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INSIGHTSIAS

IA SIMPLIFYING IAS EXAM PREPARATION

INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

MAINS MISSION 2024

GS- 1I

JANUARY 2024

www.insightsactivelearn.com | www.insightsonindia.com
INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

NOTE: Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They
are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is
content that both meets demand of the question and at the same time gives you
extra points in the form of background information.

Table of Contents
Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant
provisions and basic structure. .......................................................................................................... 6
The state of a parliament reflects the health of a democratic system, and addressing concerns
about a declining parliamentary environment is crucial for the healthy functioning of
democracy. Analyse. (250 words) ................................................................................................. 6
Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and
Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in
the Polity. .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Although the constitutional rationale behind establishing the position of the Governor may
remain valid, the evolution in Indian politics necessitates a redefined and updated role for the
functions performed by the governor. Critically analyse. (250 words) .......................................... 9
Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the
federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein. ...... 13
Examine the factors that lead to a lack of attention given towards State Finance Commissions
(SFCs) by the state governments. Suggest measures to rectify the same. (250 words) ............... 13
Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies. ................................................................... 15
The evolution of cryptocurrencies in India has seen a transition from scepticism to a more
nuanced approach. Ongoing developments and regulatory decisions will shape the future of
cryptocurrencies in India. Analyse. (250 words) ......................................................................... 15
Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of
their design and implementation. .................................................................................................... 18

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By addressing limiting factors and implementing supportive measures, the Indian government
must aim to capitalize on the vast scope of solar energy, contributing to the country’s energy
security and environmental goals. Analyse. (250 words) ............................................................ 18
India is a country known for its rich cultural and religious diversity, and religious tourism holds
significant potential in the nation. Discuss the measures that are needed to promote religious
tourism in the country. (250 words) ........................................................................................... 20
The emergence of online gaming has given rise to a plethora of worries on children and adults
alike. Collective actions, including responsible gaming initiatives and measures for ensuring
privacy and data security, are essential. Critically analyse. (250 words) ..................................... 23
Uniform Civil Code (UCC) remains a matter of ongoing debate, and any decision on this front
would require a delicate balance between principles of equality, cultural sensitivity, and the
legal rights of diverse communities. Examine. (250 words) ........................................................ 26
The growing tensions between the United States and China have been characterized by some
analysts as a new Cold War or Cold War 2.0. In this context, how should India navigate its
foreign policy? Comment. (250 words) ....................................................................................... 29
The implementation of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 has faced operational
challenges, including delays in the resolution process. Critically analyse. (250 words)............... 31
Development processes and the development industry —the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and
associations, donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders. ............................................... 35
Effective regulation of NGOs is necessary to prevent misuse of resources and ensure
accountability. However, it is essential to strike a balance that allows NGOs to operate
effectively, respond to local needs, and contribute meaningfully to holistic development.
Analyse. (250 words)................................................................................................................... 35
Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the
performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the
protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections. ................................................................ 38
By addressing gender disparities in political representation, societies can tap into the full
potential of their human capital, leading to more robust and inclusive economic growth.
Discuss. (250 words) ................................................................................................................... 38
Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,
Education, Human Resources. ......................................................................................................... 40
The job market is evolving rapidly due to technological advancements, but higher education
curricula is struggling to keep pace. In the context of the above statement, analyse the
challenges facing the higher education system in India. (250 words) ......................................... 40
Phygital education, blending physical and digital education systems, holds great promise for
improving learning outcomes in the country. Discuss. (250 words) ............................................ 44
Issues relating to poverty and hunger. ............................................................................................. 47
Critically examine the trends in poverty in India over the past decade and assess whether the
poverty alleviation efforts have yielded dividends. (250 words) ................................................ 47
Accurate and comprehensive poverty measurement is vital for effective policymaking,
monitoring progress, and addressing the diverse challenges faced by individuals and
communities living in poverty. Examine. (250 words)................................................................. 51
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Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications,

models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency & accountability and
institutional and other measures. .................................................................................................... 55
Statistical data is a cornerstone for effective governance. Access to accurate and reliable
statistical information is crucial for creating policies that respond to the dynamic needs of
society and promote the overall well-being of the population. Analyse. (250 words) ................ 55
The empowerment of women is not only a matter of social justice but also a fundamental
element in the flourishing of democratic societies. Analyse. (250 words) .................................. 58
India and its neighborhood- relations. ............................................................................................. 60
India and Bangladesh have made strides in enhancing their overall relationship, yet certain
challenges persist. Ongoing efforts in diplomatic dialogues and negotiations will likely play a
crucial role in addressing these issues and fostering further cooperation between the two
countries. Examine. (250 words) ................................................................................................. 60
India and the Maldives must prioritize collaboration, understanding, and diplomacy to build a
stronger and more resilient relationship. Analyse. (250 words) ................................................. 63
Bhutan’s engagement with India is a crucial element in the geopolitical dynamics of the region.
The relationship between Bhutan and India underscores the importance of regional cooperation
in maintaining peace and security. Discuss. (250 words) ............................................................ 67
Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s
interests. ......................................................................................................................................... 69
Briefly throw light on the India-South Korea defence relationship. How can India and South
Korea jointly uphold a stable, rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific? (150 Words) ..................... 69
Discuss India’s recent strides in the realms of science and technology, highlighting notable
achievements that underscore the country’s growing prowess in these fields. (250 words) ...... 75
The India-France relationship is characterized by a strong and diversified partnership that goes
beyond bilateral ties. The strategic, economic, and cultural dimensions of this relationship
showcase a comprehensive engagement that benefits both nations and contributes to stability
and development at the regional and global levels. Elaborate. (250 words) .............................. 76
Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests, Indian
diaspora. ......................................................................................................................................... 81
The UAE-India relationship is built upon consistent and constructive dialogue, visionary
leadership, and mutual respect, which can lead to a robust and dynamic partnership. Analyse.
(250 words) ................................................................................................................................. 81
Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate. .......................... 83
Bridging the economic disparities between developed and developing countries to foster more
inclusive and sustainable global trade is a major issue that World Trade Organization (WTO)
must address. Analyse. (250 words) ........................................................................................... 83
International law can provide a basis for humanitarian interventions in cases of widespread
human rights abuses or atrocities, allowing for collective action to protect vulnerable
populations. Examine. (250 words) ............................................................................................. 85

Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments,

significant provisions and basic structure.
The state of a parliament reflects the health of a democratic system, and addressing
concerns about a declining parliamentary environment is crucial for the healthy
functioning of democracy. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
It was one of the gravest security lapses the House has witnessed in its history when two young men
with gas canisters jumped on to the floor of the Lok Sabha from its gallery and spread pandemonium
there for reasons little known so far.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the performance of parliament and ways to better to it.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by describing parliamentary form of government adopted by India.
Body:
In the first part, write about the major features of Parliamentary forms of government in India.
Nominal and Real Head, Executive is a Part of Legislature, Majority Party Rule, Collective
Responsibility etc.
Next, write about it’s the issues in the functioning of the parliament in the recent years. Cite
examples to substantiate.
Next, write about the steps that are needed to overcome the above – political leaders, lawmakers,
and citizens to actively promote democratic values, inclusivity, and the importance of a strong
opposition etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic country which follows
the Parliamentary form of government which is also known as Westminster model of government
or Cabinet government or Responsible government. This form of government is prevalent in Britain,
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Japan, Canada and India among others. Parliamentary system has been taken from the United
Kingdom because U.K. constitution is the mother constitution of parliamentarianism.

Body

Major features of parliamentary form of government

 Bicameral legislature: System may be either bicameral (two houses of the parliament)
or unicameral(single house of the parliament). India follows a bicameral legislature in which
the members of the Lower House (Lok sabha) are elected by the people and members
of Upper house (Rajya sabha) by elected representatives.

 The President can dissolve the Lok Sabha on recommendation of the Prime Minister while
Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and cannot be dissolved.

 Nominal and Real Executives: There are two parts of the executive in India, nominal
executive, and real executive. The President, the Head of the State is the nominal
executive.

 Theoretically, the Constitution of India vested all the executive powers in the President of
India. But, in practice, are actually used by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
The Prime Minister is the real executive.

 Majority Party Rule: The party which wins majority seats in the elections of the Lower
House forms the government. The President appoints the leader as the Prime Minister and
the other ministers on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

 The President may invite a coalition of parties to form the government, in case no party got
a clear majority.

 Collective Responsibility: The council of ministers is collectively responsible to the

parliament. The lower house of parliament can dissolve the government by exercising the no
confidence motion.

 Opposition: Party who gets the second highest vote counts in elections forms an opposition
party. The opposition plays a crucial role in keeping a check on the ruling government.

 Secrecy: The members of the executive follow the principle of secrecy in official legal
matters of the country. Ministers take oaths of secrecy before entering their office.

Deteriorating parliamentary productivity in recent times

 Disruption has become the norm, with the Opposition seeking to use thedebates as a ploy
to gain publicity. This is a sad state of affairs as the ruling party with absolute majority is
passing the bills without any adequate deliberations or discussions.

 The basic problem starts with the government’s refusal to acknowledge the legitimacy of the
Opposition and give space to it to express its position on any issue.

 With the Opposition not falling in line, the government has used its majority to push through
important Bills without discussion.

 The extent to which parliamentary proceedings have degenerated can be seen from the
astonishing speed in passing Bills.

 The Lok Sabha, on an average, took less than 10 minutes to pass a law, and the Rajya Sabha
passed laws in less than half an hour. There were 13 Bills in this LS session in which no
Member of Parliament spoke, other than the minister in charge of the Bill.

 the PRS Legislative Research data has shown a significant decrease in the involvement of
standing committees in legislative matters. So far, only 17 of the 82 Bills since the NDA
government was re-elected in 2019 have been referred to standing committees for review.

 Passing Bills without debate in the House or scrutiny by a committee reduces Parliament to a
clearance window for legislations. This effectively means Parliament was neither fulfilling its
function of deliberative lawmaking nor of holding the executive accountable.

 Ordinary Bills are not so much discussed, either because their texts are handed over to the
MPs at the last minute or because there is little time for debates.

 In order to circumvent Parliamentary debates, the government has often followed the
ordinance route.

 The number of Bills that have been referred to parliamentary committees — the deliberative
core of parliamentary work — has shrunk dramatically.

Measures needed

 Code of Conduct: To curb disorder in Parliament there is a need for strict enforcement of
code of conduct for MPs and MLAs.

o These ideas are not new. For example, the Lok Sabha has had a simple code of
conduct for its MPs since 1952. Newer forms of protest led to the updating of these
rules in 1989.

o The Lok Sabha Speaker should suspend MPs not following such codes and
obstructing the Houses’ business.

 Increasing Number of Working Days:Recommended by the 2001 conference, there should

be an increase in the working days of Parliament. It resolved that Parliament should meet
for 110 days every year and state legislative assemblies for 90 days.

o In the United Kingdom, where Parliament meets over 100 days a year, opposition
parties get 20 days on which they decide the agenda for discussion in Parliament.
Canada also has a similar concept of opposition days.

 Democratic Participation:Not all disruptions in the Parliament are necessarily counter-

productive. Thus, the government of the day needs to be more democratic and allow the
opposition to put their ideas in free manner.

 Proposals in Individual Capacity:

o In 2019, Rajya Sabha Deputy Chairperson mooted an idea of evolving a ‘Parliament

Disruption Index’to monitor disruptions in Parliament and state legislature.

o In the Lok Sabha, some members proposed automatic suspension of members who
cause disruptionand rush to the Well of the House.

o But the proposals are still in a nascent stage.

 Productivity Meter:The overall productivity of the session also can be studied and
disseminated to the public on a weekly basis.

o For this, a “Productivity Meter” could be created which would take into
consideration the number of hours that were wasted on disruptions and
adjournments, and monitor the productivity of the day-to-day working of both
Houses of Parliament.

Way forward

 The Pre-Legislative Consultation Policy (PLCP) was instituted in 2014 requiring that every
Ministry and Department “proactively” publish every proposed draft legislation or
subordinate legislation, its justification, essential elements, financial implications and an
estimated impact assessment on rights, lives, livelihoods, environment, etc.

 The policy also provides that all such information should be put in the public domain for a
minimum period of 30 days and the feedback received should also be published on the
website of the concerned ministry or department.

 The policy also provides that the summary of this pre-legislative process should be made
available to any Parliamentary standing committeeto which the subsequent Bill may be
referred.

 Thus, the policy envisaged a consultation while the Bill is being drafted and a study and
consultation by a Parliamentary committee after it is introduced in Parliament.

Conclusion

The founding fathers of Indian Constitution adopted Parliamentary system of government by

considering the fact that it will be more suitable to India’s pluralism and heterogeneity character.
But at present healthy debate and discussions, the hall mark of Parliamentary democracy, was
overshadowed by disruption, confrontation, forced adjournment of the houses and adopting other
non-democratic alternatives.

Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—

Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and
formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity.
Although the constitutional rationale behind establishing the position of the Governor
may remain valid, the evolution in Indian politics necessitates a redefined and updated
role for the functions performed by the governor. Critically analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
It is time to think about the behaviour of Governors in Opposition-ruled States and to understand the
legal consequences of such aberrations.
Key Demand of the question:
To critically write about the issues with respect to office of the governor and possible solutions to it.
Directive word:

Critically analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature
of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’
is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a
balanced judgment on the topic.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Give brief introduction of the role of Governor in the Indian Polity.
Body:
First, write about the significance of the post of Governor as enshrined in the Indian constitution.
Next, discuss the issues related to abuse of post of Governor in federal polity failing to the functions
impartially and efficiently and why the tag of ‘agent of centre’ is being associated with the office of
governor. Substantiate with examples.
Next, Explain the misuse of Article 356, Power of Reserving bill, Partisan role in Hung assemblies etc.
with examples of recent times.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Article 154 of the Constitution envisages Governor as the executive chief of the state. All executive
actions are taken in his name. B R Ambedkar called the office of the Governor as the “office of
dignity”. He is not an agent of the Centre, but the governor’s post in an independent Constitutional
office. His office is the linchpin of Indian Cooperative Federalism.

The Governors are once again becoming public spectacles in many States, as seen in Punjab,
Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Delhi, and in a few others
earlier. It is time to think about the behaviour of Governors in Opposition-ruled States and to
understand the legal consequences of such aberrations.

Body

Need for relook into Governor’s post

 Gubernatorial powers: Misusing the powers of Governor : the disagreements spill out in the
open, to the media, reinforcing a political divide. Recently, the Governor of Tamil Nadu, R.N.
Ravi, seems to have opened another front, i.e., defining the idea of Indian nationalism and
imparting lessons to Tamil people..

 Locking horns with Government:: Tamil Nadu Governor RN Ravi omitted some sections
from a speech he made in the state Assembly on Monday, 9 January. Ravi cut short the
speech, the text of which the state government, as per convention, had given him, to
exclude some key points. This led to TN Chief Minister MK Stalin moving a resolution against
Ravi in the Assembly and the Governor leaving the venue amid protests.

 Governor’s appointment: Article 155says that governor should be appointed (not elected)
from amongst persons of high status with eminence in public. The elected government at
the state is not even consulted while making appointment of the Governors. Further
successive governments have reduced this important constitutional office to a sinecure and
resting place for loyal and retired / about to retired / about to retire politicians apart from
docile bureaucrats.
 Appointment and dismissal of the Chief Minister: Governor appoints Chief Minister, other
ministers, Advocate General, Chairmen and members of the State Public Service Commission
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in the state. After elections in the state, there is a convention to invite the largest party to
form government in the state. This convention has been flouted many times at the whim of
the governor. E.g.: The recent episode Maharashtra where Governor inducted a new
government at 5:00 am without ascertaining the requisite numbers for the government.

 Reservation of Bills for Consideration of President: As per Article 200of the Constitution,
the governor can reserve certain types of bills passed by the State Legislature for the
President’s consideration. Centre, through the governor in case of different parties ruling,
used this provision to serve partisan interests. In Tamil Nadu, Governor R.N. Ravi has not
acted upon the T.N. Admission to Undergraduate Medical Degree Courses Bill, adopted by
the Assembly in September 2021. the indefinite delay in taking a decision amounts to
undermining the legislature, and is unjustifiable.

 Misuse of Article 356: Article 356is the most controversial article of the Constitution. It
provides for State emergency or President’s rule in State if the President, on receipt of
report from the Governor of a State. But since the SR Bommai case, this has been sparsely
used.
 Removal of the Governor:Article 156says that the governor will hold office during the
pleasure of the President for five years. The governor has no security of tenure and no fixed
term of office. This prevents to uphold neutrality of the governor, fearing retribution. E.g.:
The mass changing of the governors of state whenever a new government comes to power
at Centre..

Recommendations made regarding the Governor Posts

Sarkaria Commission Report Recommendations

 “The Governors tenure of office of five years in a State should not be disturbed except very
rarely and that too for some extremely compelling reason. It is very necessary to assure a
measure of security of tenure to the Governor’s office.”
 Governor should be an eminent person and not belong to the state where he is to be
posted.

 State chief minister should have a say in the appointment of governor

 Governor should be a detached figure without intense political links or should not have
taken part in politics in recent past.

 Governor should not be a member of the ruling party.

 Governor should be removed before his tenure only on the grounds as if aspersions are cast
on his morality, dignity, constitutional propriety, etc.

The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution recommendations:

 Governor’s appointment should be entrusted to a committee comprising the prime minister,

the home minister, the speaker of the Lok Sabha and the chief minister of the concerned
state.

 If they have to be removed before completion of their term, the central government should
do so only after consultation with the Chief Minister.

The Punchhi commission recommendations

 The person who is slated to be a Governor should not have participated in active politics at
even local level for at least a couple of years before his appointment.

 For office of Governor, the doctrine of pleasure should endand should be deleted from the
constitution. Governor should not be removed at whim of central government. Instead, a
resolution by state legislature should be there to remove Governor.

 There should be provisions for impeachment of the Governor by the state legislature along
the same lines as that of President by President.

 The convention of making the Governors as chancellors of universities should be done away
with.

 The commission recommended for “localising emergency provisions” under Articles 355 and
356, contending that localised areas— either a district or parts of a district — be brought
under Governor’s rule instead of the whole state.

The Supreme Court’s interpretation

 In 2010, a constitutional bench of the Supreme Court interpreted these provisions and laid
down some binding principles (B.P. Singhal v. Union of India), the Supreme Court held:

 President, in effect the central government, has the power to remove a Governor at any
time without giving him or her any reason, and without granting an opportunity to be heard.
 However, this power cannot be exercised in an arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable
manner. The power of removing Governors should only be exercised in rare and exceptional
circumstances for valid and compelling reasons.

 The mere reason that a Governor is at variance with the policies and ideologies of the
central government, or that the central government has lost confidence in him or her, is not
sufficient to remove a Governor. Thus, a change in central government cannot be a ground
for removal of Governors, or to appoint more favourable persons to this post.

 Such a decision, to remove a Governor can be challenged in a court of law.

Conclusion
Despite several commissions appointed by Government themselves and the Supreme Court
guidelines, the post of governor is misused again and again.
It is, however, time for a thorough review of the Governor’s powers and the process of appointment
and removal.

 New rules and conventions may need to be put in place so that Governor’s constitutional
mandate is strengthened.

 All part conference to review the role of the Governors, the powers exercised by him and
the manner in which he should be appointed and removed.

 The Constitution should be amended and security of tenure must be provided to the
Governors. The judgment of the Supreme Court delivered in B. P. Singhal case is the law of
the land and the Government should respect it.
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 The Governors should be treated with dignity, and should not be fired only for political
considerations.

 The Constitution of the land prohibits the arbitrary exercise of power and the Government is
not an exception to the equality law.

Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges
pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local
levels and challenges therein.
Examine the factors that lead to a lack of attention given towards State Finance
Commissions (SFCs) by the state governments. Suggest measures to rectify the same.
(250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question:
It seems that state finance commissions do not get any urgency from the state cabinets and
consequently from the public too.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the role of State Finance Commission and lack of attention towards it and measures
to make it more effective.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin the giving the context of article 243(I) and 243(Y) of the Constitution.
Body:
In the first part, write about the role of the State Finance Commission – financial needs and
capacities of the local and state governments, promoting economic development, and ensuring that
resources are distributed equitably etc.
In the next part, limited awareness and understanding of complex fiscal matters, short-term political
considerations, lack of political will, competing priorities for resources, bureaucratic challenges,
limited public perception, and resource constraints etc.
Next, write about measures to rectify the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward to overcome the limitations.
Introduction

State Finance Commission (SFC) is an institution created by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional
Amendments (CAs) to rationalize and systematize State/sub-State-level fiscal relations in
India. Article 243I of the Constitution mandates the State Governor to constitute a Finance
Commission every five years. Article 243Y of the Constitution states that the Finance Commission
constituted under article 243 I shall also review the financial position of the Municipalities and make
recommendations to the Governor.

A State Finance Commission would review the financial position of local bodies every five years and
decide how the revenue is to be distributed between state and local government functionaries.

However, most states fail to adhere to the constitutional obligation of constituting State Finance
Commissions at regular intervals.

Body

Current scenario

 According to a report by the standing committee on rural development and panchayati raj
tabled in Lok Sabha

 By this time, all the states should have constituted the Sixth Finance Commission which
operates over the years 2021-22 to 2026-27.

 However, so far, only nine states have constituted 6th SFC, of which only two are active.

 Some states have not even constituted 4th and 5th Finance Commissions.

 Gujarat, Jharkhand, and Goa have constituted just three (out of six) SFCs, running until 2011,
while Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, and Tripura have constituted four SFCs. Arunachal Pradesh
has constituted just two SFCs.

Challenges facing State Finance Commission

 There are many cases where the recommendations of an SFC have neither been formally
accepted by the State government, nor was the SFC report laid before the State legislature.

 There are also instances where the State government, despite having accepted its SFC’s
recommendations fully or partially, has not implemented them.

 These developments have affected empowerment and finances of local bodies.

 States like Manipur witnessed a gap prevailed between the recommendation of successive
SFCs and the State government’s actual fund transfer to its hill districts’ local bodies.

 It results in accentuating the grievances of hill tribes against their counterparts in the plains.

Measures needed
 As per the existing system, all funds devolved to States on recommendations of CFC are
directly transferred to State governments’ treasuries.
 The Fifteenth Finance Commission should recommend that the funds earmarked for PRIs
and ULBs, should be managed through public financial management system.

 It would track flow of funds on a real-time basis and will eliminate delays in transfers to local
bodies.

 A portion of the earmarked funds for PRIs and ULBs could be distributed as incentiveto
States which constitute their SFCs as per the constitutional norm.

 This should empower them to raise tax and non-tax revenue in areas specified by FFC and
SFCs.

 Local bodies of States performing better will gain, which should induce the other State
governments to be more conscious of their responsibilities.

 Local bodies are the interface between State institutions and the public towards obtaining
basic services.

 Hence, the 15thFinance Commission must incentivise the States to constitute their SFCs and
empower their local bodies.

 The role of governors is also crucial as a benevolent institution of oversight and ensuring
vibrant functioning of local bodies.

 Digitising the data in a comparable classification code and accounting is crucial for building
local-level data across States in India.

Conclusion

There are miles to go to ensure SFCs do their crucial function to empower local bodies. SFCs are
constituted to reduce adhocism and arbitrariness in the fiscal transfers from states to local bodies.
The delay in constituting SFCs might result in increased volatility in the flow of funds. The asymmetry
between functions and finance results in imbalances between state and local bodies as well as
across local bodies.

Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies.

The evolution of cryptocurrencies in India has seen a transition from scepticism to a
more nuanced approach. Ongoing developments and regulatory decisions will shape
the future of cryptocurrencies in India. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question:
Two big things have happened in the crypto world this month: a public validation and a semi-private
snub. Both of them bode poorly for its future.
Key Demand of the question:
To bring out the evolution of cryptocurrencies and the need for a regulation of the same.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, write about out the evolution of cryptocurrencies – bring out the trend of major financial
institutions and investors adding cryptocurrency as part of their assets and also the high
accountability mechanisms associated with the blockchain technology and its applicability, scalability
and security in the Banking, Finance and Insurance sectors.
Next, stress on the need for a robust and smart regulatory mechanism such as safeguards against
mis-selling, Investor protection, introduction of KYC norms for crypto asset holders to avoid money
laundering, clarifying the tax regime on crypto assets etc
Conclusion:
Conclude by stating that the benefits of crypto assets and blockchain technology can be reaped
constructively only with a robust regulatory regime.
Introduction

Cryptocurrency, sometimes called crypto-currency or crypto, is any form of currency that

exists digitally or virtually and uses cryptography to secure transactions. Cryptocurrencies don’t
have a central issuing or regulating authority, instead use a decentralized system to record
transactions and issue new units. It is supported by a decentralized peer-to-peer network called the
blockchain.

As crypto grows and becomes more widely used, the easier it becomes for hackers to use various
methods to steal sensitive information and investor assets. Recently, founder of the collapsed
crypto exchange FTX, Sam Bankman-Fried was arrested in the Bahamas. FTX crashed almost
overnight after failing to meet a run on deposits, throwing the crypto industry into its latest crisis.

Body

Need for a streamlined crypto tax regime, constructive and adaptive regulatory environment

 Phishing Attacks: Hackers rely on phishing scams to have crypto users turn over their digital
assets. Spear phishing, DNS hacking, phishing bots and fake browser extensions are
examples of common phishing attacks hackers will use to take advantage of crypto investors.

 Illegitimate Trading Platforms: Because cryptocurrency is still evolving, new trading

platforms are emerging, hoping to gain the trust of people interested in investing in crypto.
However, not all of these platforms are legitimate.

o Consider One Coin, for example. One Coin was a seemingly reputable
cryptocurrency company that lured users in by promising big returns, but the entire
currency system ended up being a scam. It was found to be a multi-level marketing
scam that ended up costing people a lot of money.

o Not every risk associated with crypto comes in the form of a hack or data breach.

o Sometimes, the fraudulent activity is happening in plain sight.

 Using Third-Party Applications: In some cases, crypto investors will rely on third-party
applications or software to manage their digital assets. For example, it’s common for
investors to use crypto tax reporting services, but this can open them up to more
cybersecurity risks.

o It was reported that a hacker was able to steal data from over 1,000 users after
breaking into CryptoTrader.Tax. The hacker gained access by entering a marketing
and customer service representative’s account, which displayed all kinds of sensitive
information that put users at risk.

 Malware: Essentially, crypto-malware is a form of malware that allows unauthorized users

to mine cryptocurrencies using someone else’s computer or server. Hackers will use one of
two methods to infect someone’s computer.

o Victims are tricked into installing malware code onto their computers using phishing-
like tactics.

o Cybercriminals inject malicious code into websites or ads. When victims interact
with them, the code runs and gives hackers access. In 2018, Forbes reported that
crypto-malware had grown by 4,000%.

 Cryptocurrency Account Security: It’s critical to understand that users access their digital
assets by using a “private key,” which is essentially a complex password code. Many users
will store their private keys on their computers, but that comes with risk. If hackers gain
access to your computer, they’ll also be able to use that private key to log in to your digital
account.

o Once a private key is stolen, there’s no way of getting it back because

cryptocurrency is not highly regulated.

o Investors are the only ones responsible for keeping their private keys out of the
hands of hackers, which makes crypto investing riskier compared to traditional
investments.

 Unregulated Cryptocurrency Exchanges: As mentioned above, crypto is almost like the Wild
West because it’s unregulated and a bit of a free for all. Cryptocurrency is decentralized,
meaning that no agency, organization or governing body oversees the creation,
management or movement of cryptocurrencies.

Prevention measures

 An individual’s private key is the only way to access this kind of investment, therefore it’s
vital to keep it safe.

 One must not share the private key or login credentials with anyone, regardless of if they
claim to represent a reputable cryptocurrency company. Consider keeping the key stored on
an external device, such as a USB.

 Do due diligence and research companies and their tokens before investing.
 Don’t respond to unsolicited offers to invest in crypto. Avoid clicking on any suspicious links
or ads — this could open you up to more cybersecurity risks.
 Keep an eye on the latest crypto trends, news stories and any announcements related to
cryptocurrencies you invest in.

 Use strong, unique passwords at all times to make online accounts more secure and keep
hackers at bay.

Conclusion and way forward

 Regulation is the Solution: Regulation is needed to prevent serious problems, to ensure that
cryptocurrencies are not misused, and to protect unsuspecting investors from excessive
market volatility and possible scams.
The regulation needs to be clear, transparent, coherent and animated by a vision of what it
seeks to achieve.

 Clarity on Crypto-currency definition: A legal and regulatory framework must first define
crypto-currencies as securities or other financial instruments under the relevant national
laws and identify the regulatory authority in charge.

 Strong KYC Norms: Instead of a complete prohibition on cryptocurrencies, the government

shall rather regulate the trading of cryptocurrencies by including stringent KYC norms,
reporting and taxability.

 Ensuring Transparency: Record keeping, inspections, independent audits, investor grievance

redressal and dispute resolution may also be considered to address concerns around
transparency, information availability and consumer protection.

Igniting the Entrepreneurial Wave: Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain technology can reignite the
entrepreneurial wave in India’s start up ecosystem and create job opportunities across different
levels, from blockchain developers to designers, project managers, business analysts, promoters and
marketers.

Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and

issues arising out of their design and implementation.
By addressing limiting factors and implementing supportive measures, the Indian
government must aim to capitalize on the vast scope of solar energy, contributing to
the country’s energy security and environmental goals. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a scheme to electrify one crore households with solar
electricity.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the scope and limiting factors in the growth of solar energy and measures taken by
the government to promote them,
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context regarding the development of solar energy in India.
Body:
First, mention about the huge potential for growth, emission-free nature and consistent nature of
solar energy production in contrast with other forms of energy.
Next, evaluate the various constraining factors for a solar energy – such as land requirement, man
power, financing, efficiency and manufacturing needs etc.
Next, write about the various measures taken by the government to promote solar energy.
Conclusion:
Conclude with way forward.
Introduction

Since 2011, India’s solar sector has grown at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of around
59%. From less than 10 MW in 2010, India has added significant solar PV capacity over the past
decade, achieving over 50 GW by 2022. By 2030, India is targeting about 500 GW of renewable
energy deployment, out of which 280 GW is expected from solar PV.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that the government will launch ‘Pradhanmantri
Suryoday Yojana’ with the target of installing solar rooftop systems on 1 crore houses.

Body

Current status of Solar Energy in India

 The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), also known as the National Solar
Mission (NSM),which commenced in January 2010, marked the first time the government
focused on promoting and developing solar power in India.

 Under the scheme, the total installed capacity target was set as 20GW by 2022. In 2015, the
target was revised to 100GW and in August 2021, the government set a solar target of
300GW by 2030.

 India currently ranks fifth after China, U.S., Japan and Germany in terms of installed solar
power capacity.
 As of December 2021, the cumulative solar installed capacity of India is 55GW, which is
roughly half the renewable energy (RE) capacity (excluding large hydro power) and 14% of
the overall power generation capacity of India.

 Within the 55GW, grid-connected utility-scale projects contribute 77% and the rest comes
from grid-connected rooftop and off-grid projects.

Scope & Opportunities

 India, being a tropical country is endowed with plenty of solar energy; hence, exploitation of
solar energy becomes an important component of renewable energy sector

 India is endowed with vast solar energy potential.

o About 5,000 trillion kWh per year energyis incident over India’s land area with most
parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sq. m per day

 Karnataka leads India’s list of states producing solar energy, with a total installed solar
power capacity of about 7,100MW; followed by Telangana, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh
and Gujarat

 Also, India is now the fourth-largest solar power producer in the world

 India’s Bhadla Solar Park is the largest solar power park in the world, which contribute to an
operational capacity of 2245MW.

Government Initiatives towards promotion of Solar Energy

 National Solar Mission (NSM): The 100 GW solar ambition at the heart of the world’s largest
renewable energy expansion programme

 International Solar Alliance:In pursuance to enhance Solar Energy production, India along
with France launched the International Solar Alliance with the aim to promote solar energy
in 121 member countries and to mobilize over $1 trillion of investment for the deployment
of solar energy at affordable costs.

 100 GW target: The target set by India, for installed solar energy capacity is 100 GW by
March 2023 — 40 GW rooftop solar and 60 GW ground-mounted utility scale

 Under ‘One sun One World One Grid’, India seeks to replicate its global solar leadership by
encouraging the phased development of a single globally connected solar electricity grid to
leverage the multiple benefits (Low cost, Zero pollution) of solar energy.
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 India has pledged to mobilize more than US $ 1000 billion of investments needed by 2030
for massive deployment of solar energy.

Challenges

 India’s solar energy development is largely built over imported products.

 India is facing challenge to balance Prioritising domestic goals and WTO commitments.

 India is dependent on Chinese imports for solar equipment, such as solar cells, panels, etc.

 The dumping of products is leading to profit erosion of local manufacturers.

 Land availability in India for solar plant is less due to high population density.

 China’s strong manufacturing base is giving stiff challenge to domestic manufacturer.

 India’s solar waste is estimated to be around 1.8 million by 2050, which needs to be tackled.

 There is little fiscal space for large public investment in renewables, while private
investment in renewables at scale is just starting.

 The willingness of developed countries to make available adequate low-cost finance and
required technologies remains uncertain.

Way Forward

 Strong financial measures are required to finance the solar projects.

 Innovative steps like green bonds, institutional loans and clean energy fund can play a crucial
role.

 Promotion of research and development in renewable energy sector, especially in storage

technology.

 Along with prioritizing designing microgrids, public policy attention is needed for developing
battery technologies at scale for local applications.

 India needs a Solar Waste Management and Manufacturing Standards Policy.

Conclusion

India’s bid to play a leadership role in setting up a World Solar Bank is laudable. It could galvanize
domestic efforts and give the country a global voice in the push for a clean planet.

India is a country known for its rich cultural and religious diversity, and religious tourism
holds significant potential in the nation. Discuss the measures that are needed to
promote religious tourism in the country. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question:
The Ram temple in Ayodhya could trigger a paradigm shift in the conceptualization and governance
of temple towns and pilgrimage centres, leading to greater economic activity, job creation and
collective welfare.
Key Demand of the question:

To write about the potential of religious tourism sector in India and the steps that India needs to take
to boost religious tourism in the country.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving statistic related to tourism in India.
Body:
First, write overview of religious tourism given the vast religious diversity in the country.
Next, write about the status of tourism in India. Give facts and figures related to revenue and forex
earnings, tourist footfalls. Also highlight the diverse nature of religious tourist circuits in the country.
Next, write about the policy measures needed to promote religious tourism in the country – Highlight
the areas where work is needed – security, infrastructure, connectivity and so on. give
details of these three aspects.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Every region in India is identified with its handicraft, fairs, folk dances, music and its people. Hence,
India is a country with a great potential for tourism. The tourism industry employs a large number of
people, both skilled and unskilled. It promotes national integration and international brotherhood.
There is no other country in the world which offers such a wide choice of destinations like India.

The Ram temple in Ayodhya could trigger a paradigm shift in the conceptualization and governance
of temple towns and pilgrimage centres, leading to greater economic activity, job creation and
collective welfare.

Body

Religious tourism is defined as going for a pilgrimage and it may or may not involve an overnight
stay. Religious tourism has a big future in India. India is richly endowed with ancient temples and
religious festivals. Religions originating in India, be it Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism or Buddhism, have a
vibrant culture and spiritual philosophy. Together, they present a viable, alternative way of life as
compared to the materialism and confrontation prevalent in the West.

Potential of Religious tourism in India

 There is a revival of religious attitudes not only in India but the world over. The second and
third generations of the Indian Diaspora are actively seeking out their roots in religion.

 Within its distinct segment, religious tourism in India offers a variety to attract different
kinds of tourists. In time, it has the potential to become a commercially viable endeavour.

 To begin with, there are pilgrimages to several world-renowned temples and shrines, such as
Tirupati, Golden temple, Vaishno Devi, Ajmer Dargah, Bodhgaya etc.

 But traveling to temples and seeking the blessings of the gods is only one aspect of religious
tourism and an aspect that may not interest many.

 Foreigners to India are fascinated by the gaiety and pomp that marks religious festivals.

 Some fairs like the Kumbh at Haridwar and Pushkar camel fair already draw significant
tourists, but much more can be done.

 These can also be made nodal points for promoting religious tourism in India.

 The economic impact of pilgrimage tourism can be seen its contribution to a country, the
largest contributions to pilgrimage tourism is seen in the many pilgrimage places in India.

 Many small places economies are highly depend on pilgrimage tourism as evidenced by the
significant share of pilgrimage tourism in their total earnings.

 In 2009, pilgrimage tourism alone contributed 44.5 percent of the total export earnings of
Indian tourism.

 Tourism in India has also provided a substantial contribution to Indian tourism, amounting to
13.7 percent in 2009, taking full advantage of the potential of their natural, pilgrimage
tourism resources, countries like India and foreign countries are benefiting from the
pilgrimage tourism.

 The pilgrimage tourism contributes significantly to the creation of employment, both directly
and indirectly in 2009, the industry in Indian region provided jobs for about 21% people
representing an average of 8.9% of total employment.

Policy measures needed

 Infrastructure Development: Invest in improving transportation, accommodation, and

sanitation facilities near religious sites.

 Marketing Campaigns: Launch targeted marketing campaigns to highlight the cultural and
spiritual richness of religious destinations globally.

 Visa Facilitation: Streamline visa processes to encourage easier access for international
religious tourists.

 Cultural Events: Organize religious and cultural events, festivals, and fairs to attract visitors
and showcase the unique traditions.

 Safety and Security: Implement robust safety measures to reassure tourists, fostering a
secure environment for their religious journeys.
 Community Involvement: Involve local communities in tourism initiatives, ensuring they
benefit economically and culturally.
 Digital Presence: Enhance online visibility through websites and social media platforms,
providing comprehensive information for potential tourists.

 Training Programs: Conduct training programs for hospitality staff to ensure a positive and
respectful experience for religious tourists.

 Preservation Efforts: Implement conservation measures to protect the historical and

cultural integrity of religious sites.

 Public-Private Partnerships: Foster collaborations between government bodies and private

enterprises to jointly promote and develop religious tourism initiatives.

Way forward

 While, in principle, religious tourism in India has immense potential to evolve as a niche
segment, there are hurdles to be overcome.

 Adequate facilities for lodging, boarding and travel will have to be created.

 What needs to be done is to create nodes near religious centers, where there is already a
basic infrastructure present and plan day trips from there.

 For example, Chennai in South India can be a node for excursions to Madurai, Thanjavur,
Trichnapalli and Pondicherry. Madurai is the home of the exquisite Meenakshi Temple,
which is regarded as the holiest temple in India by many people.

 The second aspect that will need to be taken care of will be to provide the tourists with a
holistic religious experience. Tourists may not find it worthwhile to come all the way just for
a pilgrimage.

 A packaged trip that offers the different hues of religious tourism will have to be prepared.
This would require blending the ritualistic part of the religious tours with informative,
cultural and philosophical inputs.

 Information on the mythological significance of the places of pilgrimage will need to be

provided in advance so that tourists are better prepared.

 Traditional dances, music and theatre related to the religious shrine will have to be built into
the itinerary.

 Discourses on the essence of the religious beliefs, workshops on yoga and ayurvedic
practices can add immense value to religious tourism.

 Religious tourism in India can provide an experience that cannot be had anywhere in the
world. But for it to fructify, the seeds will have to be sown and the saplings will have to be
nurtured.

The emergence of online gaming has given rise to a plethora of worries on children and
adults alike. Collective actions, including responsible gaming initiatives and measures
for ensuring privacy and data security, are essential. Critically analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The emergence of online gaming has given rise to worries like addiction, mental health issues,
suicides, financial fraud, and privacy risks. Collective actions, including responsible gaming initiatives
and measures for ensuring privacy and data security, are essential.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the growing online gaming and need for its regulation.
Directive word:
Evaluate – When you are asked to evaluate, you have to pass a sound judgement about the truth of
the given statement in the question or the topic based on evidence. You must appraise the worth of
the statement in question. There is scope for forming an opinion here.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:

Begin by giving context highting the growth of online gaming.

Body:
First, write about the issues with online gaming – addiction, mental health issues, suicides, financial
fraud, and privacy risks etc.
Next, write about the need for effective regulation of the industry and measures needed to for it.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

Online gaming refers to video games/mobile games that are played over the internet through
various devices. E.g., multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games, first-person shooter (FPS)
games, massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), and many others.

The emergence of online gaming has given rise to worries like addiction, mental health issues,
suicides, financial fraud, and privacy risks. Collective actions, including responsible gaming initiatives
and measures for ensuring privacy and data security, are essential.

Body

Types of online gaming:

1. e-sports (well-organized electronic sports which include professional players),

2. Fantasy sports

3. Casual games: these can be either skill-based (mental skill) or chance based (based on a
random activity like a roll of a dice) online games.

Issues with online gaming

Issues with Online Gaming Description

Online gaming addiction can lead

to physical and psychological harm, as
well as interfere with daily life activities.
Addiction
Gambling addiction: Online gambling
games can lead to addiction and
financial problems.

Online gaming can

involve communication with other
Cyberbullying players through chat or voice features,
which can lead to cyberbullying and
harassment.

Security risks Online gaming platforms are at risk of

cyber-attacks and data breaches, which

can result in compromised personal and

financial information.

It can contain violent, sexual, or other

Inappropriate content inappropriate content that is not
suitable for all ages.

It can perpetuate negative stereotypes

and biases, particularly towards
Ethical Concerns marginalized groups; In-game
purchases can lead to overspending
or exploiting vulnerable individuals

It can be prone to cheating and hacking,

Cheating and hacking which can ruin the gameplay experience
for others.

Long periods of sitting and staring at a

screen can cause physical health
Physical and health issues
problems such as eyestrain, back pain,
and carpal tunnel syndrome.

Excessive online gaming can lead to

Social isolation social isolation and a lack of face-to-face
communication with others.

Measures needed

 There is an urgent need for robust regulation in the online gaming industry. Attempts by
some state governments to ban online gaming face challenges due to the cross-border
nature of the internet.
 The Online Gaming (Regulation) Bill, 2022, introduced as aPrivate Members Bill, should be
reformed and adopted by the Parliament.

 TheInformation Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules,
2021, marked a commendable step towards oversight in the online gaming industry.

 However, the delayed notification of Self-Regulatory Bodies has slowed progress,

emphasising the need for strict regulation to protect the large gaming population in India.

 Establishing a framework is urgent not only for protecting digital citizens and national
interests but also for ensuring the responsible growth of the online gaming sector.

 The focus should be on harm reduction, player protection, and the overall well-being of
society.

 The regulatory framework should be compliant with the data privacy norms as per Digital
India Act, 2023and Information Technology Act, 2000.

Way forward

 Clear and consistent regulations, responsible gaming measures, industry self-regulation,

public awareness campaigns, and collaboration between industry and government can all
help to create a sustainable and responsible online gaming industry in India.

 The UK model for online gaming regulation involves a centralized government regulator
that enforces strict measures to ensure player protection.

 Quarterly reports on regulatory effects are published, imposing significant fineson

operators violating player protection requirements.

 This strict enforcement, coupled with harm reduction efforts, has led to a decline in
disordered gaming and risky behaviour

Conclusion

The online gaming industry in India can continue to grow and provide entertainment and
employment opportunities while also protecting players and promoting responsible gaming
practices

Uniform Civil Code (UCC) remains a matter of ongoing debate, and any decision on this
front would require a delicate balance between principles of equality, cultural
sensitivity, and the legal rights of diverse communities. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
On Republic Day, Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami announced that the Uniform Civil Code Bill will
be passed on February 5.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the UCC and India’s readiness in this regard.
Directive:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Introduce the concept of a Uniform Civil Code.
Body:
First, write about how the UCC can promote gender equality by ensuring equal rights and
opportunities for women and men, upholding personal freedoms by respecting individual choices,
social harmony by fostering a common legal framework and reducing disparities in personal laws.
Next, write about the limitations of UCC.
Conclusion:
Conclude by giving a balanced opinion.
Introduction

The Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India proposes to replace the personal laws based on the
scriptures and customs of each major religious community in the country with a common set of laws
governing every citizen.

The constitution has a provision for Uniform Civil Code in Article 44, as a Directive Principle of State
Policy which states that “The State shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code
throughout the territory of India.”

On Republic Day, Uttarakhand Chief Minister Pushkar Singh Dhami announced that the
Uniform Civil Code Bill will be passed on February 5.

Body

Issues with personal laws in India

 Communalism: Different personal laws promote communalism and it leads to discrimination

at two levels.

o First, between people of different religions.

o Second, between the two sexes

 Gender bias: Another reason why a uniform civil code is needed is gender justice. The rights
of women are usually limited under religious law, be it Hindu or Muslim.

o The practice of triple talaq was a classic example. Even today polygamous marriages
are allowed in certain religions which may deny rights to a woman.

 Against fundamental rights: Many practices governed by religious tradition are at odds with
the fundamental rights guaranteed in the Indian Constitution.

o Courts have also often said in their judgements that the government should move
towards a uniform civil code including the judgement in the Shah Bano case.

o The Supreme Court in Shayara Bano case (2017) had declared the practise of Triple
Talaq (talaq-e-bidat) as unconstitutional.

Role of UCC to bring a balance in development of the nation

A secular republic needs a common law for all citizens rather than differentiated rules based on
religious practices.

 Protection to Vulnerable Section of Society:

o The UCC aims to provide protection to vulnerable sections as envisaged by

Ambedkar including women and religious minorities, while also promoting
nationalistic fervour through unity.

 Simplification of Laws:

o The code will simplify the complex laws around marriage ceremonies, inheritance,
succession, adoptions making them one for all. The same civil law will then be
applicable to all citizens irrespective of their faith.

 Adhering to Ideal of Secularism:

o Secularism is the objective enshrined in the Preamble; a secular republic needs a

common law for all citizens rather than differentiated rules based on religious
practices.

 Gender Justice:

o If a UCC is enacted, all personal laws will cease to exist. It will do away with gender
biases in existing laws.

Arguments against UCC in India

The Law commission made certain sharp observation in this regard as follows.

 According to the 21st Law commission, a uniform civil code “is neither necessary nor desirable
at this stage”.

 Commission suggests certain measures in marriage and divorce that should be uniformly
accepted in the personal laws of all religions.

 Cultural diversity cannot be compromised to the extent that our urge for uniformity itself
becomes a reason for threat to the territorial integrity of the nation.

 A unified nation did not necessarily need to have “uniformity”. ”Efforts have to be made
to reconcile our diversity with universal and indisputable arguments on human rights.

 In fact, term “secularism” has meaning only if it assured the expression of any form of
difference. This diversity, both religious and regional, should not get subsumed under the
louder voice of the majority.

 At the same time, the Commission said, discriminatory practices within a religion should not
hide behind the cloak of that faith to gain legitimacy.

 It said the way forward may not be a uniform civil code, but the codification of all personal
laws so that prejudices and stereotypes in every one of them would come to light and could be
tested on the anvil of fundamental rights of the Constitution.

 By codification of different personal laws, one can arrive at certain universal principles that
prioritise equity rather than imposition of a uniform code, which would discourage many from
using the law altogether, given that matters of marriage and divorce can also be settled extra-
judicially.

 Significantly, the Commission suggested that nikahnama s should make it clear that polygamy is
a criminal offence and this should apply to “all communities”.

o This is not recommended owing to merely a moral position on bigamy, or to glorify

monogamy, but emanates from the fact that only a man is permitted multiple wives,
which is unfair

Way forward

 The social transformation from diverse civil code to uniformity shall be gradual and cannot
happen in a day. Therefore, the government must adopt a “Piecemeal” approach.

 Government could bring separate aspects such as marriage, adoption, succession and
maintenance into a uniform civil code in stages
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 Government must emulate Goan practice of a common civil code, which has been the law since
1867, when the state was under the Portuguese colonial rule.

 Moreover, when constitution espouses the cause of Uniform civil code in its article 44,
it shouldn’t be misconstrued to be a “common law”.

 The word uniform here means that all communities must be governed by uniform principles of
gender justice and human justice.

 It will mean modernization and humanization of each personal law.

 It would mean, not a common law, but different personal laws based on principles of equality,
liberty and justice.

 Government has to take steps towards increasing the awareness among the public, especially
minorities, about the importance of having a UCC.

Conclusion

If the framers of the Constitution had intended to have a Uniform Civil Code, they would
have given exclusive jurisdiction to Parliament in respect of personal laws, by including this subject
in the Union List. Even the law commission has suggested in against of the idea. The government
needs to find a moral backing a unanimous support across the sections of the society to undertake
such an move.

The growing tensions between the United States and China have been characterized by
some analysts as a new Cold War or Cold War 2.0. In this context, how should India
navigate its foreign policy? Comment. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question:
In the coming year, we will see not greater multipolarity, but greater bipolarity.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the new cold war 2.0 and how should India navigate it.
Directive word:
Comment– here we must express our knowledge and understanding of the issue and form an overall
opinion thereupon.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context of cold war 2.0.
Body:
In the first part, write about the major features cold war – political, economic, military, and
technological competition.
Next, write about the India’s approach towards cold war 2.0 – India could learn from its past
mistakes by adopting a policy of non-alignment, engaging in diplomatic efforts, supporting
multilateral institutions, diversifying its economic ties, strengthening defence capabilities, and
promoting dialogue for conflict resolution.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

In recent years, the relationship between the United States and China has undergone a profound
transformation, marked by a complex interplay of economic competition, technological rivalry,
security concerns, and geopolitical tensions. Some analysts have gone so far as to characterize this
evolving dynamic as a new Cold War or Cold War 2.0, drawing parallels with historical geopolitical
rivalries. Against this backdrop, it becomes imperative for nations, including India, to carefully
navigate their foreign policies to safeguard their interests, maintain regional stability, and contribute
to global cooperation.

Body

Tensions between USA and China

 Trade Disputes: The U.S.-China trade relationship has been a focal point of tension. Both
countries engaged in a trade war, imposing tariffs on each other’s goods. While there have
been attempts at reaching trade agreements, the underlying issues related to intellectual
property theft, market access, and trade imbalances continue to pose challenges.

 Technology Competition: The competition for technological dominance, particularly in areas

such as 5G, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity, has heightened tensions. The U.S. has
expressed concerns about China’s technological advancements and the potential security
risks associated with Chinese tech companies.

 Human Rights Issues: Concerns over human rights violations, particularly in relation to the
treatment of Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang and political developments in Hong Kong, have
strained diplomatic relations. The U.S. and other Western nations have been critical of
China’s actions in these areas.

 Military and Strategic Concerns: The South China Sea has been a source of tension, with the
U.S. expressing concerns about China’s assertiveness in the region. Military maneuvers,
territorial claims, and disputes over navigation rights have contributed to a complex
geopolitical landscape.
 COVID-19 Pandemic: The handling of the COVID-19 pandemic has also been a source of
tension. Accusations and blame-shifting between the U.S. and China regarding the origin and
early management of the virus have strained diplomatic relations.

 Global Influence: Both countries are vying for global influence, engaging in strategic
competition across various regions. This competition extends to areas such as infrastructure
development, investment, and diplomatic influence.

India’s foreign policy in the context of new cold war

 Strategic Autonomy: India has traditionally followed a policy of non-alignment and strategic
autonomy. In the current scenario, India may continue to pursue a balanced approach,
avoiding entanglements in formal alliances that could jeopardize its independent decision-
making ability.

 Economic Engagement: As both the United States and China are significant trade partners
for India, maintaining economic ties with both nations is crucial. India should strive to
enhance economic cooperation while mitigating potential risks associated with global
economic tensions.

 Diversification of Partnerships: India should actively diversify its diplomatic and economic
partnerships. Strengthening ties with other nations and regional groupings can provide India
with more options and reduce its dependence on any single country.

 Regional Cooperation: Fostering stronger ties within its immediate neighborhood and the
broader Indo-Pacific region can be beneficial for India. Engaging in regional forums and
promoting stability in the region can enhance its strategic standing.

 International Institutions: Active participation in international institutions like the United

Nations and the World Trade Organization allows India to contribute to global governance
and advocate for its interests while maintaining a principled stand on issues.

 Military Preparedness: Given the geopolitical uncertainties, India should continue to invest
in its defense capabilities to safeguard its interests and maintain a credible deterrent. This
includes both conventional and asymmetric capabilities.

 Conflict Resolution through Diplomacy: In times of heightened tensions, India should

actively pursue diplomatic solutions to conflicts. Engaging in dialogue and diplomatic
initiatives can help prevent escalation and foster stability in the region.

 Technological Independence: Enhancing indigenous technological capabilities is essential for

India’s long-term strategic interests. This includes investments in research and development
to reduce dependency on external sources for critical technologies.

Conclusion

India’s foreign policy should be dynamic, flexible, and responsive to evolving global dynamics. It
should seek to protect its national interests, promote economic growth, and contribute to global
peace and stability while avoiding unnecessary entanglements in power rivalries. Balancing
relationships with major powers and diversifying alliances will be key to navigating the uncertainties
of the current geopolitical landscape.

The implementation of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016 has faced
operational challenges, including delays in the resolution process. Critically analyse.
(250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu , Insights on India
Why the question:
During the resolution plan approval, only about 15% is paid by the purchaser and the repayment
takes years without any further interest collected by the banks, according to the financial stability
report released by banking regulator Reserve Bank of India on December 28, 2023.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the various issues in IBC and steps needed to resolve it.
Directive word:
Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature
of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’
is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a
balanced judgment on the topic.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by writing about Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) its aims and objectives.

Body:
First, list down the various features and achievements of IBC since its introduction.
Next, write about the various limitations in the performance of IBC.
Next, write about the reform that is needed to ensure that IBC performance leads to strengthening of
its supporting role in capital formation and economic growth of the country.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India

Why the question:
The editorial discusses the need for regulatory clarity regarding the order of clearance in insolvency
cases. It highlights that there is a lack of clarity in the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)
regulations, particularly concerning the priority of payments to various stakeholders in the insolvency
process.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the various issues in IBC and steps needed to resolve it.
Directive word:
Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature
of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’
is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a
balanced judgment on the topic.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by writing about Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) its aims and objectives.
Body:
First, list down the various features and achievements of IBC since its introduction.
Next, write about the various limitations in the performance of IBC.
Next, write about the reform that is needed to ensure that IBC performance leads to strengthening of
its supporting role in capital formation and economic growth of the country.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

The game-changing IBC law made its debut in 2016, in the form of India’s Insolvency and
Bankruptcy (IBC) Code, which allowed companies an easy and time-bound exit. The IBC effected a
tectonic shift in the way lending was perceived. At the start of its implementation, a default as small
as ₹1 lakh could lead to insolvency proceedings being initiated by the affected creditor. This gave
creditors the confidence that borrowers, especially promoters, would take their debt obligations
seriously.

During the resolution plan approval, only about 15% is paid by the purchaser and the repayment
takes years without any further interest collected by the banks, according to the financial stability
report released by banking regulator Reserve Bank of India on December 28, 2023.

Body

Success of IBC Code

 The IBC has initiated a cultural shift in the dynamics between lender and borrower,
promoter and creditor. It played a critical role in reshaping behaviour of borrowers.

 Before enactment of the IBC, the recovery mechanisms available to lenders were
through Lok Adalat, Debt Recovery Tribunal and SARFAESI Act.

o While the earlier mechanisms resulted in a low average recovery of 23%, the
recoveries have risen to 43% under the IBC regime.

 Since enactment of the IBC, India significantly improved its ‘Resolving

Insolvency’ ranking 108 in 2019 from 134 in 2014 where it remained stagnant for several
years.

 India won the Global Restructuring Review award for the most improved jurisdiction in 2018.

 An IMF-World Bank study in January 2018 observed that India is moving towards a new
state-of-the-art bankruptcy regime.

 Insolvency law has led to stability in financial systems.

 Recovery through the IBC was about Rs 70,000 crore in fiscal 2019 twice the amount
recovered through other resolution mechanisms such as the Debt Recovery Tribunal,
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest
Act, and Lok Adalat in fiscal 2018.

 The recovery rate is also twice the liquidation value for these 94 cases, which underscores
the value maximisation possible through the IBC process.

Issues persisting
 In its initial years, the IBC faced teething problems and it was expected that with the passage
of time, these will be resolved and its functioning will improve.

 However, according to the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) newsletter for
January-March 2022, 7% of all the cases admitted for the corporate insolvency resolution
process (CIRP) since 2016 that have been closed, 11% have been withdrawn, about 14 %
settled, 30% liquidated and 9% resolved (wherein a resolution plan was approved).
 Data released by the IBBI shows that the resolution rate of cases under CIRP is rather
low and that the number of cases seeing liquidation are three times more than those being
resolved.

 Thus, it is clear that the CoC and courts have been bottlenecks for the IBC’s success.

 Banks, especially those in the public sector, are unable to take pragmatic decisions as any
risk-taking that could potentially yield a low rate of dues recovery in the short term may be
subjected to vigilance inquiries and audits.

Measures to be taken

 Freedom to banks: Allow banks to take bold decisions and not create an environment
where they limit their decisions to choosing the ‘L1’ or lowest possible haircut quote in fear
of future trouble.

o Most importantly, banks need to be freed of this regulatory overhang so that they
can take bold measures for restructuring.

o To achieve this, bankers should be protected for bona fide decision-making during
the resolution process, based on a premise like the ‘business judgement’ rule
available for board directors in many countries.

 Written plea: Also, given that most of the delay occurs at the stage of case admission, it is
worth making applications for admission under sections 7, 9 and 10 of the IBC disposable on
a written plea rather than on oral arguments.

 Further, one could identify provisions under the IBC where courts are mandated not to
adjudicate but only administrate.

o But concerns will remain over the expertise of commercial court judges to decide on
such matters.

o Commercial courts need fresh talent with an understanding of business for proper
decision-making.

 The insolvency litigation procedure should aim at reducing the duration of the process and
also case volumes, so as to reduce uncertainties that result.

o This can be done by shortening the window within which a party must lodge a
claim, whether it is an initial challenge or an appeal, which elsewhere is often
shorter than in other civil or criminal litigation.

o In France, it is usually 10 days; in 2021, through insolvency and restructuring law

reforms, it extended this further by providing for the full judicial resolution of
certain disputes ahead of the confirmation of a restructuring plan by a court.

o In the same spirit of limiting insolvency litigation, the reform also limits which
parties may initiate certain legal actions.

o These entail court-appointed insolvency practitioners or parties involved in the

restructuring process.

 Another feature that is worth weighing is to either give some adjudicating power to the
case’s insolvency professional or appoint a supervisory judge for each case. In France, such
judges have exclusive power to authorize important settlements with the insolvent
company, some of which also require insolvency court ratification.

o They are often the first to decide an issue, and though their decisions are subject to
challenge at the insolvency court and the latter’s decision can be challenged before
a court of appeal, insolvency courts tend to confirm the orders of supervisory
judges.

 Most litigants expect they would need to escalate their case to a court of
appeal to effectively challenge a supervisory judge’s decision, which is not
easy.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we need a serious rethink on how to design a suitable insolvency ecosystem for India
amid our existing challenges of limited court capacity and high regulatory cholesterol. Whatever the
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government decides, it is important to act in time before the IBC loses its sheen and stakeholders
who looked up to this law as a saviour give up hope and search of a newer regime.

Value Addition

About IBC

The IBC was enacted in 2016, replacing a host of laws, with the aim to streamline and speed up the
resolution process of failed businesses.

The Code also consolidates provisions of the current legislative framework to form a common forum
for debtors and creditors of all classes to resolve insolvency.

The Code creates various institutions to facilitate resolution of insolvency. These are as follows:

 Insolvency Professionals.

 Insolvency Professional Agencies.

 Information Utilities.

 Adjudicating authorities: The National Companies Law Tribunal (NCLT); and the Debt
Recovery Tribunal (DRT).

 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board.

Development processes and the development industry —the role of NGOs, SHGs,
various groups and associations, donors, charities, institutional and other
stakeholders.
Effective regulation of NGOs is necessary to prevent misuse of resources and ensure
accountability. However, it is essential to strike a balance that allows NGOs to operate
effectively, respond to local needs, and contribute meaningfully to holistic
development. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question:
False notions of sustainability, scaling up, systemic change and ulterior motives need to be tackled in
NGOs.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the importance of wetland ecosystem.
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Briefly mention the role of NGOs in civil society.
Body:
First, elaborate upon the role of NGO’s in achieving developmental aspiration.
Next, explain the issues with respect to NGOs and the need to regulate it. Mention the rationale
behind such regulation. Cite examples to substantiate.
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Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

The role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in India’s civil society is undeniably significant,
as they play a pivotal role in addressing a wide range of societal challenges. However, in order to
maintain public trust and ensure effective operations, it is imperative to strike a delicate balance
between holding NGOs accountable for their actions and providing them with the necessary
autonomy to carry out their crucial work.

Body

Importance of NGO’s and their role

 In a large developing country like India, there are numerous gaps left by the government in
the development process. These are the gaps that civil societies try to fill in modern India.

 Supplementing the government effort to provide health care to citizens, and by raising
awareness in society about issues like child and maternal malnutrition

 A number of NGO’s like Childline India Foundation, World Vision, Arambh India have
played important role in raising awareness on child sexual abuse.
 In the last 20 years, a very large number of NGOs in India have been active in the area of
environmental protection.
 The NGOs have often been helped by the judiciary whenever the government of the day has
proved unresponsive.
 The engagement of civil society and the media in educating citizens about the evils of
corruption, raising their awareness levels and securing their participation by giving them a
‘voice’.

 Civil society can influence policy and project formulation through membership of
committees and submission of memoranda.

Issues with NGO functioning

 Misappropriation of funds: Many NGOs don’t have sophisticated finance and legal teams,
nor do they have the funds to conduct audits.

 The issue of foreign funding: According to government data a total of 3,068 non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) received foreign funding above Rs. 22,000 Cr in 2014-15.
It is often said that foreign-funded NGOs tries to propagate the foreign propaganda to stall
developmental projects. Example: Kudankulam Protest.

 Non-accountable, non-transparent undemocratic functioning: CBI records filed in the

Supreme Court show that only 10% of the total registered NGOs under the Societies
Registration Act file annual financial statements.

 Money Laundering: Corrupt or unscrupulous NGOs that receive foreign funds may serve as
conduits for money laundering.

 Accreditation remains a big challenge as it is very difficult to distinguish whether an

organization wants to work for the cause or has been set up only for the purpose of
receiving government grants.

 Over dependence on funds from the government dilutes the willingness of NGOs to speak
out against the government.

 NGOs are often seen as encroaching on centuries-old tradition and culture of the people,
and lead to mass protest at times. Ban of Jallikattu, after the PIL by PETA is one such
example

Way forward

 A National Accreditation Council consisting of academicians, activist, retired bureaucrats

should be made to ensure compliance by NGOs.

 There should be better coordination between Ministries of Home Affairs and Finance in
terms of monitoring and regulating illicit and unaccounted funds.
 A regulatory mechanism to keep a watch on the financial activities of NGOs and voluntary
organizations is the need of the hour.

 Citizens today are keen to play an active role in processes that shape their lives and it is
important that their participation in democracy go beyond the ritual of voting and should
include promotion of social justice, gender equity, inclusion etc.

 The government should frame guidelines for their accreditation, the manner in which these
organizations should maintain their accounts and the procedure for recovery in case they fail
to submit their balance sheets.
 Avoid tussle between Home Ministry and Finance Ministry by bringing the regulation of
NGOs under one head.
 General Financial Rules, 2005 have mandated a regulatory mechanism for the NGOs and a
comprehensive law in line with these rules should be framed in no time.

Conclusion
Achieving the right balance between accountability and enabling NGOs is a nuanced endeavor. A
well-designed regulatory framework that promotes transparency and efficiency while allowing
flexibility for innovation and adaptability is essential for a robust civil society in India. This balance
ensures that NGOs can effectively address critical societal issues while maintaining public trust and
credibility.

Value addition

Enabling NGOs for Effective Impact:

 Flexibility in Operations: NGOs often work in dynamic and complex environments. Excessive
regulations or bureaucratic hurdles can stifle their ability to respond quickly and effectively to
emerging issues or crises.
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 Encourages Innovation and Experimentation: NGOs often pioneer innovative solutions to

societal challenges. Allowing them some degree of flexibility and autonomy enables them to
experiment with new approaches and adapt to evolving circumstances.

 Fosters a Diverse Civil Society: A diverse array of NGOs with various missions and strategies
is essential for a vibrant civil society. Striking the right balance allows for a rich tapestry of
organizations, each contributing uniquely to societal development.

Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and
States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions
and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable
sections.
By addressing gender disparities in political representation, societies can tap into the
full potential of their human capital, leading to more robust and inclusive economic
growth. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Easy
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question:
Despite Indian women’s better balanced share of the political franchise, various institutional and
structural challenges stand in their way to the electoral battlefield.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the gender disparities in political representation and ways to overcome it.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Briefly giving context.
Body:
First, write about the need for enhancing political representation in the country – promoting gender-
sensitive policies, and serving as a source of inspiration.
Next, write about the impediments for the above.
Next, write about the ways to overcome gender disparities in political representation.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Despite Indian women’s better balanced share of the political franchise, various institutional and
structural challenges stand in their way to the electoral battlefield. Despite Indian women’s better
balanced share of the political franchise, various institutional and structural challenges stand in their
way to the electoral battlefield.

India was ranked 149 in terms of representation of women in executive government and Parliament
as per UN Women in Politics 2019 report. India needs feminization of politics in a huge way to
increase women representatives. It would include the involvement of women in the decision-making

process, power-sharing, running political parties, holding political offices, and policymaking at all
levels of governance of the state.

Body

Need for more representation of women

 Women legislators in India raise economic performance in their constituencies by about 1.8
percentage points per year more than male legislators.

 When average growth is 7%, this implies that the growth premium associated with female
legislators is about 25%.

 Lower Criminalization of Politics: Male legislators are about three times as likely as female
legislators to have criminal charges pending against them when they stand for election. This
explains the growth difference mentioned above.

 Policy Making – Better representation of women’s and children’s concerns in policymaking.

Eg: Panchayat Raj institutions serve as a good example in this front.

 Lower Corruption: The rate at which women accumulate assets while in office is 10
percentage points lower, per year than among men. These findings line up with
experimental evidence that women are more just, risk-averse and less likely to engage in
criminal and other risky behaviour than men.

 Economic growth: It was found that male and female politicians are equally likely to
negotiate federal projects for road building in their constituencies. However, women are
more likely to oversee completion of these projects.

o Eg: The share of incomplete road projects is 22 percentage points lower in female-
led constituencies.
 From a feminist viewpoint politics needs to follow a road that moves women out of the
traditional social and political marginalization.
 Despite so many favorable points for women, women make up 14% of the Lok Sabha and
11% of the Rajya Sabha.

Reasons for low participation of women in political system

 Prejudice: Ironically it exists among both men and women – against genuine equality. It is
believed that male legislators have the gumption to fulfill election manifesto more than
women.

 About half the world’s population feel men make better political leaders as per UNDP
Gender Social Norms Index.

 Another major factor is familial support to pursue political career for women. In India, it is
most often those women who have a political background that enter into electoral arena.

 Role of Money power in politics makes it harder for women to enter the political forum.

 24% of parliamentary seats worldwide are held by women, and there are only 10 female
heads of government out of a possible 193. This shows the dearth of women representation
in politics.
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 The unhealthy political environment: For instance In this recent MeToo movement, a
journalist Priya Ramani accused Union Minister of state of external affairs, MJ Akbar of
sexual harassment.

 On the reserved seats, at the local level, political leaders take positions in the name of their
wife, and after winning elections, actual power is used by their male counterparts instead of
women. (Concept of sarpanch pati raj/pati panchayat phenomenon)

Way forward

 There is another route of reservation within parties while giving tickets, which is equally
effective for women’s political representation.
 This is a welcome step in the direction of women’s political empowerment: The patterns of
ticket distribution in the recently held Assembly election do not indicate the same
commitment for women’s political empowerment as was shown by the leaders of various
political parties in Parliament.

 Elections in the states: No political party has reached even the 15% mark in giving tickets to
women candidates — far less than the mandated 33%.

 Political parties are more interested in viewing women as voters than encouraging and
empowering them as legislators.

 The initiative of enacting the women reservation Act, 2023 is a commendable move by the
parliamentarians of the day.

o Due to its linkage with the new delimitation which will be done after 2026, the law
looks good only on paper.

 In spite of not having any law, regional parties such as the TMC have fielded candidates
successfully and won electoral battles.

Conclusion
SDG goal 5 has a target – ‘’ Ensure women’s full and active participation and equal opportunities for
leadership at all levels of decision making in political, economic, and public life’’. It needs to be
achieved with the collective efforts of the international community (SDG goal 17- Partnership for the
goals). There is no one-size-fits-all solution to ensure gender equality in politics. But there is plenty
that can and should be done to ensure that women’s voices are heard.

Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services

relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.
The job market is evolving rapidly due to technological advancements, but higher
education curricula is struggling to keep pace. In the context of the above statement,
analyse the challenges facing the higher education system in India. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
Reports by private agencies state that fewer than half of India’s graduates were employable in 2021.

Key Demand of the question:

The write about the challenges facing the higher education system and measures needed to
overcome them.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context.
Body:
First, Identify and explain the major challenges facing the higher education system in India –
inadequate infrastructure, shortage of quality faculty, outdated curriculum, and limited research
opportunities, challenges related to access and inclusivity, including affordability etc.
Next, write about the implications of these challenges on the quality of higher education – outdated
curriculum and teaching methodologies on skill development and industry relevance, affordability,
regional disparities, and social barriers etc.
Next, write about the steps that are needed to overcome the same.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction
India’s higher education system is the third largest in the world, next to the United States and China.
Higher Education sector has witnessed a tremendous increase in the number of
Universities/University level Institutions & Colleges since Independence. Some institutions of India,
such as IITs, NITs, IIMs have been globally acclaimed for their standard of education.

Reports by private agencies state that fewer than half of India’s graduates were employable in 2021.

Body

Challenges
 India’s focus on expanding the higher education sector to provide access has led to a
situation where research and scholarship have been neglected.

 Funding issues:

o The Central government’s slant toward premier institutions has continued ever since
the Eleventh Five Year Plan where in spite of a nine-fold increase in Budget
allocation State institutions have been left to fend for themselves with funding
mainly directed towards starting more premier institutes.

o Investment by State governments has been also dwindling each year as higher
education is a low-priority area. The University Grant Commission’s system of direct
releases to State institutions which bypasses State governments also leads to their
sense of alienation.

o There has been a demand to take spending on education to 6% of gross domestic

product for decades.

 Low enrolment:

o The gross enrolment ratio (GER) in higher education is 24.5 meaning out of every
100 youths eligible for higher education, less than 25 are pursuing tertiary
education.

 Desired levels of research and internationalization of Indian campuses remain weak points

 It follows a largely linear model with very little focus on specialization. Both experts and
academics feel Indian higher education is tilted towards social sciences.

o Only 1.7% colleges run PhD programmes and a mere 33% colleges run postgraduate-
level programmes.

 Regulatory issues

o The country has a poor record with both the University Grants Commission (UGC)
and All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) being seen more as controllers
of education than facilitators.

o As a regulator of India’s higher education, coordinator of vastly different kinds of

institutions, and custodian of standards, the UGC had begun to look ill-equipped.
o Regulatory bodies with licensing powers hurt the autonomy of professional higher
education, leading to serious imbalance in the diarchy they were under, and
partitioning general from professional higher education in several crucial areas of
knowledge.

o Privately set-up institutions in medicine, engineering, and other fields created the
ground conditions in which strict regulation acquired justification. The power to
license led to corruption.

o The existing model is based on deep and pervasive distrust among regulators over
the possibility of universities doing things on their own, and doing it well. The
current framework that require universities to be constantly regulated by laws,
rules, regulations, guidelines and policies set by the government and the regulatory
bodies have not produced the best results.

 Lack of autonomy:

o All aspects of academic life, including admission norms, syllabus design, and
examination were controlled by the affiliating university.

o In colleges set up and run by the government, recruitment of faculty was the state
government’s prerogative.

o When certain state governments stopped fresh recruitment altogether and moved
over to the practice of hiring contractual or ad hoc teachers, no college could
practise autonomy to alleviate its suffering.

o Autonomy to function through their own structures of governance first began to

diminish in many provincial or state universities in the sphere of appointment of vice
chancellors. State universities could not resist the imposition by those with political
power of poorly qualified and unsuitable individuals as vice chancellors.

 The vacancy crisis broke the sense of professional community among teachers and their
organisations. Even teacher quality was abysmal

 Ranking systems:

o Additional autonomy granted on the basis of NAAC rating and status in NIRF begs
questions about these systems of evaluation. They are neither authentic nor valid.
The reason they lack authenticity lies in the processes through which they are
derived.

o The NAAC is based on an inspectorial process. Its reliability suffers from both ends
involved in any inspectorial system in our ethos.
o NIRF’s need arose from India’s poor performance in global ranking systems but the
question is if Indian institutions of higher learning were found to be generally too
poor to be noticed globally, how would they get any better if ranked among
themselves

 Roots of Vulnerability

o Currently there is a dominant ideology of commercialisation of knowledge and

teaching.

o Higher education is not leading to graduates entering the work sector as the
education is not in sync with the needs of the companies.

Measures needed to improve higher education

 Research cannot be improved merely by regulating universities, instead they need efforts to
create enabling atmosphere for which it is imperative to grant more autonomy, better
funding and new instruments to regulate work ethic.
 New initiatives like Hackathon, curriculum reform, anytime anywhere learning through
SWAYAM, teacher training are all aimed at improving quality. These need to be effectively
implemented.

 As India wants to transform its universities into world class institutions, it must safeguard
the interests of young researchers and thousands of temporary faculty members by
expediting the permanent appointments in a time-bound framework and transparent
manner.

 Establish world-class multidisciplinary research universities

 Create a master plan for every state and union territory

 Each state must establish an integrated higher education master plan to provide an excellent
education for all its residents.

 Attract the best and the brightest talent to be faculty members

 One of the fundamental changes India must institutionalize is a radically new

compensation and incentive structure for faculty members. A flexibility to pay differential
salaries based on market forces and merit must be part of this transformation.

Way forward
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 Thus a complete revamp is needed to meet the present demand and address the future
challenge that India is about to face.

 To reap the diverse culture demographic dividend and to maintain peace and social
harmony among them quality education with values are the necessary area to focus.

 The higher education is facing many challenges as pointed

above, most the challenges are difficult but are not impossible to resolve.

 Our goal to be a world power, the resolving and restructuring of higher education is must,
then only we will be able to harness the human potential and resources of nation to the
fullest and channelize it for the growth of the
 Youth is the most important asset for a country their future is the future of the Nation. So,
the government must be compelled to provide basic education and skills.

Phygital education, blending physical and digital education systems, holds great
promise for improving learning outcomes in the country. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
ASER survey results show gaps in learning persist, but access to tech offers avenues beyond physical
school.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the potential of Phygital education in improving learning outcomes and steps needs to
make it a success.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin the defining Phygital education and giving its context.
Body:
In the first part, write about the potential of Phygital education in the country and how covid-19 was
a boost for it. This hybrid approach combines the strengths of traditional classroom settings with the
advantages offered by digital technologies.
Next, write about the limitations of the above.
Next, in detail write about steps that are required to create enabling infrastructure for Phygital
education in India – making it multi-lingual and accessible, reate engaging, immersive learning
experiences, create strong learning communities and Improve the quality of instruction on digital
platforms etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

Phygital Education or Blended learning in simple words is the amalgamation of physical learning
and digital learning. Covid-19 pandemic made us look into the new way of imparting education that
is through “blended learning”. The latest ASER survey results show gaps in learning persist, but
access to tech offers avenues beyond physical school.

Body
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Potential of phygital education

 Phygital education has been most sought out in the recent times as there is a considerable
drop seen students’ interest in learning new things dwindling more than ever.

 This is seconded with insanely high amount of dropout rates being witnessed by educational
institutions worldwide.

 The world is evolving today at a breakneck pace and so are the demands to survive in it.

 Phygital education is a kind of learning that not only helps students upskill their soft skills
but also explore different career paths to be prepared for tomorrow.

 Phygital learning has the capability to ditch the monotony of regular schooling by reforming
education.

 It has the opportunity to foster a lucrative environment that inspires each student to take
strides of innovation by upskilling and birthing the much-needed inquisitiveness in them
towards everyday learning.

 Gamification of learning a much optimistic way of making students master difficult to grasp
concepts has been possible because of phygital education. This approach is especially helpful
for young learners who have a shorter attention span and have a natural love for gaming.

 It provides a new edge to the tedious everyday wearisome learning by motivating students
as it uses video game design and game elements in traditional learning environments.
 The outcome- maximized enjoyment and engagement in capturing the interest of learners
and inspiration added in them to continue learning.

Challenges in Phygital education

 Majority colleges in rural areas: The latest All India Survey on Higher Education (2019-20)
report shows that 56% of the 42,343 colleges in India are located in rural areasand 78.6% are
privately managed.

 Poor internet penetration:Internet penetration in India is only 45% as of January 2021. This
policy will only worsen the existing geographical and digital divide resulting in the exclusion
of a large number of rural students.
 All-round development hampered: Phygital learning leaves little room for the all-round
formation of the student that includes the development of their intelligent quotient,
emotional quotient, social quotient, physical quotient and spiritual quotient.

 Dropout rates might increase: Blended learning mode assumes that all students who enter
the arena of higher education have similar learning styles and have a certain amount of
digital literacy to cope with the suggested learning strategies of BL. This is far from true.

 Education in India is driven by a teacher-centred approach. Expecting these students to

switch over quickly to collaborative and technology-enabled learning will be stressful for
them. It may increase the existing dropout rate in higher education.

Way forward

 Equity in access: The government should ensure equity in access to technology and
bandwidth for all HEIs across the country free of cost.

 Hassle-free access to students: building their digital literacy through simple, concise learning
modules on how to operate a device and engage with a digital platform. Providing on-call
support with minimum wait time via call centres, chatbots, etc, will help them overcome
teething issues.

 Digital training for teachers: Massive digital training programmes must be arranged for
teachers.

 Appointment of new teachers: Even the teacher-student ratio needs to be readjusted to

implement BL effectively. This may require the appointment of a greater number of
teachers.

 Curriculum design: The design of the curriculum should be decentralized and based on a
bottom-up approach. Curriculum frameworks need to be developed that encourage the
creation of competency-based micro modular courses.

 Also, switching over from a teacher-centric mode of learning at schools to the BL mode at
the tertiary level will be difficult for learners. Hence, the government must think of
overhauling the curriculum at the school level as well.

 More power with state governments: More power in such education-related policymaking
should be vested with the State governments.

 Periodic feedback and discussion: Finally, periodical discussions, feedback mechanisms and
support services at all levels would revitalize the implementation of the
learning programme of the National Education Policy 2020 and BL. It’ll lead to
the realization of three fundamental principles of education policy: access, equity and
quality.
 The government of our country actively endorsing and initiating steps in the field of Phygital
learning makes us believe more in the fact that it is here to stay in India and is the future of
learning.

 The government’s vision of a digital university to reach all students across the country, with
its promise of personalized teaching at the doorstep, should be considered a landmark step
in Indian education.

Conclusion

Phygital education has the potential to transform education in India. It is the future because it
contextualizes and reimagines education. Blended education opens up immense opportunities for
capacity building among frontline workers. It holds high empowerment potential because it can
enable adults, especially women, resume education. Phygital education can serve as an engine of
economic growth and a transformative force that empowers every Indian.

Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

Critically examine the trends in poverty in India over the past decade and assess
whether the poverty alleviation efforts have yielded dividends. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question:
The Niti Aayog has published a discussion paper titled ‘Multidimensional Poverty in India since 2005-
06.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the trends in poverty and successes and limitations of poverty alleviation measures in
the country.
Directive word:
Critically examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we have to look into the topic (content words) in
detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question.
While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the
topic and give a fair judgment.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context.
Body:
First, write about the major trends in poverty in the past decade. Write about various statistic and
reports which highlight poverty in the country. Cite major observations.
Next, write about the various poverty alleviation undertaken – their successes and shortcomings.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward to end poverty in the country.
Introduction

According to World Bank, Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many
dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services
necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education,
poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and
insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one’s life.

The Niti Aayog has published a discussion paper titled ‘Multidimensional Poverty in India since
2005-06.’ It is a technical paper that examines our poverty trend over the past two decades. It
estimates that nearly 250 million people escaped multidimensional poverty in the last nine years.
This estimation is done by interpolating poverty numbers for 2013-14 and 2022-23, based on data
extracted from National Family Health Survey rounds 3, 4 and 5 (i.e. from 2005 till 2021).

Body

Achievements in poverty alleviation over the years

 Decline in Extreme Poverty: Extreme poverty in India was 3% points lower in 2019
compared with 2011,as poverty headcount rate declined from 22.5% in 2011 to 10.2% in
2019, with a comparatively sharper decline in rural areas.

o Slight moderation in consumption inequality since 2011, but by a margin smaller

than what is reported in the unreleased National Sample Survey -2017.

o The extent of poverty reduction during 2015-2019 is estimated to be notably lower

than earlier projections based on growth in private final consumption expenditure
reported in national account statistics.

o The World Bank defines “extreme poverty” as living on less than USD 1.90 per
person per day.

 Rural vs Urban Poverty: Poverty reduction washigher in rural areas compared with urban
Indiaas rural poverty declined from 26.3% in 2011 to 11.6% in 2019, while in urban areas the
decline was from 14.2% to 6.3% in the corresponding period.

o Rural and urban poverty dropped by 7 and 7.9% points during 2011-2019.
o Urban poverty in India rose by 2% in 2016, coinciding with the demonetisation, and
rural poverty rose by 10% in 2019.

 Small Farmers: Smallholder farmers have experienced higher income growth.Real incomes
for farmers with the smallest landholdings have grown by 10% in annualized terms between
the two survey rounds (2013 and 2019) compared to a 2% growth for farmers with the
largest landholding.

o The growth in incomes of smallest landholders in rural areas provides more evidence
of moderation in income disparity in rural areas.

o Smallest landholders comprise a larger share of the poor population.This income

includes wages, net receipt from crop production, net receipt from farming of
animal farming and net receipt from non-farm business. Income from leasing out
land has been exempted.

Various poverty alleviation programs in India since Independence:

 Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP): It was introduced in 1978-79 and

universalized from 2nd October, 1980, aimed at providing assistance to the rural poor in the
form of subsidy and bank credit for productive employment opportunities through
successive plan periods.

 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana: The JRY was meant to generate
meaningful employment opportunities for the unemployed and underemployed in rural
areas through the creation of economic infrastructure and community and social assets.
 Rural Housing – Indira Awaas Yojana: The Indira Awaas Yojana (LAY) programme aims at
providing free housing to Below Poverty Line (BPL) families in rural areas and main targets
would be the households of SC/STs.

 Food for Work Programme: It aims at enhancing food security through wage employment.
Food grains are supplied to states free of cost, however, the supply of food grains from the
Food Corporation of India (FCI) godowns has been slow.

 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS):This pension is given by the central government.
The job of implementation of this scheme in states and union territories is given to
panchayats and municipalities. The states contribution may vary depending on the state. The
amount of old age pension is ₹200 per month for applicants aged 60–79. For applicants aged

above 80 years, the amount has been revised to ₹500 a month according to the 2011–2012
Budget. It is a successful venture.

 Annapurna:This scheme was started by the government in 1999–2000 to provide food to

senior citizens who cannot take care of themselves and are not under the National Old Age
Pension Scheme (NOAPS), and who have no one to take care of them in their village. This
scheme would provide 10 kg of free food grains a month for the eligible senior citizens. They
mostly target groups of ‘poorest of the poor’ and ‘indigent senior citizens’.

 Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY):The main objective of the scheme continues to
be the generation of wage employment, creation of durable economic infrastructure in rural
areas and provision of food and nutrition security for the poor.

 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005:The Act
provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household. One-third of
the proposed jobs would be reserved for women. The central government will also establish
National Employment Guarantee Funds. Similarly, state governments will establish State
Employment Guarantee Funds for implementation of the scheme. Under the programme, if
an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days s/he will be entitled to a daily
unemployment allowance.
 National Rural Livelihood Mission: Ajeevika (2011):It evolves out the need to diversify the
needs of the rural poor and provide them jobs with regular income on monthly basis. Self
Help groups are formed at the village level to help the needy.

 National Urban Livelihood Mission:The NULM focuses on organizing urban poor in Self Help
Groups, creating opportunities for skill development leading to market-based employment
and helping them to set up self-employment ventures by ensuring easy access to credit.

 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana: It will focus on fresh entrant to the labour market,
especially labour market and class X and XII dropouts.
 Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana:It aimed at direct benefit transfer of subsidy, pension,
insurance etc. and attained the target of opening 1.5 crore bank accounts. The scheme
particularly targets the unbanked poor.

Assessment

 However, none resulted in any radical change in the ownership of assets, process of
production and improvement of basic amenities to the needy.

 Scholars, while assessing these programmes, state three major areas of concern which
prevent their successful implementation. Due to unequal distribution of land and other
assets, the benefits from direct poverty alleviation programmes have been appropriated by
the non-poor.

 Compared to the magnitude of poverty, the amount of resources allocated for these
programmes is not sufficient. Moreover, these programmes depend mainly on government
and bank officials for their implementation.

 Since such officials are ill motivated, inadequately trained, corruption prone and vulnerable
to pressure from a variety of local elites, the resources are inefficiently used and wasted.
There is also non-participation of local level institutions in programme implementation.

 Government policies have also failed to address the vast majority of vulnerable people who
are living on or just above the poverty line. It also reveals that high growth alone is not
sufficient to reduce poverty.

 Without the active participation of the poor, successful implementation of any programme is
not possible

Measures needed

 Immediate support package will need to quickly reach both the existing and new poor.

o While existing safety net programs can be mobilized to get cash into the pockets of
some of the existing poor relatively quickly, this is not the case for the new poor.

o In fact, the new poor are likely to look different from the existing poor, particularly
in their location (mostly urban) and employment (mostly informal services,
construction, and manufacturing).

o the identification of poor and vulnerable groups is need of the hour.

o India should consider fixing a universal basic income in the post-Covid period
through a combination of cash transfers, expansion of MGNREGA, and introduction
of an urban employment guarantee scheme

 Employment generation for the masses:

o A large fiscal stimulus along with intermediate informal employment insurgency

through MGNREGA and other employment generation programmes are urgent to
rein the adverse impact of covid-19 on the welfare of the masses.

 Multilateral global institutions must support the developing nations:

o Oxfam is calling on world leaders to agree on an Emergency Rescue Package of 2.5

trillion USD paid for through the immediate cancellation or postponement of 1
trillion in debt repayments, a 1 trillion increase in IMF Special Drawing Rights
(international financial reserves), and an additional 500 billion in aid.

 An effective response in support of poor and vulnerable households will require significant
additional fiscal resources.

o Providing all the existing and new extreme poor with a cash transfer of $1/day
(about half the value of the international extreme poverty line) for a month would
amount to $20 billion —or $665 million per day over 30 days.

o Given that impacts are likely to be felt by many non-poor households as well and
that many households are likely to need support for much longer than a month, the
sum needed for effective protection could be far higher.

 Decision-makers need timely and policy-relevant information on impacts and the

effectiveness of policy responses.

o This can be done using existing, publicly available data to monitor the unfolding
economic and social impacts of the crisis, including prices, service delivery, and
economic activity, as well as social sentiment and behaviours.

o In addition, governments can use mobile technology to safely gather information

from a representative sample of households or individuals.

o Phone surveys can collect information on health and employment status, food
security, coping strategies, access to basic services and safety nets and other
outcomes closely related to the risk of falling (further) into poverty.

Conclusion and way forward

 The Global Multidimensional Poverty Index-2018released by the UN noted that 271 million
people moved out of poverty between 2005-06 and 2015-16 in India. The poverty rate in the
country has nearly halved, falling from 55% to 28% over the ten-year period. Still a big part
of the population in India is living Below the Poverty Line.

 Rapid economic growth and the use of technology for social sector programs have helped
make a significant dent in extreme poverty in the country.

 Despite rapid growth and development, an unacceptably high proportion of our population
continues to suffer from severe and multidimensional deprivation. Thus, a more
comprehensive and inclusive approach is required to eradicate poverty in India.

Accurate and comprehensive poverty measurement is vital for effective policymaking,

monitoring progress, and addressing the diverse challenges faced by individuals and
communities living in poverty. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India
Why the question:
Informed policy decision-making requires a grasp of how the hard-up are faring on multiple counts.
Economists need reliable measures of multidimensional poverty for global comparisons.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the measurement of poverty, reasons for poverty despite poverty alleviation
measures.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin the answer by giving context.
Body:
First, write about the various ways to measure poverty – National Sample Survey (NSS) based per
capita consumption, Income based poverty line, consumption-based poverty line, Poverty line basket,
Various committees and international standards etc.
Next, write about the reasons as to why despite poverty alleviation measures poverty is at a higher
rate in India.
Next, write about ways to achieve poverty alleviation.
Conclusion:

Conclude with a way forward.

Introduction

Poverty can be defined as a condition in which an individual or household lacks the financial
resources to afford a basic minimum standard of living. Economists and policymakers estimate
“absolute” poverty as the shortfall in consumption expenditure from a threshold called
the “poverty line”.

The official poverty line is the expenditure incurred to obtain the goods in a “poverty line
basket” (PLB). Poverty can be measured in terms of the number of people living below this line (with
the incidence of poverty expressed as the head count ratio). The “depth” of poverty indicates how
far the poor are below the poverty line.

Body

Various ways to measure poverty

 Planning Commission Expert Group (1962),working group constituted by the Planning

Commission formulated the separate poverty lines for rural and urban areas (₹20 and ₹25
per capita per year respectively).

 VM Dandekar and N Rath (1971),made the first systematic assessment of poverty in India,
based on National Sample Survey (NSS) data.

o Unlike previous scholars who had considered subsistence living or basic minimum
needs criteria as the measure of poverty line, VM Dandekar and N Rathwere of the
view that poverty line must be derived from the expenditure that was adequate to
provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas.

o Expenditure based Poverty line estimation,generated a debate on minimum calorie

consumption norms.

 Alagh Committee (1979):Task force constituted by the Planning Commission under the
chairmanship of YK Alagh, constructed a poverty line for rural and urban areas on the basis
of nutritional requirements and related consumption expenditure.

o Poverty estimates for subsequent years were to be calculated by adjusting the price
level for inflation.

 Lakdawala Committee (1993):Task Force chaired by DT Lakdawala, based on the assumption

that the basket of goods and services used to calculate Consumer Price Index-Industrial
Workers (CPI-IW) and Consumer Price Index- Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL) reflect the
consumption patterns of the poor, made the following suggestions:

o Consumption expenditureshould be calculated based on calorie consumption as

earlier.

o State specific poverty linesshould be constructed and these should be updated

using the CPI-IW in urban areas and CPI-AL in rural areas.

o Discontinuation of scalingof poverty estimates based on National Accounts

Statistics.

 Tendulkar Committee (2009): Expertgroup constituted by the Planning Commission and,

chaired by Suresh Tendulkar, was constituted to review methodology for poverty estimation
and to address the following shortcomings of the previous methods:

 Obsolete Consumption Pattern:Consumption patterns were linked to the 1973-74 poverty

line baskets (PLBs) of goods and services, whereas there were significant changes in the
consumption patterns of the poor since that time, which were not reflected in the poverty
estimates.

 Inflation Adjustment:There were issues with the adjustment of prices for inflation, both
spatially (across regions) and temporally (across time).

 Health and Education Expenditure:Earlier poverty lines assumed that health and education
would be provided by the state and formulated poverty lines accordingly.

Various poverty alleviation programs in India since Independence:

 Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana

 Rural Housing – Indira Awaas Yojana

 Food for Work Programme

 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

 Annapurna

 Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

 Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005

 National Rural Livelihood Mission: Ajeevika (2011)

 National Urban Livelihood Mission

 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana

 Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

Assessment

 However, none resulted in any radical change in the ownership of assets, process of
production and improvement of basic amenities to the needy.

 Without the active participation of the poor, successful implementation of any programme is
not possible

Measures needed

 Immediate support package will need to quickly reach both the existing and new poor.

o While existing safety net programs can be mobilized to get cash into the pockets of
some of the existing poor relatively quickly, this is not the case for the new poor.

o In fact, the new poor are likely to look different from the existing poor, particularly
in their location (mostly urban) and employment (mostly informal services,
construction, and manufacturing).

o the identification of poor and vulnerable groups is need of the hour.

 Employment generation for the masses:

o A large fiscal stimulus along with intermediate informal employment insurgency

through MGNREGA and other employment generation programmes are urgent to
rein the adverse impact of covid-19 on the welfare of the masses.

 Multilateral global institutions must support the developing nations:

o Oxfam is calling on world leaders to agree on an Emergency Rescue Package of 2.5

 An effective response in support of poor and vulnerable households will require significant
additional fiscal resources.

 Decision-makers need timely and policy-relevant information on impacts and the

effectiveness of policy responses.

o In addition, governments can use mobile technology to safely gather information

from a representative sample of households or individuals.

Conclusion and way forward

 Rapid economic growth and the use of technology for social sector programs have helped
make a significant dent in extreme poverty in the country.

Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-

governance- applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential; citizens
charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and other measures.
Statistical data is a cornerstone for effective governance. Access to accurate and
reliable statistical information is crucial for creating policies that respond to the
dynamic needs of society and promote the overall well-being of the population.
Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question:
India’s statistical system is under the PMO’s lens. Given recent data dissonance, it clearly needs a
relook.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about benefits of collecting census data.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of statistical data collection In India.
Body:
In the first part, discuss the advantages of statistical data – essential for planning the provision of
health care, education, employment, etc, helpful in the debate related to reservation policy, targeted
poverty reduction programmes etc
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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

Next, Discuss the limitations in statistical data collection.

Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

For decades, India’s statistical machinery enjoyed a high level of reputation for the integrity of the
data it produced on a range of economic and social parameters. A group of 108 economists and
social scientists working around the world, have issued an appeal to convince the Indian government
to stop suppressing uncomfortable data, restore access to public statistics and re-establish the
independence and integrity of institutions.
India’s statistical system is under the PMO’s lens. Given recent data dissonance, it clearly needs a
relook.

Body

Significance of Statistical data

 The Indian National Sample Survey is respected the world over. Not just because of its size,
but also for its sample design, that uses methods make perfect by some of the world’s most
reputed statisticians.
 This distinguished history, which India can claim with pride, makes the recent undermining
of the credibility of our statistical outputespecially regrettable.

 We can, however, ensure that when we look back on this several years from now, it
represents an anomaly rather than a lasting, irreparable loss of institutional credibility.

 It is also imperative to use the scientific methods for data collection and estimation and their
timely dissemination, which form vital public services.

 India, with its vastness and complexities, poses tremendous challenges for data collection.
 The dualistic nature of the economy means a large unorganised sector coexists with the
organised sector that the data collection systems are unable to fully cover.

 Data collection and its utilisation helps in maintaining transparency between the citizens and
the government. Citizens can view the outcomes based on data published in various
periodicals, reports like Economic Survey.

 Reliable and timely data helps in targeted interventions where it is easy for planners to
allocate a targeted amount which is best beneficial for the economy. Eg, COVID data on food
insecurity and lack of employment, forced the government to allocate money to schemes
offering food grains and employment allowance.

 Statistical data helps in ensuring the accountability of public officials as data helps in
comparing current data with historical trends & evaluating the performance of officials
according to the desired outcome.
 Policymaking based on reliable data is grounded on solid evidence rather than personal
preferences. Statistical analysis helps analyse past trends and project future performance
based on logical assumptions. It helps policymakers evaluate different policy options and
choose the ones that are most likely to achieve desired outcomes.

Concerns Related to the Indian Statistical System

Not released timely: The government have a timetable for the

Institutional and release of national accounts, the Index of Industrial Production
Structural Issues and inflation. But there are no specific timelines for the release
of labour force statistics and consumption expenditure surveys

Apprehensions regarding NSSO: Under MoSPI, it has become part

of the general bureaucracy and ceases to exist as an autonomous
body. Moreover, the fear is that in the absence of the oversight of
independent bodies like the CSI and NSC, the statistical system
may become amenable to political interference.

Past few years there has been a shortfall in data collection owing
to the pandemic and administrative difficulties. There is a delay
even in important data like Census.

Members of data collection agencies are selected based on

political preference and to portray the ruling government in good
light. This erodes the confidence of the public and creates a
legitimation crisis.

Use of small surveys for estimations

Challenges in price adjustment for GDP calculations

Methodology

The faulty approach in data collection and collation

The incoherence of GDP data

Unreliable data on the unorganised sector

Nature of Data
Shortcomings in MCA21 data used for GDP calculations

Way forward

 The strength of the national system is integrally dependenton the strength of the state
statistical systems.
 In this direction, the Dholakia Committee Report 2020 on sub-national accounts is crucial; it
could pave the way for state governments in pursuing and adopting a bottom-up approach,
thereby strengthening the data collection capacities of the state governments.

 Several states are yet to initiate building institutional frameworksat the state and district
levels.

 The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) launched the India
Statistical Strengthening Project with financial support from the World Bankfor enhancing
the capacities of state statistical systems for data collection.

 Parallel Efforts on Both National and State Level

o To enhance and institutionalise inter-agency coordination covering both national

and sub-national statistical systems.

o Madhya Pradesh has taken the lead by establishing a permanent state statistical
commission for improving and integrating the statistical data flow systems.

 Finalise National Policy on Official Statistics Quickly

o To catalyse and synergise these efforts, the National Policy on Official Statistics,
announced in the Budget 2020 needs to be finalised quickly along with appropriate
institutional support and resources.
o This will ensure that we are able to track India’s progress on the Sustainable
Development Goals using a bottom-up approach and also ensure that no one is left
behind.

 Emphasis on Data Quality: A large part of statistical reforms should not merely focus on the
availability, frequency and largeness of data, but greater emphasis should be placed on data
quality.

Conclusion

This is the time for all professional economists, statisticians, independent researchers in policy —
regardless of their political and ideological leanings — to come together to raise their voice against
the tendency to suppress uncomfortable data, and impress upon the government authorities,
current and future, and at all levels, to restore access and integrity to public statistics, and re-
establish institutional independence and integrity to the statistical organisations.

The empowerment of women is not only a matter of social justice but also a
fundamental element in the flourishing of democratic societies. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint
Why the question:
n India’s Lok Sabha elections, the number of women contestants seats increased from 3% of all
parliamentary candidates in 1957 to 6% in 2009 and further to 9% in 2019.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the overall impact of empowering women.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining women empowerment in India.
Body:
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INSTA SECURE SYNOPSIS

First, write about the need for women empowerment.

Next, write about the importance of women empowerment – Women’s active participation in all
spheres of life contributes to the creation of more inclusive, equitable, and resilient democracies that
reflect the diverse needs and aspirations of their populations.
Next, write about the steps required to bridge the above to achieve empowerment in a true sense.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

Women empowerment refers to the process of granting women the tools, resources, and
opportunities to participate fully in social, economic, and political spheres. It involves dismantling
gender-based barriers, fostering equal rights, and promoting women’s autonomy and self-
determination.

Body

Need & importance of women empowerment

 Gender Inequality: Despite progress, India still faces significant gender disparities in various
fields, including education, employment, and healthcare. Empowering women is crucial to
addressing these inequalities.

 Economic Growth: Women constitute a substantial part of the population. By empowering

them economically, India can unlock a vast pool of talent and contribute to overall economic
development.

 Social Development: Women play a pivotal role in shaping family and community dynamics.
Empowering women can lead to improved health and education outcomes for the entire
society.

 Legal Rights: Enhancing women’s empowerment is essential for ensuring that they have
equal access to legal rights, protecting them from discrimination, violence, and ensuring
their participation in decision-making processes.

 Education: Despite progress, gender gaps persist in education. Women empowerment is

crucial for promoting and sustaining female education, which, in turn, contributes to overall
social progress.

 Political Representation: Increasing women’s participation in politics is vital for a balanced

and inclusive decision-making process. Empowering women politically can lead to more
representative and responsive governance.

 Health and Well-being: Empowered women are more likely to have access to healthcare
and make informed decisions about their well-being, positively impacting the health of
families and communities.

 Cultural Change: Women empowerment challenges traditional gender roles and

stereotypes, fostering a more progressive and inclusive societal mindset.

 Workforce Diversity: Empowering women in the workforce contributes to diversity,

enhancing innovation and productivity. It also ensures that the talents of half the population
are not overlooked.

 Global Standing: In the global context, promoting women’s empowerment reflects positively
on a country’s image, signaling commitment to equality and human rights.

Measures needed

 Education: Ensure universal access to quality education, promoting literacy and skills
training for women.

 Employment Opportunities: Create equal job opportunities, address wage gaps, and
encourage entrepreneurship among women.

 Legal Reforms: Strengthen and enforce laws protecting women’s rights, including measures
against gender-based violence and discrimination.

 Healthcare Access: Improve healthcare infrastructure and ensure women’s access to

reproductive health services.

 Political Participation: Promote women’s representation in politics through quotas and

awareness campaigns.

 Financial Inclusion: Facilitate women’s access to financial resources, banking, and credit.

 Awareness Campaigns: Conduct campaigns to challenge stereotypes, promote gender

sensitivity, and foster societal support for women’s empowerment.

 Technology Inclusion: Bridge the digital gender gap, providing women with access to
technology and digital literacy.

 Community Support: Encourage community engagement to break down societal barriers

and promote women’s empowerment.

 Skill Development: Invest in skill development programs to enhance women’s professional

capabilities and economic independence.

Conclusion

Empowering women enhances their ability to make choices, pursue education and careers, access
healthcare, and contribute meaningfully to society. It is a crucial step towards achieving gender
equality, challenging stereotypes, and creating an inclusive environment that recognizes and values
the diverse strengths and perspectives of women. Women empowerment is essential for fostering a
just and equitable society.

India and its neighborhood- relations.

India and Bangladesh have made strides in enhancing their overall relationship, yet
certain challenges persist. Ongoing efforts in diplomatic dialogues and negotiations will
likely play a crucial role in addressing these issues and fostering further cooperation
between the two countries. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tricky
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
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Bangladesh held its national elections on January 7, 2024 amidst violence and protests as the polls
became embroiled in controversy.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the various issues in Indo-Bangladesh relations and ways to overcome them.
Directive word:
Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving context of the Question.
Body:
First, give a brief snapshot of India- Bangladesh relation. How it has progressed over the years. Use
diagram to show it.
Next, write about the issues still holding the relationship. Cite examples to support your points.
Next, suggest how those issues can be addressed.
Conclusion:
Conclude by giving a futuristic view of the relationship.
Introduction

On 16 December 1971, Pakistani forces surrendered to Indian forces and Bangladesh was liberated.
This week, Indian and Bangladeshi diplomats have jointly celebrated the 50th anniversary, and
Indian leaders have praised Bangladesh’s development record.

India and Bangladesh share bonds of history, language, culture, and multitude of other
commonalities. The excellent bilateral ties reflect an all-encompassing partnership based on
sovereignty, equality, trust, and understanding that goes far beyond a strategic partnership.
Bangladesh held its national elections on January 7, 2024 amidst violence and protests as the polls
became embroiled in controversy.

Body

Indo-Bangla relations

 Liberation war: Bangladeshis aregrateful for Indian support and sacrifices in 1971.

 Cultural ties: Triveni of events of epochal significance — the goldenjubilee of the Liberation
War of Bangladesh, the birth centenary of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the
50th anniversary of our diplomatic ties. India and Bangladesh are celebrating it jointly.

 Development partner: Bangladesh is the biggest development partner of India today. India
has extended 3 Lines of Credits (LOC) to Bangladesh in the last 8 yearsamounting to US$ 8
billion for development of infrastructure in various sectors including roads, railways,
shipping and ports.

 Amicable relations:The year 2020, despite onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, witnessed
intense high level engagements at political and official levels beginning with the exchange
of New Year greetings between Prime Minister Modi and Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on
01 January 2020.

 Connectivity: Both the governments are undertaking various measures to restore the pre-
1965 rail links and other connectivity linksthat existed between India and Bangladesh.
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o The two Prime Ministers jointly inaugurated the newly restored railway link between
Chilahati (Bangladesh) and Haldibari (India)on 17 December 2020.

o To enhance people to people contacts, the frequency of twopassenger trains, i.e.,

Maitree Express and Bandhan Express was increased from 4 days a week to 5 days
a week and from one day a week to two days a week respectively from February
2020.

 Trade: Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia and India is the second
biggest trade partner of Bangladesh.

o Bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh has grown steadily over the last
decade and the exports of Bangladesh have tripled over the last decade to cross $1
bn in 2018-19.

Significance of relations today

 Security of North East: A friendly Bangladesh can ensure that its soil is not used for anti-
India activities.Bangladesh’s action resulted in the arrest of many top leaders of the NE
insurgent groups like United Liberation Front of Assam & National Democratic Front of
Bodoland.

 Connectivity of North East: The north eastern states are land-locked & have shorter route
to sea through Bangladesh.Transit agreement with Bangladesh will spur socio-economic
development and integration of North-East India.

 Bridge to Southeast Asia: Bangladesh is a natural pillar ofAct East policy. It can act as
a ‘bridge’ to economic and political linkages with South East Asia and beyond. Bangladesh is
important component of BIMSTEC and BBIN initiatives.

 Strengthening South Asia as a regional power: Bangladesh is important for strengthening of

SAARC, for promoting cooperation among its member nations to economic growth and
securing strategic interests.

 Securing sea lines of communication: Bangladesh is strategically placed nearby important

sea lanes. It can play significant role in containing piracy in the Indian Ocean.

 Fighting terrorism and deradicalization: Stable, open and tolerant Bangladesh helps India in
stopping extremists from flourishing there and also in cooperation in deradicalization
efforts, sharing intelligence, and other counter-terrorism efforts.

 Balancing China: A neutral Bangladesh would ensure containment of an assertive China in

this region, and help in countering it’s string of pearls policy.

Challenges in bilateral relations

 River disputes:India shares 54 trans-boundary rivers with Bangladesh. Some of the major
disputes include: Teesta River water sharing issue, Tipaimukh Hydro-Electric Power Project
on the Barak River, Ganga river dispute etc.

 Illegal immigrants: The National Register of Citizens (NRC) has left out 1.9 million
Assamese from the list with a group labelled as“illegal immigrants from Bangladesh” living
in Assam post-1971.

o Bangladesh remains firm in its stance that no migrants travelled to Assam illegally
during the 1971 war of independence and that the controversial NRC risks hurting
relations.

 Border Management: The Indo-Bangladesh border is of porous nature which provides

pathway for smuggling, trafficking in arms, drugs and people and cattle.

 Delay in project execution: As of 2017, India had extended three lines of credit worth
approximately $7.4 billion.However, less than 10% of the cumulative commitments have
been disbursed so far.

 China factor: China sees Bangladesh as strategic focal point to make inroads into South Asia
as an alternative to India.

 Increasing radicalisation: Presence of groups like Harkat-alJihad-al-Islami (HUJI), Jamaat-e-

Islami, and HUJI-B fuel Anti-India sentiments in Bangladesh. Their propaganda could spill
across border.

Conclusion

Deepening relationship with Bangladesh has become a necessity in the face of shifting geo-
economics. Bangladesh, with its growing economic success, and with its 8 percent growth
rate provides a vital partnership in the region. There is scope for India-Bangladesh ties to move to
the next level, based on cooperation, coordination and consolidation as Prime Minister has termed
the present period of relationship between the two countries as ‘Sonali Adhyay’.

India and the Maldives must prioritize collaboration, understanding, and diplomacy to
build a stronger and more resilient relationship. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The rapid decline in ties between India and the Maldives, just a month after Prime Minister Narendra
Modi met with the newly elected Maldivian President Mohamed Muizzu, should set alarm bells
ringing.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about Indo-Maldives relations, their strengths and weaknesses.
Directive:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin the giving context.
Body:
Frist, discuss the history of the relationship between the two countries and their evolution. Write
about major dimensions of the ties.
Next, write about the major issues that have affected the relationship between the both countries.
Next, write about the steps that are required to overcome the above.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward.
Introduction

The rapid decline in ties between India and the Maldives, just a month after Prime Minister
Narendra Modi met with the newly elected Maldivian President Mohamed Muizzu, should set alarm
bells ringing. The trigger came from tweets by three Maldivian Ministers, attacking Mr. Modi for
promoting the Lakshadweep islands during his recent sojourn there at a perceived cost to the
Maldives and for his close ties with Israel; the Ministers also made derogatory remarks about
Indians.

Body

Issues between India and Maldives

 The Ongoing Lakshadweep Issue:

o The controversy ensued when three deputy ministers from the Maldives made
derogatory comments about India and the Prime Minister following his recent visit
to Lakshadweep.

o They criticized the Indian Prime Minister’s visit, alleging that it was intended to pose
a challenge to Maldivian tourism, which is well-known for its renowned beachside
amenities.

o The Indian government raised the issue with Maldives, after which the Maldives
government suspended the ministers.

o This controversy has led many Indians to cancel their holiday bookings in Maldives.
The incident underscores the dangers of hyper nationalism in the region.

o Maldives tourism industry would be “concerned” about the potential impact of this
controversy.

 The India Out Campaign In Maldives:

o The ‘India Out’ initiative seeks to amplify animosity by instilling scepticism regarding
India’s investments in the Maldives, the defence partnerships between the two
nations, and India’s security provisions in the region.

o The recently elected Maldivian government opposes the former administration’s

‘India First’ policy to the extent that the withdrawal of Indian troops was included in
Muizzu’s election manifesto.

 Sovereignty and Security Dilemma :

o The democratic system in the Maldives is still in its early stages, grappling with
regional socio-political instability influenced by major global players.

o The opposition in Maldives strongly feels that the Indian military presence in the
Maldives is a threat to the country’s national security and sovereignty.

o Conversely, the government has consistently emphasized that the India Out
campaign poses a threat to the national security of the country. It is seen as a factor
that could antagonize the partner country providing regional security benefits to the
island nation.

 The Trilateral Maritime Security Cooperation meeting between India, the

Maldives and Sri Lanka was established in 2011.

o Revocation of Hydrographic Survey Agreement:

 It is worth noting that hydrographic data inherently has a dual nature in that
the information collected from the seas can be used for civilian and military
purposes.

 Maldives has apprehensions about India’s hydrographic activity being a form

of intelligence collection.

 Maldives’ recent decision to revoke the agreement with India for joint
hydrographic surveys in its waters, causing concern in Indian strategic
circles.

o The China Factor in the Indian Ocean Region :

 The Maldives has emerged as an important ‘pearl’ in China’s “String of

Pearls” construct in South Asia.
 Maldives has massive Chinese investment and became a participant in
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

 The India-Maldives relationship suffered a setback when Maldives entered

into a Free-Trade Agreement (FTA) with China in 2017.
 There are speculation about a Chinese plan to develop a naval base in the
Maldives, with past proposals indicating concerns about potential military
applications.

 China’s oceanographic surveys in the waters of amicable South Asian nations

pose potential conflict points due to the presence of Indian hydrographic
ships in the region.

Measures needed to build collaboration

 Discover and Develop Tourism Destinations in India:

o Discover the Undisclosed Sites: India’s coastline is adorned with a mix of well-
known and undiscovered beach destinations. It is opportune to explore and cultivate
the potential of undisclosed and hidden treasures along India’s coast.
 Possible destinations may include places like Goa, Kerala, Lakshadweep
and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

o Develop Tourism Facilities: Invest in basic infrastructure such as transportation,

roads, and utilities. Develop reliable connectivity to the undisclosed areas to make
them easily accessible for tourists.

 The coverage and operations of routes that fall under the Regional
Connectivity Scheme – Ude Desh Ka Aam Naagrik (RCS-UDAN) should be
enhanced.

o Step into the Footsteps of the Gujral Doctrine:

 High-level Diplomatic Engagement: Prioritise regular and constructive

diplomatic dialogues to address concerns, build trust, and foster open
communication.

 Strengthening Regional Alliances: Building on the positive aspects of

the Gujral Doctrine, India should continue strengthening regional alliances
and cooperation for mutual benefit.

 Political Engagement with Local People: At present, the ‘India Out’

campaign has support from a limited population but this cannot be taken
for granted by the Indian government.

 The strength of bilateral relations hinges on the ability of a partner

government to garner public support for its policies.

 Unwavering Support for Capacity Building Programmes: As a development

partner, India should provide unwavering support to the Maldives in
realizing their aspirations for broad-based socio-economic development and
strengthening of democratic and independent institutions in the region.

o Apply Prudence in International Affairs:

 Avoid Needless Provocations: The controversy warns smaller nations like

Maldives to exercise prudence in dealing with neighbours, as unnecessary
provocations can have detrimental consequences.

 Needless provocations can trigger consequences that could, in the

end, hurt the smaller neighbour a lot more.

 Responsive Role of Social Media Warriors:

 It is crucial to acknowledge the significant role played by social

media warriors in promoting national interest but engaging in
bullying behaviour towards neighbouring countries, particularly
Maldives, is counterproductive.

 Such actions have the potential to lose India’s diplomatic

advantages in favour of China.

 Craft a Comprehensive Indian Ocean Strategy to Counter China:

 Maximise Maritime Security: India should participate in

efforts to ensure the safety and freedom of navigation in
critical sea lanes, contributing to the overall security
architecture in the Indian Ocean.

 Maximize Resources: India should keep its commitment to

regional security by actively participating in humanitarian
assistance and disaster relief operations. India can actively
engage through QUAD to counter Chinese aggression in the
region.

 Project Mausam should provide sufficient space for

Maldives to get benefits out of it and boost its
economic and infrastructural reliance on India.

Conclusion

Irrespective of the controversy, the enduring regional and geopolitical importance of India ensures
that fostering relations with New Delhi remains a paramount priority for the Maldives.

A coordinated synergy between India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy and the Maldives’ ‘India First’
approach is essential for strengthening a mutually beneficial partnership.

Bhutan’s engagement with India is a crucial element in the geopolitical dynamics of the
region. The relationship between Bhutan and India underscores the importance of
regional cooperation in maintaining peace and security. Discuss. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India
Why the question:
There are indications that Bhutan’s newly elected Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay is likely to
maintain strong ties with India.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the various areas of cooperation between India and Bhutan and their relations in the
context of an expansionist China.
Directive word:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving a brief history of India Bhutan relations.
Body:
In the first part, write about the various areas of cooperation between India and Bhutan – Treaties
and Agreements, Economic Cooperation, Security Cooperation, Cultural Ties, People-to-People
Contacts etc. Substantiate with facts and examples.
Next, write about the rise of an expansionist China and its impact of Indo-Bhutanese relations. Write
about the ways to manage it.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising the importance of Indo-Bhutanese relations.
Introduction

The emergence of an assertive and expansionist China has brought about profound shifts in
the geopolitical landscape of South Asia. This transformation has rippled through neighboring
nations, notably impacting the close ties between India and Bhutan. As China’s territorial claims and
assertive behavior have escalated, Bhutan, nestled between two regional giants, finds itself at the
forefront of a complex strategic dynamic.

There are indications that Bhutan’s newly elected Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay is likely to
maintain strong ties with India.

Body

Areas of cooperation between Bhutan and India

 Hydro-power projects: Three hydro-electric projects (HEPs) totalling 1416 MW, (336 MW
Chukha HEP, the 60 MW Kurichu HEP, and the 1020 MW Tala HEP), are already exporting
electricity to India.

 Trade and Commerce: India is Bhutan’s largest trading partner. India and Bhutan have
signed an Agreement on Trade, Commerce and Transit in 2016, which provides for a free
trade regime between the two countries aimed at boosting the bilateral trade for mutual
benefit.

 Security Cooperation: During Doklam crisis the two nations stood firmly against the Chinese
encroachment strategy.

Importance of Bhutan

 Bhutan in a buffer state between India and china. Bhutan shares a 470 km long border with
China.

 Strategic importance: The Chumbi Valley is situated at the trijunction of Bhutan, India and
China and is 500 km away from the “Chicken’s neck” in North Bengal, which connects the
northeast with rest of the country.

 To contain insurgency in North-East: Bhutan has in the past cooperated with India and
helped to flush out militant groups like United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) and
National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) from the Himalayan nation.

Assured by India for its distinct identity and autonomy since India’s independence Bhutan has been
in the good book of India since the very beginning. There has arisen a need to revisit the India’s
Bhutan policy and address issues that have come up in the past few years.

Rise of expansionist China and impact on India-Bhutan relations

 India’s concerns: India’s most serious concern with regard to Bhutan normalising relations
with China is strategic.

o Currently, India’s immediate worry is the prospect of Beijing forcing Thimphu to

acquiesce to Chinese pressure and give away access or even control over the
Doklam plateau.
o It is pertinent to pay attention to the speed with which China and Bhutan have made
surprising success in their border settlement talks.

o In mid-January this year, the two countries held a fresh round of border talks in
the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming – bordering the northeastern Indian
state Assam.

 Challenges for Bhutan: Bhutan faces the challenge of balancing its relations with both India
and China. It seeks to engage constructively with both countries, taking into consideration its
own interests and national security concerns.

 Territorial Disputes: China’s territorial claims and assertive behavior in the South China Sea
and along its land borders have raised concerns not only for neighboring countries like India

but also for Bhutan. Bhutan has a longstanding border dispute with China, primarily focused
on the Doklam plateau.

Conclusion

The rise of an expansionist China has significantly influenced India-Bhutan relations.

Bhutan’s close ties with India serve as a strategic counterbalance to China’s growing influence in the
region. While Bhutan aims to maintain its strategic autonomy, it must navigate a complex
geopolitical landscape, balancing its relationships with both India and China. The evolving dynamics
in this region will continue to shape the future of India-Bhutan relations.

Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or
affecting India’s interests.
Briefly throw light on the India-South Korea defence relationship. How can India and
South Korea jointly uphold a stable, rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific? (150 Words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
The Editorial article discusses the recent developments in India-Korea defence relations, emphasizing
the need for a shared vision for a new comprehensive defence framework. Also, 2023 marked the
50th anniversary of India-South Korea diplomatic ties.
The demand of the question:
To write about the achievements of India in science and technology.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving a brief introduction about India-Korea relations.
Body:
First, list down defence collaborations between the two countries. Why there is a need for India to
collaborate with Japan and Korea in the region to counter China’s Influence?
Next, write how this collaboration can help achieve a stable, rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific.
For, South Korea launched its inaugural Indo-Pacific vision document, emphasizing India as a key
player in its South Asian outreach. The strategy envisions an enhanced partnership, aligning with
India’s Act East Policy.
Conclusion:
Conclude by outlining the future of the relationship in the changing Indo-Pacific region.
Introduction

India-South Korea relations have made rapid strides in recent years. With the convergence of India’s
Act East Policy (AEP) and South Korea’s New Southern Policy (NSP), there has been an acceleration
of economic and strategic relations between the two countries.

The visit of Chief of the Army Staff of India to the Republic of Korea, signifies a critical juncture in
the trajectory of India-Korea defense relations.

Body

India-South Korea defence relationship

 In 2005, the two sides signed anagreement to cooperate in defense and logistics

 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on cooperation between the two Coast Guards in

2006 .

 Indian and South Korean Coast Guardshave conducted five exercises with an aim to
enhance interoperability.

o Recent of these exerciseswas held off the coast of Chennai, named Sahyog-
Hyeoblyeog 2018 .

o It is proposed establishment of a MoU between the two Coast Guardsto improve

maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region.

 In 2021, the Indian Defence Minister and his South Korean counterpart inaugurated
the India-Korea Friendship Parkin a ceremony at the Delhi Cantonment

o The park was built to commemorate the contribution of the Indian peacekeeping
forceduring the Korean war of 1950-53.

Challenges:

 Absence of a shared vision for a new comprehensive defense framework

o That can provide a robust structure under which both nations can operate and align
their policies to construct a novel and sustainable emerging regional order.

 Resistance on the Korean government side to reassess India’s role in the region.

 Powerful arms lobbies in India and Korea pose a potential roadblock,

o emphasizing the necessity to prioritize long-term strategic goals over short-term

gains.

Way forward in Indo-Pacific for India & South Korea

 India and ROK have significant maritime interests in the Indian Ocean.

 Strengthening coordinated efforts to counter terrorismaligns seamlessly with the shared

concerns of India and South Korea.

 There is potential for collaboration in maritime security, including joint patrolling and
information sharing

 The imperative for India and Korea is to transcend the confines of bilateral cooperation

o embrace a paradigm shift that cultivates a more profound understanding of their

roles in the swiftly evolving global scenario.

 India and South Korea can leverage their United Nations peacekeeping expertise for
collaborative efforts.

 Sharing insights and resources in peacekeeping operationscan enhance regional and global
stability, underscoring their joint commitment to peace and security.

 Joint exercises and the exchange of best practicesin Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster
Relief (HADR):

o It demonstrates the shared responsibilityof both nations in addressing

vulnerabilities to natural disasters.

 Mutual growth is found in enhancing joint army exercises,fostering interoperability, and

strengthening the capabilities of both armies for effective collaboration in diverse scenarios.

 COAS ‘visit to Seoul has spurred the extension of cooperation beyond naval focus to other
branches of India’s armed forces.

 Path forward necessitates meticulous navigation through the challenges and the
wholehearted embrace of opportunities.

 A strategic, balanced approach, coupled with adaptabilityto the evolving geopolitical

landscape

o It is key to unlocking a robust and enduring defense collaboration

o creating a partnership that fosters peace, stability, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific
region.

 United, both nations stand ready to navigate the complexities and uncertainties of the
future, forging a path toward a stronger and more resilient partnership.

 Along with Japan and the U.S, ROK has the potential to emerge as a key piece in India’s
Indo-pacific strategy.

o It is important to view the prospects of the India-ROK strategic partnership inthe

broader context of the recent geopolitical developments in the East Asian region.

 ROK, with a new strategic outlook, and along with the U.S., Japan and Australia, is uniquely
placed to help India advance its interests in the Indo-Pacific.

Discuss India’s recent strides in the realms of science and technology, highlighting
notable achievements that underscore the country’s growing prowess in these fields.
(250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
While the Moon landing was quite clearly the crowning glory for Indian science in 2023, the year also
marked a definite shift in gears for India’s space programme.
Demand of the question:
To write about achievements of India in science and technology.
Directive:
Discuss – This is an all-encompassing directive – you must debate on paper by going through the
details of the issues concerned by examining each one of them. You must give reasons for both for
and against arguments.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Start by giving by context.
Body:
First, briefly discuss achievements of India in science and technology – Chandrayaan-III, forays in the
Arctic and the Antarctic and new partnerships in space, the National Research Foundation, the
National Quantum Mission, and LIGO-India etc.
Next, write about upcoming missions of India.
Conclusion:
Conclude by summarising.
Introduction

In recent years, India has emerged as a formidable force in the arenas of science and technology,
making significant strides that underscore its growing prowess on both national and global fronts.
From landmark achievements in space exploration to breakthroughs in healthcare and cutting-edge
innovations in various sectors, India’s commitment to scientific research and technological
advancement has garnered international attention.

Body

India’s achievement in science and technology in recent times

 Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan): Launched in 2013, India’s Mars Orbiter Mission
marked a historic achievement, making India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit
and the first country in the world to do so in its maiden attempt. This success highlighted
India’s space capabilities and its cost-effectiveness in space exploration.

 Chandrayaan Missions: India’s lunar exploration missions, Chandrayaan-1 (2008) and

Chandrayaan-2 (2019), have contributed significantly to lunar science. Chandrayaan-2
included an orbiter, lander, and rover, showcasing India’s capability in undertaking complex
interplanetary missions.

o In the Chandrayaan-3 India successfully launched a rover with much lesser cost
than NASA and was a successful event.

 ISRO’s PSLV-C37 Mission: In 2017, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) set a
world record by launching 104 satellites into space with a single rocket (PSLV-C37). This

achievement highlighted India’s prowess in commercial space launches and its cost-effective
satellite deployment capabilities.

 COVID-19 Vaccination Drive: India has played a crucial role in the global fight against the
COVID-19 pandemic. The country developed and deployed two indigenous COVID-19
vaccines, Covaxin and Covishield, demonstrating its biotechnological capabilities. India’s
massive vaccination campaign has been instrumental in addressing the global demand for
vaccines.

 Advanced Manufacturing and Innovation: India has been focusing on advanced

manufacturing and innovation across various sectors. Initiatives such as “Make in India” and
“Start-Up India” have aimed to foster entrepreneurship and technological innovation,
contributing to the development of cutting-edge technologies and solutions.

 Supercomputing Achievements: India has made strides in high-performance computing. The

PARAM series of supercomputers, developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced
Computing (C-DAC), and Pratyush, India’s fastest supercomputer for weather and climate
research, are examples of the country’s advancements in computational capabilities.

 National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: India’s revamped National Education Policy
emphasizes research and innovation, aiming to transform the education system to foster a
culture of scientific inquiry and technological innovation. The focus on multidisciplinary
education is expected to nurture a new generation of scientists and innovators.

 Defense Technological Capabilities: India has been investing in strengthening its defense
technological capabilities. The development of indigenous defense systems, including the
Light Combat Aircraft (Tejas) and the successful test of anti-satellite weapon (Mission
Shakti), showcases the country’s strides in defense research and technology.

Conclusion

From pioneering space exploration missions to the development of indigenous vaccines during a
global health crisis, India has demonstrated its capability to address complex challenges. As the
country embraces a multidisciplinary approach to education and continues to invest in research and
development, the trajectory of its scientific endeavors points toward a future where India will not
only meet the evolving needs of its citizens but also contribute significantly to global advancements.
The strides made in supercomputing, defense technologies, and various other domains underscore
India’s commitment to carving a niche in the global landscape of innovation.

The India-France relationship is characterized by a strong and diversified partnership

that goes beyond bilateral ties. The strategic, economic, and cultural dimensions of this
relationship showcase a comprehensive engagement that benefits both nations and
contributes to stability and development at the regional and global levels. Elaborate.
(250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Indian Express , Indian Express , Insights on India
Why the question:

Macron, who will be the Chief Guest at the Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi on January 26, will
begin his Jaipur trip by visiting Amer Fort, Jantar Mantar and Hawa Mahal on Thursday.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the achievements of Indo-France strategic partnership and ways to further it.
Directive word:
Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must
be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of of Indo-France strategic partnership.
Body:
First, discuss about the historic relations between the India and France in brief.
Next, write about the major areas of cooperation and major achievements in the Indo-France
relationship.
Next, write about the further potential in the Indo-French relations especially given the current
geopolitical turmoil in Europe. Elaborate on the aspect of importance of multilateralism and have a
common respect for international rules and regulations that both the countries share.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward in order to achieve the potential.
Introduction
India and France have traditionally close and friendly relations. In 1998, the two countries entered
into Strategic Partnership which is based on three pillars of defence cooperation, space cooperation
and civil nuclear cooperation. In the recent years, there have been increasing convergences between
both the countries.
French President Emmanuel Macron was given a red carpet reception in Jaipur and is the chief guest
at the Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi.

Body

Highlights of the talks between India and France

 The talks are expected to chart the course for finalising new initiatives in a raft of key areas,
including defence, space, collaboration in the vast Indo-Pacific region where China is
seeking to expand its footprint, industrial cooperation, promoting cross-investments and
responding to challenges such as the climate crisis, biodiversity loss and poverty
eradication.

 Macron’s visit seeks to consolidate the ambitious renewal of the India-France strategic
partnership that the two leaders decided on in Paris on July 14 through the Horizon 2047
Roadmap whose three pillars are “partnership for security and sovereignty, partnership for
the planet, and partnership for the people”.

 Macron’s visit comes at a time when India is looking at buying 26 Rafale M fighters from
France for the navy’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, the 45,000-tonne INS Vikrant.

 India is also planning to build three more Scorpene-class submarines with technology from
France to enhance the Indian Navy’s undersea capabilities. The two deals are estimated to
have a combined value of €9 billion to €10 billion.

 Macron’s visit also seeks to stress France’s commitment to creating more opportunities for
Indian students, artists, investors and tourists.France seeks to welcome 30,000 Indian
students by 2030.

 Business ties and cross-investments will also be promoted during the visit, under the banner
of France’s ‘Make it Iconic’ nation-branding campaign, which has targeted India as a priority
country

Time tested India France relationship

 Partnership in the Indian Ocean:France was the first European country to launch an
IndoPacific strategy and India is a key pillar in that strategy. Thus, the relationship between
India France has grown beyond bilateral to focus and includes intensified maritime and naval
cooperation in Indian Ocean and more broadly the Indo Pacific.

o France has specific interests in the Indian Ocean due to its overseas territories
(Reunion Island and Mayotte) home to over a million French citizens, and more than
10% of the Indian Ocean’s surface.

 Strategic convergence:On the regional front, France is as concerned as India at the rising
Chinese profile in the Indo-Pacific. Both would like to work to offer credible alternatives to
Chinese economic and military assistance in the region.

o On the international front, both are deeply concerned about the breakdown of the
rules based global order.

 Global cooperation:After their joint efforts to limit climate change and develop the
International Solar Alliance, India and France have turned to more ambitious ideas. In this
direction, both countries issued the road map on cybersecurity and digital technology.

 France’s support on international platforms:France is among the countries that have

consistently supported India’s permanent membership to UNSC.

o Also, France has offered unstinted support for India on targeting the sources of
violent extremism in Pakistan and helped limit the international backlash against
India’s effort to rewrite the rules of engagement in J&K.

 Nuclear Cooperation:After the nuclear tests in May 1998 when India declared itself a
nuclear weapon state, France was the first major power to open dialogue and displayed a far
greater understanding of India’s security compulsions compared to other countries. Both
signed, civil nuclear cooperation agreement in 2008.

o “Industrial Way Forward Agreement”was signed in 2018, between France and India
for the construction of six nuclear reactors at Jaitapur.

 Defence Cooperation: France remains a vital source of arms supply to India. Defence
cooperation with France began in the 1950s when India acquired the Ouragan aircraft and
continued with theMystères, Jaguar, Rafale, Scorpène submarines, etc.

o Both countries also signed reciprocal logistics support agreement to receive

logistical support, supplies and services from each other during authorised port
visits, joint exercises, etc.

o The PM’s visit is likely to see agreements or announcements on the acquisition of 26

Rafale-M (the marine version) fighters for the Indian Navy, and co-production of
three more Scorpene class submarines at the public sector Mazagon Dock
Shipbuilders Ltd, which has already produced six Scorpene/Kalvari-class submarines
under an earlier agreement.

 Cooperation in Space and Technologyhas continued since the 1960s when France helped
India set up the Sriharikota launch site, followed by liquid engine development and hosting
of payloads. Currently, other projects include joint satellite mission – TRISHNA (for eco-
system stress and water use monitoring) and also accommodation of French instrument on
India’s OCEANSAT-3 satellite.

 Counter terrorism: Terror strikes in France by home-grown terrorists provide much scope
for counterterrorism cooperation, in terms of both intelligence-sharing and de-radicalisation
strategies.

 climate change initiatives: Last October, they signed a Road Map on Green Hydrogen, which
aims “to bring the French and Indian hydrogen ecosystems together” to establish a reliable
and sustainable value chain for a global supply of decarbonised hydrogen.

 Digital Tech initiatives: roadmap on digital technology co-operation may be on the cards for
6G, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing. An MoU signed last month between NPCI
International Payments Limited (NIPL) and Lyra, a France-based payment services provider,
may be implemented soon to enable UPI and RuPay payments in Europe.

 Given its expertise in the sphere of urban planning France is also helping in the Smart Cities
Mission. The three such smart cities are Chandigarh, Nagpur and Puducherry.

Challenges in the relationship:

India and France don’t have Free Trade Agreement, which limits the potential for increased trade
and economic cooperation. Also, there is a trade imbalance in favour of France (France exporting
more to India). Also, France has many times expressed concern on India’s stance at WTO, Climate
summit and on India’s protection of intellectual property rights

Way forward
 Even though above specified areas provided a robust basis for engagement, it remained
primarily at a government-to-government level.
 In recent years, it was clear that for a wider partnership, strengthening business-to-business
and people-to-people relationships was essential. Also, the trade between India and France,
although growing, is yet to reach its potential.

 By leveraging the potential of convergences, France can be India’s gateway to Europe and
India France’s first strategic partner in Asia.

 The underpinnings of global geopolitics are being rapidly altered with China’s rise, the West
being consumed by internal problems and Russia, the“America First” priorities of the US
Administration, and growing threats to globalization.
 With such background, France and India have a shared interest in developing a coalition of
middle powers with a shared commitment for a rule-based multipolar world order.
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Conclusion

While military cooperation remains important, the Indo-French relationship could expand beyond
arms sales. Initiatives like the International Solar Alliance and exploring Mini-lateral and multilateral
cooperation in the Indo-Pacific could bring additional dimensions to their partnership.

Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s

interests, Indian diaspora.
The UAE-India relationship is built upon consistent and constructive dialogue, visionary
leadership, and mutual respect, which can lead to a robust and dynamic partnership.
Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: Live Mint , Insights on India
Why the question:
India’s unflinching support throughout the United Arab Emirates’ presidency of CoP-28, and that of
the UAE of India’s G20 presidency, are indicative of the importance that both our countries place
upon this partnership.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the growing India-UAE relations in aspects of trade, energy, diaspora as well as
security.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by giving context of growing India-UAE relations in the past.
Body:

In the first part, in brief, giving an account of tries between India-U.A.E till recent times. (You can
make use of a flow chart for better presentation).
Next, describe the trade relations – in terms of trade, investments, technology, infrastructure,
diaspora and cultural contacts etc. Write about the relations in relation with energy and diaspora.
Next, write about the major pillars of friendship between the both nations.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a way forward for realisation of a long and stable partnership.
Introduction

India and United Arab Emirates (UAE) enjoy strong bonds of friendship based on age-old cultural,
religious and economic ties between the two nations. As UAE ‘Look East’ to find partners for its
economic growth and with security concerns emanating from turmoil in West Asia and growing
threat from terrorism, it finds a natural partner in India. UAE is India’s closest partner in the Arab
world and fortunately, there is enough resilience in bilateral ties to withstand minor convulsions.

India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) recently finalised four agreements, including in food
processing and renewable energy, to take forward cooperation within the I2U2 grouping as Prime
Minister Narendra Modi and UAE President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan held talks on bolstering
bilateral ties.

Body

India-UAE relations: Growth in strategic aspect and security

 Energy Security: UAE is the 5th largest import source and accounts for about 6% of our
total crude imports. Both signed agreements related to energy security on acquisition of
stakes in Lower Zakum oil and gas field.

 Investment: The UAE government has committed USD 75 billion towards developing Indian
infrastructure. The NIIF entered into an agreement with a Dubai based firm for investment
up to USD 3 billion.

 Important trading Partner: Bilateral trade with UAE stood at around USD 59 billion last year.

 Indian Community: More than 2.5 million Indians live in the UAE, which is among the largest
number of expatriates anywhere in the world, repatriating $13.6 billion a year to India.

 Shared Security Concern: The two countries have a common interest in ensuing maritime
security in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf region.
o Further, given the current state of flux in West Asia, India sees the UAE as an
important partner to maintain peace and stability in the region.

o In this background India looks to enhance security cooperation with the Gulf
countries including the UAE to counter terrorist threats and combat online
radicalization.

 Defense: Défense exercises are increasingly undertaken. For example, ‘Desert Eagle II’, a
ten-day air combat exercise, was held in May-June 2016 between the air forces of India and
UAE. Also, both elevated their relationship to Comprehensive Strategic
Partnership agreement and have move beyond just buyer-seller relationship.

 Maritime security: India approved the bilateral pact on maritime education and training and
a MoU to facilitate and promote maritime transport, simplification of customs and
facilitation of use of existing installations for the disposal of waste.

Challenges

 Slow implementation process: As far as investments are concerned, the systemic problem
faced due to slow implementation of various projects from Indian side is a major obstacle.

 Lack of commercial clarity in UAE: Indian companies operating in the UAE also face
problems due to lack of clarity in many aspects of commercial regulations, labour laws and
lack of transparency on part of Emirati businesses.

 Decrease in opportunities for Indian workers: There is also a need to smoothen problems
faced by Indian migrants due to cumbersome and strict regulations that favour the Emirati
employers and at times leads to serious problems for Indian workers, especially unskilled
workers.

Conclusion

The growing engagements between India and the UAE has to be seen within the broader contexts of
UAE’s policy of engaging with Asia to improve economic prospects and India’s search for foreign
investments to expedite economic growth and address the threat of extremism and terrorism.

Medical tourism can be an important area where India can attract UAE given India’s high quality man
power in medical sector and improving medical infrastructure in the country.

There are further untapped potentials in the arena of renewable energy. The cost for production and
transmission of solar energy in the UAE are a fraction to that of India and this is a priority area for
the UAE government.

Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.

Bridging the economic disparities between developed and developing countries to
foster more inclusive and sustainable global trade is a major issue that World Trade
Organization (WTO) must address. Analyse. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Tough
Reference: Indian Express
Why the question:
Trade ministers of the World Trade Organization (WTO) countries will meet for their 13th ministerial
conference (MC13) in Abu Dhabi next month at a time when the multilateral trading system is losing
an existential battle.
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the issues of India and developing with WTO, reforms that are needed in the WTO.
Directive word:
Analyse – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the
topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:

Begin by giving the aims and objectives of WTO.

Body:
First, Explain the factors that have led to India’s and other developing countries chequered
relationship with the World Trade Organisation (WTO). – disagreements over agricultural subsidies,
intellectual property, services trade, special and differential treatment for developing countries, and
the functioning of the dispute settlement mechanism.
Next, suggest reforms that are needed to overcome the above – Appellate body reform, clarity on
Special and differential treatment and Sustainable Development Goal-oriented trade negotiation etc.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.
Introduction

World Trade Organization (WTO) is a member-driven, consensus-based intergovernmental

organisation that regulates and facilitates international trade between nations. It officially began
operations on January 1, 1995, in accordance with the 1994 Marrakesh Agreement.

World Trade Organization (WTO) as an organization was expected to play larger role for improved
living standards, employment generation, trade expansion with increasing share for developing
countries and overall sustainable development. Trade liberalization was seen as means for achieving
the above-mentioned objectives.

Trade ministers of the World Trade Organization (WTO) countries will meet for their 13th ministerial
conference (MC13) in Abu Dhabi next month at a time when the multilateral trading system is losing
an existential battle.

Body

India and WTO: A chequered relationship

 Stalled Doha Development Round negotiations: They focused on reducing important trade
barriers in sectors, such as agriculture, industrial goods and services.

o However, after a decade of talks, it still remains to be concluded.

 Growing protectionism:Over the past two years, governments have introduced trade
restrictions covering a substantial amount of international trade — affecting $747 billion in
global imports in the past year alone.

o WTO has been less affective in addressing them, including US China trade war.

 New emerging issues:Groups of members are also working towards new rules on a range of
issues — electronic commerce, investment facilitation, domestic regulation in services —
that aim to make trade more efficient and predictable in cutting-edge sectors of the
economy.

o However, the rising differences among developed and developing countries is

delaying any early settlement.

o India has made it clear that no discussion can go on without settling the question of
Peace clause and Doha rounds.

 Side stepping WTO: Since the launch of the Doha Round, countries have turned to free trade
agreements (FTAs) in order to gain significant trade access in new markets and to explore
new trade-related issues that are currently not addressed within the WTO.
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o As more FTAs have been concluded, the central role of the WTO in liberalizing trade
has been called into question.

 Limited success in major issues:WTO has played a very limited role in helping address other
global issues related to trade, such as food security, climate change and global trade
imbalances.

Way forward

 A vibrant WTO cannot accommodate conflicting economic models of market versus state. All
WTO members will have to accept the operative assumption of a rules-based order steered
by a market economy, the private sector, and competition.
 Launch negotiations to address the intertwined issues of agricultural subsidies and market
access, while recognising that food security concerns will not disappear.

 A credible trading system requires a dispute settlement system that is accepted by all.

 Launch serious negotiations to restore the balance, and we must do so in an open-ended

plurilateral manner that cannot be blocked by those who do not want to move ahead.
 GATT/WTO rules in a number of areas are outdated. New rules are required to keep pace
with changes in the market and technology. Rules and disciplines on topics ranging from
trade-distorting industrial subsidies to digital trade require updates.

Conclusion
The World Trade Organization remains an indispensable organisation but it requires urgent
modernisation. Members have to face the reality that the organisation requires non-cosmetic,
serious root-and-branch reform for a WTO adapted to 21st century economic and political realities.

Value addition

Organizational Structure of WTO

 Ministerial Conference – It Includes all members, meets once in 2 year and the 11th
Ministerial Conference was held in Argentina)

 General Council – It acts a Dispute Settlement Body and Trade Policy Review Body.

International law can provide a basis for humanitarian interventions in cases of

widespread human rights abuses or atrocities, allowing for collective action to protect
vulnerable populations. Examine. (250 words)
Difficulty level: Moderate
Reference: The Hindu
Why the question:
International law and its attendant structures are not ideal. But the world would be worse off if they
weren’t there
Key Demand of the question:
To write about the importance of international law.
Directive word:

Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect
it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so
we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications.
Structure of the answer:
Introduction:
Begin by defining international law.
Body:
First, write about the major features and components of international law.
Next, write about the importance of it – global challenges, promoting cooperation, and preventing
conflicts.
Next, major criticisms it has faced – enforcing its provisions, inequality, sovereignty concerns etc.
Next, write about the various measures that are needed to address the criticism.
Conclusion:
Conclude by writing a way forward.

Introduction
The concept of humanitarian intervention within the framework of international law is a complex
and controversial issue. Traditionally, international law respects the principle of non-intervention in
the domestic affairs of sovereign states. However, in the face of widespread human rights abuses or
atrocities, there has been a growing recognition that the international community has a
responsibility to protect vulnerable populations. This principle is often referred to as the
“Responsibility to Protect” (R2P).

Body

Background for humanitarian intervention

 The idea of humanitarian intervention relies on the belief that state sovereignty is not
absolute and that there are circumstances where the international community has a duty to
intervene to prevent or stop mass atrocities.

 The development of this concept gained momentum in the late 20th century, particularly in
the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide and the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia.

 The legal basis for humanitarian intervention is not explicitly codified in international law,
but it is often argued that there are certain principles and norms that can provide a
foundation for such actions:
 United Nations Charter: The UN Charter prohibits the use of force except in cases of self-
defense (Article 51) or when authorized by the UN Security Council (Chapter VII). However,
Article 2(4) of the Charter prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity
or political independence of any state.
 Responsibility to Protect (R2P): The R2P concept, endorsed by the United Nations in 2005,
emphasizes that sovereignty comes with a responsibility to protect populations from
genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. It provides a
framework for collective action, including the use of force if necessary, to prevent and halt
such crimes.

 Customary International Law: Over time, certain principles may become customary
international law through consistent state practice and opinio juris. The increasing
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acceptance of the responsibility to protect vulnerable populations could contribute to the

formation of customary law.

Arguments against humanitarian intervention

 Consent and Sovereignty: Many states remain wary of interventions that may be perceived
as violating their sovereignty. The principle of non-intervention is deeply ingrained in
international relations.

 Security Council Approval: The reliance on UN Security Council authorization for the use of
force poses challenges, as geopolitical considerations and veto powers can hinder decisive
action.

o Eg: A coalition of countries, primarily led by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization), took military action in Libya. The intervention included airstrikes
against Gaddafi’s forces and installations.

o The intervention in Libya faced criticism on several fronts. Some argued that the
mission expanded beyond the initial mandate of protecting civilians, leading to
regime change.

 Selective Intervention: There are concerns about the selective application of humanitarian
intervention, where interventions may be influenced by political interests rather than purely
humanitarian concerns.

 Unintended Consequences: Military interventions may lead to unintended consequences,

such as exacerbating violence, causing civilian casualties, or destabilizing the region further.

Conclusion
While the legal basis for humanitarian intervention is not entirely straightforward, there is a growing
acknowledgment that the international community has a moral responsibility to protect populations
facing mass atrocities. Striking a balance between the respect for sovereignty and the need to
prevent or stop egregious human rights abuses remains a challenging task in the realm of
international law. The ongoing debates and discussions on this issue reflect the complexities
inherent in balancing state sovereignty and the protection of human rights on a global scale.

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