find its (bullet's) speed with respect to an observer
on the ground. (Ans. 150 kmh-1)
= 42 -(-30) =72 kmh-1 =20 ms-1
Total distance to be travelled by each train to cross 4. A car A is moving with a speed of 60 kmh -1 and car
other train B is moving with a speed of 75 kmh -1, along
IT
parallel straight paths, starting from the same
= 120 + 80 = 200 m
point. What is the position of car A to.r.t. B after
Time taken by each train to cross other train 20 minutes? (Ans. 5 km behind)
200
=-=10s. 5. Two buses start simultaneously towards each other
20 from towns A and B which are 480 km apart. The-
EXAMPLE 46. The speed of a motor launch with respect to first bus takes 8 hours to travel from A to B while
still water = 7 ms - 1 and the speed vf stream is u = 3 me- ~. the second bus takes 12 hours to travel from B to A.
H
When the launch began travelling upstream, a float 'wds Determine when and where the buses will meet.
dropped from it. The launch travelled 4.2 km upstream, (Ans. 4.8 h, 288 km from A)
turned about and caught up with the float. How lo,;$.)s it 6. Two trains A and B,each of length 100m, are running
before the launch reaches the float ? r on parallel tracks. One overtakes the other in 20 s
Solution. For upstream motion of launch: and one crosses the other in 10 s. Calculate the
O

Relative velocity = 7 - 3 = 4 ms -
Distance moved = 4.2 km = 4200 m - 1. velocities of each train. (Ans. 15 ms" \ 5 ms-I)
7. A man swims in a river with and against water at
Time taken, t1 = 4200 = 1050 s the rate of 15 kmh - 1 and 5 kmh - 1. Find the many-
4 speed in still water and the speed of the river.
For downstream motion of launch : (Ans.10kmh-1,5kmh-I)
M

Distance moved downstream by float in 1050 s 8: A motorboat covers the distance between the two
= 3 x 1050 =3150 m spots on the river in 8 h and 12 h downstream and
Distance between rfloat and launch turned about upstream respectively. Find the time required by
the boat to cover this distance in still water.
= 4200 + 3150 =7350 m
(Ans. 9.6 h)
This distance is to be covered by launch with its
own velocity (7 ms" 1) because stream velocity is being 9. A car A is travelling on a straight level road with
shared by both. a speed of 60 kmh - 1. It is followed by another car
B which is moving with a speed of 70 kmh -1.
., Time taken, t =' 7350 = 1050 s
2 7 When the distance between them is 2.5 km, the
car B is given a deceleration of 20 kmh" 2. After
Total time taken, t = t1 + t2 =1050 + 1050 what distance and time will the car B catch up
=2100s=!~ with car A ? (Ans. 32.5 km, 0.5 h)
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.37

X HINTS 7. Let u be the speed of man in still water and v be the

speed of river. Then
4. Relative speed of A w.r.t. B u + v = 15 kmh - 1 and u - v = 5 kmh - 1
, = 60 - 75 = - 15 kmh - 1
On solving,
Distance of A from B after 20 min
u=10 kmh-1, v=5 kmh-1•
20
= -15 x - = -5 km. 8. Let u and v be the velocity of boat in still water and
60 - ~
velocity of river respectively. If x is the distance
5. Speed of first bus = 480 = 60 kmh - 1 between the two spots, then
8 x
u+ v= - (for upstream)

R
Speed of second bus = 480 = 40 kmh - 1 8
12 x
.Suppose the two buses meet after time t. Then u-v=- (for downstream)
12
60t + 40t = 480 On adding,
20 10
or t = 4.8 h 2u= - x or u=-x

SI
96 96
Distarcr from A = 60 x 4.8 = 288 km. .
Time required by boat in still water
6. Let ,vand v be the velocities of trains A and B x x
respectively. \
u
During overtaking, relative velocity of A w.r.t. B
9. Relative velocity of car B w.r.t. A
= u-v
=70-60=lOkmh-1
During crossing, relative velocity of A w.r.t B
.. For c r B,
=u+v
U= 10 kmh-1, 5 = 2.5 krn, a = - 20 kmh-1
IT
Total distance to be covered by A during over-
As s=ut+..!at2
taking or crossing 2
= 100 + 100 = 200 m 2.5 = 10t -..! x 20 x t 2 or t = 0.5 h
2
200 = 20 and 200 = 10
u-v u+v Actual distance travelled by car B during this time,
s = ut + ..! at 2 = 70 x 0.5 - ..! x 20 x (0.5)2
or u - v = 10 and u + v = 20
H
2 2
On solving, u = 15 ms"", v = 5 ms-1. = 35 - 2.5 = 32.5 km.

Very Short Answer Conceptual ProbleDls

O

Problem 1. When does a. cyclist appear to be Problem 4. Can the speed of a body be negative?
stationary with respect to another moving cyclist? Solution. No, because the speed of an object is the
Solution. When both the cyclists are moving in the distance travelled per unit time and distance travelled is
same direction with the same velocity parallel to each never negative.
other. Problem 5. Can a body have a constant speed and
still have a varying velocity? [Himachal 06C]
M

Problem 2. Can the earth be regarded as point object

when it is describing its yearly journey around the sun ? Solution. Yes. A particle in uniform circular motion
has a constant speed but varying velocity because of the
Solution. Yes, because size of the earth is much change in its direction of motion at every point.
smaller than the distance from the sun.
Problem 6. Can a body have a constant velocity and
Problem 3. Can the displacement be greater than the still have a varying speed? [Himachal 04, 06]
distance travelled by an object? Give reason. Solution. No, a body cannot have a constant velocity
Solution. No, the displacement of an object can be while having a varying speed. Whenever the speed
either equal to or less than the distance travelled by the changes, velocity also changes.
object. This is because displacement is shortest distance' Problem 7. Can a particle in one-dimensional motion
between the initial and final positions of the object while have zero speed and a non-zero velocity ?
distance travelled is the length of the actual path Solution. No. If the speed is zero, the velocity will be
traversed by the object. necessarily zero.
 3.38 PHYSICS-XI

Problem 8. Can a body have zero velocity and still be Problem 17. Two balls of different masses (one
accelerating? {Delhi OSC] lighter and other heavier) are thrown vertically upwards
Solution. Yes. A body thrown vertically upwards has with the same speed. Which one will pass through the
zero velocity at its highest point but has acceleration equal point of projection in their downward direction with the
to the acceleration due to gravity. greater speed ? [I. I. TJ

Problem 9. Can an object have an eastward velocity Solution. In case of motion under gravity, the speed
while experiencing a westward acceleration ? with which a body returns back is always equal to the
speed with which it is thrown up. Since expression for
Solution. Yes. A pendulum oscillating in east-west
final speed does not involve mass, both the balls will
direction will have eastward velocity and westward
acquire the same speed.

R
acceleration in half cycle of its oscillation.
Problem 18. Can the relative velocity of two bodies
Problem 10. Can the direction of velocity of an object
be greater than the absolute velocity of either body?
change, when acceleration is constant?
Solution. Yes. When two bodies move in opposite
Solution. Yes. For an object thrown vertically
directions, the relative velocity of each is greater than the
upwards, the direction of velocity changes during its rise
individual velocity of either body.

SI
and fall. But acceleration acts always downwards and
remains constant. Problem 19. A car travelling with a velocity of
50 km h -Ion a straight road is ahead of a motor-cycle
Problem 11. Is it possible for a body to be accelerated
without speeding up or slowing down ? If so, give an travelling with a speed of 75 kmh -1. How would the
example. [Himachal 01, 04] relative velocity be altered if motor cycle is ahead of
Solution. Yes. An object in uniform circular motion is car ?
accelerating but its speed neither decreases nor increases. Solution. The relative velocity will remain same as it
Problem 12. Under what condition is the average does not depend on the position of the two bodies.
velocity equal to the instantaneous velocity ? Problem 20. Even when rain is falling vertically
IT
Solution. When a body moves with a constant downwards, the front screen of a moving car gets wet
velocity, its average velocity over any time interval is while the back screen remains dry. Why ?
same as is instantaneous velocity. Solution. This is because the rain strikes the car in the
Problem 13. Why is the speed, in general, greater direction of relative velocity of rain with respect to car.
than the magnitude of the velocity ? Problem 21. Is it possible that the brakes of a car are
Solution. Because of the change in the direction of so perfect that the car stops instantaneously. If not,
H
motion, the length of the path traversed by a body is why?
generally greater than the magnitude of its displacement. Solution. No, it is not possible. In order to make
Sospeed is generally greater than the magnitude of velocity. velocity zero in an infinitesimally small interval of time,
Problem 14. Is the direction of acceleration same as the car needs an infinite declaration which is not possible.
the direction of velocity ? Problem 22. When an observer is standing on earth,
O

Solution. Not necessarily. If velocity increases, the trees and houses appear stationary to him. However,
acceleration acts in the direction of velocity and if velocity when he is sitting in a moving train, all these objects
decreases, then acceleration acts in the opposite direction appear to move in backward direction. Why ?
of velocity. Solution. For the stationary observer, the relative
Problem 15. Can we use the equations of kinematics velocity of trees and houses is zero. For the observer
to find the height attained by a body projected upwards sitting in the moving train, the relative velocity of houses
M

with any velocity ? and trees is negative. So these objects appear to move in
Solution. No. The equations of kinematics are backward direction.
applicable only so long as the acceleration is uniform. The Problem 23. The displacement of a body is given to
acceleration due to gravity is uniform only near the be proportional to the cube of time elapsed. What is the
surface of the earth. nature of the acceleration of the body?
Problem 16. Two balls of different masses (one Solution. Given: s oct3 or s = kt3
lighter and other heavier) are thrown vertically upward
with same initial speed. Which one will rise to the Velocity = ds = 3kt2
dt
greater height? [I. I. T.]
Solution. Both the balls will rise to the same heights. It Acceleration = dv = 6 kt i.e., acceleration oc t.
dt
is because, for a body moving with given initial velocity
and acceleration, the distance covered by the body does Clearly, the acceleration increases uniformly with
not depend on the mass of the body. time.
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.39

Problem 24. The average velocity of a partide is position-time graphs are parallel straight lines, equally
equal to its instantaneous velocity. What is the nature of inclined to the time-axis as shown in Fig. 3.76.
its displacement-time graph ?
Solution. When the average velocity is equal to the
instantaneous velocity, the particle has a uniform motion.
So its displacement-time graph is a straight line inclined t
c
to the time-axis. o
'.0
Problem 25. Can the position-time graph have a 'iii

negative slope? £
Solution. Yes,when the velocityof the objectisnegative.
Problem 26. What is the nature of the displacement-

R
time curve of a body moving with constant velocity ?
Solution. Parabola. Fig. 3.76
Problem 27. Can the direction of motion of a body
change if its velocity is changing at uniform rate? Problem 29. Is it possible to have a constant rate of
Solution. Yes.This can happen in a retarded motion. A change of velocity when velocity changes both in
magnitude and direction ? If yes, give one example.

SI
body thrown up moves under constant retardation and
from the highest point it begins to fall downwards. [Central Schools 08]
Problem 28. Draw position-time graphs for two Solution. Yes, in projectile motion, a body has
objects having zero relative velocity. uniform acceleration in the downward direction while its
Solution. As the relative velocity is zero, the two velocity changes both in magnitude and direction at every
bodies A and B have equal velocities. Hence their point of its trajectory.

Short Answer Conceptual Problems

IT
Problem 1. Can a body be at rest as well as in motion (iv) an insect crawling on a globe, and
at the same time? Explain. [Himachal 06] (v) a planet revolving around its star?
Or Solution.
Rest and motion are relative terms. Explain. (i) three-dimensional, (ii) one-dimensional,
[Himachal 09] (iii) two-dimensional, (iv) two-dimensional,
H
Solution.Yes, object may be at rest relative to one (v) two-dimensional.
object and at the same time it may be in motion relative Problem 4. Which of the two-velocity or acceleration,
to another object. For example, a passenger sitting in a gives the direction of motion of the body. Justify your
moving train is at rest with respect to his fellow passen- answer by an example.
gers but he is in motion with respect to the objects Solution. It is the velocity and not the acceleration,
O

outside the train. Rest and motion are relative terms. which gives the direction of motion of a body. When a
body is projected upward, both its direction of motion
Problem 2. If the displacement of a body is zero, is
and velocity are in upward direction but the acceleration
the distance covered by it necessarily zero ? Comment is in the downward direction.
with suitable illustration.
Problem 5. Two straight lines drawn on the same
Solution. No, it is not necessary that the distance displacement-time graph make angles 30° and 60° with
M

covered by a body is zero when its displacement is zero. . time-axis respectively, as shown in Fig. 3.77.Which line
Consider a particle moving along a circular track of radius represents greater velocity? What is the ratio of the two
r. After the particle completes one revolution, its velocities? [Delhi 05, 08]
displacement is zero while the distance covered is 21tr.
Problem 3. State in the following cases, whether the
motion is one, two or three dimensional :
(i) a kite flying on a windy day,
(ii) a speeding car on a long straight high way,
(iii) a carrom coin rebounding from the side of the
board, Fig. 3.77
 3.40 PHYSICS-XI

Solution. Slope of displacement-time graph x x

= Velocity of the object
As slope of line OB> slope of line OA
:. The line making angle of 60° with time-axis
represents greater velocity. 01-------
Ratio of the two velocities
= vA = tan 30°
(a) (b)
VB tan 60°
x
= 1/ J3 =.! = 1 : 3.
J3 3

R
Problem 6. If in case of a motion, displacement is 01-------
directly proportional to the square of the time elapsed, t .
what do you think about its acceleration i.e., constant or
variable? Explain why. [Chandigarh 02)
Solution. Given x oct2

SI
(c) (d)
or x = ct2,
where c is a constant Fig. 3.78
dx
Velocity, v= - = c x 2i
dt (a) If Xo = + ve and v = + ve, position-time graph will
dv be as shown in Fig. 3.78(a).
Acceleration, a = - = 2c = a constant
dt (b) If Xo = + ve and v = - ve, the position-time graph
Hence the object is moving with uniform acceleration. will be as shown in Fig. 3.78(b).
IT
Problem 7. Show that the average velocity of an object (c) If Xo = - ve and v = + ve, the. position-time graph
over an interval of time is either smaller than or equal to will be as shown in Fig. 3.78(c).
the average speed of the object over the same interval.
(d) If both Xo and v are negative, the position-time
Solution. We know that graph will be as shown in Fig. 3.78(d).
·
A verage ve Ioaty _D_is~p_Ia_c_e_m_e_n_t
= Problem 9. An object has uniformly accelerated
Time interval
motion. The object always slows down before the time,
H
= Total path length when its velocity becomes zero. Prove 'this statement
Average speed
Time interval graphically, when (a) both u and a are positive (b) u =- ve
As the magnitude of the displacement of an object can and a = + ve (c) u = + ve and a = -ve and (d) both u and a
be equal to or less than the total Iength of the path are negative.
traversed by the body-in given time, so average velocity of
O

Solution.
an object over an interval of time is either equal to or
smaller than the average speed of the object over the same (a) When both u and a are +ve : In such a case, the v-t
interval. graph will be as shown in Fig. 3.79(a}. At :the time
Problem 8. An object is in uniform motion along a corresponding to point A, the velocity becomes zero. It
straight line. What will be position-time graph for the can be seen that before this time, the velocity is negative
M

motion of the object if but its magnitude decreases with time till it becomes zero
at A.
(a) Xo = +ve, v = +ve
(b) Xo = +ve, v = -ve (b) When u is - ve and a is + ve : In this case, graph
(c) Xo = +ve, v = -ve
will be shown in Fig. 3.92(b}. At the time corresponding to
point A, the velocity becomes zero. It can be seen that
(d) both x 0 and v are negative?
before this time the velocity is - ve but its magnitude
The letters Xo and v represent position of the decreases with time till it becomes zero at A.
object at t =0 and uniform velocity of the object (c) When u + ve and a is - ve : In such a case, graph
respectively. between v and t will be as shown in Fig. 3.79(c). Again at
Solution.The position of the object moving with a A, velocity is zero. The velocity decreases before the time
uniform velocity v and time t is given by x = Xo + vt corresponding to point A.
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.41

v v Between times tl and t ', the acceleration of the

object is
O-z;.
0 a = Slope of v- t graph AB = ~
1

,- ,-
-u
t'-t1=-z;.
a
A 0
(a) (b) Between times t ' and t2, the acceleration of the
object is
A 0 -v -0
... ... a = slope of v~ t graph BC = 2
+u ... t2 - t '

R
-u , v2
t2-t =--
a
Hence area under v-t graph between times tl and t2
-v -v
= ..! z;. (-~) -..! v (- V2)
(c) (d) 2 a 2 2 a

SI
2 2
v2 - Vi 2as
Fig. 3.79 =---=-=s
2a 2a
(d) When both u and a are - ve : In this case, v - t graph = Distance covered by the object between
will be as shown in Fig. 3.79(d). If we produce graph times tl and t2.
backwards, it meets the time-axis at point A. Before this Problem 11. Distinguish between distance and
time, velocity is +ve and decreases till it becomes zero at displacement. [Himachal 04, 06, 09C]
point A.
Solution.
Problem 10. The distance covered by an object
IT
between times t 1 and t 2 is given by the area under the Distance Displacement
1. Distance is the length of Displacement is the shor-
v - t graph between t 1 and t 2' Prove this statement for an
the actual path tra- test distance between
object moving with negative acceleration and having a versed by a body, irres- the initial and final
positive velocity at time t 1 and a negative velocity at pective of its motion. positions of body in a
time t2 given direction.
H
Solution. The velocity-time graph for the given 2. Distance between two Displacement between
points may be same or two given points is
motion of the object is as shown in Fig. 3.80. Let z;. be the
different for different always same.
velocity at time tl and - v2 at time t2• paths chosen.
3. It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
O

+VI 4. Distance covered may Displacement covered

be positive or zero. may be positive, nega-
t tive or zero.
12
'" 0
tl l-t Problem 12. Distinguish between speed and
velocity. [Himachal 06C, 08, 09C]
-V2
Solution.
M

Speed Velocity
Fig. 3.80
1. It is the distance It is the distance
Area under v-t graph between times tl and t2 travelled by a body per travelled by a body per
unit time in any unit time in a fixed
= Area AA'B + Area CC'B
direction. direction.
= 1A'B X AA' + 1BC' x CC' It is a scalar quantity.
2 2 2. It is a vector quantity.
= t (t' -. t1)(z;.) + t (t2 - t')( - v2) 3. Speed may be positive Velocity may be

= t z;. (t' - t t v2(t t ').

1) - 2 -
or zero but never
negative.
positive, negative or
zero.
 3.42 PHYSICS-XI

Problems on Higher Order Thinking Skills

Problem 1. The velocity-time relation of an electron Let each distance be x m. Let vA' vB' Vc and "o be
starting from rest is given by v = kt, where k ~2 ms" 2. the velocities at points A, B, C and D respectively.
Calculate the distance traversed in 3 s. v +v
Average velocity between A and B = A B
Solution. Velocity, v = kt 2
dv d -2 v +V
Acceleration, a = - = - (kt) = k = 2 ms A B x tl = x
dt dt 2
2x

R
Distance traversed in 3 s, or vA + vB =-
-t
s = ut + at = a + x 2 x (3l = 9 m.
2
-t tl
2x 2x
Problem 2. The acceleration experienced by a boat after Similarly, vB + Vc =- and Vc + vD =-
t2 t3
the engine is cut off, is given by dv = - kv3, where k is a V +v
dt Average velocity between A and D = A

SI
D
constant. If Va is the magnitude of the velocity at.cut off,find 2
the magnitude of the velocity at time t after the cut off. vA + "o
---'-'--2~"'- (tl + t2 + t ) = X + X + x 3
[CBSE 94]

Solution. Given: dv = - kv3 or v - 3 dv = - kdt 6x

or vA +vD=----
dt tl + t2 + t3
Integrating within the conditions of motion,
v Hence vA + "o =(v A + vB) -(VB + vc> + (vc + vD)
f f dt
t

r
3
v- dv =-k 6x 2x 2x 2x
or ----=---+-
vo 0
IT
tl + t2 + t3 tl t2 t3
3 1 1 1
or [ ~-22 = - k [t]~ or ----=---+-.

~l
vo tl + t2 + t3 tl t2 t3
Problem 4. In a car race, car A takes time t less than car
or - .!.[~ 2 - =- k [t - 0] B and passes thefinishing point with a velocity v more than
2 v va2 the velocity with which car B passes the point. Assuming
H
1 1 that the cars start from rest and travel with constant
or ---=2
2 2
kt
V Vo accelerations a1 and a2, show that v = t~ala2 .
1 _ 1 _1+2ktvo2 Solution. Let s be the distance covered by each car.
or 2 - 2 + 2 kt - 2 Let the times taken by the two cars to complete the
V Vo Vo journey be tl and t2, and their velocities at the finishing
O

v point be vI and v2 respectively. According to the problem,

or v = 0 •
~1 +2kt v02 vI - v2 = v and t2 - tl = t
Problem 3. If a body moving with uniform acceleration O+v v
When u = a , s = -- 2 x t = -2 . t
in a straight line describes successive equal distances in time
intervals t/ .t 2 and t3' then show that _ vI tl _ V2t2
s-----
M

1 1 1 3 2 2
- --+-=---- _1 2_1 2
Also s - "2 a1 tl -"2 a2 t2
tl t2 t3 tl + t2 + t3
2s 2s
Solution. As shown in Fig. 3.81, let the three successive
equal distances be represented by AB, BC and CD. Hence ~ = vI - v2 = tl t2 = 2s (t2 - t1) _ 2s
t2 - tl t2 - tl tl t2 (t2 - t1) tl t2
t=0 x x
I 4s2
tTt2
1 2
or v = t~a,. az .
Fig. 3.81
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.43

Problem 5. The driver of a train moving at a speed Vj Problem 7. A bullet fired into afixed target loses half of
observes another train at a distance d ahead of him on the its velocity after penetrating 3 em. How much further will it
same track moving in the same direction with a slower speed penetrate before coming to rest assuming that it faces
v2. He applies the brakes and gives his train constant constant resistance to motion ? [AIEEE 05]
. . (v -v )2 . Solution. In first case. If u is initial velocity, then
deceleration a. Show that if d > 1 2 , there ioill be no
2a v=u/2,s=3cm
2
2 As v2 - u2 = 2 as
collision and if d < (vI -v ) ,there will be collision.
2a (u /2)2 - u2 = 2 as or a = - u2 /8
Solution. There will be no collision if the driver of In second case: v = 0, a = - u2 /8
the train moving at a speed vI' reduces the speed of his
Initial velocity = u /2

R
train to v2 before the two trains meet i.e., the relative
velocity of the two trains must be reduced to zero. 02 - (u /2)2 = 2( - u2 /8) s
Initial relative velocity = vI - v2 or s= 1em
If s is the distance covered by first train before its Thus the bullet will penetrate a further distance of
relative velocity becomes zero, then 1 cm before coming to rest.

SI
v2 =u2 +2 as or 0 =(vI -v2)2 -2as Problem 8. A car, starting from rest, accelerates at the
(VI - v2) 2 rate f through a distance s, then continues at constant speed
or s = ---"--=--
2a for some time t and then decelerates at the rate f / 2 to come
2
to rest. If the total distance is 5 s, then prove that s = ft2. -t
For no collision, d > s or d>(vI-v2)
[AIEEE 05]
2a
Solution. For accelerated motion. u = 0, a = f, s = s
Problem 6. A juggler maintains four balls in motion,
making each in turn rise to a height of 20 m from his hand. As v2 - u2
= 2 as
IT
With what velocity does he project them and where will the vi _02 =2f s or VI =)2f s
other three balls be at the instant when the fourth one is just
leaving the hand? Take g = 10 ms-2. For uniform motion: u = VI =)2 f s, t = t
Solution. For upward motion of a ball : Distance travelled, s2 = ut = )2 f s t
v=O, a=-10ms-2, s =20m, u=?, t=? For decelerated motion: u = )2f s, a = - f / 2, v =0
As v2~u2=2as 0-u2=-2x10x20
As v2 - u2 =2as,
H
or u = 20 ms-1
02 -()2fd =2 x (- f /2)s3
Also, v = u + at 0=20-10t
Distance travelled, s3 =2s
or t=2s
Given s + s2 + s3 = 5s
So the ball returns tQthe hand of the juggler after 4 s.
f s t + 2s = 5s
O

or s + )2
To maintain proper distance, the balls must be
i = 1 s. or )2fst=2s
thrown up at an interval of
4 or s= t ft 2
•
When the fourth ball is in hand, the third ball has Problem 9. A car moving with a speed of 50 kmh-I can
travelled for 1 s, second for 2 s and first for 3 s.
be stopped by brakes after at/east 6 m. What will be the
-t at2
M

(i) For third ball, s = ut + minimum stopping distance, if the same car is moving at a
=20 x 1- -t x 10 x (1)2 = 15 m speed of100 kmh-I ? [AIEEE 03; Delhi 10]

Third ball. will be 15 m above the ground going Solution. In first case:
upward. u = 50 km h - 1 = 50 x ~ = 125 ms - 1. V = 0, s = 6 m
(ii) For second ball, s = 20 x 2 - -t x 10 (2)2 = 20 m 18 9 '
As v2 u2 = 2 as
J
-
Second ball will be 20 m above the ground and will
be at rest. 02 - ( 1~5 = 2a x 6
(iii) Forfirst ball, s = 20 x 3 - -t x 10 x (3)2 = 15 m
First ball will be 15 m above the ground going or a = _ 125 x 125 ""-16 ms" 2
81 x 2 x 6
downward.
 3.44 PHYSICS-XI

In second case : Solution. As s t

= ut + gt2
u = 100 kmh -
9
1=
250 ms - 1
.. h = 0 x T + gT2t
v=O, a=-16ms-2
or T=~
.. 9 =2x(-16)xs
02_ (250)2
Distance covered in time T /3,

or s 250 x 250 = 24.1 m.

81x 32 h'=Ox
T 1g
3+2 (T)23
Problem 10. The relation between t and distance x is 2
gT g 2h h
t = ax2 + bx where a and b are constants. Express the =-=-x-=-

R
18 18 g 9
instantaneous acceleration in terms of instantaneous
velocity. [AIEEE 05] Position of the ball after time T / 3,
Solution. Given: 2
t = ax + bx = h - -h = -,8h above the ground.
9 9
dt
-=2ax+ b Problem 12. Points P, Q and R are in a vertical line such

SI
dx
that PQ = QR A ball at P is allowed to fall freely. What is
Velocity, v = dx = (2ax + bf 1 the ratio of the times of descent through PQ and QR ?
. dt
[Central Schools 08]
. dv dv dx dv Solution. Let tl and t2 be the times of descent
Acceleration = - = - .- = v -
dt dx dt dx
through PQ and QR respectively.
= v~(2ax + bfl Let PQ = QR = h:
dx
= v (-1)(2ax + bf 2 .2a
Th en h -- "21gtl 2 an d 2h ="21 g(t + t ) 2
1 2
IT
t2
= -2a(2ax + bf3 =-2av3•
Problem 11. A ball is released from the top of a tower of
t = 1
(tl + t2)2
or

height h metres. It takes T seconds to reach the ground. What is

the position of the ball in T / 3 seconds ? [AIEEE 04] Hence tl : t2 = 1 : (..fi -1) .

gUideline,., to NCERT Exercises

•
H

3.1. In which of theJoliowing examples of motion can the (iii) The spinning ball cannot be considered as point
O

body be considered approximately a point object: object because its size is quite appreciable as
(i) a railway carriage moving without jerks between compared to the distance through which it
two stations. turns on hitting the ground.
(il) a monkey sitting on the top of a man cycling smoothly (iv) The tumbling beaker slipping off the edge of a
on a circular track. table cannot be considered a point object because
(iii) a spinning cricket ball that turns sharply on hitting its size is not negligibly smaller than the height
M

the ground, and of the table.

(iv) tumbling beaker that has slipped off the edge of a 3.2. The position-time (x-t) graphs for two children A and B
table? returning from their school 0 to their homes P and Q respec-
tively are shown in Fig. 3.82. Choose the correct entries in the
Ans.
brackets below :
(I) The carriage can be considered as the point
(a) A / B lives closer to the school than B / A
object because the distance between two stations
is much larger than the size of the carriage. (b) A / B starts from the school earlier than B / A
.(ii) The monkey can be considered as a point (c) A / B walks faster than B / A
object because its size is much smaller than the (d) A and B reach home at the (same/different) time.
distance covered by the cyclist. (e) A / B overtakes B / A on the road (once/twice.)
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.45

The x-t graph of the woman's motion is shown in

Q ------------ . Fig. 3.83. Here 9 AM. is regarded as the origin for
time-axis and home as the origin for the position-axis.
t
H P 3
(Office) 2.5 I
r,
2

o t~

Fig. 3.82

R
5.06 PM
,/
Ans. (Home)09~~1~0--1~1--~12~~~2~~3~-4~~5~~6--~7~
(a) As 0 P < OQ A lives closer to the school than B. AM Time-t PM

(b) When x = 0, t = 0 for A; while t has some finite Fig. 3.83

value when B starts moving. So A starts from

SI
the school earlier than B 3.4. A drunkard walking in a narrow lane takes 5 steps
forward and 3 steps backward, followed again by 5 steps forward
(c) Speed = Slope of x - t graph.
and 3 steps backward, and so on. Each step is 1 m long and
Slope of x - t graph > Slope of x - t graph requires 1 s. Plot the x-i graph of his motion. Determine
for B . for A. graphically and otherwise how long the drunkard takes tofall in
:. B walks faster than A a pit 13 m away from the start.
(d) Corresponding to the positions P and Q time t Ans. (a) Graphical method. Taking the starting point
is same on time-axis. as origin, the positions of the drunkard at various instants
:. A and B reach home at the same time. of time are given in the following table.
IT
(e) The x - t graphs for A and Bintersect each other
t (s) 0 5 8 13 16 21 24 29 32 37
only once. Since B starts from the school
afterwards, so B overtakes A on the road once. x (m) 0 5 2 7 4 9 6 11 8 13

3.3. A woman starts from her home at 9.00 A.M. walks with
'The position-time (x-t) graph for the motion of the
a speed of 5 kmh-1 on a straight road upto her office 2.5 km drunkard is shown in Fig. 3.84. As is obvious from graph
away, stays at the office upto 5 P.M. and returns home by an that the drunkard would take 37 s to fall in a pit 13 m
H
auto with a speed of 25 kmh - 1. Choose suitable scales and plot away from the starting point.
the x-t graph of her motion.
Ans. For the journey from home to office:
The time at which woman leaves for her office is 9 AM. 14 X= 13 m
12
As she travels with a speed of 5 kmh -1 and the
O

distance of office is 2.5 km, hence time taken by her to

reach office,
t = distance = 2.5 km = ~ h
speed 5 kmh-1 2
4
Hence the time at which she reaches office is 9.30 AM.
M

t=37s
Between 9.30 AM. to 5.00 P.M., she stays in her office
i.e. at a distance of 2.5 km from her home. 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
t (s) ~
For the return journey from office to home:
Fig. 3.84
The time at which she leaves her office =5 P.M.
(b) Analytical method. In each forward motion of 5
Now she travels a distance of 2.5 km with a speed of
25 kmh - 1, hence the time taken steps and backward motion of 3 steps, net distance
covered = 5 - 3 = 2 m and time taken = 5 + 3 = 8 s.
2.5km 1 .
t' = 1 = - h = 6 minutes :. Time required to cover a distance of 8 m
25kmh 10
= ~ x8= 32s
The time at which she reaches her home = 5.06 P.M. 2
 3.46 PHYSICS-XI

Remaining distance of the pit = 13 - 8 = 5 m 3.8. On a two-lane road, car A is travelling with a speed of
36kmh-1. Two cars Band C approach car A in opposite
In next 5 s, as he moves 5 steps forward, he falls into
directions with a speed of 54 kmh-1 each. At a certain instant,
the pit.
when the distance AB is equal to AC, both being 1 km, B decides
:. Total time taken = 32 + 5 = 37 s. to overtake A before C does. What minimum acceleration of car
B is required to avoid an accident?
3.5. A jet airplane travelling at the speed of 500 kmh-1
ejects its products of combustion at the speed of 1500 kmh-1 Ans. At the instant when B decides to overtake A, the
relative to the jet plane. What is the speed of the latter with speeds of three cars are
respect to an observer on the ground?
vA = 36kmh-1 =36 x~ =+ 10ms-1
Ans. Here speed of jet airplane, 18
'1. = 500 kmh-1 vB = + 54kmh-1 =+ 15 ms-1

R
= + 54 x~
Let v2 be the speed of products w.r.t. the ground. 18
Suppose the direction of motion of the jet plane is positive.- Vc = - 54 kmh - 1 = - 15 ms - 1
Then the relative velocity of products w.r.t. jet plane is Relative velocity of C w.r.t. A,
v2 - '1. = -1500 vCA = Vc - VA = - 15 - 10 = - 25 ms - 1
or v2 = '1. - 1500 = 500 - 1500 = - 1000 kmh-1

SI
:. Time that C requires to just cross A
Negative sign shows that the direction ofproducts of 1km 1000 m
combustion is opposite to that of the jet plane. =--= 1 =40s
vCA 25 ms"
:. Speed of products of combustion w.r.t. ground
= 1000 kmh-1.
= 54 krnh-I = 36 krnh-I = - 54 krnh-I
r- -I
VB VA Vc

3.6. A car moving along a straight highway with speed of BI-;.....~ AI [c

126 kmh-1 is brought to a stop within a distance of 200 m.
What is the retardation of the car (assumed uniform), and how ~ lOOOrn
-+-looorn-1
long does it take for the car to stop?
IT
Ans. Here u = 126 kmh - 1 = 126 x ~ =-35 ms - 1,
18 Fig. 3.85
v = 0, s = 200 m
In order to avoid the accident, B must overtake A in a
As v2-;=2as time less than 40 s. So, for car B we have
02 - 352 = 2a x 200 Relative velocity of car B w.r.t. A,
H
35 x 35 49 . 2 vBA = vB - vA = 15 -10 = 5 ms-1
or a = - --- = - - = - 3.06 ms"
2 x 200 16 s = 1 km = 1000 m, u = 5 ms-1, t = 40s
:. Retardation = 3.06 ms-2• As s=ut+1at2
2
Required time,
v - u --0- 35 35 x 16 80 1000 = 5 x 40 + ta x ( 40)2
O

t = -a- = _ 49/16 = ~ = 7" = 11.43 s.

or 1000 = 200 + 800 a
3.7. Two trains A and B of length 400 m each are moving on or a = 1ms-2
two parallel tracks with a uniform speed of 72 kmh -1 in the Thus 1 rns" 2 is the minimum acceleration that car B
same direction, with A ahead of B. The driver of B decides to requires to avoid an accident.
overtake A and accelerates by 1ms - 2. If after 50 s, the guard of
M

B just brushes past the driver of A, what was the original 3.9. Two towns A and B are connected by a regular bus
distance between them ? service with a bus leaving in either direction every T min. A
Ans. Let x be the distance between the driver of train man cycling with a speed of 20 kmh-1 in the direction A to B
A and the guard of train B. Initially, both trains are mOvin notices that a bus goes past him every 18 min in the direction of
in the same direction with the same speed of 72 km h - . f his motion, and every 6 min in the opposite direction. What is
So relative velocity of B w.r.t. A = vB - vA = O. Hence the the period T of the bus service and with what speed (assumed
train B needs to cover a distance with constant) do the buses ply on the road?
a=lms-2, t=50s, u=O Ans. Let speed of each bus = v kmh-1

As s = ut + 1at2 For buses going from town A to B :

2
x = 0 x 50 + t x 1 x (50)2 = 1250 m. Relative speed of a bus in the direction of motion of
the man = (v - 20) kmh - 1
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.47

Buses plying in this direction go past the cyclist after (iii) When the highest point is chosen as the location
every 18 min. for x = 0 and t = 0 and vertically downward direction to be
:. Distance covered the positive direction of X-axis:
18 During upward motion. Position is positive, velocity is
= ( v - 20) 60 km
negative and acceleration is positive.
Since a bus leaves the town after every T min, so the During downward motion. Position is positive, velocity
above distance covered is positive and acceleration is positive.
T (iv) For upward motion.
=vx-km
60 u=-29.4ms-l, g=+9.8ms-2, v=O

R
18 T If s is the height to which the ball rises, then
.. (v-20)-=vx- ... (i)
60 60 v2-if=2as
For buses going from town B to A : or 02 - (- 29.4)2 = 2 x 9.8 x s
Relative speed of bus in the direction opposite to the s = - (29.4)2 = _ 44.1 m
motion of the man or
2 x 9.8

SI
= (v + 20) kmh - 1
Negative sign shows that the distance is covered in
Buses going in this direction go past the cyclist after
upward direction.
every 6 min, therefore
6 T If the ball reaches the highest point in time i, then
(v+20)-=vx- ... (ii)
60 60 v = u + at

Dividing (i) by (ii), we get or 0= - 29.4 + 9.8 t

or t 29.4 =3s
=
(v - 20) 18 = i 9.8
(v + 20) 6
IT
As time of ascent = time of descent
or 3v - 60 = v + 20 Total time taken = 3 + 3 = 6 s.
or v = 40 kmh -1.
3.11. Read each statement below carefully and state with
From equation (ii),
reasons and examples, if it is true or false. A particle in
6 40xT
(40 + 20)60 =~ one-dimensional motion:
60 x6 (a) with zero speed at an instant may have non-zero
H
or T=--=9 min. acceleration at the instant,
40
(b) with zero speed may have non-zero velocity,
3.10. A player throws a ball upwards with an initial speed of
29.4 ms-1. (c) with constant speed must have zero acceleration,
(i) What is the direction of acceleration during the (d) with positive value of acceleration must be speeding up.
upward motion of the ball ? Ans.
O

(ii) What are the velocity and acceleration of the ball at (a) True. When a body begins to fall freely under
the highest point of its motion ? gravity, its speed is zero but it has non-zero
(iii) Choose the x = 0 and t = 0 to be the location and acceleration of 9.8 rns" 2.
time of the ball at its highest point, vertically (b) False. Speed is the magnitude of velocity and
downward direction to be the positive direction of the magnitude of non-zero velocity cannot be
M

X-axis, and give the signs of position, velocity and ., zero.

acceleration of the ball during its upward, and (c) True. When a particle moves with a constant
downward motion. speed in the same direction, neither the magni-
(iv) To what height does the ball rise and after how long tude nor the direction of velocity changes and
does the ball return to the player's hands? so acceleration is zero. In case a particle
(Take g = 9.8 ms 2, and neglect air resistance). rebounds instantly with the same speed, its
Solution. (i) The ball moves under the effect of acceleration will be infinite which is physically
gravity. The direction of acceleration due to gravity is not possible.
always vertically downwards. (d) False. If the initial velocity of a body is negative,
(ii) At the highest point, velocity of the ball = O. then even in case of positive acceleration, the
Acceleration = Acceleration due to gravity' g' body speeds down. A body speeds up when
= 9.8 ms-2 (vertically downwards) the acceleration acts in the direction of motion.
 3.48 PHYSICS...:.XI

3.12. A ball is dropped from a height of 90 m on a floor. At Again the speed of the ball increases linearly with
each collision with the floor, the ball loses one-tenth of its speed. time t from 0 to 37.8 ms-1 (initial speed of the previous
Plot the speed-time graph of its motion between t = 0 to 12 s. upward motion) in the next time-interval of 3.9 s. Total
Ans. (i) Time taken by the ball to fall through a height time taken from the start = 4.3+ 3.9+ 3.9= 12.1 s. This part
of 90 m is obtained as follows: of motion has been shown by straight line CD.
x = v (0) t + -t gt 2 Here, we have assumed a negligible time of collision
between the ball and the floor.
90= 0+ -t x9.8t 2
3.13. Explain clearly, with examples, the distinction between :
t = ~ 2 x 90 = 30 s :::4.3 s (a) magnitude of displacement (sometimes called distance)
or
9.8 7 over an interval of time, and the total length of path

R
Now v( t) = v( 0) + gt covered by a particle over the same interval;
(b) magnitude of average velocity over an interval of
v (4.3) = 0 + 9.8 x 30 = 42 ms-1
7 time, and the average speed over the same interval.
From time t = 0 to t = 4.3s, [Average speed of a particle over an interval of time
is defined as the total path length divided by the
v (t ) = gt = 9.8 t or v (t ) oc t

SI
time interval}.
In this duration speed increases linearly with time t
(c) Show in both (a) and (b) that the second quantity is
from 0 to 42 ms -1 during the downward motion of the
either greater than or equal to the first. When is the
ball and this speed-time variation has been shown by
equality sign true ru» simplicity, consider
straight line OA in Fig. 3.86.
one-dimensional motion only].
Solution.
~':.'!.2_n.:!(~
_A
40 v = 37.8 ms -1 First collision (a) Suppose a body moves from point A and to
35 -------B --------------- Second point B along a straight path and then returns
collision
IT
back to the point A along the same path.
t 30 E
As the body returns back to its initial position
'", 25 A, so magnitude of displacement = 0.
Ei
'l>' 20 Distance covered
15 = Total length of the path covered
10 =AB+BA=AB+AB=2AR
H
(b) In the above example, suppose the body takes
time t to complete the whole journey. Then
Magnitude of average velocity

Fig. 3.86 = Magnitude of displacement =.Q = O.

Time taken t
O

(ii) At first collision with the floor, speed lost by ball

2AB
, = ~ x 42 = 4.2 ms - 1. Average speed = -- .
10 t
Thus, the ball rebounds with a speed of (c) In example (a), distance covered> magnitude
42 - 4.2 = 37.8 ms -1. For the further upward motion, the of displacement.
M

speed at any instant t is given by In example (b), average speed> magnitude of

v(t) = v(O) - gt = 37.8 - 9.8 xt _average velocity.
Now the speed decreases linearly with time and The sign of equality will hold when the body moves
becomes zero after time along a straight line path in a fixed direction.
t = 37.8 :::3.9 s
9.8 3.14. A man walks on a straight road from his home to a
market 2.5 km away with a speed of 5 km u:', Finding the
Thus, the bail reaches the highest point again after
time t = 4.3 + 3.9 = 8.2 s from the start. Straight line BC market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a
represents the speed-time graph for this upward motion. speed of 7.5 km h- 1. What is the
(iii) At highest point, speed of ball is zero. It again (a) magnitude of average velocity, and
starts falling. At any instant i, its speed is given by (b) average speed of the man over the interval of time
v(t)=0+9.8t (i) 0 to 30 min, (ii) 0 to 50 min, (iii) 0 to 40 min ?
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.49

Ans. Case (i) : 0 to 30 min 3.15. The instantaneous speed is always equal to the
Speed = 5 kmh-1 magnitude of instantaneous velocity. Why ?
Distance covered in 30 min Ans. Instantaneous speed,
. L\x
= 5 kmh - 1
30 h = 2.5 km
x V= L1m-
M-40tlt
60
Displacement covered = 2.5 km Instantaneous velocity,
-4
(a) Average velocity L'
-4
V= 1m--~ x
"'I -4 a tlt
= Displacement = 2.5 km = 5 kmh-1.

R
Time 30/60 h For an arbitrary small interval of time (tlt), the
magnitude of displacement t ~ t is equal to the length of
(b) Average speed
the path L\x. So instantaneous speed is always equal to the
Distance 2.5 km = 5 kmh-1. magnitude of instantaneous velocity.
Time 30/60 h 3.16. Look at the graphs (a) to (d) [Fig. 3.87] carefully

SI
Case (ii) : 0 to 50 min and state, with reasons, which of these cannot possibly
represent one-dimensional motion of a particle.
Displacement covered in first 30 min in going to
market x v

= 5 kmh - 1 30 h = 2.5 km
x
60
Displacement covered in next 20 min in coming back
to home
= 7.5 kmh-1 20 h = 2.5 km
x
IT
60
(a) (b)
Net displacement = 2.5 - 2.5 = 0
Total distance covered = 2.5 + 2.5 = 5 km Speed
Total path
length
(a) Average velocity

= Net displacement = 0 = o.
Time taken 50 / 60 h
H
(b) Average speed
Total distance 5km =6kmh-1.
(c) (d)
Time taken 50/60h
Case (iii) : 0 to 40 min Fig. 3.87
O

Displacement covered in first 30 min in going to

market = 2.5 km Ans. All the four graphs are impossible.
Displacement covered in next 10 min in coming back (a) If we draw a line parallel to the position-axis, it
to home intersects the x-t graph at two points. This
= 7.5 kmh-1 x10 h = 1.25 km means that the particle occupies two different
M

60 positions at the same time which is not

Net displacement = 2.5 - 1.25= 1.25 km possible.
Total distance travelled = 2.5+ 1.25= 3.75 km (b) If we draw a line parallel to the velocity-axis, it
meets the circle in two points. This means the
(a) Average velocity particle has two velocities (positive and nega-
= Net displacement tive) in opposite directions at the same time.
Time taken This is not possible.
(c) The graph indicates that speed is negative in
= 1.25 km = 1.875 kmh -1.
40/60 h so~e time intervals. But speed cannot be
negative.
(b) Average speed
(d) The graph indicates that the total path length
Total distance 3.75 km = 5.625 kmh-1. decreases after a certain time. But total path
Time taken 40/60h length can never decrease with time.
 3.50 PHYSICS-XI

3.17. Fig. 3.88 shows the x-t plot of one-dimensional motion 3.19. Suggest a suitable physical situation for each of the
of a particle. Is it correct to say from the graph that the particle following graphs [Fig. 3.89] :
moves in a straight line for t < 0 and on a parabolic path for x
t > 0 ? If not, suggest a suitable physical context for this graph.
A R
5
t... p Q B
T u

1<0

R
(a)
t~
v a

Fig. 3.88

SI
Ans. No, it is wrong to say that the particle moves in a
straight line for t < 0 and on a parabolic path for t > 0,
because a position-time (x - t) graph does not represent (b) (e)
the trajectory of a moving particle.
Fig. 3.89
This graph can represent the motion of a freely falling
particle dropped from a tower when we take its initial Ans.
position as x = 0, at t = O. (a) A ball lies at rest on a smooth floor, as indicated by
3.18. A police van moving on a highway with a speed of 30 straight line PQ of the x-t graph. It is kicked

r:
IT
kmh-1 fires a bullet at a thiefs car speeding away in the same towards a wall. Slope of line QR gives speed of
direction with a of 192 kmh-1 .If the muzzle speed of the kicking. The ball rebounds from the wall with a
bullet is 150 ms" .unth what speed does the bullet hit the thiefs reduced speed (given by the slope of line RS). At S,
car? the sign of position coordinate changes sign, it
indicates that the ball moves to the opposite wall
Solution. Speed of police van,
which stops it. The line TU indicates the final rest
-125 -1 position of the ball.
v =30kmh =- ms
H
p 3 (b) The velocity-time graph represents the motion of a
Speed of bullet, ball thrown up with some initial velocity, it hits
Vb = 150 ms-1 the ground and gets rebounded with a reduced
speed. It goes on hitting the ground and after each
Speed of the police van is shared by the bullet.
hit its speed decreases unit it becomes zero and the
:. Relative speed 01 bullet w.r.t. ground
O

ball comes to rest finally.

= Vb + vp (c) The acceleration-time graph represents the motion
of a uniformly moving cricket ball turned back by
= 150+ 25 hitting it with a bat for a very short time interval.
3
475 -1 3.20. Figure 3.90 gives the x-t plot of a particle executing
=-ms
one-dimensional simple harmonic motion. Give the signs of
M

3
Speed of thief's car, position, velocity and acceleration variables of the particle at
t = 0.3 s, 1.2s, - 1.2s.
v = 192 kmh-1 = 160 ms-1
t 3
x
Relative speed of bullet w.r.t. thief's car
= (vb + vp)-vt

475 160
---
3 3
= 105 ms-I.

Hence the speed of the bullet with which it hits the _

thief's car =105 ms-I. Fig. 3.90
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.51

Ans. The acceleration of a particle executing S.H.M. is constant direction of motion, give the signs of v and a in the
given by three intervals. (d) What are the accelerations at the points A, B,
a = - (f}X C and D ?
where co (angular frequency) is a constant.

At time t = 0.3 s D
r
I
As is obvious from the graph, x < 0
As slope of x-t graph is negative, so v < 0
As a = - co2x, so a > O.

R
At time t =1.2 s

-
As is obvious from the graph, x > 0 1 2 3 t~

As slope of x - t graph is positive, so v > 0

Fig. 3.92
As a =- co2x, so a < O.

SI
Ans.
At time t=-1.2 s
(a) As the change in speed is greatest in interval 2,
As is obvious from the graph, x < 0 so magnitude of average acceleration is
As slope of x - t graph is positive, so v > 0 greatest in interval 2.
As a = - co2x, so a > O. (b) Obviously from the graph, average speed is
greatest in interval 3.
3.21. Figure 3.91 gives the x-i plot of a particle in one-
dimensional motion. Three different equal intervals of time are (c) vis positive in all three intervals. a is positive in
the intervals 1 and 3 as speed is increasing in
shown. In which interval is the average speed greatest, and in
these intervals. But a is negative in interval 2 as
IT
which is it the least? Give the sign of average velocity for each
speed is decreasing in this interval.
interval.
(d) At the points A, B, C and D, the u-t graph is
parallel to the time-axis or has a zero slope, so
a = o at all these points.
3.23.A three-wheeler starts from rest, accelerates uniformly
with 1 ms 2 on.a straight road for 10 s, and then moves with
H
uniform velocity. Plot the distance covered by the vehicle during
t~ the nth second (t} = 1, 2, 3... ) versus n. What do you expect this
plot to be during accelerated motion : a straight line or a
parabola?
Ans. Distance travelled in nth second,
O

a
Sll III = U + - (2n - 1)
2
Fig. 3.91 u 0, a = 1 ms - 2
As =

Solution. Slope of x-t graph in a small time interval sn Ih = 0 + ~ (2n - 1)

= Average speed in that interval
M

= 1(2n-l) m
2
As the slope of x-i is greatest in interval 3 and least in
Thus the distances travelled by the three-wheeler at
interval 1, so the average speed is greatest in interval 3
the end of each second are given by
and least in interval 1.
As the slope of x-i is positive in intervals 1 and 2 and n(s) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
negative in interval 3, so average velocity is positive in sn th (m) 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5
intervals 1 and 2 and negative in interval 3.
Now, velocity of the three-wheeler at the end of 10th s
3.22. Figure 3.92 gives a speed-time graph of a particle in
is given by
motion along a constant direction. Three equal intervals of time
are shown. (a) In which interval is the average acceleration v = u + at = 0 + 1 x 10 = 10 ms - 1.
greatest in magnitude ? (b) In which interval is the average Upto n = 10 s, the motion is accelerated and the graph
speed greatest ? (c) Choosing the positive direction as the between Sllth and n is a straight line AB inclined to
 3.52 PHYSICS-XI

time-axis as shown in Fig. 3.93. After 10th second, the

three-wheeler moves with uniform velocity of 10 ms -I, so ---I~~4km/hour
graph is straight line Be parallel to time-axis.

Uniform velocity ~ 10 ms-1

B C
Father Child Mother

. .o~ Stationary observer

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -~~ I

R
::-.~ I

-----------.~~~ I
I
Fig. 3.94
(ii) Speed of the child running opposite to the
direction of motion of the belt
=(9-4)kmh-I =5 kmh-1•

SI
(iii) Speed of the child w.r.t. either parent
345 10 11 12 13 = 9 kmh - 1 = 2.5 ms - 1
n(s)~
Distance to be covered = 50 m
Fig. 3.93 T·lffie t ak en = -50 = 20 s.
2.5
3.24. A boy standing on a stationary lift (open from above) If the motion is viewed by one of the parents, answers
throws a ball upwards with the maximum initial speed he can, to (i) and (ii) are altered but answer to (iii) remains
equal to 49 ms-1. (i) How much time does the ball take to return unchanged.
to his hands? (iz) If the lift starts moving up with a uniform speed
3.26. Two stones are thrown up simultaneously from the
IT
of 5 ms - 1, and the boY again throws the ball up with the maximum
edge of a cliff 200 m high with initial speeds of 15 ms-I and
speed he can, how long does the ball take to return to his hands?
30 ms-I. Verify that the following graph correctly represents
Ans. (i) When the lift is stationary: For upward motion the time variation of the relative position of the second stone
of the ball, we have with respect to the first. Neglect air resistance and assume that
u=49ms-I, g=-9.8ms-2, v=O, t=? the stones do not rebound after hitting the ground. Take
As v= u+ at g = 10 ms - 2. Give the equations for the linear and curved parts
H
49 of the plot.
0=49-9.8t or t =- =5s.
9.8
As time of ascent = time of descent A
120
:. Total time taken = 5 + 5 = 10 s.
t 100
(ii) When the lift moves up with uniform speed : The
:§:
O

80
uniform speed of the lift does not change the relative
velocity of the ball w.r.t. the boy i.e. it still remains 49 ms -1. .r I
60

Hence total time after which the ball returns = 10 s. ><N 40

3.25. On a long horizontally moving belt, a child runs to
and fro with a speed 9 kmh-I (with respect to the belt) between
B C
his father and mother located 50 m apart on the moving belt.
M

2 4 6 8 10
The belt moves with a speed of 4 kmh - 1. For an observer on a t(s) ~
stationary platform outside, what is the
(i) speed of the child running in the direction of motion Fig. 3.95
of the belt,
. 1
(ii) speed of the child running opposite to the direction of Ans. x (t ) = x (0) + v (0) t + - gt 2
motion of the belt, and 2
(iii) time taken by the child in (i) and (ii) ? If we take origin for position measurement on the
Which of the answers alter if motion is viewed by one of the ground, then the positions of the two stones at any instant
parents? . t will be
Ans. (i) Speed of the child running in the direction of Xl = 200 + 15 t - t x 10 t 2
...(1)

= 200 + 30 t - t x 10 t
motion of the belt
x2 2 ...(2)
= (9 + 4) kmh-I =13 kmh-1•
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.53

When the first stone hits the ground, Similarly, acceleration of the particle during journey
xl = 0 AB is given by
v = u + at or 0 = 12 + a x 5
or 200 + 15 t - 5t 2 = 0
or a = - 2.4 ms - 2
or 5t 2 - 1St - 200 = 0
2 Velocity of the particle after 2 s from start will be
or t - 3t + 40 = 0
v = u + at =0 + 2.4 x 2 = 4.8 ms - 1
3 ± ~9 + 160 3 ± 13
.. t = =--=8s or -5s :. Distance covered by the particle between t = 2 to 5 s
2 2 (in 3 s) is given by
As time cannot be negative, so t =8s
~ = ut + t at2

R
3+t
i.e. the first stone hits the ground after 8 s. 2 = 25.2 m
= 4.8 x x 2.4 x 3
From (1) and (2), the relative position of second stone
w.r.t. first is given by Distance covered by the particle in t = 5 to 6 s (in 1 s) is
given by
x2 - xl = 15 t
As there is a linear relationship between x2 - xl and t, S2 = ui + t at 2

SI
so the graph is straight line OA upto t = 8 s. After t = 8 s, = 12 x 1+ t x (- 2.4) x 12 = 1O.S m
only the second stone is in motion. So the graph is
parabolic (AB) in accordance with quadratic equation, Total distance travelled in t = 2 to 6 s,

x2 = 200 + 30 t - 5t 2 s = ~ + s2 = 25.2 + 10.8 = 36 m

The second stone will hit the ground, when x2 = 0 Average speed in the interval t = 2 to 6 s

or 200 + 30t - 5t 2 = 0 Total distance

--------
covered
=-
36
=9 ms
-1

On solving, t = 10 s Total time taken 4

After t = 10 s, the separation between the balls is zero, 3.28. The velocity-time graph of particle in one-dimensional
IT
which explains the part BC of the graph. motion is shown in Fig. 3.97.
3.27. The speed-time graph of a particle moving along a
fixed direction is shown in Fig. 3.96. Obtain the distance travelled
by the particle between (j) t = 0 to 10 s (ii) t = 2 to 6 s. What is
the average speed of the particle in intervals in (j) and (ii) ?
H

Fig. 3.97 0 t1 t2 t~
Which of the following formulae are correct for describing
the motion of the particle over the time interval tl to t2 :
O

'e B (a) X (t2) = x (t1) + v(tI) x(t2 -t1) + t a (t2 -t )2 1

o 5 10 (b) v(t2)=v(tI)+a(t2-t1)
Time(s)~
(c) vav =(x(t2)-x(tI)}/(t2 -t1)
Fig. 3.96 (d) «.
=( v(t2)-v(tI)}/(t2 -t1)
(e) x (t2) =X (tI) + vav (t2 -tI) + (t) aav (t2 -t1)2.
M

Ans. (i) Distance travelled by the particle between

t = 0 to 10 s is given by if) x (t2) - x (tI) = area under the v-t curve bounded
s = Area of !:1 OAB = t OB x AC
Ans.
by the t-axis and the dotted line shown.
(a) It is not correct because in the time interval
= 1x 10 x 12 = 60 m between tl and t2, a is not constant.
2
Average speed (b) This relation is also not correct for the same
. Total distance covered 60 -1 reason as in (a).
= =-=6ms .
Total time taken 10 (c) This relation is correct.
(il) Acceleration of the particle during journey OA is (d) This relation is also correct.
given by (e) This relation is not correct because average
v = u + at or 12 = 0 + a x 5 acceleration cannot be used in this relation.
or a = + 2.4ms-2 if) This relation is correct.
3.54 PHYSICS XI

Text Based Exercises

------------------------~
1 Mark Each-

1. Are rest and motion absolute or relative terms? 19. If the instantaneous velocity of a particle is zero,
2. Can an object be at rest as well as in motion at the will its instantaneous acceleration be necessarily
same time? zero?

R
3. Is it true that a body is at rest in a frame within 20. A woman standing on the edge of a cliff throws a
which it has been fixed ? ball straight up with a speed of 8 kmh -1 and then
throws another ball straight down with a speed
4. Under what condition can an object in motion be
of 8 kmh -1 from the same position. What is the
considered a point object?
ratio of the speeds with which the balls hit the
5. Give an example of a physical phenomenon in ground?

SI
which earth cannot be regarded as a point mass.
21. A body travels, with uniform acceleration ~ for
6. Under what condition will the distance and time t1 and with uniform acceleration a2 for time t2.
displacement of moving object have the same What is the average acceleration?
magnitude? [Chandigarh 08)
22. What is the nature of position-time graph for a
7. A bullet fired vertically upwards falls at the same uniform motion? [Chandigarh 031
place after some time. What is the displacement of
23. What does the slope of position-time graph
the bullet?
indicate? [Himachal 07)
8. A particle is moving along a circular track of radius r.
IT
24. What is the nature of velocity-time graph for
What is the distance traversed by particle in half
uniform motion?
revolution? What is its displacement?
25. If the displacement-time graph for a particle is
9. Will the displacement of an object change on
parallel to displacement axis, what should be the
shifting the position of origin of the coordinate
velocity of the particle?
system ? [Himachal 06C)
26. If the displacement-time graph for a particle is
10. What does the speedometer of a car measure-
H
parallel to time-axis, how much is the velocity of
average speed or instantaneous speed ?
the particle?
11. What is the numerical ratio of velocity to speed of
27. How can the distance travelled be calculated from
an object?
the velocity-timegraph in a uniform one-dimensional
12. A ball hits a wall with a velocity of 30 ms -1 and motion?
O

rebounces with the same velocity. What is the

28. Suppose the acceleration of a body varies with
change in its velocity?
time. Then what does the area under its
13. Why does time~cur twicein the unit of acceleration? •acceleration-time graph for any time interval
14. Give an example which shows that a positive represent?
acceleration can be associated with a slowing down 29. What is the area under the velocity-time curve in
M

object.
the case of a body projected vertically upwards
15. Give an example which shows that a negative from the ground after reaching the ground ?
accele ration can be associated with a speeding up
30. Can a particle with zero acceleration speed up ?
object.
16.. Is the acceleration of a car greater than when the
-t
31. Is the formula: s = vt - at2 correct, when the
body is moving with uniform acceleration?
accelerator is pushed to the floor or when brake
pedal is pushed hard ? 32. A body projected up reaches a point Pof its path at
the end of 4 seconds and the highest point at the
17. The v-t graphs of two objects make angles of 30 0

end of 12 seconds. After how many seconds from

and 60 with the time-axis. Find the ratio of their
0

accelerations. the start will it reach P again?

18. Is it possible that your cycle has a northward 33. Can a body subjected to a uniform acceleration
velocity but southward acceleration? If yes, how? always move in a straight line ?
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.55

34. Suggest a suitable physical situation for the graph 40. What does the slope of velocity-time graph
shown in Fig. 3.89(b) on page 3.50. . represent? [Himachal07; Delhi 10]
35. A uniformly moving cricket ball is turned back 41. What does the area under velocity-time graph
by hitting it with a bat for a very short time- represent? [Himachal07]
interval. Suggest acceleration-time graph for the 42. What does the area under acceleration-time graph
situation. represent?
36. The position coordinate of a moving particle is given 43. The displacement-time graphs for the two particles
by x = 6 + 1St + 9t2 (x in metres and t in seconds). A and B are straight lines inclined at angles of 30°
What is its velocity at t = 2 sec. ? [Chandigarh03] and 45° with the time-axis. What is the ratio of the
37. A player throws a ball upwards with an initial velocities v A : VB ? [Delhi 12]

R
speed of 29.4 m 5-1. What are the velocity and 44. Is the time variation of position, shown in the figure
acceleration of the ball at the highest point of its below, observed in nature? [CentralSchools121
motion ? [Delhi05; Central Schools12]
38. Under what condition will the distance and
displacement of a moving object have the same

SI
magnitude ? [Ch~ndigarh08]
39. State the condition when the magnitude of velocity
and speed of an object are equal. [Delhi 081

Answers
1. Yes, both rest and motion are relative terms. 14. An object with positive acceleration is slowing
down if its initial velocity is negative.
IT
2. Yes.A body may be at rest relative to one object and
at the same time it may be in motion relative to 15. An object in simple harmonic motion speeds up
another object. while moving from an extreme position to the mean
3. Yes. position but its acceleration is negative.
4. An object can be considered a point object if its size 16. Acceleration is greater in the second case, because
is much smaller than the distance travelled by it. car suddenly comes to halt, the rate of change of
5. Solar or Lunar eclipse. velocity is large.
H
!i = Slope of v-t graph of first object
6. When the object moves along a straight line in the 17.
same fixed direction. a2 Slope of v-t graph of second object
7. Zero. tan 30° 1/ J3 1
= -- = -- = - =1: 3.
8. Distance travelled = 1t r. tan 60° J3 3
O

Displacement covered = 2 r. 18. Suppose brakes are applied to a cycle moving

9. No, the displacement of the object will remain northward. At that instant, it has a northward
unaltered even on shifting the position of the origin. velocity and a southward acceleration.
10. The speedometer measures the instantaneous 19. No. When a stone is thrown vertically upwards, its
speed of the car.
velocity is zero at the highest point but it has a
11. Less than or equal to one.
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non-zero acceleration of 9.8 ms" 2 at the same

12. Change in velocity = v - u = - 30 - 30 = - 60 ms-t. instant.
13. Acceleration 20. Both the balls will hit the ground with the same
Change in velocity speed, so ratio of their speeds = 1: 1 This is because
Time taken the first fall will cross the point of projection with
the same speed of 8 kmh - 1 while moving
Displacement / Time taken
downward.
Time taken ~t + at
_ Displacement 21. Average acceleration = 1 2 2 .
t1 + t2
- Time taken 2
22. For uniform motion, the position-time graph is a
Hence time occurs twice in the unit of acceleration. straight line inclined to time-axis.
3.56 PHYSICS-XI

23. The slope of position-time graph gives velocity of 35. The given velocity-time graph shown in Fig. 3.89(b)
the object. represents the motion of a ball thrown up with
24. For uniform motion, velocity-time graph is a straight some initial velocity and rebounding from the floor
line parallel to time-axis. with reduced speed after each hit.

25. Infinity. 36. Given x = 6 + 18t + 9t2

dx
26. Zero. V=- = 18+ 18t
dt
27. The distance travelled by an object in any time
interval can be determined by finding area between Att = 2s,
the velocity-time graph and time-axis for the given v = 18 + 18 x 2 = 54 ms-1.
time interval.

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37. At the highest point, the velocity of the ball is zero
28. Area under acceleration time graph for any time and its acceleration is equal to acceleration due to
interval gravity acting in the downward direction.
= Change of velocity of the body in that interval. 38. When the body moves along a straight line path.
29. Zero. 39. When the body moves along a straight line path.

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30. Not possible. 40. Acceleration.
31. Yes. 41. Displacement.
42. Change in velocity in the given time interval.
s = (U+V)
-2- xt = (v-at+v)
2 xt = vt -"21 at 2 .
43. vA = tan 30° = 1/.J3 = 1 : .J3
32. 12 + (12 - 4) = 20 seconds. VB tan 45° 1

33. No. The path of a projectile is a parabola even when 44. No, a body cannot occupy two different positions at
it has a uniform acceleration. the same instant of time.
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34. Refer to the answer of Exercise 3.19(b) on page 3.50.

2 or 3 Marks Each
H
1. Define the following terms and write the SI units: 8. Using integration technique, prove that
(a) Displacement, and v2 - if = Zas. [Himachal04,09]
(b) Instantaneous velocity. [Delhi 03C] 9. Prove that
2. Distinguish between average velocity and instan-
taneous velocify. If the velocity does not change
x = Xo + vot + !at 2 [Delhi 1998; Himachal 03,04]
O

10. Use integration technique to prove that the distance

from instant to instant, will the average
travelled in nth second,
velocities be different for the different intervals ?
a
3. Differentiate between average speed and instan- snth = U + "2 (2n - 1)
[Himachal03,04,09,O9C]
taneous speed of an object. [Delhi 04]
11. Show that the slope of displacement-time graph is
4. What are the characteristics of displacement?
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equal to the velocity of uniform motion.

[Himachal09]
[Himachal04,07C]
5. What are the characteristics of uniform motion ?
[Himachal09] 12. Draw velocity-time graph of uniform motion and
prove that the area under the velocity-time graph of
6. Derive the equations of motion given below:
a particle gives the displacement of the particle in a
(i)v=u+at (ii)s=ut+!at2 given time. [Himachal04,09]
where symbols have their usual meanings. 13. Show that area under the velocity-time graph of
[Himachal09,09C; Central Schools07] an object moving with constant acceleration in a
7. Deduce the following relation: if - if = Zas, straight line in certain time interval is equal to
where symbols have their usual meaning. the distance covered by the object in that interval.
[Central Schools04] [Himachal06,O6C,09C]
 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 3.57

14. Derive the three kinematic equations for 19. Acceleration-time graph of a moving object is
uniformly accelerated motion graphically. shown in figure. Draw the velocity-time graph and
[Delhi 06] displacement-time graph corresponding to this
15. Derive the relation graphically: type of motion.

s=ut+1at2
2 t
§
where symbols have their usual meanings. :.:
e ~------------
1
[Himachal 07 ; Chandigarh 07]

16. Using velocity-time graph, prove that

v2-;=2as

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Time-+
where symbols have their usual meanings.
[Himachal 07] Fig. 3.98
17. Explain with example the distinction between the 20. Draw the following graphs (expected nature only)
magnitude of average velocity over an interval of between distance and time of an object in case of

SI
time and the average speed over the same period. (i) For a body at rest
Show that the average speed is either greater than
(ii) For a body moving with uniform velocity
or equal to the average velocity. When is the
equality sign true ? [Delhi 03C] (iii) For a body moving with constant acceleration.
[Central Schools 09]
18. Draw the following graphs for an object projected
21. Draw the following graphs (expected nature only)
upward with a velocity vO' which comes back to the
representing motion of an object under free fall.
same point after some time:
Neglect air resistance.
(i) Acceleration versus time graph.
(i) Variation of position with respect to time.
IT
(ii) Speed versus time graph.
(ii) Variation of velocity with respect to time.
(iii) Velocity versus time graph.
[Central Schools 03 ; Delhi 12]
(iii) Variation of acceleration with respect to time.
[Central Schools OS]
H
Answers
1. Refer to points 13 and 23 of Glimpses. 13. Refer answer to Q. 28 on page 3.23.
2. For average velocity and instantaneous velocity, 14. Refer answer to Q. 29 on page 3.24.
O

refer answer to Q. 11 on page 3.5. No. The average 15. Refer answer to Q. 29 on page 3.24.
velocity will be same for different time intervals if
16. Refer answer to Q. 29 on page 3.24.
the instantaneous velocity does not change from
instant to instant. 17. Refer answer to Exercise 3.13 on page 3.48.

3. Refer to points 17 and 18 of Glimpses. 18. (a) See Fig. 3.52 on page 3.27.
(b) See Fig. 3.50 on page 3.27.
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4. Refer answer to Q.7 on page 3.3.

5. Refer answer to Q. 15 on page 3.5. (c) See Fig. 3.48 on page 3.27.

6. Refer answer to Q. 21(i) and (ii) on page 3.11. 19. The object is moving with a constant acceleration.
(i) For velocity-time graph, see Fig. 3.43 on
7. Refer answer to Q. 21 (iii) on page 3.11.
• page 3.26.
8. Refer answer to Q. 21(iii) on page 3.11.
(ii) For displacement-time graph, see Fig. 3.38 on
9. Refer answer to Q. 20(ii) on page 3.10. page 3.25.
10. Refer answer to Q. 21(iv) on page 3.12. 20. (i) See Fig. 3.29 on page 3.25
11. Refer answer to Q. 24 on page 3.22. (ii) See Fig. 3.30 on page 3.25.
12. Refer answer to Q. 26 on page 3.23. (ijj) See Fig. 3.31 on page 3.25.
 3.58 PHYSICS-XI

21. The object falls with uniform acceleration equal to 'g'.

r
t
§
:8
~t-__a_=""g __
~
~ ~
<
Time ....) Time....)
(i) (ii) (iii)

Fig. 3.99

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5 Marks Each

SI
1. (a) With the help of a simple case of an object 3. Draw velocity-time graph of uniformly accelerated
moving with a constant velocity, show that motion in one dimension. From the velocity-time
the area under velocity-time curve graph of uniform accelerated motion, deduce the
represents the displacement over a given equations of motion in distance and time.
time interval. [Chandigarh 04]
(b) Establishthe relationx = vel + t at 2 graphically. 4. Define relative velocity of one object w.r.t. another
(c) A car moving with a speed of 126 Ian h -1 is object. Draw position-time graphs for two objects
brought to a stop within a distance of 200 m. moving along a straight line ; when their relative
Calculate the retardation of the car and the velocity is (i) zero and (ii) positive.
IT
time required to stop it. [Delhi 03] [Himachal06 ; Central Schools 12]
2. Derive an equation for the distance covered by a
uniformly accelerated body in nth second of its
motion. A body travels half its total path in the last
second of its fall from rest, calculate the time of its
fall. [CentralSchools05]
H
Answers

1. (a) Refer answer to Q. 26 on page 3.23. Dividing (i) by (ii), we get

t2
O

(b) Refer answer to Q. 29 (ii) on page 3.24. 2=--

(c) Refer answer to Exercise 3.6 on page 3.46. 2t -1

2. For derivation, refer answer to Q. 21 (iv) on or t2 - 4t + 2 = 0

page 3.12. 4 ± ~16 - 8 4± 2.fi
or t = =---
Here U= 0, 2 2
M

or t=2±.fi
h=0+'!gt2 ...(/) or t = 3.41 s or 0.59 s (neglected)
2
h 1 3. Refer answer to Q. 29 on page 3.24.
and - = 0 + - g (2t -1) ...(ii)
2 2 4. Refer answer to Q.35 on page 3.33. See Fig. 3.72 and
Fig. 3.73 on page 3.34.