DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL RAJNAGAR

UNDER THE AEGIS OF THE DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL SOCIETY, DELHI

AFFILIATED TO CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION, GOVT. OF INDIA

GYAAN VIGYAAN
JUNE 2024 ISSUE 40

SCHOOL UPDATES

*DPS Rajnagar Shines at 4th Inter School

Speed and Roll Ball Championship! *

On Sunday, 19th May 2024, our students

showcased their incredible talent at St.
Xavier's World School, Ghaziabad, amidst 360
fierce competitors. Our champions bagged an
impressive haul: 9 gold, 8 silver, and 4 bronze
medals in speed skating. The Under-11 Boys
and Under-14 Girls teams triumphed, winning
their championship trophies, while the Under-
14 Boys' team secured the runner-up spot.
Special shoutout to Amayra and Anant for
being named the best players in the Under-14
Roll Ball category, scoring the most goals.
Well done champions!
 Venture beyond the event horizon and you'll not be able to escape the
powerful gravity of a black hole. Black holes are objects so dense that not
even light can escape their gravitational pull. Yet despite this, black holes
can shine brightly, and this may be one of the most contradictory-
sounding facts about space on our list. Supermassive black holes can
illuminate the centre of galaxies and are known as active galactic nuclei.
How can this be? As cosmic material falls into a black hole, it forms an
accretion disc that swirls around it. This material gets very hot and glows:
it can even power jets of material that shoot out of the black hole into
space. This all occurs just outside the event horizon, and is one of the ways
astronomers can detect black holes even though they can observe them
directly.

Pilots use turbulence projections to plan flight paths.

Researchers at weather centres can predict turbulence
based on data collected from ground-based sensors and
satellites and communicate predictions to pilots. On the
plane, pilots use radar to identify storm clouds to avoid.
This relies on radiowaves being sent out from the aircraft,
which are then reflected back towards sensors that map
out the surrounding area.

Human cells have a fat-lined membrane on the outside with many

proteins embedded in it that can act as sensors for the environment
outside the cell.
The inside of the cell is like an underwater city: instead of buildings
there are smaller structures called organelles, and millions of protein
molecules, both tethered and floating, swimming throughout the
fluid inside the cell.
The city center of the cell is walled off by another fatty membrane,
shielding the nucleus within from the rest of the activity in the cell.
Inside that nucleus, the cell’s genetic instructions coil and uncoil as
needed to direct the orchestra of activity in the cell
 CYCLONE REMAL UPDATES
THE INDIAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT (IMD) ISSUED A WARNING
AGAINST SEVERE CYCLONE REMAL ON SATURDAY, WHICH IS EXPECTED
TO HIT WEST BENGAL ON SUNDAY. THE WEATHER DEPARTMENT SAID
THE CYCLONE WILL BRING EXTREMELY HEAVY RAINFALL AND STRONG
WINDS TO COASTAL REGIONS OF BANGLADESH AND WEST BENGAL ON
MAY 26. A LOW-PRESSURE SYSTEM INITIALLY DETECTED IN THE BAY OF
BENGAL ON MAY 22 HAS STRENGTHENED INTO A MORE SIGNIFICANT
DEPRESSION, CURRENTLY POSITIONED IN THE CENTRAL BAY OF BENGAL.
THE INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT (IMD) FORECASTS THAT
THIS SYSTEM WILL DEVELOP INTO A CYCLONE AND ADVANCE TOWARDS
NORTHEASTERN INDIA BY THE MORNING OF MAY 25.
AS PER IMD, ALONG WITH WEST BENGAL, OTHER NORTHEASTERN
STATES LIKE TRIPURA, ASSAM, NAGALAND AND MANIPUR MAY WITNESS
RAINFALL AND STRONG WINDS. TRIPURA'S REGIONAL METEOROLOGICAL
CENTRE ALSO WARNED AGAINST ADVERSE WEATHER CONDITIONS
STARTING FROM MAY 26.
 WHAT ARE AURORAS? HOW ARE
THEY CREATED?

AURORAS ARE STUNNING BANDS OF LIGHT DANCING IN THE SKIES, USUALLY

OVER EARTH'S POLES. THUS, THEY ARE KNOWN AS NORTHERN OR SOUTHERN
LIGHTS, DEPENDING ON THEIR VISIBLE LOCATION.

THEY'RE CREATED BY MAGNETIC STORMS TRIGGERED BY SOLAR ACTIVITY

AND IN THIS CASE, INDUCED BY CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS. THESE STORMS
SEND CHARGED PARTICLES HURTLING TOWARDS EARTH VIA THE SOLAR
WIND. WHEN THESE PARTICLES BREACH EARTH'S MAGNETIC SHIELD, THEY
SPARK SUBSTORMS. FAST-MOVING PARTICLES COLLIDE WITH OXYGEN AND
NITROGEN IN OUR UPPER ATMOSPHERE, CAUSING THEM TO GLOW IN
VARIOUS COLOURS AS THEY RELEASE THE ENERGY FROM THE IMPACT. THE
SEVERE GEOMAGNETIC STORM HAS EVEN ALLOWED RARE AURORA TO SHOW
IN LADAKH, AS OBSERVED FROM THE HANLE OBSERVATORY. WHILE RARE,
THIS IS NOT THE FIRST SIGHTING OF NORTHERN LIGHTS IN LADAKH.
HANLE BOASTS SOME OF INDIA'S DARKEST SKIES. IT IS HOME TO THE INDIAN
INSTITUTE OF ASTROPHYSICS’ INDIAN ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY AND
HAS BEEN DESIGNATED INDIA'S FIRST DARK SKY RESERVE. HERE, VISITORS
CAN BEHOLD THE UNBLEMISHED BEAUTY OF THE SKY, UNOBSTRUCTED BY
LIGHT POLLUTION, ALLOWING THE CAPTURE OF FAINT CELESTIAL OBJECTS
THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO OBSERVE FROM ELSEWHERE.
METHANE FOUND IN WASP-107 B REVEALS
CORE MASS, TURBULENT SKIES
•THE REVELATIONS, BASED ON DATA OBTAINED BY THE JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE,
MARK THE FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF AN EXOPLANET'S CORE MASS AND WILL LIKELY
UNDERPIN FUTURE STUDIES OF PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES AND INTERIORS, A KEY
ASPECT IN THE SEARCH FOR HABITABLE WORLDS BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.
•"LOOKING INTO THE INTERIOR OF A PLANET HUNDREDS OF LIGHT-YEARS AWAY
SOUNDS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE, BUT WHEN YOU KNOW THE MASS, RADIUS,
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION, AND HOTNESS OF ITS INTERIOR, YOU'VE GOT ALL THE
PIECES YOU NEED TO GET AN IDEA OF WHAT'S INSIDE AND HOW HEAVY THAT CORE IS,"
SAID LEAD AUTHOR DAVID SING, A BLOOMBERG DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR OF EARTH
AND PLANETARY SCIENCES AT JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. "THIS IS NOW SOMETHING
WE CAN DO FOR LOTS OF DIFFERENT GAS PLANETS IN VARIOUS SYSTEMS."
•PUBLISHED TODAY IN NATURE, THE RESEARCH SHOWS THE PLANET HAS A THOUSAND
TIMES LESS METHANE THAN EXPECTED AND A CORE 12 TIMES MORE MASSIVE THAN
EARTH'S.
•A GIANT PLANET WRAPPED BY A SCORCHING ATMOSPHERE AS FLUFFY AS COTTON,
WASP-107 B ORBITS A STAR ABOUT 200 LIGHT-YEARS AWAY. IT IS PUFFY BECAUSE OF
ITS BUILD: A JUPITER-SIZED WORLD WITH ONLY A TENTH OF THAT PLANET'S MASS.
•EVEN THOUGH IT HAS METHANE -- A BUILDING BLOCK OF LIFE ON EARTH -- THE PLANET
IS NOT CONSIDERED HABITABLE BECAUSE OF ITS PROXIMITY TO ITS PARENT STAR AND
LACK OF A SOLID SURFACE. BUT IT COULD HOLD IMPORTANT CLUES ABOUT LATE-STAGE
PLANETARY EVOLUTION.
•IN A SEPARATE STUDY PUBLISHED TODAY IN NATURE, OTHER SCIENTISTS ALSO
SPOTTED METHANE WITH THE WEBB TELESCOPE AND PROVIDED SIMILAR INSIGHTS
ABOUT THE PLANET'S SIZE AND DENSITY.
•"WE WANT TO LOOK AT PLANETS MORE SIMILAR TO THE GAS GIANTS IN OUR OWN
SOLAR SYSTEM, WHICH HAVE A LOT OF METHANE IN THEIR ATMOSPHERES," SING SAID.
"THIS IS WHERE THE STORY OF WASP-107 B GOT REALLY INTERESTING, BECAUSE WE
DIDN'T KNOW WHY THE METHANE LEVELS WERE SO LOW."
•THE NEW METHANE MEASUREMENTS SUGGEST THE MOLECULE TRANSFORMS INTO
OTHER COMPOUNDS AS IT FLOWS UPWARD FROM THE PLANET'S INTERIOR,
INTERACTING WITH A CONCOCTION OF OTHER CHEMICALS AND STARLIGHT IN THE
UPPER ATMOSPHERE. THE TEAM ALSO MEASURED SULFUR DIOXIDE, WATER VAPOR,
CARBON DIOXIDE, AND CARBON MONOXIDE -- AND FOUND WASP-107 B HAS MORE
HEAVY ELEMENTS THAN URANUS AND NEPTUNE.
 The Human Microbiome: How Gut
Bacteria Influence Health?
The human microbiome, particularly the gut microbiome,
comprises trillions of microorganisms that play crucial roles in
health and disease.
Digestion and Metabolism :-
Gut bacteria aid in breaking down complex carbohydrates,
synthesizing vitamins, and regulating fat storage.
Immune System:-
These microbes interact with immune cells, enhancing the
body’s defense mechanisms and preventing infections.
Mental Health:-
The gut-brain axis shows that gut bacteria produce
neurotransmitters, influencing mood, anxiety, and cognitive
functions.
Disease Prevention:-
A balanced microbiome protects against harmful pathogens and
reduces the risk of chronic diseases like diabetes, obesity, and
inflammatory bowel disease.
Probiotics and Diet:-
Consuming probiotics and a fiber-rich diet promotes a healthy
microbiome, supporting overall well-being.
Maintaining a diverse and balanced gut microbiome is essential
for optimal health, underscoring the importance of diet and
lifestyle choices.
 THE UNIVERSE’S OLDEST STARS IN
OUR OWN GALACTIC BACKYARD
Astronomers discovered three of the oldest stars in the universe,
and they live in our own galactic neighborhood. The stars are in
the Milky Way's 'halo' the cloud of stars that envelopes the entire
main galactic disk and they appear to have formed between 12
and 13 billion years ago, when the very first galaxies were taking
shape!
The researchers have given a category named “SASS” for Small
Accreted Stellar System stars as it is believed that they all belong
to their own small primitive galaxy which was later absorbed by
our Milky Way galaxy that is still growing, today these three stars
roam in the outskirts of the milky way galaxy where the team
suspects there may be more such ancient stellar survivors.
These three stars that were originally observed by the Magellan
telescope between 2013 and 2014 but now getting researched in
depth
 Alaska`s rusting waters: Pristine
rivers and streams turning orange
Dozens of Alaska`s streams and rivers are turning from a
crystal clear blue into a cloudy orange, and the staining
could be the result of minerals exposed by thawing
permafrost.
These degraded rivers and streams could have significant
implications for drinking water in terms of being toxic and
for fisheries as they might prevent migration of fish to
spawning areas in Arctic watersheds as the climate
changes. One hypothesis for this color change is that the
permafrost, which is essentially frozen ground, stores
minerals and as the climate warmed, the metal ores that
were once locked up were exposed to water and oxygen,
resulting in the release of acid and metals.
The researchers are in the second year of understanding
what is happening in the water, modeling what other areas
may be at risk and assessing implications for drinking water
and fishing stocks.
The problem isgrowing and affecting habitat, water quality
and other ecological systems, turning healthy areas into
degraded habitats with fewer fish and invertebrates.Some
samples from the impaired watershave a pH of 2.3
compared to the average pH of 8 for these rivers. This
means the sulfide minerals are weathering, resulting in
highly acidic and corrosive conditions.
*Euclid telescope spies rogue planets floating
free in Milky Way*

Astronomers have spotted dozens of rogue planets floating free from their
stars after turning the Euclid space telescope to look at a distant region of
the Milky Way.

The wandering worlds were seen deep inside the Orion nebula, a giant cloud of
dust and gas 1,500 light years away, and described in the first scientific
results announced by Euclid mission researchers.

The European Space Agency (Esa) launched the €1bn (£851m) observatory last
summer on a six-year mission to create a 3D map of the cosmos. Armed with its
images, scientists hope to understand more about the mysterious 95% of the
universe that is unexplained.

The first wave of scientific results come from only 24 hours of observations,
which revealed 11m objects in visible light and 5m in infrared. Along with the
rogue planets, the researchers describe new star clusters, dwarf galaxies
and very distant, bright galaxies from the first billion years of the universe.

One of the newly released images shows Abell 2390, a giant conglomeration of
more than 50,000 Milky Way-like galaxies. Such galaxy clusters contain up to
10 trillion times as much mass as the sun, much of which is believed to be
elusive dark matter. Another image of the Abell 2764 galaxy cluster reveals
hundreds of galaxies orbiting within a halo of dark matter.

Other images capture NGC 6744, one of the largest spiral galaxies in the
nearby universe, and the Dorado group of galaxies, where evolving and merging
galaxies produce shell-like structures and vast, curving tidal tails
FLOAT SYSTEM ON MOON
NASA has unveiled its ambitious plan to
construct the first lunar railway system known
as FLOAT ( Flexible Levitation on a track ),
designed to revolutionize payload transport on
the moon. This innovative system provides
reliable, autonomous, and efficient
transportation essential for the daily operations
of a sustainable lunar base.
The FLOAT system utilizes unpowered magnetic
robots that levitate over a 3 layer flexible film
track. These tracks consists of a graphite layer for
passive floating using diamagnetic levitation, a flex
– circuit layer for generating electromagnetic
thrust to propel robots along the tracks, and an
optional thin – film solar panel layer for power
generation when exposed to sunlight, by
eliminating moving parts, FLOAT robots minimize
lunar dust abrasion and wear, providing a durable
and long lasting transportation solution. This
transport system is projected to move at
approximately 1.61 kilometers per hours, with the
capability to transport up to 100 tons of material
daily to the NASA’S future lunar base. This system
plays a crucial role as it enable a sustained human
presence on the moon by providing essential
resources and logistical support on time.
 What is amygdala
The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped cluster of nuclei located
within the temporal lobe of the brain, which is part of the limbic
system. It plays a crucial role in the processing of emotions,
particularly those associated with the formation of emotional
memories. The amygdala is involved in the perception and processing of
various emotions, including fear, anger, and pleasure. It also
contributes to the regulation of emotional responses and is implicated
in the formation and consolidation of memories, especially those with
strong emotional content. Additionally, the amygdala is interconnected
with other brain regions, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal
cortex, forming a network that is crucial for emotional and memory-
related processes. Dysfunction in the amygdala has been associated
with various psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders and
post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD).
Functions of the amygdala include:
1. Emotional Processing: The amygdala is involved in the processing of emotions such as
fear, anger, and pleasure. It helps individuals recognize and respond to emotionally
charged stimuli in their environment.

2. Memory Formation: The amygdala is also important for the formation and storage
of emotional memories. It strengthens the encoding of emotionally relevant
information and enhances the consolidation of memories associated with emotional
experiences.

3. Fear Response:The amygdala is a key component of the brain's fear circuit. It is

responsible for triggering the "fight or flight" response when a person perceives a
threat. This involves the release of stress hormones and activation of physiological
responses to prepare the body for a rapid and adaptive reaction.
 James Webb Space
Telescope
Using the James Webb Space Telescope, University of Copenhagen
researchers have become the first to see the formation of three of the
earliest galaxies in the universe, more than 13 billion years ago. The
sensational discovery contributes important knowledge about the universe
and is now published in the journal Science.

For the first time in the history of astronomy, researchers at the Niels Bohr
Institute have witnessed the birth of three of the universe's absolute
earliest galaxies, somewhere between 13.3 and 13.4 billion years ago.
The discovery was made using the James Webb Space Telescope, which
brought these first 'live observations' of formative galaxies down to us here
on Earth.

Through the telescope, researchers were able to see signals from large
amounts of gas that accumulate and accrete onto a mini-galaxy in the
process of being built. While this is how galaxies are formed according to
theories and computer simulations, it had never actually been witnessed.

"You could say that these are the first 'direct' images of galaxy formation
that we've ever seen. Whereas the James Webb has previously shown us
early galaxies at later stages of evolution, here we witness their very birth,
and thus, the construction of the first star systems in the universe," says
Assistant Professor Kasper Elm Heintz from the Niels Bohr Institute, who led
the new study.
Reinforcement learning AI might bring
humanoid robots to the real world
Real robots tested with the RL control software walked nearly twice
as fast, turned three times as quickly and took less than half the
time to get up compared with robots using the scripted controller
made by the manufacturer. But more advanced skills also emerged,
like fluidly stringing together actions. “It was really nice to see more
complex motor skills being learned by robots,” says Radosavovic,
who was not a part of the research. And the controller learned not
just single moves, but also the planning required to play the game,
like knowing to stand in the way of an opponent’s shot.
But what about human-sized humanoids? In the other recent paper,
Radosavovic worked with colleagues to train a controller for a larger
humanoid robot. This one, Digit from Agility Robotics, stands about
five feet tall and has knees that bend backward like an ostrich. The
team’s approach was similar to Google DeepMind’s. Both teams used
computer brains known as neural \networks, but Radosavovic used a
specialized type called a transformer, the kind common in large
language models like those powering ChatGPT.

Instead of taking in words and outputting more words, the model

took in 16 observation-action pairs — what the robot had sensed and
done for the previous 16 snapshots of time, covering roughly a third
of a second — and output its next action. To make learning easier, it
first learned based on observations of its actual joint positions and
velocity, before using observations with added noise, a more realistic
task. To further enable sim-to-real transfer, the researchers slightly
randomized aspects of the virtual robot’s body and created a variety
of virtual terrain, including slopes, trip-inducing cables and bubble
wrap.
 A Supernova Discovery???
Imagine a massive star running out of fuel and exploding in a
spectacular cosmic event called a supernova, leaving behind a
dense core known as a neutron star. This was the case with
supernova SN 1987A, first observed in 1987. For decades, scientists
suspected a neutron star lurked at its center but couldn't
confirm it—until now. Using the James Webb Space Telescope
(JWST), researchers detected high-energy emissions from the
heart of SN 1987A, providing the strongest evidence yet of a
neutron star's presence. This discovery, announced on May 23,
2024, helps confirm theories about the life cycle of massive stars
and their explosive deaths, solving a mystery that has intrigued
astronomers for over 30 years. Additionally, another exciting
recent discovery involves a potential long-term treatment for
lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease. Researchers at Monash
University developed a method using patients' own cells to reset
their immune systems, offering hope for more effective and safer
lupus treatments in the future
 The US Space Command has accused
Russia of launching a satellite, COSMOS
2576, which is suspected to be a counter
space weapon designed to inspect and
possibly attack other satellites. This
satellite is trailing a U.S. spy satellite
operated by the National
Reconnaissance Office (NRO). COSMOS
2576 was deployed on May 16 by a Soyuz
rocket from the Plesetsk launch site,
along with at least eight other satellites.

Chocolate cosmos ( cosmos atrosanguineus)

This flower has velvety, deep red to brown petals and
emits a sweet chocolate scent. Originally from Mexico, it's
now extinct in the wild but cultivated in gardens for its
unique aroma and appearance. It blooms in late summer
and enjoys full sun.

New Findings
Astronomers have a new way to measure how fast a black
hole spins, by using the wobbly aftermath from its stellar
feasting.method takes advantage of a black hole tidal
disruption event -- a blazingly bright moment when a black
hole exerts tides on a passing star and rips it to shreds.
 EDITORS
AARUSHI XIIB
ANANYA XIC COLUMNISTS

VINAYAK XB
Avni Chaudhary XC
Shridula Acharya XE
Ansh Goel VIIIE
Aarav Teotia VIIIE
Arnav Sharma VIIIE
Avika Maheshwari IXF
Vanshika Maheshwari IXA
Kavya Siddhu IXE
Labhansh Kaushik XD
Arya Ranjan XIE
Janvi Singh XIIB
Yashwardhan Indolia XC
Samarth Siwach XC
Anmol Tyagi XB
Ritika Agarwal XA
Ritvik Dhawan XA
Ahana Sharma XA
Divija Mahesheka IXC
Akriti Yadav XD