TRIBTIUVAN UNIVERSITY

ievel
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
1\ogramme
Examination Control Division Year / Part
-ri
li
2080 Baishakh

S'ii|u"{ - }-luid Mechanics (cE 505)

"
"'"" " " "1
Candidatesarerequiredtogivetheiranswersintheirown[i+-rc1ffi6Ifrcable
Attempt Attque st ions l:.:"": I'rqrks €i
"";;:' N GHI
T:,i-, ",,,::,iy;:,:f;;::!;:::;{utt Eed,qnv I

t" in the tank' the two

a)Twothinflatplatesaretiltedatanangleofcr:30owithverticalinatankofwater
whose surface *r.ill i- d-oi:
lll*" ai tH"]r"" surface of E'ater&e
uputl Tht pi;;;" l* lot'g into
paper' Assuming
plates are o airt*tJ oi r "* capilla* rise 'h'' 14l
**t*rlo'r ioi.ra"", caleulate the
rfre ,rater-plut"
zero contact

i
I
k---^*..- L--*'_-- )i
b) Delerminethenewdifferentiaireaclingalongtheirrclinedlegofthemercurydecreased by 10 kPa
manomerer sho',n in figure
below, if the pres-#e in pipe A is
in pipe A has a spccific
and the pressure in pipe B
remains.rrn.rr*g"J.- rne',tluio
t8l
gr*iry of O.S ot'a the fluid in pipe R is water'

-r
80 mm
__L"

Euler's equation of motion in fluid

dynamics' t4l
c) Derive an expression lbr

2. a) lnthesystemshor,l,ninfigure,thc-seaiedtankhasaunitarywidthandcontains
torc" exefiJby the fluid-s on the
quarter-C\ iinder
pressurized air. lletermin" ,Ir,.,tiurrt I p*: i0tr"
0' h1 :4m' h' ;*' R - 1'5m'
t10l
:
surface AB, Take S6i1 0'8' Sui':
 b) ;1 u-tube filled witrr an oil of sp.gt"0.g5 as
thown in figure is rotated at 100rpm about
z-z a-xis. \\&at will be the pressure at A. B. C?
t6l

1.2 m

:1
a) oil (S: c 8rr e;ite:s
_a.reducing pipe horizontaliy and conles out'ertica[y in the
downrvard ci:ecilon. if rhe iniet r,-etocity is 5m/s *,r p."rru." i, i.i tga"*,
ross of
head in benc is i,ll: olriater, find the magnitude and direction of force anc! exerted by
liquid on the'ierl Eievation diffbrence .rrt.un." urra errtu*"tion is i.2 m. Take
diameter at entr:itc. :s 0 _im and at exit as"f 0.2rn.
l8l
b) For models si'!-r::'-i :.. gravity,'forces, obtain tire scale ratios fbr
force and po\\'e:
time, ulrvlri,lgc,
llrlre: discharge,
tgl
4. a) Define bounca:', l;-' e: thickless, displacement
thickness and momenfum thickness.
'T
Find the shape lic:.- r , -3) o*"*rerer for thc velocity distribution uN = (yl 6 )tn . t8j
b) For a head of .-5 c::r oi a 90" \/-notch, rvhat
error in the measured head
thesame perc3niage erior in the computed discharge uilr produce
as an erlor of 1
1o in ('rv vertex
'r1 the vvlre^
aagle 0?
l4I
c) Deri'e an expicssicn for time taken to completery
empty
r_r the vJr'rurrvsr tank
_^-_ cyrindricar rqra w,ith
wiur
conStant inflo*..
t4l
a) Differentiate bet*'een Streamlines, Strcaklines
and pathlines along with appropriate
diagrams. Under *'hat flow condition, can pathrines
r. *gu.J to be a superset of
Streamlines and Strcaklines?
[3.+2j
b) Define srrearl rine body, bluff body ald aerofoil.
Exprain the difference betrveen
friction and pressure drag with examples.
L3+.21
c) Derive an expression for continuity equation
in cylindrical polar coordinates in 3D. t6]
 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
Exam.
INSTITI.]TE OF ENGINEERING
UCE, tlAG , Pass NIarks
Examination Control Division
2079 Bhadra

Subiect" - Fluid N{echanics (CE 50s)

in.^ their
l +L ^i -
own wordsq as
^" - rxrnrrl ,^
Candidates are requtred to give their answ'ers
Attempt All questions.
The iisures in the ntargin indicate fU!! Aarb
Assume suitable clata if nece':sary
tIBR,ARY

1. a)Explainthecausesofviscosilyingasesarrdiiquids.Acapillarytubeofuni|ormbore the height of

(radius 0.2 mm anJlength:'o "m) is.dipped r,ertically-,:^Iur"r.Find
as 0'071 N/m' Will the iength of
rvater rises in tuUe. iok"* ,rrfr"e tension of '.r'ater
tube affects the ansr'ver? Justif5'' [1+'1+1i-1|
Explain the ri'orking principle of
b) Derive the h;ldrostatic law of pressure distributton.
[4+21
inverted differential manometer-c
Derive an expression for the time tif etnptying
of a conical tank u"ithout inflorv' 16l
c)
on curved surlace ABCDA as shorvn in
Dctermine totai pressure and its line of action
,]
L. a)
figure belou'. Take length:2 m'
tB]

0.8

and has a length of 15 m' lts required

b) A rectangular sectioneil pontoon u'eighs 2 -MN
ttre pontoon is vertical and its centrc ol
to have a 600 mm of rr.iirri uuun'. *'olt". rvhe,
height is to be i '2 m
graviq, is 300 rnm abovJcenlre o1'crc,ss-section. The metacentric
and height of the pontoon when it is
when the angle of heel is 10'. Determine breadth
t8]
floating in fi-esh water.
a 150 mm diameter pipe in r'vhich
3. a) water flows at the rate of 10.5 litres per sec thrcugh
an orifice meter with a 100 mrn cliameter oriiice
is rlfted. if the press drop across the
of mercury in a U-tube manometer'
meter is recorded as a 18 mm diffcrence in levels
what,rvould be the coefficient of discharge cd? If the
orifice were 125 mm diameter'
above values of Q' c6 and C6?
what rvould be the heacl loss in m of water, for the
t8l
Assume C,:0.95.
angular monentum principle in fiuid mechalrics
with examples' In a
b) Explain reser'oir lor
residential building, a pump ii set up at 2 m above
the underground
The diameter of the suction
pumping water at i ,ut" oi 6.1 *r'/, to the overhead tank.
and delivery pipes are i5 cm and 20 cm respectively.
Ifthe w'ater level the tank is
in
the power input of the purlp'
15 m above the r,vater level in the reservoir, cletermine
and 2 m head loss from the pump
Take t.5 m heaci loss from the tescrvoir to the pump
[4+4J
to the tank.
4. a) An incompressible fluid of density p and viscosity p flows at average speed V
through a long, horizontal section c''f round pipe of length L, inner diameter D. and
inaer u,ali roughness height e" The pipe is long enough that the flo'w is fully
dcveloped, meaning the velocity profile does not change down the pipc. Pressure
decreases (linearly) dou'n thc pipe in order to "push" the fluid through tlie pipe to
overct)me function. lising Buc.kingham-fl nrethod, develop a non-dimensional
relationship betr.vcen prerssure drr:p Ap and other parameters in the problem. 18l
o) f)erive an expression fbr ciisplacement thickness in boundary iayer. Caiculate the
friction drag on a flat plate 15 cm $,,ide and 45 cm long placed longitudinally in a
stream of oil of relative Censity 0.925 and kinematic viscosity 0"9 stoke, flora{ng with
a free stream velocitl'of 6.0 mls. Aiso frnd the thickness of the boundary laver at the
trailing erlge"s L2 16l
5. a) 360 litres per sec ol u'ater is flou,irrg in a pipe . The pipe is bent by 120 degrces. The
pipe bend tapers from diameter 160 mrn to 240 mm from inlet to outlet and volume of
the bend is 0.14 m'. The pressure ai the cntrance is 73 kN/m2 anrl the exit is 2.4 m
above the entrance section Find the iorce ereried on the bend. t8l
b) The r,elocity components tor a 2 -- D incc)mpressibie florv are
V=2x tvandr,=-x- 2)
Prove thai stream function and potential function exist lbr above velocitl. field. Find
also ihe equation ofstream function and potential function. [2+3+3]
*+*
 TRl lll I UV.{n* ttN iVE}{ S rTy Iixarl, i,,:'. 1-'::.,.:: . i .',Regffbl ;i.iiat-1;,i,r,..Jr,, I t, i
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING {,cvel I}E Full ll{arks 80
Examination Controt Division Prbgrarnme BCE, BAC Pass Marks 32
2078 Bhadra Ycar / Part II I i Tirne 3 hrs.

f ap_iegl
_ Fluid Mgghanios €fi 5a5)
v- Candidates are require<1 to gi're tlieir answers irr their own u,ords as far as precii(l:rlrl,ir.
{ Attempt4U questian.r.
/ Tlrc figures in tlrc margin indicate Fuil rtfurks.
{' ,4ssunte suilable data if treces-rar1,.

1 . a) The space beirveen trr o iarge {Jat and parallel wails 25 mm apart is fiiled .,vitir a iiquid
of dlnamic 'r'iscosiiy 0.7 Pa.s. Within this space a ihin flat piut. ZSO mm x
250 mnr is
towed at a velocity of 150 nirn/s at a distturce of 5 rnm fi'oin one wall,
rhe piate a*d its
movement being parallel to the walis. Assuming iinear variations of velocity
hetrveen
tre plate and the rvails, determine lhs tbrce exerted b;, the liquid on the plate.
IBI
b) An inverted ntanomeler is connected io the pipe anrj tank as shown in figure.
\\nnat
rvill be the differential levcl or: U-tulre ccnnecting p;ps2
t8l

!.=0.15o S = 13.6

2' a) A tank is hermetically sealed into trvo compartments by piate AB. A cylinder
of
diameter 0"3 m with trvo i'remispherical end is protrudes above and
below the seai AB
and is welded to rhe seal AB. r,vhat is the r,erticii force in the
cylinderi t8l
p. * 500 kPa

pr *.360 lPa gagc

b) A buoy, floating in sea-water of density 1025 kg/m3 is conical in shape with

a
diameter^acror q" top of r.2 m and a vertex angriof 60o,
id;;
centre of gravity is 750 mm from rhe vertex. a flkhing g"idi"g
i,loo r.g and its
iGhiis to be fitted to
the top of the buoy. If this unit is of mass 55 kg, wtrai is
cent'e of gravity above the top of the buoy if thiwhole
a"il#i*,* height of its
i. *t u, unstable?
assemblj
the verlex.)
(The centroid of a cone of height h is at 3h/4 from
tgl
3. u) A pressurised 2 m diameter tank of water has
a l0 cm dia orifice at the bottom, where
nater discharges to the atmosphere. The water level ir:itially
The tank air pressure above r.vater iel'el is maintained
i":* uiou. the outlet.
+so r.e" ;;;';;;
atmospheric prcssure is.l00 kpa. Neglecting &e frictional "t ari.*ine (i) how
long it will take for half of the water i" trr" tir* ro discharge"rr""tr,
the tank aff.er l0 sec-
il
wru iltffi
\'r ur\water level in
t6+2]
 b) Tite x cot:rpc]ttet:i
'lfVciocitl iii a trr'o-Cirnensional" inccnrpiessiblt: Il,:ri,irclci is p.ive,
t1' u =' Ax}. tlre cooriiinatcs are mc-asured il meters rro e. = i":,r';.-;'*.r;;';;
Yeiocity conlponent or variation in the z ilirccticn. Calculati: the
acceler,ti;r;;i; il;t;
p:'rfiicle at point (x. y) = (2. l). Estirnate the radius c.f
curvaturc cf ihe sirear:rlirre
passing ilrrough tllis point. Plot the streamline anrl shox,
both the -r'ei.city vcctor and
ihe acceleratiorl l,eclor nn tl:e pl.rt.
,1
t8l
a. ^\
r) Air fiorvs in the entrance regiorr of'a square ciuct, as shorvn. Thr: yqr.tssily is
nnifonn,
uo : 30 m./s, and the riuct is 76 inm square" At a section 0.3 m cio.x.,r:streaur
from the
entre,nce, the Cisplacemetit thickness on each wall measures
0.9 nirn. Determine
pressure change betlvcen section 1 and 2.
i6l

-T
ffi
il
76 mm
76 mm
*L
6: = 0.9 rur
b) A stream of air at standard condition from 2 cm ciia. nozzlt- strikes
a curved vane as
thown. A stagnation pitot tube connected to water-filled l]-tube manometer is located
in the nozzle exit planc. Calculate the speed of the air leaving the nozzle.
Estimate the
horizontai componeirt of force exerted on the vane by thejet."
t6l

c) \\'hat is laminar Sr-ib-lai'er? Diiferentiate between tlie characteristics

of laminar and
turbulent bounciari. laver. IZ+Z]
5a) In Buckingha.m - Pi melhod, describe the fbllowing:
1i) Guiding rule for selection of repeating variables. (ii) Rules for grouping the
Pi-terms oil of ki.ematic viscosity 4.64s ,-t0-5 *2/s is io'b.
urJin,aprototype in
uhich both viscous and gravity force dominate. A model scale
of l:j ,is also desired.
\\tat i'iscosity of model liquid is necessary to make both the Froucle rltsmber and the
Reynold niimber same in. model and prototype? i2+Z+4J
b) An aeroplane is designed according to the folrowing specifications:
:
Weight = I 3.5 kN, wing Area 30 rn2, Take off speed = 30 m/s
Model tests shorv that the rift and drag coefficient vary with the angk
sf auack of the
wing aceording to following approximate relations:
Co = 0.008 (l + a) Cr = 0.35 (1 + 0.2a)
For small G, where o of attack measured in degrea 1[ihe iatmospheric
r1 the angre
density is 1.29 Kg/m3. Find the-angle of attack that ensures*tike.u#,at
the desip
speed and power required for take off. [6+2]
. ***
 TRIBHUl'A i{ LTNIVERSITY
I}{STITUTE OF Ei'TGI}.IEERING
F.x;rrnination Corl rrol Divisic ::
20?5 i.iartik

- IIriid lr.{echani*s (CE S0S}

Candidates are required to gire their answers in their own r as tir as practicabl
Attcmpt AAauestions.
The.figures in tht. margin indicate Fult Mqrk*
Assume sittahle data dnecesswy.

1. a) The viscosity of one of the liquid in laboratcry is determined by measurements of

shear stress t and rate of shearing .tr"io tested in suitable viscometer. Based on
ff
following observations, c{etcrmine if the gireu liquid is Nervtonian ar Non-Ner,vtonian
fluid. Explain how you arrive at your answer.
t4l
t [Nim' 0.G4 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.3 4.52 1.12 t.l
du
rc-1\) t,i) tiI
11.25 22.;q 45 CA
225 4i0
-dvt"
b) Under what ccnd.ition inverted U-tube manometer and single column inclined
irranometer are used to measure pressurs.
t3l
c) A cytindrical tank contains water at a height af 55 mm as shown in figure beiow.
open cylinder tank contahing cleaning fluid (S C.8) ar a height il. if
Ps : 1 1ry3l1er
lnsia1 =
13.4 Kpa and Pg = t-2.{2 Kpa gauge, what are guog" p.esrure pn and tre;llt u ar
cleaning fluid? Assume thai the cleaning fluid the t<erosine is p.ovented from iioving
to the top af the tank.
Isl
D

d) Vr'rite the I'{avicr-Stakes ard Bernoulli's equatiorr .iurei).

iderivaiioi: not re E-rplain
each terms in the equations u,lth physicai meaning.
[4]
2. a) The figure shor,vs Lltube rf base length L in rn{rich a iiquirl of dln..il. rJ.Si is fiilei
siich ihat it completely {llls ttre base lengrh only. If tlie iube is rrol\'rLaiai.o at anguliri
speed of 10 rad/scc as silorvn, f,rnd tho level rise of iiquid in outer arm ol tul.,e.
t6l
cj5 to
 b) Detern'iinc the force and its position from fluids acting on the door as shorun in figure. [10]

Air a":800 kPa

3. a) Consider,the flow described by the velocity field ?= Bx(1+At)i+Cy], wrth

A = 0.5 s-1, and B = C = I s'1. Ccortiinates are rneasured in meter" Ploi the streak lines
traced out by the particle that passes th.ror-rgh ihe point (1, I) during the intervatr from
t : 0 to t = 3 s. Compare wiih streamlines plotted through the same point at the
instants t : 0, 1 anC 2 s. {no need of grai-:h paper, plot in answer copy in precision as
far as possible) [4+4]
b.; Iler'rve an expre:iJqiflr'r jcr iicu'tluoug!: pariiaily arrd fully su'Drnerged orifrce' J2-r-21

c) Shcw that the slope of Cipolietti weir is 1:4. How can you account for velocity of
apnrcach while computing the diseharge over weirs? [3+1]
4. a) The diarneter of a pipe-bend is-300 mm at inlet ard 150 mrn at outlet and the florv is
tumed through 120o in a vertical plane. The axis at inlet is hcrizontai and the cenier of
outlet section is 1.4 m belorv rhe center of inlet section. The total volurne of fluid
coniained in the bend is 0.085 rn3. Negiecting friction, calculate the magnitude and
direction of the net fcrce exerted on the bend by rnater flowing through it at 0,23 m'/s
wiren the inlet gauge pressure is i40 kPa. Take head lcss in the bend as 0'25 V2/2g,
where V = velocity at inlet pipe. I9l
Expiain the development of boundary iayer along a thin flat plate held parallel to
uniform flo-,v. Also pornt out the salient features. 17]

5. a) A pressure drop AP provides a measure of the frictional losses of a iluid as it flows

through a pipe. Determine how AP is related to tli.e variables that influence it, namely,
pipe dia. D, its lengf} L, fluid density p, r,iscosity p, velocity V and the relative
roughness facior ll'hich is ratio of average size of surface iregularities to the pipe
fi,
diameter. Use Buckingham-n method. i8l
b) Descri!:e '"vith the heip of a sketch the variation of drag coefficient fcr a cylinder over
a wide range of Reynolds number. t8l
 TRIBHUVAN I'NIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERTNG
Pass l1:rrks
Examination Control Division
2076 Chaitra

Subiect: ;flyld -!!e-9hani?s (98: !:{!!)-

givc their ans\l'ers iri their out words as far as practicable'
#;td""r ;*q;;;;
4lI questions.
Attempi
Thefigu6 in the margin intlicate Fqli Mstks'
Assume suitable tiata if necessttry'

ends and is hlleri r''ithl'r'ater

1. a) A pressure gauge consists of U tube with equal enlarged
surthce cf separation
on clne side antl oir oirp".irrc gravig o.gz on the
other,
_the
the riia:ieter of each cnlargcd
being in tle tube t *toru it enlo:rged Lnds. Calculate
encl if the tube diameter "
is 5 nrm"and the surface of separation moves 25 mm l':r a
t6l
dillerence in pressure head of lmm of rvater'
0r2 Deternine the
b) Oil of viscosity p = 2 poise fiils the small gap of thickness 1m'
torque required to rotaie the truncaled.on" it
constant speed of i00 rprn' Negiect
t6l
fluid stress exerted on the cirsular bottorn'

Sj
*-
#:' .

fr } ,

(.derivation not required)'

c) Write Navier-Stoke's equation in tltree dimcnsional form
If the flow is steady and- incompressible; no flow oI property variation in z-direction'
in x direction), modei tire above written
iotty a.urtoped florv (no property variation
Navier stoke's equation in slmplifiea form using the assumptigrll can you develop.
-
.simplifiedvelocitl'distributionequationfromthesimplifiedinodel?[1+2+l]
differences of air pressure.
2. a\ A test vehicle contains a U-tube manometer for measunng
The manometer is so,mounted that, when the vehicle is on level glound, the plane of
the u is vertical and in the fore-and-aft direction. The arms of the u are 60 mm apart,
,"4 r"""i, ofr.futive density 0.79. Wherithe vehicle is accelerated forwards
* "i"oirot
incline at 20o to the horirontal at 2 mls2 the difference in alcohol levels
Jo*n
q*"uuu."a parailel to the arms of the u) is 73 mm, that nearer the froat of the vehicle
Ling tfr" trigtr"r. What is the difference of air pressure to which this reading
conesponds? t8l
A tank fu1l of oil (S : 0.8) as shcwn in figure' Determine
total pressure and centre of
b)'
p.*rr*" on surfaie AB of thc tank. Check your result n'ith pressule diagrarn aiso'
'i'ake length of the tank 6m' i6+21
3. a) An ineompressible, friciiosiess flow specif,re'J by ri'r = - 6Ax - 8Ay; x, y in meters'
A = lm/s. Find
(i) sketch sirearirlines iy = 0 and 'qr = 8m2is
iii) veiocity vector at (0, 0) and its direction.
iiilno* .ut* b*t*""r, streamlines passing thrcugh pointt (i , l) and (4, 1)'
1.2+2+?:)

11\ Prove that in Cinpgletti -,reir 1.he siir:s irave a siol;,-'-ii i:4. A si:iil"i;-edged notch is in
the i-oiir: cl a _.ymmetr.ical trapeziuin. The ho;;20{ri.i1 basr is 101} mir: widr:, the tcp ls
50fi ntnt rvicie ancl ttre depih ;5 -r00 mrn. Devel+i: flont first ;.'rincipies a formula
ieiating t5e disg:harge 1o the upstreant v.'ater levei, and esiimate the rlischarge whcn
the uFstrealil rvater surface is 228 rnrn above the levei of the base of the nolch'
Assui:ie ihat ild: 0.ii arrd ihat the velccity ol approaclt is negligibie' [2+6-12'1

u) Trvo trarge tiuuks contaiiring water have srnall srnoothy orifices cf equal
aiea. Aiei oi
4.
unaffected b-v* the
liquid islsues frcrn the leiitank. hss,rme the flow is unifc'im and
iiiction. The jet impinges on Lhe verti0al flat plate ccivering the openirg of the right
tanl<. Determine the ntinirrrum ./ahie for heigirt, h, req"iired to heep the plate in piace

overthe opening ofthe right rank- i6]

i,

I
h
rl
tt
iL

b) Florv takcs place over a flat plate exposed parallel to fi'ee stream' Mention
characteristici of flo'rr a,nd drar*' a neat sketch of the boundary layer development
showing. (i) Larninar boundary la-ver, (ir) Turbulent boundary layer' (iii) Transition
ztne, {iv) Larniuar sub laver- \trftat is riispiacement thickness? 14l

c) Water enters trvo armed spr'.nkler vertically at rate of l0 litreisec. and leaves tire
nozzle horizolially. The diameter of both the nozzie is 12 rnm. Calculate the torque
required to hold the arm siationary. l6l
0:
Yiet, r

Yi*e'

5. a) The speed of propagation C of a capillary wavc in deep water is known to be function

only of density p, wavelenglh 1,, and surface tension o'. Find the propcr fiinctional
relationship, compleiing it with a dimensionless constant. For a given density and
rvavelength, how does the propagation speed change ifsurlaoe tension is doubled? t8l
b) The weight of a thir-r flat pials 50crn " 50om in size is balanced hy a counter rveight
thai has u **u of 2kg as sholvn in figure below. Nor,v a fan is turned on, an<l air flolts
over both surfaces of the platc rvitir t ftee-stream velocity of l0rn/s.
dorryn-*,'ard
Detemrine the uiass of thc counter weight that needs to be added in orrier to balance
the plate in this case. i8l
Air
75'C l0uis

]iilli
I
'-t
TREHWA}IUNffERSMY Exam. ,,:'"' ., ::.Back'.','',
INSTITUTE OF EI-IGINEERING Level BE FUII Mark* 80
Examination Control Division Programune BCE BAG Pass Marla 32
2076 Ashrvin Year l?att E1I Time 3 hrs.

Sabject: - Fluid Mechanics (CE 505)

Candidates are required to give their answers in their owu words as far as practicable.
Attempt AII questions.
The$gures in the mwgin indicate Full Morks.
Assume suitable dad dnecesswy.

l. a) A manometer consists of a U-tube, 7 mm intemal diameter, wi& r'ertical limbs each

with an enlarged upper end 44 mrn diameter. The left hand limb and the bouom of the
- tube is frlled with water and tlre top of the right-band limb is filled wi& oil of specific
gravity 0.83. The free surfaces ofthe liquids are in the enlarged ends and the interface
between the oil and water is in the tube below &e enlargid end. What would be the
difference in pressures applied to the free surfaces which would cause the oiUwater
interface to rnove lcm. pa Pe [10]
. oit

#r:;j

*
B

b) Explain Capillarity phenomenon. tll

c) A2.2 cmwide gap bctrveen two vertical plane surfaces is filled with iiquid oispecific
gravity 0.9 and di'ndmic viscosity 1.75 NS/m'. A metal plate l.5mxl.5mx0.2cm thick
and weighing 4QN isllaced midway in the gap. Find the Qrce required if the plate is
to be lifted with constant velocity of 0.15 rrls. t5l
2. a) Cylindrical tank 2 m diameter and 4 m long, with its axis honzontal, is half filled with
water and hatf filted with oil of density 880 kglm3. Determine the magnitude and
position ofthe net hydrostatic force on one end ofthe tank. tSl
b) A tube ABCD has the end A open to atmosphere and the end D closed as shown in
figure below. The portion ABC is verticai while the podion CD is a quadrant of radius
250 mm with its centre is B, the whole being arranged to rotate aboui its verlical axis
ABC. If the tube is completely filled wi*r water to a height in the vertical timb of 300
mm above C find (a) the speed of rotation which will make the pressure head at D
equal to pr€ssure heaC at C, (b) the value and position of the maximum pressure head
in the curved portion CD when running at the speed. [5+3]
3. a) Stady, incompressible florv in :cy plane wi& v=4i*+i
xxo
ui&ereA-2m?sand

caordinates are in meters. Find

D equation for steamline througlr (x,y) = (1,3)
ii) time required for a fluid particle to move from x=lm to x=3m. [3+3]
b) The velocity of a fluid varies with time t. Over the period from F0 to F8 s the
velocity components are u= 0 rn/s and v = 2 m/s; while form t= 8s to t = 16 s the
components are u= 2 mls and v = -2 m/s. A dye sheak is injected into the flow at'a
certain point commencing at time e{ and the path of a particle of fiuid is also taced
from that point starting at F0. Draw to scale the streakline ond pathline of the
particle. t4l
c) Find the time of emptying a'cylindrical vessel attached with conical vessel as shown
in the figure below with the provitled data herein There is no inflow into the tank
Orifice of diameter t0cm is at the bottom of the tank. Take discharge coeffieient as
0.6. t6l

i,*
I--
4. u) Air flows over a flat plate 2m long and 1.5m wide at a velocity of 6.5 m/s. Detennine
the shear stress, and displacement thickness at distance of l.Bm form the leading edge.
Also determine the drag force on the face of the plate. L2+2+47

b) The diameter of a bend is 300 mm at inlet and 150 mm at outlet and the flow is tumed
through 120' in vertical plane, the axis of inlet is horizontal and the centre of the
outleisection is 1.5 below the centre of the inlet section, the total volume of fluid
contained in the bend is 0.09 m3. Negiecting friction, calculate the magnitude and
direction of the force exerted by the water on the bend by the water flowing ttrough it
at 300 lps when the inlet pressure is i30 KPa. t8l
5. a) A river canying a discharge of 3500 m3/s has a depth of 2.25 m width of 1500m.
From flre poiut of view of availability of space the horizontal scale of l:400 is chosen.
Assuming slopo scale to be unity, determine the depth and discharge scales for the
rnodel. t8l
b) A jet plane which weighs 1?0 KN has a wing area of 25m2. It is flying at a speeel of
200 km/hr. When the engine develops 580 KW, 7A% of this power is used to,
overcome the drag resistance of the wing. CalCr:late the coefficient of Iift aud
coefficient of drag for the wing. Take density of air = I25 kglm3 . l8l
*+*
 .:.:
rJ
r.t:
I
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Exam. ffii{fiflFfiLtfl!Iffi
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERIN G Level BE Full Marks 80 ."
ii:
Examination Control Division Irgr**:jlsry_t9 Pass Marks 32
2075 Chaitra il/l Time 3 hrs.
ai

_ _ ; 4l::l-J1g4Y:ri,anics (c E s 0 s)

/ candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as
/ Auempt All questions.
'
,/ The figures in the margin indicate Futt Marks. .
:|;
-:t

/ Assume suitable data dnecessary.

1. a) An oil and water manometer consists of U-tube 4mm fiameter with both limbs
vertical. The right-hand limb is enlarge<l at its upper end 6 20mm diameter. The
enlarged end contains oil with its free surface in the enlarged portion and the surface
of separation betwecn water and oil is below the enlarged enO. fhe Ieft hand lirnb
contains water only, its upper end being open to the atmosphere.
When the right-hand side is connectcd to a cy'linder of gas the surface of separation is
observed to fall by 25mm, but the sur{ace ol oil remains in the enlarged end.
Calculate the gauge pressure in the cylinder. Assume ftat the specific graviiy of the
rvater is 1.0 and that of the oil 0.9. .T

Igl
b) Write down the expressiott for Navier-Strokes equations and Euler equations of fluid ,]
:,

motion in 2D with definition of each term. Also ri.rite iheir applicationi. .i::
t4l
c) Explain the concept of control volume and continiuum in fluid rnechanics. Define
viscosity rvith its exprcssion.
LZ+21
2. a) A pipe 25mm in diameter is connected to the centre of the top of a clrum 0.5rn in
diameter, the cylindrical axis of thc pipe and the drum being vertical. Water is poured
into the drum through the pipe until the water level stands in the pipe 0.6m above the
top of the drum. If the drum and pipe are now rotated about their vertical axis at
600rev/min rvhat r,viil be the upr.vard force exerted on the top of the drum.
t8l
b) 0.5m3 of ice floats in a cylindrical tank maintaining 4m depth as shown in figure
below. what will be the depth of rvater if ice completely melt in the tank?
i8l

4m 0.3 m3 Cylindrical tank

water

I
J Bottom of tank
 3. a) Velocirr, ficld i = Bx( I +,ar )l +c:f rvirh A=0"5s-i, B:C:ls-r. 'fhe coor:.linates are
measurcd in nrctcrs.
i) PJot the palhline of the paiticle that passed llrrough the point( 1 ,1 ,0) at tinre t=0.
ri) PIot the streamlines through the sarne point ( I ,1,0) at instants F0,l and 2s. [4+4]
b) A tank of constant cross-sectional area of 3.2m2 has two orifices each 8.Bnrrn'in area
in one of its verlical sides at heights 5m and 2m respectively above the bottom of the
tank. Calculate $e time taken to lou,er the u'aler level from Bm to 3m above the
bottom of tank. Assume Ca=0.62. tB]
4. a) Explain concept of Boundary layer thickness. I)isplacement thickness and lr4omcntum
thickness rvith their applications each. t6l
b) A jet of r,r'ater rvilh a velocity U and jet area. A strikes a flat plate nornai to it.
Determine the force of impingement. power developed and efficiency
i) u,hen the plate is at rest. t3l
ii) when the plate is permitted to move alcng the direction of a velocity u. Also
determine condition of maximum possible efiiciency. t3]
iii) ivhat r.vould be the possible maximum efficiency if series of plates were to face the
jet in quick succession?
14]
5- a) A 3mm diameter sphere made of stee^l (sp. ut. 75KN/m3; falls in glycerine (sp. r.',,t.
12.5 KN/m3) of viscosity 0.893 NS/m2 at a terminal velocity. Determine the terminal
velocity and drag force on the sphere. t4]
b) In a flow'through a small orifice discharging freely into atmosphere ulder a constant
head (H), the flor,v discharge (Q) depends on diameter of pipe (d), constant head,
dynamic viscosity (p). density of fluid (p) and acceleration due to gravity (g). using

i!
Rayleigh's methods develop the relation in terms of non-dimensional terms. t6]
c) A spillway model is to be built geometrically similar scale of 1/16 across a flume of
60cm rvidth. The prototype is 12.5m high and the maximum head on it is expected to
be 2m. (i) What height of the model and rvhat head on the model should be used? (ii)
If the florv over the model at a particular head is 20 lps, '"vhat florv per m lenglh of the
protot)?e is expected? t6l
 r';

OI
\1 TRIBI{UVAN UNIVERSITY
.INSTITUTE [EHr".---"-
OF ENGTNEERING Levet
j *- BE *- i tr'uilMarrs
- -- -*" -----i I '*" * * "* ito--_l
*----:----
Bxarnination Control Division iiI'r-q-sllllx_i -- i
BCE, B-lq.::,
Irltr:E i 3-2_ __i
2075 Ashwin J:sttiIl_tiui"--::-j.ii,le_F!E:_i
fly_bject,: - Fluid Mechanics (CEs\s)
/ Ca:rdidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
r' AtrcmryAll questions.
l- The figares in the margin indicate Full Marks_
{ Assume suitable data if necessar?.

l. a) A stationary bearing oflength 30 cm and internal radius 8.025 cm has been used to
provide lateral stability to a B cm radius shaft rot4ting at a constant speed
of 200 rpm.
The space betrveen the shaft and bearing is filled with a lubricant having viscosity
z.S
poise. Find the torquc reguired to overeome the friction in bearing.
fafe me ve[city
profile as linear.
t8l
b) In Fig- below, sensor A reads I.5 kPa (gage). All fluids are at 20"C. Determine the
elevations Z in meters of the liquid levels inthe open piezometer tubes B
and C. l8l

2m
5fs.
{;!_-,€:
Str
1.5 m
Iffi
lm
z=A
2' a) For the geometry shown, what is the vertical force on the dam? The steps are 0.3m
high, 0.3 m deep and 3 m wide.
t6.l
 \
b) A thin-walled, open-topped tank in the form of a cube of 500 mm side is initially full
of oil of relative density 0.88. It is accelerated uniformly at 5 mis2 up a long rt*igt t
slope at arctan (1i4) to the horizontal, the base of the tank remaining pu."tLt to t-h"
slope, and the two side faces rernaining parallel to the direction of motion. Calculate
(a) the volume of oil left in the tank when no more spilling occurs, and (b) the
presswe at the lowest comers of the tank-
[4+6]
a) A discharge of 12 lps is passed over a 45 degree sharp-edged triangular notch under a
head of2l cm. The same discharge is passed orer a sha.p-crested rectangular notch of
length 30 cm, the head being ?.8 cm. Calculate the coefficient of discharge of two
notches. What is the magnitude of error that would cause 2 percent error in-rlischarge
in the two cases.
t8l
b) A veiocity for a steady, in cornpressible flow in the xy plane is given by
J')
V = i A/ x + i Ay / x2,where A = 2 mz ls,and the coordinates are measured in meters.
lbtai1 an equation for the streamline that passes through the point (x, y) = (1, 3).
Calculate the time required for a fluid particie to move fr=r* * = la1 to x 2m
= in this
flow field.
t8l
A
+. a) Water flows into atmosphere through a vertical bend nozzle assembiy as shown
in
figure below The pipe diameter is l0 cm and nozzle exit diameter is 5 cm.
The rate of
flow of water is 24A0 $m. The interior volume of the assembly is 18.2 litres. The

0.5*
2gand in the nozzleit- is-- 2$,
head loss in the bend is v
-2g where is the velocity of
water in the pipe. Compute the hydrodynamic force on the system.
tBl

lffia"
.l_

b) Define boundary layer separation and stagnation point with the help of figure.
t3l
c)
{!ren a jet of fluid strikes series of semicircular vanes, show that the maximum
efficiency ofthe system is l. I5l
5. a) The wall shear stress t,, in a boundary layer is assumed to be a function of stream
velocity u, boundary layer thickness 6, local turbulence velocity u,, density
F, end
local presswe gradient dp/dx. using (p, u,5) as repeating variabies, rewrite
this
relationship as a dimensiouless functiun
t8I
b) A jet plane which weighs 19920N has a wing area of 25rn2. trt is flying
at a speed of
2OOkmflrr. when the engine deverops 5gg.5Kw, g0% of this power
is used to
overcorne the drag resistance of the wing. calculate the coefficient of lift
and
coefficient of drag for the wing. Take density of air = 1.25 kg/m3.
l8l
rF* *