Educational Technology

The Meaning of Educational Technology

1. Educational technology is the development, application and evaluation of

systems, techniques and aids to improve the process of human learning.
(Council for Educational Technology for the UK: cited by Lucido, 1997)

2. Educational technology is a systematic way of designing, implementing

and evaluating the total learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives
based on research in human learning and communication: and employing a
combination of human and non-human resources to bring about more
effective instruction. (Commission on Instructional Technology; USA: cited
by Lucido, 1997)

3. Educational Technology is the application of the results of researches and

studies, materials or non-material to improve teaching and learning.
 Physical View: defines educational technology in terms of
hardware, or devices: slide projector, television, radio film, camera,
computer, and the like. Materials, audio (audio visual materials or
software) machines, (projectors, computers, etc.) are assigned non-
verbal roles while some of the more traditional media (lectures,
books) are assigned verbal roles. Nonverbal media are assumed to
be more concrete and effective and the perennial villain in the
teaching - learning process is “verbalism.”
 Behavioral View: it is concerned with the application of scientific
knowledge which provides a conceptual basis and methodology for
the design, development and evaluation of instructional systems.
Therefore, it emphasizes the application of use of scientific
knowledge rather than the mere availability of the hardware.
 As a process – it is the theory and practice of design,
development, utilization, management and evaluation of
process and resources for learning. (Association for
Educational Communication and Technology: 1994)
 As a product – it includes the product of this process
such as programmed texts, TV programs, computer
software, audio-visual media, interactive-multimedia, and
entire courses of instruction. (Hackbarth:1996)
 As a profession – it is composed of various job categories
such as media technicians, media specialists, instructional
developers etc. (Hackbarth:1996)
 As a discipline – it is an academic specialty within the
larger discipline of education such as graduate degree
programs, scholarly journals and books. (Hackbarth:1996)
 Field of area or study or the practice of using methods
and technologies
 Systematized use of methods and resources
 Facilitation of the learning process as the ultimate goal

Therefore; ANY ATTEMPT AT SYSTEMATIZING

THE USE OF METHODS AND LEARNING IN
ORDER TO ACHIEVE A DESIRED EDUCATIONAL
GOAL IS EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY!
◦ Materials results of researches include both
the traditional or the lo-tech and the hi-tech
instructional aids.
◦ Non- materials results include the theories
and principles of teaching and learning
including the methodologies, strategies and
techniques of teaching.
 It is the process of determining where and how
technology fits into teaching and learning (Roblyer
(1997) cited in Williams, Michael D. ( 2000)
Integrating Technology into
 Five (5) Domains of Educational Technology
(Association for Educational Communication and
Technology: 1994)
 To increase the potential for success during
instructional creation or instructional improvement
process, it is important that one is knowledgeable of
these domains. These are:
1. Design – the planning phase of educational
technology. Design interprets reality in terms of
learner performance and negotiated expectations of
the learner. It describes natural or existing
interrelationships that constitute a content area.
2. Development
◦ Instructional development is the process of producing learning materials
from detailed plan (design)
◦ Instructional development (also known as instructional product
development) is the process of finalizing procedures and testing
materials intended to support instructional episodes.
3. Utilization – the actual use of knowledge and the skills and
usually includes the practical application of information or
procedures on a regular basis. The purpose of utilization is
to bring learners into contact with learning resources and
instructional system components.
4. Evaluation – a dynamic process which people to obtain
and judge the worth of data and about how students learn
specific content information under varying instructional
conditions.
5. Management – the linchpin which binds all the domains of
educational technology together.
 Instructional Design Model
 ADDIE Model
 A – nalysis
 D – esign
 D – evelopment
 I – mplementation
 E – valuation
 ASSURE model
 A – nalyze the learners
 S – state objectives
 S – electe media and materials
 U – tilize media and materias
 R – equire learner participation
 E – valuate and revise
1. Size – is the materials (text or picture) big enough to
be seen by the farthest pupil? Is relativity of size of
pictures observed when it is viewed with other
materials or pictures? Example, the size of the cat
compared with the size of a carabao.
2. Color – is the material colorful? Pupils are attracted
by bright and dark colors. And if so, is the choice of
colors life-like and harmonious. Does the color
facilitate understanding?
3. Durability – Can the material stand several uses? Can
it be use over and over again?
4. Economy – is the material worth it cost? Or can a
cheaper material in terms of time spent in preparing it
and in terms of the cash value be used?
5. Easy to handle –Is the material light and easy to
manipulate? Is it easy to put up and then store for
future use?
6. Relevance – Is the material up to date? Is it related to
the lesson in particular and to the specific needs,
problems and experiences of target clientele?
1. Meaningfulness – they should contain purposive
activities and must contribute to the growth and
development of learners
2. Purpose – they must be focused on helping learners to
motivate them in the learning process.
3. Appropriateness – must be appropriate to the level
intended in terms of:
◦ Vocabulary level
◦ Difficulty of concepts
◦ Methods of development
◦ Interest
4. Breadth – they should encompass all around
development of varying group of learners.
5. Usefulness/Utility – they must be useful to a particular
teacher as she/he works for a particular group of
learners. Audio-visual aid must help the teacher to
deliver the subject matter in a better way as well as
helping the learners to learn the subject matter.
6. Communication effectiveness – they must relay
information clearly and effectively.
7. Authenticity – they must present accurate up to date
dependable information.
8. Responsiveness they must be responsive to the needs
and demands of the society.
9. Interest – they should catch the interest of the users,
stimulate curiosity or satisfy the need to know and
encourage creativity and imaginative response among
users.
10. Cost effectiveness – the cost per student of media
presentation diminishes as the number of students using
it increases.
11. Presentation – they must be presented in the right
time and the right way.
12. Portability/Handy – they must be handy for the
teachers and students to handle it well.
13. Correctness – correct facts or information must be in
the materials for a better learning process.
14. Simplicity – they must be simple but inspiring for the
learners and should not confuse them. They must be
simple but show creativity.
15. Assessment – the purpose of evaluating the
technology is needed for further revisions and
improvement.
1. Arouse and sustain the interest and attention of the
pupils/students to learn.
2. Concretize abstract concepts/ideas to promote meaningful
learning.
3. Makes learning more permanent because of the rich
experiences that they provide.
4. Provide self-activities for independent learning.
5. Increase vocabulary by eliminating verbalism
6. Develop continuity of thought.
7. Increase the quality of learning while decreasing the time
spent.
8. Check pupil preparedness.
9. Make learning more interactive, hence learning is improved
 Increases students’ motivation, self-esteem, self-
confidence and academic achievement
 Supplies stimulating environments that encourage
student involvement in the learning process.
 Promotes high-level thinking skills
 Offers students diversity, self-paced learning and
opportunities for individual growth and self-expression.
 Provides students with unique opportunities to apply
skills and talents and interest with others in non-
threatening environments
 Changes teachers and students ‘role into positive
directions
 Inspires students and teachers by making learning exciting and
interesting
 Fosters the development of leadership abilities and teamwork
 Supports news instructional approaches: cooperative learning,
inquiry approach, problem based learning, project-based
learning and multiple intelligences
 Provides unique opportunities for students to practice,
demonstrate and critique communication skills
 Supplies information through multi-sensory delivery channels,
allowing students with various learning styles to assimilate
and apply knowledge
 Expands classroom “walls” and links students and teachers in
national and international exchanges.
 Purpose – ask yourself what you are trying to
accomplish and why this instructional aid is important
 Define objectives – clearly defined objectives are
essential for planning the lesson and selecting and
using instructional aids
 Flexibility –the same instructional aids can satisfy
many different purposes
 Diversity – use a variety of materials, media, and
resources to develop and maintain interest of students.
 Development – instructional aids must be related to the
age, maturity, ability and interest of students
 Content – you must know the content of the
instructional materials to determine how to use them
and how to make best use of them.
 Guide learners – focus students’ attention on specific
things to attend while viewing, listening or reading the
materials
 Evaluation results – check students’ reactions and
consider your own reaction to the instructional aids.
1. Do not overcrowd.
2. Be consistent in format, layout and conventions
3. Use a appropriate typefaces and point uses
4. Use bold and italics for emphasis, but do not overuse them
5. Use titles, headings, and sub-headings to clarify and guide
6. Use numbers to direct through sequences
7. Use graphics and illustrations to reinforce ideas
8. Use symbols and icons as identifying markers
9. Use color/audio/music to stimulate but not to overpower,
the senses
10. Produce the materials with technical excellence, good
quality, good audio, clear etc.
 Distance education refers to an organized instructional
program in which teachers and learners are physically
separated.
1. Synchronous distance education refers to situations
where teacher and students meet at the same time but in
different places, as in live video broadcast or an audio
teleconference.
2. Asynchronous distance education refers to
circumstances where both time and places are different.
3. Hybrid courses are courses that combine the elements of
face-to-face teaching and learning with elements of
distance education.
 Consider the goal , learner characteristics, the learning , and
performance context, objectives, and assessment
requirements
 Review the instructional analysis and identify logical
grouping of objectives that will be taught in appropriate
sequences
 Plan the learning components that will be used in the
instruction
 Choose the most effective student groupings for learning
 Specify effective media and materials that are within the
range of cost, convenience, and practicality for the learning
context.
 In evaluating instructional resources, several
question you should ask yourself are important,
regardless of the type of resource you are considering:
1. Does the content match the curriculum?
2. Is the content accurate, up to date , and appropriate
for the students?
3. Do the materials teach and/or reinforce learning
effectively?
4. Do these resources enhance instruction?
5. Is the resources easy for the teacher and
students to use?
6. Are the materials of high quality
technically?
7. Is the use of this resource practical for
my teaching setting ( cost, needed
equipment, ect.)
 Tutor – the computer possesses the
information and controls the learning
environment.

 Tool – the computer is used to assist or act as

tool in the learning environment.

 Tutee – the student possesses the information

and controls the learning environment.
 Internet – is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of
interconnected computer networks that transmit data by
packet switching using the standard IP- (Internet Protocol)

 Internet and World Wide Web are not synonymous.

 Internet is a collection of interconnected computer

networks, linked by copper wire, fiber-optic cables, wireless
connections etc.

 Web is a connection of interconnected documents and other

resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs. (Uniform
Resource Locator)
 Website – is a collection of web pages, images, videos and
other digital assets that is hosted on one or several Web
server(s) usually accessible via the internet, cell phone or a
LAN.

 Web page is a document typically written in HTML (Hyper

Text Markup Language) that is almost always accessible to
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol).

 Web design is a process of conceptualization, planning,

modeling and execution of electronic media content
delivery via internet in the form of Mark up language
suitable for interpretation by Web browser and display as
Graphical User Interface (GUI).
 Major Stages in Web Designing

1. Site definition and planning

2. Information architecture
3. Site design
4. Site construction
5. Site marketing
6. Tracking, evaluations and maintenance
 Include essential elements on each page

 Use appropriate navigational aids

 Keep page length short
 Use appropriate text fonts and styles
 Use color appropriately
 Keep graphics small.
 Synchronous communication
◦ simultaneous group learning in “real tine”

 synchronous activities involve the exchange of ideas and

information with one or more participants during the
same period of time.

 Asynchronous communication
◦ learning at any time and at any place of your choice.

 Asynchronous – participants may engage in the

exchange of ideas or information without the dependency
of other participants involvement at the same time.
 Broadcast
 Copy
 Print
 Computer
 Telephone
 Satellite
1. Use mixed case. Upper case looks as if you are shouting.
2. Limit humor or sarcasm because this may misinterpret the
writer.
3. Respond only to messages applicable to your topic.
4. Do not abuse your power.
5. Respect other people’s privacy.
6. Never send chain letter via electronic mail.
7. Check all your mail before responding to a message.
8. Respect the copyright on material that you produce.
9. Use smiley to indicate tone of voice, but use them
sparingly.
 In law, Intellectual property rights (IPR) is an umbrella
term for various legal entitlements which attach to certain
names, written and recorded media and inventions. The
holders of these legal entitlements may exercise various
exclusive rights in relation to the subject mater of the IP.

 copyright – may subsist in creative and artistic works (e.g.

books, movies, music, paintings, photographs and software)
and giv e a copyright holder the exclusive right to control,
reproduce or adaptation of such works for a certain period
of time.
 patent – may be granted for a new, useful , and non-
obvious invention and gives the patent holder a right to
prevent others from practicing the invention without a
license from the inventor for a certain period of time.
 trademark – is distinctive sign which is used to
distinguish the products or services of different
businesses.
 Industrial design right – protects the form of
appearance style or design of an industrial object (spare
parts, furniture, or textiles)
 trade secret – is a secret non-public information
concerning the commercial practices or proprietary
knowledge of a business, public disclosure of which
may sometimes be illegal.
1. Which of the following statement does NOT describe
educational technology?
a. it is a profession composed of various job
categories.
b. it refers to the efficiency of teachers in using
computer
c. it includes audiovisual materials, interactive
multimedia and self- instructional materials.
d. it is the development , application, and evaluation
of system , techniques and aids to improve human
learning.
2. Which group of technologies has the highest degree
of abstraction?
a. book, imaginative literature, programmed
instruction
b. digital video, film, versatile compact disc.
c. video, picture and television.
d. realia and computers
3. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of real
objects and models in teaching and learning?
a. they are more concrete
b. they pose problem storage.
c. they provide hands- on earning experiences.
d. they are readily available in the environment,
around school, and in the home.
4. Ms. Deleon , a fresh graduate teacher was hired to
teach in an elementary school where there are enough
resources for instruction . The principal asked her to
start preparing her instructional materials. Which of
the following processes would you suggest her in
using educational technology?
a. design – utilization - evaluating – development.
b. design – development – utilization – evaluating
c. development - design – utilization – evaluating.
d. development – utilization – evaluation – design.
5. Mr. Samson is planning to integrate the use of
technology in his Science class. Which of the
following would be his second step?
a. set the objectives
b. analyze the learners
c. utilize the materials with showmanship
d. evaluate the performance of the students
6. Which of the following should. Ms. Melina primarily
consider in determining her teaching – learning
objectives and use of instructional media?
a. the learner
b. the teacher
c. instructional activity
d. instructional strategy
7. Which is the best reason why teachers state the
objectives before using instructional media?
a. to be able to practice how to operate the
equipment.
b. to determine which media to use best
c. to prepare the material beforehand.
d. to secure available materials.
8. Ms. Flores is thinking of an educational technology
that can relay information clearly her class. Which
principle will guide her in the selection of the
material?
a. Interest
b. Meaningfulness
c. Cost effectiveness
d. Communication effective
9. Ms. Estrella presented real samples of rocks when
she discussed the different forms of rocks. What
principle in the selection of instructional material
did she apply?
a. Interest
b. Authenticity
c. Cost effectiveness
d. Responsiveness
10. Which is an incorrect statement about the
contribution of technology to the learning
process?
a. The quality of learning can be improved
b. The delivery of instruction can be more interesting
c.The role of the teacher can be changed into a
demonstrator
d. The method of teaching and learning
process becomes more interactive
11. With the pervasiveness of technologies nowadays, learner-
centered instructions can be promoted. Which of the
following statements support this approach to teaching?
I. It focuses on transformation of facts.
II. It supports the use of lecture and drill methods
III. It gives emphasis on collaboration and authentic
assessment
IV. Students work on tasks determined and controlled by the
teacher.
a. I and II only
b. I and III only
c. II and IV only
d. III and IV only
12. Ms. Santiago’s students use cooperative learning
inquiry based and project-learning approaches in
creating their digital unit plans. What can be
developed among the learners through these
approaches?
a. Repetition and active learning
b. Repetition and information delivery
c. Information processing and active learning
d. Construction of knowledge and information exchange.
13. Which of these technologies are arranged
from the most symbolic to multisensory?
a. Real objects, print, audio-visual materials and
visual materials
b. Visual materials, audio-visual materials, print and
computers
c. Visual materials, print, audio-visual materials and
realia
d. Print, audio-visual materials, and computers
14. Which of the following is inappropriate in
using printed visuals such as charts, graphs
and drawings?
a. Provide written or verbal cues to highlight
important aspects of visuals
b. Allow students to pass the materials from one
person to another
c. Use materials that everyone can see
d. Presented material one at a time
15. Mr. Manio would like to use audiocassette
tape in teaching a lesson in English, in which
activity is audiocassette very effective in the
teaching-learning process?
a. In developing listening skills
b. In teaching creative writing
c. It composing poems
d. In building concepts
16. Rose is going to discuss about the ADDIE Model to
big class. She is planning to use a technology by
which parts of her presentation could be partly
hidden to make it more exciting, and interesting.
What do you think shall she use?
a. Model
b. Realia
c. Transparency
d. Video
17. Mr. Bernal’s lesson is EPP is about
“Pagtatanim ng halaman.” How can he
make his lesson more interesting and
meaningful?
a. Have a viewing activity about the lesson
b. Have them read their EPP book
c. Give them a collaborative work
d. Let them listen to a gardener
18. Mariel wants to make presentation materials
wherein more additional transparent sheets
with information can be placed over a base
transparency. Which one should she make?
a. Cut-out
b. Puppet
c. Silhouette
d. Overlay
19. Self-made charts and illustrations serve as universal
aid for bringing fascinating and exciting
experiences in the classroom. To tap the optimum
potentials of these materials, which of the following
should be avoided?
a. Giving due consideration to lettering
b. Presenting materials with accurate facts
c. Giving more importance to austerity over legibility
d. Focusing on the main idea of the lesson presented
20. Mr. Santos will have a PowerPoint
presentation in his science class. All except
one should be taken into consideration.
Which is an exception?
a. Consider technical quality
b. Apply different computer effects per slide
c. Present information through graphic organizers
d. Use contrasting colors for the text and
background
21. Ms. Sison would like to integrate technology in
writing a friendly letter. Which of the following is
the more effective way of doing it?
a.Let the pupils surf a friendly letter from the internet
b. Have the pupils write a friendly letter and send it through
the email
c.Have the pupils forward a downloaded friendly letter to
others via email
d. Let the pupils write a friendly letter using word
processing and have it critiqued by their peers.
22. Which of the following computer-based
instructional materials can be used to learn
new concepts?
a. Games
b. Tutorial
c. Simulation
d. Drill and practice
23. Ms. Francisco would like to create a
presentation material for her lesson on the
type of computer-assisted instruction. To
make her presentation effective, which tool
should she use?
a. Communicative tool
b. Informative tool
c. Productivity tool
d. Situating tool
24. Prof. de Guzman is thinking of an online
learning approach by which content provides
links to information at other location and
gives as a focal point for a distance education
experience. Which of the following should
he use?
a. Computer-aided instruction
b. Web-based instruction
c. Self-paced program
d. Teleconferencing
25. Which is not a basic consideration in
selecting and evaluating the content of
an educational technology tool?
a. Will it motivate and maintain interest?
b. Is there evidence of its effectiveness?
c. Can it be easily dismantled?
d. Does it match the content?
 1. Which is the most important reason why teachers
preview materials to be used in class?
a. To gain confidence in using them.
b. To encourage viewers to be more focused.
c. To avoid potential problems that might occurs
while materials are in use.
d. To ensure appropriateness of the materials with the
objectives and target audience.
 2. After Ms. Flores planned her lesson in English, she
found out that the materials at hand do not match her
objectives. Which is the best thing that she can do?
a. Modify the available materials.
b. Teach the lesson the following day.
c. Change the objectives to match with the available
materials.
d. Carry out the lesson as planned and used the materials
at hand.
 3. Prof. Balagtas used worksheets,
manipulative and models in teaching math to
help her students understand the lesson and
love the subject. What did she bear in mind
when she used these materials?
a. Appropriate c. Breadth
b. Balance d. Variety
 4. With the increasing use of educational technology
inside the classroom, what role is expected of the
teacher?
a. Facilitator
b. Researcher
c. Knowledge giver
d. Source of information
 5. Whish of the following technologies provide iconic
experiences?
a. Videos and computer
b. Books and periodicals
c. Radio and audio materials
d. Printed and verbal symbols
 6. There are several reasons why teachers are
reluctant in using electronic media in the
teaching –learning process. Which is the most
common reason?
 The limited exposure of teachers to new
equipment.
 Their incompatibility to diverse needs of the
learners.
 The difficulty in integrating technology in the
curriculum.
 The excessive availability of local technology in
the community
 7. There are countless things in the environment that
you and your students can use to learn from such as
trees, globes, pebbles, blocks etc. These real objects
and models are really effective if they are utilized
properly. Which of the following is incorrect about the
use of real objects and models?
a. Familiarize yourself with the object or models.
b. Allow passing of a single object around the class.
c. Encourage students’ participation through questioning.
d. Make sure that objects/models are large enough to be
seen by the whole class.
 8. It is impractical to bring real objects to the classroom
so Aaron constructed a three- dimensional visual
instead. Which of the following did he construct?
a. Cartoon
b. Chart
c. graphic
d. model
 9. You asked your students to illustrate what they have
understood from what they have read. Which of the
following non-projected visuals are you referring to?
a. Print materials
b. Graphics
c. models
d. realias
 10. Prof. Santiago uses projected visuals such as
overhead projector (OHP) in presenting her lesson.
What could be her main reason in using such an
educational technology?
a. The projected materials are readily available.
b. They are more abstract than any other visuals.
c. Most projected visuals can be obtained at no cost.
d. She can easily prepare her own transparencies in
advance.
 11. Mrs. Santos used in film clip in teaching science
concepts to her Grade Six class. However, she found
put that it was ineffectively used in the classroom.
When technology is considered ineffective?
a. When it promotes mastery the lesson.
b. When it makes viewing more interesting.
c. When it helps attain the objectives of the lesson.
d. When it induces alienation on the part of the learners.
 12. Your department would like to purchase a computer
set as your project. Which of the following advantages
of computer will be the least consideration in
purchasing this technology?
a. It can enhance the teaching and learning process.
b. It can be used for interactive presentation.
c. It can be used for research activity.
d. It can be used for entertainment.
 13. Computers can be classified according to
the roles they play namely communicative
tool, informative tool, and constructive tool.
What is the other role of computes in the
options below?
 Instructional tool c. Utility tool
 Situating tool d. Application
tool
14. Which of the following categories of CAI
will you use in your class if your objective is
to increase proficiency in a newly learned skill
or refresh an existing one?
a) Tutorial c. Simulation
b) Drill and practice d. Instructional
game
 15. Which of the following is an ineffective use of
presentation software?
a. Darken the room
b. Use appropriate pacing
c. Read directly from the slides
d. Allow interaction with the learner
 16. Which of the following is NOT an example of
communicative tool?
a. Multimedia encyclopedia
b. Teleconferencing
c. Electronic mail
d. Chat
 17. Why is one-way delivery of information a misuse
of communication tools?
a. Because the teacher experts the student to study more
b. Because it requires activities that focus on thinking
than responding
c. Because it enables the users to focus more on higher
level cognitive activities
d. Because this kind of practice lessens instruction
capabilities of communication tools
 18. Internet consists of thousands of connected
computer networks around the world. Which term does
NOT refer to internet?
a. NET
b. On-line
c. “Cyberspace”
d. “Information Superhighway”
19. Which technology tool can Prof. Iringan use
to communicate asynchronously with your
classmates?

a) Chat and blog

b) Chat and instant messaging
c) Blog and video conferencing
d) d. Electronic bulletin board and email
 20. In your computer subject, you allow your class to
chat as a part of your motivation before discussing
them the roles of computer as a tool. How is chat used
in this context?
a.Informative tool c. Application tool
b.Communicative tool d. Situating tool
 21. Your mother wanted to finish her long dreamed
course but she wanted to do it at home during her free
time. How could you help your mother in pursuing her
dream?
a. Encourage her to hire a helper so that she can attend
regularly to her class.
b. Give up your study so that your mother can attend her
classes.
c. Enroll her to the school where you enrolled.
d. Enroll her in distance education.
 22. Which statement is incorrect about computer
conferencing?
a.It refers to live student interaction with an expert.
b. It is also known as discussion forum or bulletin board.
c.It also refers to online class discussion, forums or
debates.
d.It permits two or more individuals to engage in
asynchronous text-based dialogue.
 23. Which instructional tool application will you
introduce to your class if your objective is to help them
find and use information resources available in the
internet?
a.Web quests
b. Hybrid course
c. Scavenger Hunt
d. Distance education
 24. MaryRose is looking for an organized instructional
program in which the teacher and learners can be
physically separated. Which of the following will she
choose?
a. Distance education
b. Uniform source locator
c. Web Quests
d. Computer – Based Instruction
25. You were asked to evaluate the effectiveness of an
instructional game after using it in teaching a lesson in
high school science. Which of the following should you
avoid?
a. Present problems which are relevant to learning
objectives.
b. Allow learners to select different content materials.
c. Provide a cooperative learning atmosphere.
d. Provide a scoring system.

 Key to Correction
 1. B
 2. A
 3. A
 4. B
 5. A
 6. A
 7. B.
 8. D.
 9. B.
 10. C.
 11. B.
 12. D
 13. D
 14. B
 15. A
 16. C
 17. C
 18. D
 19. C
 20. B
 21. D
 22. B
 23. C
 24. B
 25. C
