AQA

Level 2

Certificate in

Further
Mathematics
EXAM PRACTICE

Authors
Val Hanrahan,
Andrew Ginty
Series editor
Alan Walton

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PM
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ISBN: 978 1 5104 6076 8

© Andrew Ginty and Val Hanrahan 2020
First published in 2020 by
Hodder Education,
An Hachette UK Company
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Year 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020

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 Contents

Introduction iv

SECTION 1 ALGEBRA

1 Number and algebra I 1

2 Algebra II 8

3 Algebra III 11

4 Algebra IV 25

SECTION 2 GEOMETRY

5 Coordinate geometry 34

6 Geometry I 43

7 Geometry II 51

SECTION 3 CALCULUS

8 Calculus 59

SECTION 4 MATRICES

9 Matrices 67

Answers 72

Full worked solutions are available at

www.hoddereducation.co.uk/AQAL2MathsExamPractice

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 Introduction
This book has been written to supplement the AQA Level 2 Certificate in
Further Mathematics textbook, but it could also be used to provide additional
exercises for anyone studying Mathematics beyond GCSE. There are over 350
questions to support successful preparation for the specification released by
AQA for first assessment in 2019.
Grouped according to topic, the chapters follow the content of the AQA Level 2
Certificate in Further Mathematics textbook.
Each chapter starts with short questions to support retrieval of content and
straightforward application of skills learned during the course. The demand
gradually builds through each exercise, with the later questions requiring
significant mathematical thinking and, often, problem solving strategies. This
reflects the range of styles of question that will be found in the exam.
Answers are provided in this book, and full worked solutions and mark
allocations to all questions can be found online at
www.hoddereducation.co.uk/AQAL2MathsExamPractice

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 1 Number and algebra I
Exercise 1.1 Numbers and the number system
1 Calculate 3.7% of 54 kg.
2 Increase £17 by 36%.
3 (i) Write the ratio 4.14 : 2.7 in the form a : b where a and b are integers.
m
 rite your answer to part (i) in the form 1: where m and n are
(ii) W
n
integers.
4 Write the ratio 4 1 : 1 1 in the form p : q where p and q are integers.
6 4
5 Decrease £23.59 by 5.6%.
3 2 7
6 Without using a calculator, evaluate − ÷ .
4 5 8
7 In a test, the ratio of passes to fails is 13 : 5.
(i) Write the number of passes as a fraction of the total tests taken.
(ii) Hence work out the percentage of passes to 1 decimal place.
8 Linda and Alan fire the same number of arrows at a target.
Linda’s ratio of hits to misses is 5 : 1.
Alan’s ratio of hits to misses is 3 : 2.
(i) Write down Alan’s hit rate as a percentage of the total number of arrows
he fired.
PS (ii) Work out the least possible difference between their numbers of hits.

Exercise 1.2 Simplifying expressions

1 Simplify each of these expressions.
(i) x(x + 2y) – x(y – x)
(ii) 2p(3p – 4q) – 7q(p + 5q)
2 Factorise each of these expressions.
(i) x2y – xy2
(ii) 8p3q2 – 6pq5
3 Simplify and factorise each of these expressions.
(i) a(a + 6) – a(4 – a)
(ii) p(p + q) – p(3 + q) + 7p
4 Simplify each of these expressions.
(i) 2a2b × 3ab3
(ii) 3x3y × 2xy3 × 5y2z
5 Simplify each of these expressions.
6m 2n
(i)
8m 3n 4
5xy 25x 4 y 2
(ii) ÷
8x 3 6xy 3
1

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 6 Write each of these as a single simplified fraction.
1 (i)
2 5
+
p q
(ii) x + 2 − 5
3 x 3x
Chapter 1 Number and algebra I

x 2x 5
7 Simplify + × .
y 3 y

PS 8 The angles of the octagon are all 90° and 270°.

Its side lengths are given in terms of p.
p–1

2p – 1

p+1 4p – 2

p+3

(i) Work out its perimeter in terms of p.

(ii) Work out its area in terms of p.

Exercise 1.3 Solving linear equations

1 Solve these equations.
(i) 2x + 5 = x – 3
(ii) 5y – 3 = 3y + 7
2 Solve these equations.
(i) 3(2x – 4) = x + 7
(ii) 4(5x + 3) = 3(2x – 7) – 2
3 The three angles of a triangle are (2x – 5)°, (x – 11)° and 4x°.
(i) Work out the size of the smallest angle.
(ii) What type of triangle is it?
p p
4 Solve + = 7.
2 3
5 The length of a rectangular field is 20 m greater than its width, and its
perimeter is 320 m.
(i) Write an equation in terms of w, its width.
(ii) Hence, work out the area of the field.
x + 3 2x − 5
6 Solve + = 7.
2 4
7 (i) Write down the lowest common multiple of 3, 5 and 4.
x + 2 x 3x
(ii) Solve + − = 7.
3 5 4
PS 8 The sum of four consecutive even numbers is 156.
Work out the smallest of the four even numbers.

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 Exercise 1.4 Algebra and number
1 30% of m is the same as 80% of n.
1
(i) Write an equation linking m and n.
(ii) Write n as a percentage of m.

Chapter 1 Number and algebra I

2 24 increased by a% is the same as b decreased by 24%.
(i) Write an equation linking a and b.
(ii) Hence show that 19b – 6a = k, where k is an integer to be found.
PS 3 Approximately 12% of the population are left-handed, and twice as many
men are left-handed as women. Also, approximately 50% of the population
are men, and 50% are women.
In a group of 60 men and 25 women, estimate the number of left-handed
people.
PS 4 The ratio of boys to girls in a room is 5 : 2.
15 boys leave the room and 4 girls enter.
The ratio of boys to girls is now 10 : 9.
How many boys are now in the room?
5 The length of a rectangle is increased by 25%, and the width reduced by x%.
The area of the rectangle remains the same.
Work out the value of x.
6 The original price of a handbag is £h.
The original price is reduced by 20%.
(i) Write down the new price in terms of h.
The new price is then increased by 50% to give a final price.
(ii) Write down the ratio of the original price to the final price in the
form a : b, where a and b are integers.
The final price is £35 more than the original price.
(iii) Work out the original price.
7 x :y = 3 :5
(i) Work out the ratio 2x – y : 3x + y.
Write your answer in the form a : b, where a and b are integers.
y : z = 7 :2
(ii) Write z as a percentage of x, correct to 1 decimal place.
PS 8 m is 20% greater than n.
p :n = 6 :7
Write p as a percentage of m correct to 1 decimal place.

Exercise 1.5 Expanding brackets

1 Expand and simplify each of these expressions.
(i) (x + 1)(x + 2)
(ii) (2x + 5)(x – 3)
2 Expand and simplify each of these expressions.
(i) (m + 1)(m2 – m + 1)
(ii) (x – 1)(x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1)
3

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 3 Expand and simplify each of these expressions.
1 (i) (x + 3)(x – 1)(x + 1)
(ii) (2y – 3)(3y + 1)(y – 5)
4 Simplify each of these expressions.
Chapter 1 Number and algebra I

(i) (x + 3)(x – 4) – (x + 2)(x – 1)

(ii) (2m + 3)(m – 5) – (m + 4)(m – 3)
5 Given that (x2 – 3x + a)(x2 + bx – 1) ≡ x4 – 2x3 + 7x – 4, work out the
values of a and b.
6 (i) Expand and simplify (3m – 1)2.
(ii) Hence work out the simplified expansion of (3m – 1)3.
7 (i) Expand and simplify each of these expressions.
(a) (x3 – 2)(x2 + 5)
(b) (3 + x3)(x – 7)
(ii) Hence expand and simplify (x3 – 2)(x2 + 5) – (3 + x3)(x – 7).
8 The dimensions of a cuboid are (x + 1), (x – 2) and (2x + 1).
(i) Write the volume in terms of x.
(ii) Write the surface area in terms of x.
Give your answers in expanded and simplified form.

Exercise 1.6 Binomial expansions – using Pascal’s

­triangle only
1 Expand and simplify (x + 2)3.
2 Express (2x + y)4 as a sum of five simplified terms.
3 (i) Write down the simplified expansion of (a + b)5.
(ii) Hence work out the simplified expansion of (2x – 3y)5.
4 The first three numbers in the 12th row of Pascal’s triangle are 1, 12, 66.
(i) Write down the first three numbers in the 13th row of Pascal’s triangle.
 ence write down the first three terms, in ascending powers of x, of
(ii) H
the expansion of (2 + x)13.
5 Work out the coefficient of the x2 term in the expansion of (2x + 3)6.
PS 6 The first four numbers in the 7th row of Pascal’s triangle are 1, 7, 21, 35.
 27
Work out the coefficient of x2 in the expansion of x 2 + .
 x
PS 7 The simplified expansion of (ax + y)n includes the term 80x3y2.
(i) Write down the value of n.
(ii) Hence work out the value of a.
(iii) Hence work out the coefficient of the x2y3 term.
PS 8 The first six numbers in the 10th row of Pascal’s triangle are 1, 10, 45, 120,
210, 252.
2 10
Work out the constant term in the expansion of  3x −  .
 x

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 Exercise 1.7 Surds: simplifying expressions containing
square roots 1
Do not use a calculator for this exercise.
1 (i) Simplify 72 and 50 .

Chapter 1 Number and algebra I

(ii) Hence simplify 72 + 50 .
(iii) Hence write 72 + 50 in the form a.
2 Simplify the following by rationalising their denominators.
1 6 5
(i) (ii) (iii)
2 2 3
7 6 8
(iv) (v) (vi)
2 2 3 5
3 5
3 Write + as a single rationalised fraction.
2 8

4 Solve x 32 + 2x 2 = 98 .
5 Simplify each of these numerical expressions to the form a + b (or a – b ),
where a and b are rational numbers.
1 1 3 1
(i) + (ii) +
2 −1 2 +1 2+ 3 2− 3
7 3 5 3
(iii) − (iv)    −
8−2 8+2 4− 2 4+ 2

6 A rectangle has length (4 + 2 ) cm and width (4 – 2 ) cm.

(i) Write down its perimeter.
(ii) Work out the area of the rectangle.
(iii) Calculate the length of one of its diagonals.
7 (i) Expand and simplify (a + b)4.
(ii) Hence expand and simplify (3 + 2 ) .
4

8 Solve the following equations.

3x 1 2w 1
(i) + = 8 (ii) − =5
2 2 3 12
(iv)   2 
5y y 7 m  1 2m
(iii) = 18 + −  = +
8 2  20 5 45 80

9 Solve ( 3 − x )3 = 9 3 − x(9 + x 2 ).

Exercise 1.8 Surds: rationalising denominators with

two terms
Do not use a calculator for this exercise.
1 Rationalise the denominators of these fractions.
2 5 5 2 6
(i)    (ii)   (iii)   (iv)
2 −1 7+ 3 3+ 5 5− 6
7 3+ 2 5− 3 6 + 2 10
(v) (vi)   (vii)      (viii)
9−2 7 3− 2 4+ 3 3 10 − 7
5

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 2 Write each fraction in the form a + b 2, where a and b are rational
1 numbers.
2 7+ 2
(i) (ii)
5− 2 7− 2
6+ 2
Chapter 1 Number and algebra I

(iii) 5− 8
(iv)
2 −1 18 + 4
3 Write each fraction in the form a + b, where a and b are rational
numbers.
2 5
(i) (ii)
3 −1 2 −1
3 2+ 5
(iii) (iv)
6− 3 4− 5

4 (i) Expand ( 5 – 2)( 5 + 2).

5+ 2
(ii) Hence rationalise the denominator of .
5− 2

5 A rectangle has a width of (5 – 2 ) cm and an area of (18 + 2 ) cm2.

Work out its length.

6 The area of a trapezium is (50 + 162 ) cm2.

The trapezium has two parallel sides of lengths (7 + 8) cm and (6 – 18) cm.
(i) Work out the sum of the two parallel side lengths.
(ii) Hence calculate the perpendicular distance between the parallel sides.

7 (i) Expand and simplify ( 3 + 2 – 1)( 3 – 2 + 1).

5− 2
(ii) Hence rationalise the denominator of .
3 + 2 −1
3
PS (iii) Rationalise the denominator of .
5− 3+2
5+ 2−3
PS 8 Rationalise the denominator of .
5 − 2 +1

Exercise 1.9 The product rule for counting

1 Work out the number of arrangements of the letters LMNOPQ.
2 The digits 3, 5, 2, 7 are arranged to form a four-digit number.
(i) How many different four-digit multiples of 5 can be formed?
(ii) H
 ow many different four-digit numbers, which are not multiples of 5,
can be formed?
3 A four-digit code is to be chosen using the digits 0 to 9.
0 may be chosen as the first digit.
(i) If digits can be repeated, how many different codes can be chosen?
(ii) If no digit can be repeated, how many codes can be chosen?

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 PS 4 The diagram shows all routes from A to B.
Following the arrows, how many different routes from A to B are possible? 1

Chapter 1 Number and algebra I

A B

PS 5 Eight different books are lined up on a shelf.

(i) How many different arrangements are possible?
Two more books are added.
The two new books are identical to each other but are not the same as
any of the original eight books. Swapping these two books does not give a
different arrangement.
(ii) How many different arrangements of the ten books are possible?
6 (i) H
 ow many numbers between 40 000 and 100 000 include the digit 3
exactly once?
(ii) How many numbers between 40 000 and 100 000 include the digit 3 at
least once?
PS 7 A group of letters is palindromic if the arrangement reads the same
backwards as forwards, e.g. BFPFB is palindromic.
Seven cards are shown here.

A B C D C B A

How many different palindromic arrangements are possible if

(i) all seven cards must be used
(ii) exactly four of the seven cards must be used
(iii) at least two of the cards must be used?
PS 8 Here are eight digits: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(i) If each digit can appear no more than once, how many different
five-digit numbers can be formed?
(ii) I f each digit can appear any number of times, how many different
five-digit numbers can be formed?

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 2 Algebra II
Exercise 2.1 Factorising
1 Factorise the following expressions.
(i) ab + bc + ac + c2 (ii) p2 + pq + pr + qr (iii) a2 + ab + ac + bc
2 Factorise the following expressions.
(i) 2ab + 3ac – 4b2 – 6bc (ii) 2r2 + 6rs – 3rt – 9st
(iii) 3g2 – gh – 6gk + 2hk
3 Factorise the following expressions.
(i) x2 + 5x + 6 (ii) x2 – 7x + 10 (iii) x2 – 3x – 10
(iv) p2 + 9p + 14 (v) r2 – 15r + 36 (vi) t2 – 10t – 75
4 Factorise the following expressions.
(i) 2a2 + 5a + 2 (ii) 2x2 – x – 6 (iii) 3p2 – 8p – 3
(iv) 2a2 – 13a + 20 (v) 4c2 + c – 18 (vi) 3x2 + 10x – 8
5 Factorise the following expressions.
(i) x2 + 6xy + 8y2 (ii) r2 + 2ar – 15a2 (iii) y2 + 9yz + 20z2
(iv) a2 – 5ab – 6b2 (v) p2 + 7pq + 12q2 (vi) s2 – 4st + 4t2
6 Factorise the following expressions.
(i) 2x2 + 5xy + 3y2 (ii) 2a2 – 5ab + 2b2 (iii) 9p2 – 6pq + q2
(iv) 2x2 – 11xy + 5y2 (v) 3a2 – 4ab + b2 (vi) 6p2 + 5pq – 6q2
7 Factorise the following expressions. (You do not need to expand any
brackets in order to do this.)
(i) x2 – 4y2 (ii) a2 – (b + 2)2 (iii) (p + 3)2 – 4q2
(iv) s2 – 9(t + 2)2 (v) (x – 1)2 – 16y2 (vi) (2x – 1)2 – y2
8 Factorise fully the following expressions.
(i) x3 – 9x (ii) a4 – 4a2 (iii) 4p3 – 16p
(iv) 4(a + b)2 – (a – b)2 (v) (p + 2q)2 – (p – 2q)2 (vi) 4(x + y)2 – 9(x – y)2

Exercise 2.2 Rearranging mathematical formulae

In this exercise all the equations refer to formulae used in mathematics.
1 Make x the subject of x2 + y2 = r 2.
1
2 Make h the subject of A = bh.
2
3 Make b the subject of P = 2(l + b).
4
4 Make r the subject of V = πr 3.
3
5 Make l the subject of A = πr 2 + πrl.
1
6 Make (i) h (ii) b the subject of A = (b + c)h.
2
7 Make (i) h (ii) r the subject of V = πr 2h.

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 1 2
2
8 Make (i) y (ii) x the subject of V = x y.
3
9 Make (i) a (ii) u the subject of v2 – u2 = 2as.
(a + b)
10 Make (i) h (ii) a the subject of A = h.
2

Chapter 2 Algebra II
Exercise 2.3 Rearranging more general formulae and
equations
1 Make p the subject of 2p + 3q = 4pq.
2 Make t the subject of 2(a + t) = 3(2t – b).
3 Make r the subject of pr = 2(p – r).
4 Make c the subject of 6b – 2c = 3bc.
5 Make d the subject of a(d – 2) = 2b(3 – 2d).
2a – 3
6 Make a the subject of b = .
3 + 2a
x–1
7 Make x the subject of y = .
2x + 1
2s + 3a
8 Make s the subject of p = s .
w+2
9 Make w the subject of x = .
w–3
10 Make p the subject of 3p + 2a = 2p .
3–a

Exercise 2.4 Simplifying algebraic fractions

Simplify the following.
3ab 3 12a 2b 3 6x 2 y
1 (i) (ii) (iii)
6a 2b 9a 3 c 2 4 xy 2
2x + 4 3x − 9 x 2 + 3x − 18
2 (i) (ii) 2 (iii)
4x + 2 x −x−6 2x − 6
4x 2 − 9 x 2 + 2x − 8 6x − 13x + 6
2
3 (i) (ii) (iii)
6x 2 − 13x + 6 x 2 − 6x + 8 9x 2 − 4

4x 2 − 1 2x 3x 2 + 5x − 2 2x + 1
4 (i) × 2 (ii) × 2
3x 2 x + 3x + 1 6x + 3 2 x + 3x − 2
x+3 x 2 + 2x − 15 x−2 x 2 + 4x + 4
(iii) × (iv) ×
x 2 − 9 x 2 + 3x − 10 x2 − x − 6 x2 + x − 6
3x 4x 2 2a − 3 4 a − 6
5 (i) ÷ (ii) ÷
10x − 4 5x − 2 3a − 2 6a − 4
x+3 2 x 2 + 5x + 3 x2 − 4 x 2 − 4x + 4
(iii) ÷ (iv) ÷
x2 − 9 3x 2 + x − 2 x 2 − 2x x+2
4 p 3p 4 3 4p 3
6 (i) +       (ii) +         (iii) +
3 4 3p 4 p 3 4 p

3 4 a a a b
7 (i) +   (ii) +   (iii) +
4a + 3 3a + 2 2a + 3 2a − 3 a+b a−b

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 3x 2 x 4 3 3x 2
2 8 (i)
2
−
3
          
(ii) −
3x 4 x
    (iii)
2
−
3x
3 2 4x 2
9 (i) − 2     (ii) 2 −
p + 2p p − 2p
2
x −4 x+2
Chapter 2 Algebra II

2x 3x
(iii) −
( x + 1)( x + 2) ( x + 2)( x + 3)
a + 1 a2 + 1 a3 + 1 3x + y 2 x + y 2 x − y
10 (i) + 2
+ 3
  (ii) − −
a a a 3 2 6

Exercise 2.5 Solving linear equations involving fractions

Solve the following equations.
x 3 x 2x 13 3x 2 x
1 (i) x + = (ii) + = (iii) + =5
3 4 4 5 10 2 3
x 3 2x x 3x 2 x
2 (i) x− = (ii) − =7 (iii) − =5
3 4 3 5 2 3
x +1 x −1 2x x − 1 x + 1 3x − 1
3 (i) + = 4 (ii) − =3 (iii) + =9
4 2 3 5 2 4
x +1 x x x +1 1 2x − 1 x + 2
4 (i) − =1 (ii) − = (iii) + =2
5 6 6 5 10 3 4
3 2 3 2 3 4
5 (i) − = 10 (ii) + = 10 (iii) − = 10
x x x x x 3x
3 2 3+x 2+x 3−x 2−x
6 (i) − =5 (ii) − =1 (iii) + +1= 0
2 x 3x 2x 3x 2x 3x
3 4 1 2x 2 3 1
7 (i) − = 1 (ii) 1+ = (iii) − + =0
x 2x + 1 x +1 x +1 2 x + 1 3x + 1 2
3 ( p + 2) 3 ( q + 1) 2 ( r + 1) ( r + 2 )
8 (i) + 2 = p (ii) q− =1 (iii) + =1
5 4 3 5

Exercise 2.6 Completing the square

1 Work out the values of a and b such that x2 + 6x + 12 ≡ (x + a)2 + b.
2 Work out the values of c and d such that x2 – cx + 9 ≡ (x – 2)2 + d.
3 Work out the values of p and q such that 4 – 2x – x2 ≡ p – (x + q)2.
4 Work out the values of r and s such that 6 + 4x – x2 ≡ r – (x + s)2.
5 Work out the values of a, b and c such that 3x2 + ax + 7 ≡ b(x + 2)2 – c.
6 Work out the values of p, q and r such that 2x2 – 12x + 23 ≡ p(x – q)2 + r.
7 Work out the values of a, b and c such that 1 – ax – bx2 ≡ 3 – c(x + 1)2.
8 Work out the values of p, q and r such that p + q(x + r)2 ≡ 5x2 – 20x + 16.
9 (i) Work out the values of a and b such that x2 + 6x + 20 ≡ (x + a)2 + b.
(ii) Hence make x the subject of y = x2 + 6x + 20.
10 (i) Work out the values of p, q and r such that 4x2 – 16x + 11 ≡ p(x + q)2+ r.
(ii) Hence make x the subject of y = 4x2 – 16x + 11.

10

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 3 Algebra III
Exercise 3.1 Function notation
1 f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = x2 + 2
Work out the value of
(i) f(–2)       (ii) f(0)       
(iii) f(2)
(iv) g(–2)     (v) g(0)     (vi) g(2).
2
2 f(x) = 2x2 and g(x) = x
Work out the value of
(i) f(–3)     (ii) f(3)
(iii) g(–3)     (iv) g(3).
3 f(x) = 2x – 3 and g(x) = 3x – 2
Work out the value of x when
(i) f(x) = 0    (ii) g(x) = 0   (iii) f(x) = g(x).
4 f(x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = 2x – 3
Solve
(i) f(x) – g(x) = 0 (ii) f(x) + g(x) = 0 (iii) f(x) = 2g(x).

5 f(x) = x2 – 1 and g(x) = 2x – 2

Solve
(i) f(x) – g(x) = 0 (ii) f(x) + g(x) = 0 (iii) f(x) = [g(x)]2.

6 f(x) = 2x + 3
Write down expressions, giving your answers in the simplest form, for
(i) f(2x + 1)    (ii) f(x – 1)2   (iii) [f(x – 1)]2.

7 f(x) = 2x2 + 3x + 1
Write down expressions, giving your answers in the simplest form, for
(i)   f(2x)      (ii) f(–2x)
(iii) f(2x)2     (iv) f(2x2).

x2 − 4
8 f(x) =
3
(i) Work out the value of f(4).
(ii) Work out the value of x when (a) f(x) = 0   (b) f(x) = 4.
x−4
9 f(x) =
5
(i) Work out the value of f(0).
(ii) Work out the value of x when (a) f(x) = 0   (b) f(x) = f(2x).

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 2x − 3
3 10 f ( x ) =
2x + 3
(i) Work out the value of x when (a) f(x) = 0   (b) f(x) = 2.
(ii) Explain why it is not possible for f(x) to equal 1.
Chapter 3 Algebra III

11 f(x) = (3x + 2)2

Write down expressions, giving answers in the simplest form, for
(i) f(2x) (ii) f(x – 2) (iii) (f(x) – 4)2.

Exercise 3.2 Domain and range of a function

1 Write down the range of f(x) in each of the following.
(i) f(x) = 2x xø2
(ii) f(x) = x + 2 xø2
x
(iii) f(x) = xø2
2
(iv) f(x) = x – 2 xø2
2 Write down the range of f(x) in each of the following.
(i) f(x) = 5 – x x>4
(ii) f(x) = 5 – 2x x>4
(iii) f(x) = 5 – 3x x>4
(iv) f(x) = 5 – 4x x>4
3 Write down the range of f(x) in each of the following.
x
(i) f(x) = − 1 2x4
2
x −1
(ii) f(x) = −1 2x4
2
x
(iii) f(x) = + 3 2x4
2
x −1
(iv) f(x) = +3 2x4
2
4 − 3x
(v) f(x) = 0øxø4
2
5 − 2x
(vi) f(x) = –2 ø x ø 4
3
4 Write down the range of f(x) in each of the following.
(i) f(x) = x2 0øxø4
(ii) f(x) = x2 –2 ø x ø 4
(iii) f(x) = x3 – 2 0øxø4
(iv) f(x) = x3 + 2 –4 ø x ø 4

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 5 In each of the following, a sketch of a function f(x) is shown.
Write down the domain and the range for f(x). 3
(i) y (ii) y

(5, 13) (–3, 9)

Chapter 3 Algebra III

3
1.5
O x
3

–1.5 (4, –5)

O x
(–2, –1)

y y
(iii) (iv)
(3, 16)
(2, 9)

1
–1
(–2, 1) 1 O x
–1 O x

(–2, –7)

6 A sketch is drawn for each of the curves in parts (i) to (iv). Use this sketch
to work out the range of the function in the given interval.
(i) f(x) = x2 + x (ii) f(x) = x2 – x
–3  x  2 –3  x  2
y
y (–3, 12)
(–3, 6) (2, 6)

(2, 2)
–1 O x

O 1 x

(iii) f(x) = x2 + x + 3 (iv) f(x) = x2 + x – 4

–3  x  2 –3  x  2
y y

(–3, 9) (2, 9) (–3, 2) (2, 2)

O x

3 –4

O x

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 7 In each of parts (i) to (iv) a sketch of a function, f(x), is shown.
3 Write down the range of the function in the given interval.

(i) –2  x  3 (ii) –2  x  4
Chapter 3 Algebra III

y (–2, 20) y
(3, 12)

–1 O 2 x O 3 x

(–2, –8)
(4, –16)

(iii) –2  x  1 (iv) –3  x  1
y y

(–2, 9)
(1, 3)

–2 O x

–1 O 1 x

(–3, –9)

8 A graph of a function is shown in each of parts (i) to (iv). Use this graph
to work out the range of the function in the given interval.

(i) (ii)
y y

56 16

48 12

40 8

32 4

24
O x
–3 –2 –1 1 2
16 –4

8
–8

O x
–2 –1 1 2 3

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 (iii) (iv)
y y 3
10 6

8 4

Chapter 3 Algebra III

6 2

4
O x
–2 –1 1 2 3 4
2
–2

O x –4
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2
–2
–6
–4
–8

Exercise 3.3 Composite functions

1 Express (2 – x)3 in the form fg(x), stating the expressions corresponding to f(x)
and g(x).
2 Given that f(x) = x – 2 and g(x) = x2 – 2,
(i) write   (a) fg(x) (b) gf(x)
(ii) work out the value of   (a) fg(2) (b) gf(2)
(iii) work out the value of x when fg(x) = gf(x).
3 Given that f(x) = 2x and g(x) = 2 + x,
(i) write (a) fg(x) (b) gf(x)
(ii) calculate as a function of x, (a) fg(2) (b) gf(2)
(iii) work out the value of x when f(x) = g(x).
4 The following functions are composite functions.
For each, define g(x) and h(x) such that f(x) = gh(x).
1
(i) f(x) = 1+ x (ii) f(x) = (1 – x)2 (iii) f(x)=
1+ x
5 The following functions are composite functions.
For each, define g(x), h(x) and k(x) such that f(x) = ghk(x).
1
(ii) f(x) = (1 − 2x )
3
(i) f(x) = 1 + 3x (iii) f(x)=
1 − 4x
6 The following functions are composite functions.
For each, define g(x) and h(x) such that f(x) = gh(x).
1
(i) f(x) = sin 4x      (ii) f(x) = cos(x – 45°)   (iii) f(x) = tan x
2
7 The following functions are composite functions.
For each, define g(x), h(x) and k(x) such that f(x) = ghk(x).
2
1 (iii) f(x) =
(i) f(x) = 3 tan 4x     
(ii) f(x) = sin ( x + 30° )   cos 3x
2
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 8 Functions f and g are defined so that f(x) = x2 and g(x) = ax – 2, where a is
3 a constant.
(i) Define fg(x) and gf(x).
(ii) If a = 2, work out the values of x for which fg(x) = gf(x) and state the
range of values for which fg(x) < gf(x).
Chapter 3 Algebra III

(iii) If a = 1, show that there is only one value of x for which fg(x) = gf(x)
and work out this value.
(iv) Show that f(x) and g(x) cannot be equal if a = 0.
9 Simon and Lisa have decided to redecorate their lounge. They have bought
all the materials and written the following list of what needs to be done.
(a) Paint the ceiling
(b) Undercoat the wooden surfaces
(c) Strip off the old wallpaper
(d) Wallpaper all the walls
(e) Top coat the wooden surfaces with gloss paint
There is a preferred order for performing these tasks.
Treating each task as a function, write down the composite function for
decorating the room.
(Remember that the function performed first will appear at the end of the list.)

Exercise 3.4 Graphs of linear functions

1 For each of the following pairs of points, A and B, calculate the gradient of
the line AB.
(i) A(2, 4)    B(4, 8) (ii) A(3, 5)   B(5, 5)
(iii) A(2, 4)    B(7, 6) (iv) A(3, 6)   B(6, 0)
(v) A(2, 9)    B(5, 3) (vi) A(6, 7)   B(2, 2)
(vii) A(–2, 3)   B(2, 6) (viii) A(3, –4)   B(–7, 6)
(ix) A(–2, –1)     B(–1, –2) (x) A(–2, 0)   B(0, –4)

In the following questions mark the coordinates of all points of intersection with the axes.
2 On the same axes, sketch these lines.
(i) x = 1 (ii) x = –2 (iii) x = 0
3 On the same axes, sketch these lines.
(i) y = 1 (ii) y = –2 (iii) y = 0
4 On the same axes, sketch these lines.
(i) y = x (ii) y = x + 2 (iii) y = x – 4
5 On the same axes, sketch these lines.
(i) y = 2x (ii) y = 2x + 2 (iii) y = 2x – 5
6 On the same axes, sketch these lines.
(i) y = x (ii) y = 2x (iii) y = –x (iv) y = –2x
7 On the same axes, sketch these lines.
1 1
(i) y = x − 2 (ii) y = 2x − (iii) y = 3(x – 1)
2 2
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 8 On the same axes, sketch these lines.
(i) x + 2y = 3 (ii) x – 2y = 3 (iii) 3x – y = 2 3
9 On the same axes, sketch these lines.
(i) 2x + y – 5 = 0 (ii) x – 3y + 2 = 0 (iii) 3x + 4y – 7 = 0

Chapter 3 Algebra III

10 On the same axes, sketch these lines.
x y 2 x 3y 3x 2 y
(i) + +2=0 (ii) − −6= 0 (iii) − +1= 0
3 2 3 2 2 3
11 An electrician charges a fixed call-out fee of £50, and £25 per hour for
any work done.
(i) Write down a formula for the cost £C when a job takes t hours.
(ii) Work out the cost of a job taking 3 hours.
(iii) Work out how long the job takes if the total cost is £250.

Exercise 3.5 Finding the equation of a line

1 Work out the equations of the lines (i) to (iv) in this diagram.
(ii) (iii) (iv)
y

4
(i)
2

0 x
–3 –2 –1 1
–2

2 Work out the equations of the lines (i) to (vi) in this diagram.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
y

0 x
–4 –2 2 4
–2

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 3 Work out the equations of the lines (i) to (v) in this diagram.
3 (iii)
y
(iv)

(ii)
6
Chapter 3 Algebra III

4
(i)
(v)
2

0 x
–2 2 4 6
–2

–4

4 Work out the equations of these lines.

(i) Gradient 1 and passing through (2, 5)
(ii) Gradient 2 and passing through (–1, 3)
(iii) Gradient 3 and passing through (3, –1)
(iv) Gradient 4 and passing through (–2, –5)
5 Work out the equations of these lines.
(i) Gradient –1 and passing through (–1, 2)
(ii) Gradient –2 and passing through (–2, –1)
(iii) Gradient –3 and passing through (–1, –4)
(iv) Gradient –4 and passing through (5, 0)
6 Work out the equation of the line AB in each of these cases.
(i) A(2, 3) B(3, 2) (ii) A(2, 4) B(6, 4)
(iii) A(3, 5) B(5, 1) (iv) A(1, 6) B(4, 5)
7 Work out the equation of the line AB in each of these cases.
(i) A(–1, 2) B(2, –1) (ii) A(–2, 4) B(2, –4)
(iii) A(–1, –2) B(–2, –1) (iv) A(–2, –4) B(–4, –2)
8 Triangle ABC has an angle of 90° at B. Point A is on the y-axis, AB is part
of the line x – 2y + 6 = 0 and C is the point (6, 1).
(i) Sketch the triangle.
(ii) Work out the equations of AC and BC.
(iii) Work out the lengths of AB and BC and hence work out the area of
the triangle.
9 The total cost of a meal and a bottle of wine is £32.75 and the total cost of
two meals and a bottle of wine is £53.75.
(i) How much does a meal cost?
(ii) How much does a bottle of wine cost?

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 10 A taxi journey costs £x plus 90 pence per mile.
A journey of 3 miles costs £5.70.
(i) What is the cost of a journey of 7 miles?
3
(ii) How far is a journey which costs £12?

Chapter 3 Algebra III

Exercise 3.6 Graphs of quadratic functions
1 There are four quadratic curves shown (b)
y
on the right, and four equations below.
Choose the two equations that match 6
the curves labelled (a) and (b).
4
(i) y = x2 + 3
2
(ii) y = 4x – x2
(iii) y = 4 – x2 0 x
–2 2 4
(iv) y = x2 – 2x + 3 –2

–4

(a)

2 Choose an equation from the list below (a) (b)

y
to fit the quadratic curves (a) and (b).
8
(i) y = x2 – 3x + 6
(ii) y = x2 + 6 6

(iii) y = x2 + 3x + 6 4

(iv) y = x2 – 6x + 6 2

0 x
–2 2 4 6
–2

3 Choose an equation from the list below y

to fit the quadratic curves (a) and (b). 4
(i) y = 4 – x2
2
(ii) y = –x2 + 4x – 4
(iii) y = –x2 + 2x – 1 0 x
–2 2 4

(iv) y = 1 – x2 –2

–4

–6

(a) (b)

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 4 (i) For the graph of y = x2 – 2x – 4, work out
3 (a) the vertex
(b) the equation of the line of symmetry
(c) the coordinates of the point where the curve intersects the y-axis.
Chapter 3 Algebra III

(ii) Sketch the graph.

5 (i) For the graph of y = x2 – 4x + 2, work out
(a) the vertex
(b) the equation of the line of symmetry
(c) the coordinates of the point where the curve intersects the y-axis.
(ii) Sketch the graph.
6 (i) For the graph of y = x2 + 2x – 4, work out
(a) the vertex
(b) the equation of the line of symmetry
(c) the coordinates of the point where the curve intersects the y-axis.
(ii) Sketch the graph.
 rite y = 2x2 + 4x – 7 in the form y = a(x + b)2 + c and for its graph
7 (i) W
work out
(a) the vertex
(b) the equation of the line of symmetry
(c) the coordinates of the point where the curve intersects the y-axis.
(ii) Sketch the graph.
8 (i) Write y = 2x2 – 2x – 5 in the form y = a(x – b)2 + c and for its graph
work out
(a) the vertex
(b) the equation of the line of symmetry
(c) the coordinates of the point where the curve intersects the
y-axis.
(ii) Sketch the graph.
9 (i) Write y = 4 + 6x – x2 in the form y = a + (x + b)2 and for its graph
work out
(a) the vertex
(b) the equation of the line of symmetry
(c) the coordinates of the point where the curve intersects the y-axis.
(ii) Sketch the graph.

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 10 Work out the equation of each of the following graphs.
(i) y (ii) y
3
4 4

3 2

Chapter 3 Algebra III

2
0 x
–1 1 2
1 –2

–4
0 x
1 2 3 4
–1 –6

(iii) y

–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x

–1

–2

–3

–4

Exercise 3.7 Inverse functions

2x − 3
1 (i) Use a flow chart to work out the inverse of the function f(x) = .
4
(ii) Sketch the graphs of y = f(x) and y = f−1(x) on the same axes.
(iii) What do you notice?
2 (i) Work out the inverse of the function f(x) = 3x + 2.
(ii) Sketch y = f(x), y = x, and y = f−1(x) on the same axes, using the
reflection property to help you sketch the inverse.
(iii) Work out ff−1(3) and f−1f(3).
(iv) What do you notice?
2 − 3x
3 (i) Work out the inverse of the function f(x) = .
−1
4
(ii) S ketch y = f(x), y = x, and y = f (x) on the same axes, using the
reflection property to help you sketch the inverse.
4 (i) Work out the inverse of the function f(x) = x2 – 9 for x  0.
(ii) S ketch y = f(x), y = x, and y = f−1(x) on the same axes, using the
reflection property to help you sketch the inverse.
5 (i) Work out the inverse of the function f(x) = (x + 2)2 for x  –2.
(ii) Sketch y = f(x), y = x, and y = f−1(x) on the same axes, using the
reflection property to help you sketch the inverse.

21

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 6 (i) Work out the inverse of the function f(x) = 3 x for x  0.
3 (ii) S ketch y = f(x), y = x, and y = f −1(x) on the same axes, using the
reflection property to help you sketch the inverse.
3
7 (i) Work out the inverse of the function f(x) = x for x . 0.
Chapter 3 Algebra III

(ii) Sketch y = f(x), y = x, and y = f −1(x) on the same axes, using the
reflection property to help you sketch the inverse.
8 B
 y first finding an expression for the inverse function, work out the value
of f −1(–3) when
(i) f(x) = 3x – 2
(ii) f(x) = 2x – 3
3 + 4x
(iii) f(x) = .
2
9 By first finding an expression for the inverse function, work out the value
of f −1(8) when
(i) f(x) = x2 + 4 for x  0
(ii) f(x) = (x + 4)2 for x  –4
(iii) f(x) = 4x2 – 3 for x  0.
10 B
 y first finding an expression for the inverse function, work out the value
of f −1(3) when
(i) f(x) = 3 x for x  0
3
(ii) f(x) = for x . 0.
x
Exercise 3.8 Graphs of exponential functions
1 Sketch the graphs of y = 2x and y = 4x on the same axes.
1
2 Sketch the graphs of y = 2x and y = x on the same axes.
2
3 Sketch the graphs of y = 1x, y = 2x and y = 3x on the same axes.
4 Sketch the graphs of y = 2x, y = 2x – 2 and y = 2x + 2 on the same axes.
5 Sketch the graphs of y = 3x and y = 2 × 3x on the same axes.
6 Use any graphing software at your disposal to draw the graphs of
y = 3x ÷ 2 and y = 2x ÷ 3 on the same axes.
7 Use any graphing software at your disposal to draw the graphs of
y = 3x ÷ 2 and y = (3 ÷ 2)x on the same axes.
8 A parachutist jumps out of an aeroplane and after a few seconds opens the
parachute. Her speed, t seconds from when the parachute opens is given by
v m s–1 where v = 5 + 20 × 3−0.1t.
(i) What is her speed when the parachute opens?
(ii) What is her speed after 10 seconds?
(iii) What is her speed after 1 minute?
(iv) Sketch the graph of v against t.

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 9 The number, N, of insects in a colony is given by N = 500 × 20.01t
where t is the time in days after the colony was first discovered.
3
(i) How many insects were there initially?
(ii) How many insects are there after 20 days?

Chapter 3 Algebra III

(iii) S ketch the graph of N against t, marking the points found in parts (i)
and (ii) on your sketch.
10 A radioactive material decays according to the law m = 20 × (0.5)t
where m grams is the mass after t days.
(i) What is the mass initially?
(ii) Sketch the graph of m against t for 0 < t <5.
(iii) Use trial and improvement to work out the number of days until the
mass is less than 0.1 grams.

Exercise 3.9 Graphs of functions with up to three parts to

their domains
1 Draw the graph of y = f(x), where
f(x) = 3 –2 < x , 3
= x 3<x<5
2 Draw the graph of y = f(x), where
f(x) = –x –2 < x , 0
= x 0<x<2
3 Draw the graph of y = f(x), where
f(x) = x + 2 –2 < x , 0
= 2 – x 0<x<2
4 Draw the graph of y = f(x), where
f(x) = x + 3 –3 < x , –2
= 1 –2 < x , 2
= 3 – x 2<x<3
5 Draw the graph of y = f(x), where
f(x) = 4 –4 < x , –2
= x2 –2 < x , 2
= 4 2<x<4
6 Draw the graph of y = f(x), where
f(x) = 0 –2 < x , –1
= 1 – x 2 –1 < x , 0
= 1 + x 2 0<x<1

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 7 Here is the graph of y = f(x). y

3 (i) Define f(x), stating clearly 4

the domain for each part.
3
(ii) State the range of f(x).
2
Chapter 3 Algebra III

(iii) Solve f(x) = 2.

1

–1 0 1 2 3 x

8 Here is the graph of y = f(x). y

(i) Define f(x), stating clearly the 4

domain for each part.
3
(ii) State the range of f(x).
2
(iii) Work out the area between
the graph and the x-axis. 1

–1 0 1 2 3 4 x

–1

9 Here is the graph of y = f(x). y

(i) Define f(x), stating clearly 4

the domain for each part.
3
(ii) State the range of f(x).
2
(iii) Work out f(1).
(iv) Solve f(x) = 2. (3 answers) 1

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x

–1

10 In Utopia, the tax on earned income is calculated as follows.

The first £20 000 is tax free, the next £40 000 is taxed at 20% and the
remaining income is taxed at 40%.
(i) Draw a graph of tax against income, with income on the horizontal
axis, for incomes up to £100 000.
(ii) Work out the tax paid by someone earning £36 000 a year.
(iii) Work out the tax paid by someone earning £75 000 a year.
(iv) Work out the gross income (i.e. income before tax) received by a
person paying £16 000 in tax.

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 4 Algebra IV
Exercise 4.1 Solving quadratic equations by factorising,
completing the square or using the quadratic formula
Where necessary, give the answers in surd form.

1 Solve, by factorising:
(i) x2 – 6x + 8 = 0 (ii) y2 – 9y – 10 = 0
(iii) w2 – 5w = 6 (iv) 2p2 + 7p – 15 = 0
(v) 3n2 – 20n = 7 (vi) 2m2 = 5m + 3
2 Solve, by completing the square:
(i) p2 – 8p + 15 = 0 (ii) x2 – 6x – 16 = 0
(iii) m2 + 2m – 3 = 0 (iv) 2t2 – 6t – 7 = 0
(v) 2y2 – 11y + 5 = 0 (vi) 3n2 – 4n = 2
3 Solve, using the quadratic formula:
(i) y2 + 5y – 9 = 0 (ii) p2 – 3p – 5 = 0
(iii) m2 + 8m + 2 = 0 (iv) 2r 2 + 6r – 9 = 0
(v) 5n2 – 2n = 7 (vi) 3w2 = 2 – 8w
4 Solve
2 x −2 7 m 12
(i) + = (ii) + =5
x 3 6 3 m−2
a 6 y +3 4
(iii) − =3 (iv) + =7
4 a+1 2 2y − 5
6 4 5 1
(v) + =7 (vi) + =6
n n −1 p + 2 2p + 1
5 Solve
x + 3 13 − x w + 2 2w − 1
(i) = (ii) =
2x − 1 x + 4 w − 1 2w + 3
p−3 p+2 2 y − 5 3y + 7
(iii) = (iv) =
1 − 2p 5 − p y +1 y −3
5t − 1 t + 1 3a + 1 6 − a
(v) = (vi) =
2t + 3 t − 2 a − 3 4 − 2a
PS 6 The sides of a right-angled triangle, in centimetres, are x + 1, 2x and 2x + 1.
(i) Explain why 2x + 1 must be the length of the hypotenuse.
(ii) Hence work out the area of the triangle.
PS 7 Given that v2 – 2kv = 4k2, write k in terms of v.
PS 8 The two roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 + 5x + p = 0 are equal.
Work out the value of p.

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 Exercise 4.2 Solving simultaneous equations
4 1 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations by elimination.
(i) 3x + y = 8 (ii) 3p + 8q = 7
4x – y = 6 3p + 11q = 4
Chapter 4 Algebra IV

(iii) 5m + n = 14 (iv) 2a + 3b = 7
3m – 4n = –10 a – 6b = 11
(v) 2r + 3s = –1 (vi) 4c – 3d = 11
3r – 5s = 27 5c = 13 + 7d
2 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations by substitution.
(i) y = x + 1 (ii) y = 7x – 4
y = 2x – 3 y = 3x + 4
(iii) y = 5x + 1 (iv) 4x + 3y = 11
2x + 3y = 20 y = 2x – 13
(v) 2x + y = 7 (vi) 3x – 4y = 23
3x + 2y = 15 x + 7y = –9
3 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations.
(i) y = x + 3 (ii) y = x – 2 (iii) y = 2x – 1
y = x2 – x – 5 y = x2 – 3x – 7 y = x2 + 3x – 3
(iv) y = x + 1 (v) 2x + y = 3 (vi) 2x2 – y2 = 41
2 2
x –y =7 x2 + y2 = 5 x + 3y = –4
4 The straight line y = x + 4 intersects the ellipse 9x2 + 4y2 = 180 twice.
Work out the coordinates of the two points of intersection.
PS 5 The area of a rectangle is 9 cm2.
The length of one of its diagonals is 30 cm.
Work out its perimeter in the form a cm.
PS 6 The sum of two numbers is 6.
The product of the two numbers is 7.
Work out the difference between the two numbers.
PS 7 4 + 34 and 4 − 34 are the roots of the equation x2 + ax + b = 0.
Work out the values of a and b.
PS 8 p and q are the two roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 8x + a = 0.
If the difference between p and q is 14, then work out the value of a.

Exercise 4.3 Factor theorem

1 Show that
(i) (x – 1) is a factor of x3 – 4x + 3
(ii) (x + 2) is a factor of x4 – 16
(iii) (x – 3) is a factor of x3 – x – 24
(iv) (x + 4) is a factor of x3 + 2x2 + 32.

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 2 Show that
(i) (2x – 1) is a factor of 2x3 + 3x2 – 1 4
(ii) (2x + 3) is a factor of 2x3 – 5x2 – 4x + 12
(iii) (3x + 1) is a factor of 9x4 – x2 + 6x + 2

Chapter 4 Algebra IV
(iv) (2x + 1) is a factor of 8x4 + 2x2 – 1.
3 (i) Show that (x – 1) is a factor of x3 – 3x + 2.
(ii) Hence fully factorise x3 – 3x + 2.
4 f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6
(i) Calculate f(2).
(ii) Hence fully factorise f(x).
5 g(x) = x3 – 5x2 + 5x + 3
(i) Show that (x – 3) is a factor of g(x).
(ii) Hence solve g(x) = 0.
6 (x + 2) is a factor of x5 – ax2 + 8 = 0.
Work out the value of a.
PS 7 (x + 2) and (x – 4) are two factors of x3 + 3x2 + px + q.
Work out the third factor.
PS 8 (x + 1) is a factor of x4 + 3x3 + px + q.
(x – 2) is a factor of x3 – px2 + qx + 9.
Work out the values of p and q.

Exercise 4.4 Linear inequalities

1 Solve the following inequalities.
(i) 3x + 7 . 5 (ii) 5 – 2x , 9
(iii) 4x + 3 < 7x – 2 (iv) 2(3x – 4)  x + 4
(v) 7(x – 2) . 3(x + 5) (vi) 4(x + 3) < 2(3x – 7) + 6
2 Work out the values of x that satisfy both inequalities 2x + 1 . 0 and
3x – 5 < 0.
3 Solve the following inequalities.
2x + 3 3 − x
(i) ,7 (ii) 6 <
5 4
x +1
(iii) ˘x−2 (iv) 2x + 1 . x − 4
3 2

(v) 3 − x , 5 − 2x (vi) 5 − x > x + 1

2 3 6 2
4 Solve the following inequalities.
(i) 2 < x + 3 < 5 (ii) 4 , 3x + 1 < 10
(iii) 2 , 5 – x , 11 (iv) –1 < 3 – 2x , 9
x −2
(v) 3 , ¯4 (vi) −1 ¯ x − 1 , 9
5 4

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 5 Given that 1 < p < 3 and 2 < q < 7, work out the inequalities for
4 (i) p + q (ii) p – q
(iii) 2p + q (iv) p – 3q.
6 Given that −4 < m < 3 and −2 < n , 5, work out the inequalities for
Chapter 4 Algebra IV

(i) m2 (ii) m + n
(iii) m2 – n2 (iv) n3.
7 Given that x < 0 and y > 0, decide whether the following statements are
ALWAYS TRUE, SOMETIMES TRUE or NEVER TRUE.
(i) 2x . 1 (ii) x + y , 0
(iii) xy , 0 (iv) y – x . 0
(v) x2 . 0 (vi) y , 5
8 Given that 0 , w , 1, x , 0 and y , 1, decide whether the following
statements are ALWAYS TRUE, SOMETIMES TRUE or NEVER TRUE.
(i) 3w , 1 (ii) wxy , 0
wx
(iii) ¯ −6 (iv) 0 , wx , 1
y
w
(v) ,0 (vi) –3 , w + x + y , 3
x

Exercise 4.5 Quadratic inequalities

1 Solve the following inequalities.
(i) x2 – 4x + 3 . 0 (ii) x2 + 7x + 6 < 0 (iii) x2 – 3x – 4 > 0
(iv) x2 – 5x < 14 (v) x2 + 7 , 8x (vi) 80 – x2 . 2x
2 Solve the following inequalities (expressing your answers in terms of surds
where necessary).
(i) 4x2 – 3x – 1  0 (ii) 2x2 – x – 1 , 0 (iii) 2x2 , x + 3
(iv) 3x2 + 2 > 7x (v) x2 + 3x . 7 (vi) 2x2 < 3x + 9
3 For which values of x are the following graphs below the x-axis?
(i) y = x2 – 3x + 2 (ii) y = x2 – 1 (iii) y = 2x2 – 3x + 1
(iv) y = 9 – x2 (v) y = 3 + 2x – 5x2 (vi) y = 2 + x – 4x2
4 The dimensions (in cm) of a triangle and a rectangle are shown in the
diagram. If the area of the triangle is greater than the area of the rectangle,
work out the possible values of x.
2x − 1 2x + 1

x+3
x−2

5 (i) Solve 3(y + 2) > y – 12

(ii) Solve y2  4
(iii) Hence work out the values of y for which both inequalities are satisfied.
6 (i) Solve (x + 4)(x – 2) , 0
(ii) Solve (x + 1)(x – 5) < 0
(iii) Hence work out the values of x for which both inequalities are satisfied.
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 PS 7 (i) Solve x2 – 4x + 3 < 0
(ii) Solve y2 – 6y + 8 , 0 4
(iii) Hence, given that w = x + y, work out an inequality for w.
PS 8 Given that p2 , 9 and q2 – 3q < 10, work out an inequality for m, where

Chapter 4 Algebra IV
m = 2p – q.
PS 9 For which values of x is the graph of y = 2x2 – 5 below the graph of
y = x2 – x – 3?
y y = 2x2 − 5

y = x2 − x − 3

O x

Exercise 4.6 Indices

1 Write as single powers of x.
x2 × x7 x3 1 1 1
(i) (ii)    (iii) x 2 × x 3 × x 6
x5 x7 × x4
(iv) x 4 × x 8 ÷ x 5 (v)    3 x 4 × x 11 (vi) (x )3 6

x3 × x7
(vii)   (x) 5 4
(viii) 4
x8 × x5

2 Expand and simplify.

1  1 −1 
(i) x2(x3 + x-4) (ii) x 2  2x 2 + x 2  (iii) x−1(x − 3x−2)
 
 2 5
  − 
1
(iv) 3
x  x 3 − 4x 3  (v) 4 x  3x 1.75 + x 4 
   
3 Solve, giving solutions as exact values.
1
1
(i)  x−1 = 7 (ii)   x 2 = 9 (iii) x −2 =
4
1 2
− 2
(iv) x 3
=− (v)   x−3 = 8 (vi) x 3 = 16
3
1 3
− −
(vii) x 2 =4 (viii) x 2 = 27
4 (i) Solve 3y – 1 = 0. (ii) Hence solve (3x+2 – 1) (3x – 81) = 0.
 se a suitable substitution to show that the equation 4x = 2x+1 + 8 can
5 (i) U
be written as y2 – 2y – 8 = 0.
(ii) Hence solve 4x = 2x+1 + 8.
2
6 Solve x + 3 + = 0.
x
7 Solve x + 6 = 5 x .
PS 8 Solve (x2 – 3)x – 3 = 1.

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 Exercise 4.7 Algebraic proof
4 1 (i) Prove that the product of any two odd numbers is always odd.
(ii) Prove that the product of any two even numbers is always even.
Chapter 4 Algebra IV

2 (i) Complete the square for the expression x2 − 2x + 3.

(ii) Hence show that x2 – 2x + 3 is positive for all values of x.
3 Given that f(x) = x2 prove that f(y + 4) – f(y) is a multiple of 8 for all y.
4 Prove that the product of two consecutive integers added to the higher
integer is always a square number.
5 (i) Prove that all even square numbers are multiples of 4.
(ii) Prove that all odd square numbers are one more than a multiple of 4.
6 Prove that a square number can never be one less than a multiple of 3.
7 (i) Show that x2 – 2xy + y2 ˘ 0 for all values of x and y.
(ii) Hence show that (x + y)2 ˘ 4xy for all values of x and y.
x+y
(iii) Hence show that > xy for all positive x and y.
2
x y
8 (i) Write + as a single fraction.
y x
(ii) Show that x2 − 2xy + y2 ˘ 0 for all values of x and y.
x y
(iii) Hence show that + > 2 for all positive x and y.
y x

Exercise 4.8 Linear sequences

1 Work out an expression for the nth term for each of the following linear
sequences.
(i) 5, 8, 11, 14, …
(ii) 6, 10, 14, 18, …
(iii) 10, 20, 30, 40, …
(iv) 7, 2, –3, –8, …
(v) 0, –3, –6, –9, …
(vi) –5, –9, –13, –17, …
2 Work out the 100th term of each of these linear sequences.
(i) 4, 6, 8, 10, …
(ii) 6, 11, 16, 21, …
(iii) 10, 19, 28, 37, …
(iv) 6, –1, –8, –15, …
(v) 0, –8, –16, –24, …
(vi) –7, –9, –11, –13, …

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 3 For each of these linear sequences, work out the value of the first term
of the sequence that is greater than 250.
4
(i) 2, 8, 14, 20, …
(ii) 7, 10, 13, 16, …

Chapter 4 Algebra IV
(iii) 11, 20, 29, 38, …
(iv) –7, –2, 3, 8, …
(v) 0, 3, 6, 9, …
(vi) –5, –1, 3, 7, …
4 Work out the value of the first negative term in each of these linear sequences.
(i) 74, 66, 58, 50, …
(ii) 100, 97, 94, 91, …
(iii) 4000, 3994, 3988, 3982, …
(iv) 2000, 1991, 1982, 1973, …
(v) 500, 488, 476, 464, …
(vi) 987, 980, 973, 966, …

PS 5 p is the first number of a linear sequence.

q is the second number of the same sequence.
(i) Write the third number in terms of p and q.
(ii) Write the nth number in terms of p, q and n.
(iii) Given that the 10th number is 74, write an equation connecting p and q.
(iv) Given also that the 12th number is 88, work out the values of p and q.
PS 6 The nth term of a sequence is 7n + 2.
Explain why 654 is not a term in the sequence.
PS 7 The nth term of a sequence is n2.
Prove that the difference between consecutive terms is always odd.
PS 8 a, b and c are the first three terms respectively of a linear sequence.
Work out an expression for b in terms of a and c.

Exercise 4.9 Quadratic sequences and the limiting value

of a sequence
1 Calculate the next term of each quadratic sequence.
(i) 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, …
(ii) 4, 8, 14, 22, 32, …
(iii) 3, 6, 11, 18, 27, …
(iv) 15, 13, 10, 6, 1, …

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 2 Work out the nth term for each of the following quadratic sequences.
4 (i) 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, …
(ii) 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, …
(iii) 1, 3, 7, 13, 21, …
Chapter 4 Algebra IV

(iv) 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, …

(v) 5, 9, 17, 29, 45, …
(vi) 30, 29, 22, 9, –10, …

PS 3 5, 8, p, 26, 41 are the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th terms of a quadratic
sequence, respectively.
(i) Calculate the value of p.
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, work out the nth term of the sequence.
3 − 2n
4 The nth term of a sequence is .
3n + 4
(i) Calculate the first three terms of the sequence.
(ii) Write down the limiting value of the sequence as n → ∞.
an + 5
PS 5 The nth term of a sequence is .
2n − 1
The limiting value of the sequence as n → ∞ is –3.
(i) Write down the value of a.
(ii) Calculate the first term of the sequence.
6 3, 11 and 25 are the first three terms of a quadratic sequence.
Work out the nth term of the sequence.
4n 2 − 5n + 6 Divide the numerator
PS 7 The nth term of a sequence is .
7 + 4n − 11n 2 and denominator by n2.
Work out its limiting value.
PS 8 2, p, 12, q, 30 is a quadratic sequence.
Work out the values of p and q.

Exercise 4.10 Simultaneous equations in three unknowns

1 Solve the simultaneous equations:
x + y + z = 12
2x + y + z = 23
x + 2y + z = 25
2 Solve the simultaneous equations:
3x + y – z = –4
 x + 2y + z = 6
 2x – 3y + 4z = 4
PS 3 (x – 1) and (x + 1) are factors of x3 + px2 + qx + r.
(i) Work out the value of q.
(ii) Given also that p = r + 6, work out the values of p and r.
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 4 Solve the simultaneous equations:   
2x + 5y = z + 19 4
3x + 4z = 2y – 11
x + 3y – 14 = 2z

Chapter 4 Algebra IV
5 Solve the simultaneous equations y = x – 5, z = 5 – 3y and x = 3 – 4z.
an + 1
6 The nth term of a sequence is .
2n + b
The first term of the sequence is –3, and its limiting value as n → ∞ is 4.
Work out the value of the 3rd term.
PS 7 Explain why these simultaneous equations have no solution.
2x + y – 3z = 1
4x + 2y – 6z = 5
2x – y + 3z = 2
PS 8 The nth term of a sequence is given by an2 + bn + c.
The 2nd, 3rd and 5th terms of the sequence are –4, –4 and 2 respectively.
(i) Write down three equations in a, b and c.
(ii) S olve the equations in part (i) to work out the nth term of the
sequence.

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 5 Coordinate geometry
Exercise 5.1 Parallel and perpendicular lines: distances,
midpoints and gradients

In all questions involving axes we assume the same scale on both axes, unless
otherwise stated.

1 For each of the following pairs of points A and B, work out

(a) the gradient of the line AB
(b) the gradient of the line perpendicular to AB
(c) the length of AB
(d) the coordinates of the midpoint of AB
(i) A(2, 1) B(4, 7) (ii) A(2, 3) B(5, 9)
(iii) A(5, 2) B(–3, 2) (iv) A(0, 7) B(5, 8)
(v) A(–2, 6) B(4, 3) (vi) A(–5, –3) B(2, 4)
(vii) A(–9, 2) B(0, –2) (viii) A(4, –6) B(6, –4)
2 A(3, 4), B(6, 1) and C(10, 5) are the vertices of a triangle.
(i) Draw the triangle.
(ii) S how that the triangle is right-angled by finding the lengths of the sides.
(iii) Show that the triangle is right-angled by finding the gradients of the sides.
(iv) Work out the area of the triangle.
3 A triangle has vertices A(4, 0), B( 6, 4) and C(–1, 5).
(i) Draw the triangle.
(ii) Show that the triangle is isosceles.
(iii) Work out the area of the triangle.
4 A triangle has vertices (–3, 4), (7, 4) and (6, 1). Work out
(i) the lengths of the sides of the triangle and hence show that the triangle
is right-angled
(ii) the area of the triangle.
5 The three points A(1, 4), B(x, 1) and C(9, 0) are collinear (i.e. they lie on
the same straight line).
(i) Work out the value of x.
(ii) Work out the ratio of the lengths AB : BC.
6 A quadrilateral has vertices A(0, 0), B(4, 4), C(6, 2) and D(2, –2). Work out
the type of quadrilateral by calculating the gradients and lengths of the sides.
7 A quadrilateral has vertices A(–4, 3), B(–1, 4), C(5, 2) and D(5, 0).
(i) Draw the quadrilateral.
(ii) Using appropriate calculations, work out the type of quadrilateral.
(iii) Work out the possible coordinates of the point E when ABCE is a
parallelogram.
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 8 A triangle has vertices A(–1, 2), B(4, –1) and C(1, –2.5).
(i) Draw the triangle. 5
(ii) W
 ork out the coordinates of the point D so that ABCD is a
parallelogram.

Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

9 A triangle has vertices A(–1, –1), B(1, 2) and C(4, 0).
(i) Draw the triangle.
(ii) Give two words that describe the triangle and, in each case, show why
this is true.
10 A quadrilateral has vertices A(2, 3), B(4, 5), C(6, 3) and D(4, –2).
(i) Draw the quadrilateral.
(ii) Show by calculation that ABCD is a kite.
(iii) Work out the area of the kite.
E is the point (4, 2).
(iv) Work out the area of ABCE and hence state the area of AECD.
11 The vertices of a triangle are A(7, 3), B(–4, 1) and C(–3, –2).
(i) Show that the triangle is isosceles.
(ii) Work out the midpoint of BC.
(iii) Work out the area of the triangle.
12 The points A(1, 3), B(5, 7), C(4, 8) and D(x, y) form a rectangle.
(i) Show A, B and C on a diagram.
(ii) Work out the coordinates of D and hence calculate the area of the rectangle.
13 The perpendicular bisector of a line AB is the line that is perpendicular to
AB and passes through its midpoint.
(i) Write, in terms of p and q, the coordinates of the midpoint of the line
joining A(p, q) and B(q, p).
(ii) Show that the origin is on the perpendicular bisector of the line AB.
14 A(3, –1), B(6, 0), C(7, 3) and D(4, 2) are the vertices of a quadrilateral.
(i) Sketch the quadrilateral and specify the type of quadrilateral.
(ii) Prove that the diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
(iii) Work out the area of the quadrilateral.
15 The vertices of a triangle are A(a, 0), B(0, b) and C(c, d) and angle ABC = 90°
You may find it helpful Write the relationship between a, b, c and d.
to use graph paper for
16 A quadrilateral has vertices A(–3, –1), B(–1, 3), C(5, 5) and D(6, 2).
Question 16.
Draw the quadrilateral and hence calculate its area.

Exercise 5.2 Equations of straight lines

1 By calculating the gradients of the following pairs of lines, state whether
they are parallel, perpendicular or neither.
(i) x=3 y=3
(ii) y = 3x + 2 y = 3x – 2
(iii) y = 4 – 2x y = 4 + 2x
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 (iv) x + 2y = 4 x – 2y = 4
5 (v) x – 2y = 3 y – 2x = 4
(vi) 3x – 2y + 5 = 0 3x – 2y – 7 = 0
(vii) x = 2y 2x + y = 3
Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

(viii) 2x + 5y = 7 5x + 2y = 7
2 Work out the equations of these lines.
(i) Parallel to y = 4x and passing through (3, –1)
(ii) Parallel to y = 5x + 3 and passing through (1, –2)
(iii) Parallel to y = 2 – 4x and passing through (5, –3)
(iv) Parallel to 2x – 3y = 5 and passing through (2, 6)
(v) Parallel to x – 2y + 4 = 0 and passing through (–3, –2)
(vi) Parallel to 2x + 3y – 6 = 0 and passing through (5, –1)
3 Work out the equations of these lines:
(i) Perpendicular to y = 3x and passing through (0, 2)
(ii) Perpendicular to y = 2x – 3 and passing through (3, –1)
(iii) Perpendicular to y + x = 2 and passing through (–2, 4)
(iv) Perpendicular to 2x + 3y = 5 and passing through (0, 0)
(v) Perpendicular to 3x – 2y = 1 and passing through (–3, 2)
(vi) Perpendicular to 4x – 3y = 0 and passing through (4, –1)
4 Triangle ABC has an angle of 90° at C. Point A is on the x-axis, B is on the
y-axis, AB is part of the line 3x + 2y – 12 = 0 and C is the point (5, 5).
(i) Sketch the triangle.
(ii) Work out the coordinates of A and B.
(iii) Calculate the area of the triangle.
5 The line with equation 3x – 4y + 12 = 0 cuts the x-axis at A and the
y-axis at B.
(i) Work out the coordinates of A and B.
(ii) Sketch the line.
(iii) Work out the area of triangle AOB where O is the origin.
(iv) Work out the equation of the line perpendicular to AB and passing
through O.
(v) Work out the length of AB and calculate the shortest distance from O to AB.
6 A quadrilateral has vertices at the points A(−3, −2), B(–3, 0), C(3, 2) and
D(3, 0).
(i) Sketch the quadrilateral.
(ii) W
 ork out the gradient of each side and hence identify the type of
quadrilateral.
(iii) Work out the area of the quadrilateral.
(iv) Work out the gradient of AC and hence calculate the acute angle between
the two diagonals of the quadrilateral, giving your answer to 1 d.p.

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 7 A right-angled isosceles triangle has two of its vertices at the origin O(0, 0)
and the point A(4, 3). The right angle is at (0, 0).
(i) Sketch two possible positions of the triangle on the same diagram.
5
(ii) B
 is the vertex to the left of A. Work out the lengths of the sides OA,
OB and AB.

Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

(iii) Work out the equations of the three sides of the triangle OAB.
(iv) Work out the coordinates of the other possible vertex C
(v) Explain why the triangle ABC is also isosceles and calculate its area.
8 When the mortgage rate was 4% a small building society lent £240 million,
but when the rate dropped to 2.4% it lent £400 million. Assume that the
graph of amount lent against interest rate is linear for interest rates between
2% and 6%.
(i) Sketch the graph of amount lent (in £million) against interest rates (%)
in this interval, with interest rates on the horizontal axis.
(ii) Work out the equation of the line.
(iii) Work out the amount lent if the interest rate is
(a) 2%      (b) 5%.
9 A student is carrying out an experiment to measure the elasticity of an
elastic band. The instructions are to hang different masses on one end, to
measure the stretched length, and to repeat this five times, with different
masses. However, because of a shortage of time, the experiment is only
carried out twice and these pairs of data are used rather than finding a line
of best fit for more points. The results are:

Mass in grams (x) 50 100

Length in mm (y) 180 270

Assume that the graph of mass against length is a straight line.

(i) Sketch the graph of length against mass.
(ii) Find the equation of the line.
(iii) Find the unstretched length of the elastic band.
(iv) Find the load which gives an extension of 150 mm.
(v) What do you think will happen when a load of 1kg is attached to the
elastic band?
10 Temperature is commonly expressed in degrees Celsius, but there is an
alternative scale called Fahrenheit. The freezing point of water can be
written as 0 °C or 32 °F and the boiling point as 100 °C or 212 °F. Both of
these are linear scales.
(i) Sketch the graph of degrees Celsius on the horizontal axis against
degrees Fahrenheit on the vertical axis, using the two pieces of
information given.
(ii) U
 se this information to find a formula that will convert degrees
Celcius (c) to degrees Fahrenheit (  f  )
(iii) What temperature would have the same numerical value on both
scales?

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 Exercise 5.3 The intersection of two lines
5 You will need graph paper for this exercise.

1 Solve these pairs of simultaneous equations by plotting their graphs. In each

case you are given a suitable range of values for x.
Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

(i) y = x + 1   x + y = 3 –1 ø x ø 4
(ii) x + 2y = 4   x – 2y = –2 –2 ø x ø 4
2 Solve these pairs of simultaneous equations by plotting their graphs. In each
case you are given a suitable range of values for x.
(i) y = x – 3   x + 3y = –1      –1 ø x ø 5
(ii) x + 3y = 0   x – 3y + 6 = 0   –6 ø x ø 0
 lot the lines y = 3, x – 2y = 0 and x + 2y = 4 on the same axes for
3 (i) P
–2 ø x ø 6.
(ii) S tate the coordinates of the three points of intersection, and for each
point give the pair of simultaneous equations that are satisfied there.
(iii) Work out the area of the triangle enclosed by the three lines.
(iv) Name the type of triangle.
4 (i) Plot the lines y = x – 8 and 2x + y = 7 on the same axes for 0 ø x ø 9.
(ii) Calculate the area between these two lines and the x-axis.
(iii) Calculate the area between these two lines and the y-axis.
5 A triangle has vertices A(–1, 2), B(3, 4) and C(4, 2).
(i) Calculate the lengths of the sides of the triangle.
(ii) Calculate the gradients of the sides of the triangle.
(iii) Describe the triangle.
(iv) Calculate the area of the triangle.
6 (i) The coordinates of three vertices of a kite are A(7, 5), B(4, 2) and C(7, –8).
Sketch the kite and state the coordinates of the fourth vertex D.
(ii) Which sides of the kite are perpendicular? Show your working out.
(iii) Calculate the area of the kite if 1 unit represents 12 cm.
7 Amanda and Belinda each have a part-time job during two weeks of their
summer holidays in order to raise spending money for their holiday away.
Amanda is paid for 14 days work and Belinda, who doesn’t work at the
weekend, is paid for 10 days. Belinda’s job is more skilful and she is paid £2
more per day than Amanda. Together they earn £224.
Work out how much they each earn per day.
8 Michael’s parents decided to save all their 10p and 20p coins for their son.
After two weeks they decided to see how much had been saved and were
delighted with the sum of £7.80 from a total of 48 coins.
How many coins were there of each denomination?
9 The ages of a man and his grandson add up to 80 years. Ten years later the
man will be four times as old as his grandson.
How old are they now?
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 10 Try to solve each of the following using simultaneous equations. Give a
reason for what is happening in each case.
(i) Four pork chops and two lamb chops cost £12 and six pork chops and
5
three lamb chops cost £18.
Work out the cost of two pork chops and one lamb chop.

Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

(ii) 2x + y + 3z =19 and x + y + 4z =17
(a) Using simultaneous equation techniques, write x in terms of z
and y in terms of z.
(b) W  hat happens when you substitute these values in an attempt to
solve the simultaneous equations?
(c) Why?

Exercise 5.4 Dividing of a line in a given ratio

1 In each of the following, AB is a straight line and C is a point on AB.
Work out the coordinates of C.
(i) A is (1, 3)    B is (10, 6) AC : CB is 2 : 1
(ii) A is (–4, 3)   B is (2, 0)   AC : CB is 1 : 2
(iii) A is (–2, 10) B is (5, –4) AC : CB is 5 : 2
(iv) A is (–3, –7) B is (6, 11) AC : CB is 2 : 7
2 In each of the following, PQR is a straight line. The coordinates of two
points on the line and the ratio PQ : QR are given. In each case, work out
the coordinates of the remaining point.
(i) P is (1, 3)   Q is (3, 4)    PQ : QR is 2 : 5
(ii) P is (20, –4) Q is (15, –3) PQ : QR is 5 : 3
(iii) P is (–4, –5) R is (6, 0)    PQ : QR is 4 : 1
(iv) Q is (0, –1)   R is (4, –5)   PQ : QR is 3 : 2
3 ABC is a straight line where AB is 50% longer than BC. A is the point
(–3, 7) and B is the point (3, 4).
(i) Draw the line ABC.
(ii) Work out the ratio AB : BC in its simplest form.
(iii) Work out the coordinates of C.
4 PQR is a straight line with PR = 3PQ. P is the point (–3, 7) and R is the
point (6, 1).
(i) Draw the line PQR.
(ii) Work out the coordinates of Q.
5 Work out the ratio in each of the following cases.
(i) The circumference of a circle to its diameter.
(ii) The perimeter of a square to the length of a side.
(iii) The areas of circles with radii 5 cm and 6 cm respectively.
(iv) The areas of squares with sides of length 5 cm and 6 cm respectively.
6 A man left £150 000 in his will to be divided among his three children in
the ratio of their ages at the time of making his will. At this time, Anna was
22, Brian was 26 and Charlotte was 27. How much does each receive?
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 7 A mother has three children aged 4, 6 and 8. The three children cannot
5 agree on the correct share they should each have of a circular cake. She
rules that it should be divided in the same ratio as their ages. How many
degrees of cake should each child have?
8 The total cost of building a house may be divided between materials, wages
Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

and administrative costs. In 2018 a builder found that, for a particular type
of house, these costs were in the ratio 3 : 6 : 1.
(i) Work out each of these costs for a house that cost £250 000 to build.
B
 y 2019 the cost of materials had risen by 5%, wages by 4% and
administrative costs by 6%.
(ii) C
 alculate the new cost of building a similar house and the overall
percentage increase in costs.

Exercise 5.5 Equation of a circle

1 Write down the equations of these circles:
(i) centre (0, 1), radius 3
(ii) centre (3, 0), radius 5
(iii) centre (–2, 5), radius 2
(iv) centre (4, –3), radius 3
(v) centre (–6, –2), radius 4.
2 For each of the circles given below
(a) state the coordinates of the centre
(b) state the radius
(c) sketch the circle, paying particular attention to its position in
relation to the origin and the coordinate axes.
(i) x2 + y2 = 4
(ii) (x – 2)2 + y2 = 9
(iii) x2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
(iv) (x – 5)2 + (y – 5)2 = 25
(v) (x + 3)2 + (y – 4)2 = 25
3 Write down the equations of these circles:
(i) centre (2, 3), passing through (0, 3)
(ii) centre (–1, 2), passing through (2, –1)
(iii) centre (1, –1), passing through (1, 2).
4 Show that the equation x2 + y2 + 4x − 6y – 12 = 0 represents a circle.
Hence give the coordinates of the centre, the radius of the circle and sketch
the circle.
5 Why does the equation x2 + y2 + 4x − 6y + 19 = 0 not represent a circle?
6 A and B are the points (−2, 4) and (6, 10) respectively. Work out the
equation of the circle that has AB as diameter.

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 7 A circle of radius 13 cm passes through the points (2, 0) and (12, 0).
(i) Sketch two possible positions of the circle. 5
 he centre of the top circle is A. State the x coordinate of A and hence
(ii) T
calculate its y coordinate.

Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

(iii) State the coordinates of the centre of the bottom circle.
(iv) Write down the equations of the two circles.
(v) Work out the points of intersections of the circles with the y-axis,
giving your answers to 2 decimal places.
8 Show that the equation x2 + y2 − 6x + 4y + 4 = 4 represents a circle. Work
out the coordinates of the centre and the radius of the circle and write
down the equation of a concentric circle with radius 5.
9 A circle with centre (–1, 1) passes through the point (2, 5).
(i) Work out the equation of the circle.
(ii) W
 ork out the equation of a circle with the same centre and double
the radius.
10 Work out the midpoint, C, of AB where A and B are (1, 8) and (3, 14)
respectively. Hence work out the equation of the circle with AB as
diameter.
11 A circle passes through the points (1, 0) and (5, 0) and has the y-axis as a
tangent. Write down two possible equations for the circle and illustrate
these on a sketch.

Exercise 5.6 Circle geometry, including tangents and

chords
A(2, 8) If a diagram is not given, a sketch may help.

1 AB is a diameter of a circle and P is a point on the circumference. A and P

are the points (2, 8) and (4, –2) respectively. Work out the gradient of BP.
2 A(6, 3) and B(10, 1) are two points on a circle with centre (11, 8). Work out
P(4, −2) (i) the coordinates of the midpoint of the chord AB
B
(ii) the distance of the chord AB from the centre of the circle
(iii) the radius of the circle
(iv) the equation of the circle.
3 The diagram shows the circle y
(x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 100. 6 P(8, y1)
4
(i) Write down the radius of the 2
circle and the coordinates of the
centre C. –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
–2

 (8, y1) and Q(8, y2) are points on

(ii) P –4

the circumference of the circle. –6

Work out the values of y1 and y2. –8

–10
(iii) W
 ork out the area of the triangle –12 Q(8, y2)

CPQ.

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 4 The diagram shows the circle y

5 (x − 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = r 2 with the

tangent at the point (1, 1).
2

1
(i) Work out the radius of the circle.
(ii) Write the equation of the
Chapter 5 Coordinate geometry

0 x
–1 1 2 3 4
tangent at the point (1, 1).
–1

–2

–3

5 A circle with its centre on the y-axis and radius 5, intersects the x-axis at
(–3, 0) and the positive y-axis at (0, y).
(i) Work out the value of y, where y is positive.
(ii) W
 rite the equations of the tangents to the circle at the points (–3, 0)
and (0, y) and work out their point of intersection.
6 A is the point (–3, 7) on the circle with centre, C (0, 3).
(i) Sketch the circle and work out its radius.
(ii) B is at the opposite end of the diameter to A, and D is the point (x, 7).
Work out the coordinates of B and D.
(iii) Describe the triangle, ABD.
7 (i) Sketch the circle (x − 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25.
(ii) Write the equations of the tangents to the circle at the points (–2, 2)
and (1, –7).
(iii) Work out the point of intersection of these tangents.
8 A circle has equation x2 + y2 + 10y = 0.
(i) Work out the radius of the circle and the coordinates of its centre, C,
and hence sketch the circle.
(ii) Write the equation of the tangent to the circle at the point B(3, –9)
and work out the coordinates of the point A, where this tangent
intersects the x-axis.
(iii) Sketch the quadrilateral OABC, where O is the origin, and work out
its area.
9 A circle of radius 3 has its centre at the point D(0, 3). A is the point (4, 0)
and the x-axis is a tangent to the circle. The other tangent to the circle
from A touches the circle at B.
(i) Write down the equation of the circle.
(ii) Sketch the circle and the tangent, AB.
(iii) Work out the area OABD, where O is the origin.

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 6 Geometry I
Exercise 6.1 Circle theorems
1 C is the centre of the circle. Work out angle x.

122°
x

2 PQ is a tangent. Work out

S
angle x.

40°
x
P Q

3 C is the centre of the circle and PQ = QS. Q

Work out angle x. R
54°

C
x

S
P

4 C is the centre of the circle. Show that PR Q

bisects ∠QPS. R

40° 70°
P S
C

5 Work out the angles of the triangle R

PQR.
T
Q 40°

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 6 T
 he diagram shows a circle, centre O, A

6 inscribed in a triangle ABC.

Work out ∠RQP.
R Q

O
Chapter 6 Geometry I

50°
B C
P

 ork out the values of x and

7 W
y given that C is the centre of R
the circle and the line AB is a
C
tangent.

58° y
x
A P B

8 (i) P
 QT is a tangent to the circle.
Write down the value of ∠PQR 105°
in terms of x.
R S
(ii) Work out the value of x.

4x
3x

P Q T

9 C is the centre of the circle

and TP is a tangent. Work out R
angle x. C

26° x
S T P

10 C1 and C2 are the centres of A

the two circles.

D
(i) Work out angle y in terms x
of x.
C1 y C2
(ii) Show that AC1BC2 is a
cyclic quadrilateral.
B

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 Exercise 6.2 Geometric proof
1 C is the centre of the circle.
6
(i) Work out the other angles in triangles ABC A
and BCD in terms of x and y.
C

Chapter 6 Geometry I
(ii) Prove that ∠ABD = 90°. y
x
D

B
2 C is the centre of the circle.
Use the diagram above to prove the result x y
‘Angle at the centre is double the angle at
the circumference’.
C

A
E D

P Q
3 C is the centre of the circle.
Use the result from question 2 to prove that x y

‘Angles in the same segment are equal’.

A B

4 C is the centre of the circle and M is the A

midpoint of the chord AB.

Prove that x = 90°, i.e. the line joining the
x
centre of the circle to the midpoint of a chord C M
is perpendicular to the chord.

5 Prove that the opposite angles of a parallelogram D C

are equal.

A B

Q
6 C is the centre of the circle.
Prove that x + y = 180° (i.e. opposite angles of a x
cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180°).
C

P
y R

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 7 AB and AD are tangents D

6 to a circle centre C.
Prove that AB = AD.

C A
Chapter 6 Geometry I

8 PTQ is a tangent to the circle.

Prove the alternate segment A

theorem, i.e. show B

∠ BTQ = ∠ BAT.
(Hint: add the diameter TCR.) Q

T
P

Exercise 6.3 Trigonometry in two dimensions

1 Work out the length marked x in each of these triangles. Give your answers
correct to 1 decimal place.
(i)           (ii) 40°

x 8 cm
30°
12 cm

(iii)         
(iv)
x 50° 9 cm
5 cm

62°
x

2 Work out the size of the angle marked θ in each of these triangles. Give
your answers correct to 1 decimal place.
(i) q
   (ii)
7.4 cm
7.2 cm
4.3 cm
q
9.2 cm

(iii)            
(iv) 8.1 cm
q q

2.7 cm 6.2 cm

1.8 cm

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 3 In an isosceles triangle the line of symmetry bisects the base of the triangle.
Use this fact to work out the angle θ and the lengths x and y in these
diagrams. Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place. 6
(i)        (ii) x

Chapter 6 Geometry I
54° 6.2 cm
14.3 cm

q
5.2 cm
(iii) 8.1 cm          (iv) q
25°
y
5.9 cm

4.8 cm

4 Calculate, giving your answers D

correct to 1 decimal place:

(i) Angle ADB 12.3 cm
7.4 cm
(ii) Angle DCB
(iii) The length AC.
A B 8.1 cm C

5 From the top of a vertical cliff 45 m high, a walker can see a llama at an
angle of depression of 28º.
(i) Show this information on a sketch.
(ii) W
 ork out how far the llama is from the base of the cliff. (Assume the
llama is represented by a point.)
In the next question give answers to the nearest metre.
6 Amberchurch (A) is 5.5 km due South of Brampton (B), and Chapeltown
(C) is on a bearing of 050º from Amberchurch. Chapeltown is due East of
Brampton.
(i) Show this information on a sketch.
(ii) Work out the distance of Chapeltown from Amberchurch.
(iii) A walker starts from Amberchurch. He wants to visit Brampton and
Chapeltown, in either order, walking the shortest possible distance, and
then return to Amberchurch by bus. How far, in metres, will he walk?
7 From two points A and B on level ground, the angles of elevation of the top
C of a church spire are θ º and 45º respectively, where θ , 45. D is a point on
the ground vertically below the top of the spire. AB = 30 m and BD = 50 m.
(i) Show this information on a sketch.
(ii) Work out the height of the spire.
(iii) Work out the value of θ.
8 From two points A and B on level ground, the angles of elevation of the top,
T, of a vertical radio mast, ST, which is 60 m high are 23º and 40º, respectively.
(i) Show this information on a sketch.
(ii) Work out the distance BS.
(iii) Work out the distance AB.
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 Exercise 6.4 Angles of 45°, 30° and 60°
6 Use of a calculator is not allowed in Exercise 6.4.

1 Work out the exact value of x in each of the following. Give your answers
in their simplest form.
Chapter 6 Geometry I

(i)    (ii)
60°
(4√ 3 – 2) cm x cm
x cm

30°
3√ 3 cm

(iii)    (iv) x cm 30°

x cm

60°
6√ 2 cm 5 cm
2√3

2 Work out the length AB and hence calculate the area of triangle ABC.
B

30°
A 2 cm C

3 ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 6 cm. Work out its area.

A

6 cm

B C

4 Look at the diagram. B

Work out 45° 60°

2 cm
(i) the length BD
(ii) the length DC
(iii) the area of the triangle ABC. A D C

5 A ship travelling with a constant speed of 30 km h−1 travels 30 km from A to

B on a bearing of 030º and then changes direction to due East for a further
30 km until it reaches C. It then travels directly back to A.
(i) Show this information on a sketch.
(ii) Work out the distance from C to A.
(iii) Work out the total time for the journey in hours and minutes.
6 At midnight, a ship is at a point M travelling at 20 km h−1 and sailing due
North when it passes two lightships, A and B, which are in a line due East
from the ship. Lightship A is closer to the ship than lightship B. At 1 a.m.
the ship is at a point N and the bearings of A and B from the ship are 135º
and 120º, respectively.
(i) Show this information on a sketch.
(ii) Work out the distance from M to A.
(iii) How far apart are the two lightships?
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 7 Three survey points P, Q and R are on a North–South line on level ground.
P is the most northerly, and from P the foot of a statue, S, 200 metres away is on
a bearing of 120º. From Q, S is due East and from R it is on a bearing of 045º. 6
(i) Show this information on a sketch.
(ii) Work out the distances QS and RS.

Chapter 6 Geometry I
8 The diagram shows a pyramid on a square base of side V

80 cm with equilateral triangles for its four sloping sides.

(i) Sketch the side VBC and calculate its area. D
C
(ii) Work out the total surface area of the pyramid. O
A M
(iii) Work out the height of the pyramid.
80 cm
B
Exercise 6.5 Trigonometric functions for angles of any
size, and trigonometric graphs
Give answers to 1 decimal place where necessary.
1 Solve the following equations for 0º ø θ ø 360º.
3
(i) sin θ = 0.5 (ii) cos θ = (iii) tan θ = 2
2
3
(iv) cos θ = −0.5 (v) tan θ = − 2 (vi) sin θ = −
2
2 Solve the following equations for −180º ø θ ø 180º.
(i) 5 sin θ = 2 (ii) 9 cos θ = 4 (iii) 2 tan θ = 7
(iv) 4 cos θ + 3 = 0 (v) tan θ + 7 = 4 (vi) 5 sin θ + 2 = 0
3 Solve the following equations for 0º ø θ ø 360º.
(i) sin2 θ = 0.6 (ii) cos2 θ = 0.4 (iii) tan2 θ = 10
4 (i) Factorise 3x2 − x − 2.
(ii) Hence solve 3x2 − x − 2 = 0.
(iii) Use your results to solve these equations for −360º ø θ ø 360º.
(a) 3 cos2 θ − cos θ − 2 = 0
(b) 3 sin2 θ − sin θ − 2 = 0
(c) 3 tan2 θ − tan θ − 2 = 0
5 Solve the following equations for −180º ø θ ø 180º.
(i) 2 sin2 θ + sin θ = 1
(ii) 2 tan2 θ − 3 tan θ − 5 = 0
(iii) 8 cos2 θ − 2 cos θ − 3 = 0
(iv) 4 − 9 sin2 θ = 0
6 Solve (2 sin θ + 1) (sin θ − 2) (sin θ − 1) = 0 for 0º ø θ ø 360º.
Do not use a calculator in the following question.
7 Solve the following equations for −360º ø θ ø 360º.
(i) cos θ = 1 (ii) 2 cos θ = 1 (iii) 2 cos θ = 1
(iv) sin θ = 1 (v) 2 sin θ = 1 (vi) 2 sin θ = 1
1
(vii) tan θ = 1 (viii) tan θ = (ix) tan θ = 3
3
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  1
6 8 (i) Given that f(x) = 4x3 + 4x2 − x − 1, calculate f
 2
.
(ii) Hence solve 4 cos3 θ + 4 cos2 θ − cos θ − 1 = 0 for −180º ø θ ø 180º.

Exercise 6.6 Trigonometric identities

Chapter 6 Geometry I

Give answers to 1 decimal place where necessary.

1 For each of the equations (i)–(vi):
(a) use the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1 to rewrite the equation in a
form involving only one trigonometric function
(b) factorise where necessary, and hence solve the resulting equation
for 0º ø θ ø 180º.
(i) 2 cos2 θ + 3 sin2 θ = 3 (ii) 3 cos2 θ + 2 sin2 θ = 3
(iii) sin2 θ − sin θ = cos2 θ (iv) cos2 θ − cos θ = sin2 θ
(v) 1− sin θ = cos2 θ (vi) 1− cos θ = sin2 θ
2 For each of the equations (i)–(iv):
(a) use the identity sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1 to rewrite the equation in a
form involving only one trigonometric function
(b) use the quadratic formula to solve the resulting equation for
0º ø θ ø 180º.
(i) sin θ + cos θ = 0
2 (ii) cos2 θ + sin θ = 0
(iii) 2 sin2 θ + cos θ = 0 (iv) 4 sin2 θ − 5 cos θ + 2 = 0
sin θ
3 (i) Use the identity tan θ ≡ to rewrite the equation cos θ = 4 sin θ in
cos θ
terms of tan θ.
(ii) Hence solve cos θ = 4 sin θ for 0º ø θ ø 180º.
sin θ
4 Use the identity tan θ ≡ to solve the following equations for
cos θ
0º ø θ ø 360º.
2 cos θ
(i) tan θ − =0 (ii) sin θ + 2 cos θ = 0
sin θ
(iii) 2 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 0 (iv) 5 cos θ − 2 sin θ = 0
5 Write the following in terms of cos θ.
(i) tan2 θ cos3 θ
PS (ii) sin θ (2 sin θ − tan θ)
1
PS 6 Simplify − 1.
cos 2 x
PS 7 Prove the following identities.
(i) (cos x + sin x)2 + (cos x − sin x)2 ≡ 2
2
 1 + 1  1 + cos x
(ii) ≡
 tan x sin x  1 − cos x
1 1
8 (i) Simplify the expression + .
1 + cos x 1 − cos x
1 1
(ii) Solve + = 4 for 0º ø x ø 360º.
1 + cos x 1 − cos x
1 + tan 2 x = 5 for 0º ø x ø 360º.
9 Solve the equation cos x
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 7 Geometry II
Exercise 7.1 The area of a triangle
Where necessary, leave answers approximated to 1 decimal place.

1 Work out the area of each triangle.

(i)     (ii) 3.5 cm

34 cm 81°
3.5 cm

74°
49 cm

2 Work out the value of x for each triangle.

(i) x cm
      (ii) x cm x cm
56 cm2
73 cm2 24°
44°

15 cm

(iii)
x cm
12 cm
74 cm2
51°
58°

3 Work out the area of an equilateral triangle with side length 9 cm.
4 Work out the side length of an equilateral triangle with area 23 cm2.
5 Work out angle x for each triangle.
(i)    (ii)
12 cm

45 cm2 11 cm 11 cm

x 56 cm2
13 cm
x

6 Work out the value of x in this triangle. (x + 3) cm

22 cm2 34°

2x cm

7 Work out the value of w in this triangle. 104°

wm
(w + 2) m2
35°
8.2 m

PS 8 The area of triangle PQR is (2a + 1) cm2. Q

(a + 3) cm
Work out the possible values of a.

R
79°
P (a + 3) cm

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 PS 9 The area of a regular hexagon is 12 3 cm2. Work out the length of each
7 side of the hexagon.
PS 10 A
 parallelogram has sides of length 12 m and 7 m. One of its angles is 105°.
Work out the area of the parallelogram.
Chapter 7 Geometry II

PS  he area of a parallelogram is 32 cm2. Two of the sides of the parallelogram

11 T
are 8 cm and 13 cm. Work out the angles of the parallelogram.

Exercise 7.2 The sine rule

Where necessary, leave answers approximated to 1 decimal place.

1 Work out the length x in each of these triangles.

(i) x
  (ii)
12 cm
37°
9 cm x
36°

64° 88°

2 Work out the length y in each of these triangles.

(i)   (ii)
23 cm
38º
y
y 42º

58°
54°
13 cm

3 Work out the size of the angle θ in each of these triangles.

21 cm
(i) θ
  (ii) 97° 10 cm
18 cm
38°

17 cm
θ

4 Triangle ABC is drawn such that AB = 7 cm, BC = 8 cm, and angle

ACB = 37°.
(i) Work out the possible sizes of angle BAC.
(ii) If angle BAC is obtuse, work out the size of angle ABC.
5 Triangle PQR is drawn such that QR = 9 cm, angle PRQ = 47°, and angle
PQR = 58°.
(i) Work out the length of side PR.
(ii) Hence work out the area of triangle PQR.
6 Triangle LMN is drawn such that LM = 12 cm, MN = 13 cm, and angle
MLN = 51°.
(i) Work out angle MNL.
(ii) Hence work out the area of triangle LMN.

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 PS 7 The diagram shows a triangle divided into two smaller triangles.
Work out the exact value of sin θ. 7
11
8

Chapter 7 Geometry II
θ
45°
60°

PS 8 Triangle WXY is drawn such that WX = 23 cm, XY = 10 cm, and angle

XYW = 70°. Point Z lies on side WY such that angle XZY = 40°.
Work out the area of triangle WXZ.
PS 9 Triangle ABC has area 100 cm2, and side BC = 15 cm. Point D lies on the
side AC such that angle ADB = 80° and angle CBD = 35°.
Work out the area of triangle ABD.

Exercise 7.3 The cosine rule

Where necessary, leave answers approximated to 1 decimal place.
1 Work out the length x in each triangle.
(i) 48°
12 cm      (ii) x

13 m
10 cm
x
16 m
51°

2 Work out the angle θ in each triangle.

(i) 21 m θ      (ii) θ 11 m
18 m
25 m
27 m

29 m

3 A triangle has sides of length 9 cm, 12 cm and 13 cm.

(i) Work out the size of the largest angle.
(ii) Work out the size of the smallest angle.
4 Triangle PQR is drawn such that PQ = 7.3 cm, QR = 8.6 cm, and angle
PQR = 56°.
(i) Work out the length PR.
(ii) Work out the area of triangle PQR.
5 Triangle XYZ is drawn such that XZ = 10 m, XY = 11 m, YZ = x and
angle XYZ = 60°.
(i) Use the cosine rule to show that x2 − 11x + 21 = 0.
(ii) Hence work out two possible areas of triangle XYZ.
PS 6 A rhombus has sides of length 7 cm. Two of the angles of the rhombus are 110°.
(i) Work out the length of the longer diagonal.
(ii) Work out the length of the shorter diagonal.
(iii) Hence work out the area of the rhombus.
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 PS 7 Nick cycles 3 km on a bearing of 070°, followed by 7 km on a bearing
7 of 120°.
Work out the direct distance between his final and start positions.
PS 8 The three side-lengths of a triangle are 8x, x + 1 and 8x + 1.
Chapter 7 Geometry II

If the largest angle is 150°, work out the exact value of x.

Exercise 7.4 Using the sine and cosine rules together

Where necessary, leave answers approximated to 1 decimal place.

1 Triangle ABC is drawn such that AB = 12 cm, BC = 14 cm and angle

ABC = 60°.
(i) Work out the length AC.
(ii) Work out angle ACB.
(iii) Work out the area of triangle ABC.
2 Triangle DEF is drawn such that DE = 9.5 cm, angle DEF = 54° and angle
EDF = 71°.
(i) Work out the length EF.
(ii) Work out the length DF.
(iii) Work out the area of triangle DEF.
PS 3 A triangle has sides of length 7.3 cm, 8.4 cm and 9.3 cm.
Work out the area of the triangle.
PS 4 Linda walks 4 km on a bearing of 065°, followed by 6 km on a bearing of 110°.
(i) Work out the direct distance between Linda’s original and final
positions.
(ii) Work out Linda’s new bearing from her original position.
PS 5 A parallelogram has sides of length 5.3 cm and 7.2 cm. Two of the angles
are 102°.
(i) Work out the length of the shorter diagonal.
(ii) Work out the area of the parallelogram.
PS 6 Two sides of an acute triangle have lengths 6.7 cm and 8.3 cm.
The area of the triangle is 23 cm2.
Work out the length of the third side.
PS 7 The diagonals of a parallelogram are 9.3 cm and 7.2 cm.
The acute angle between the diagonals is 61°.
(i) Work out the area of the parallelogram.
(ii) Work out the length of the longest side of the parallelogram.
B
PS 8 (i) Work out the area of quadrilateral ABCD. 95°
7m
C
(ii) Work out the length of diagonal BD. 8m 84°

A 43°

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 Exercise 7.5 Problems in three dimensions
Where necessary, leave answers approximated to 1 decimal place. 7
1 AB = 12 cm, BC = 3 cm and CF = 4 cm are E F
three sides of cuboid ABCDEFGH.

Chapter 7 Geometry II
H
G
(i) Work out length BD. D C
(ii) Work out length HC. A B
(iii) Work out angle CAF.

2 ABCDEF is a triangular prism. E

AB = 17 cm, AF = 8 cm, BF = 18 cm and D

F
BC = 10 cm.
A C
(i) Work out angle ABF.
B
(ii) Work out the angle between the planes
ADEF and BCEF.
(iii) Work out the area of triangle BDE.

E
3 ABCDE is a pyramid with a horizontal
rectangular base ABCD.
Vertex E is vertically above the centre of the
rectangle. D C
AB = 7 cm, BC = 4 cm and BE = 8 cm.
A
B
(i) Work out the vertical height of the pyramid.
(ii) Work out the angle between the line AE and the rectangle.
(iii) Work out the angle between the plane ADE and the rectangle.
(iv) Work out the angle between planes ABE and CDE.

PS 4 ABC is an equilateral triangle and is the horizontal base of a tetrahedron

ABCD.
Vertex D is directly above vertex A.
Given that AB = AC = AD, calculate the angle between planes ABC
and BCD.
PS 5 KLMNOPQR is a cube with sides of length O P
10 cm.
Q
R
(i) Work out the area of triangle LPR.
N
(ii) W
 ork out the acute angle between planes M
LPR and OPQR.
K L

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 6 A box is in the shape of a H G

7 cuboid with sides of length

12 cm, 9 cm and 5 cm. 5 cm

(i) Work out length AC.

D C
(ii) W
 ork out the angle that E
Chapter 7 Geometry II

F
line AG makes with the
9 cm
base ABCD.
(iii) Work out length AF.
A 12 cm B
(iv) Work out the angle that
line AG makes with the front ABFE.

7 A wooden door wedge is in the F E

shape of a triangular prism as
shown.
C
D
(i) Work out length CE.
15° 12 cm
(ii) W
 ork out the volume of
wood in the wedge.
A 6 cm B
PS (iii) Work out the maximum
number of such wedges that can be cut from a block of wood
measuring 10 cm by 30 cm by 2 m.

8 A perfume bottle is made in the shape of V

a square-based pyramid, with the vertex

directly above the centre of the base as
shown. 12 cm

(i) Work out the angle between a slant

edge and the base.
C
D
(ii) Work out the angle between a side
and the base. 8 cm

A 8 cm B

9 A vase has a square base ABCD of side H 15 cm

10 cm and a square top EFGH of side
G
15 cm. The edges of one square are E
parallel to the edges of the other. The
centres of the two squares are vertically F

aligned and 20 cm apart. 20 cm

(i) Work out length AC.

(ii) Work out length EG.
A C
(iii) W
 ork out the length of the sloping B 10 cm
edge AE.
(iv) Work out the angle of inclination of a sloping edge to the horizontal.

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 10 A
 lean-to shed is used to store garden equipment and materials. The base of
the shed is 2 m by 4 m, and the height is 2 m at the front and 3 m at the back.
7

Chapter 7 Geometry II
3m

2m

2m
4m

(i) Work out the angle of inclination of the roof to the horizontal.
(ii) Work out the volume of the shed.
The door is 80 cm wide and 2 m high and is positioned in the middle of
the end wall as shown. The window cannot be opened.
PS (iii) Work out the length of the longest metal rod that can be stored in
the shed.
11 L
 inda is an advanced skier who is able to ski straight down a 100 m run on
a slope inclined at 15° to the horizontal.
 racey is a novice who can only ski down slopes inclined at 5°, so she
T
needs to go across the slope as shown.

Linda’s route

15°
Tracey's route

By considering the slope as a triangular prism, work out

(i) the vertical fall of the 100 m run
PS (ii) the distance skied by Tracey in getting from the top to the bottom.
12 A swimming pool is in the shape of a prism with a trapezium cross-section.
The surface of the water forms a rectangle ABCD with length 25 m and
width 10 m.
The bottom of the pool is rectangle EFGH as shown.
The shallow end is 1 m deep.
The deepest end is 2.5 m deep.
D
10 m H 25 m
A
1m C
E 2.5 m
B G

(i) Work out length DF.

(ii) Work out the angle of inclination of the bottom of the pool.
(iii) Work out angle DHF. 57

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 If Ann-Marie stands on the bottom of the pool, then the water is above her
7 chin if it is deeper than 1.4 m.
(iv) Work out the greatest horizontal distance she can stand from DH
without the water being above her chin.
(v) Work out the volume of water in the pool.
Chapter 7 Geometry II

13 Jim is presenting the news on television while seated at his desk in the studio.

Rail suspended
from ceiling to
hold TV camera.

The camera runs on a horizontal track at a height of 2.2 m above the floor,
and is 3 m horizontally from Jim at its closest. The camera track is 4 m long
and Jim is seated opposite the centre of the track. Jim’s eye level when
seated is 1.25 m above the floor.
As the camera moves along the track, work out
(i) the least and greatest distances from it to Jim’s eyes
(ii) the least and greatest angles of elevation of Jim’s eyes if he looks
directly at the camera.
PS 14 Anna is walking along a straight coastal path at sea level. From point
A she records that the angle of elevation of the top of the lighthouse
is 5°. After walking a further 200 m she reaches point B, from which
the angle of elevation is 6°. The top of the lighthouse is 80 m above
sea level.

80 m

200 m

A B coastal path

(i) Work out the distances from each of points A and B to the centre of
the lighthouse base.
(ii) Work out the shortest distance from the centre of the lighthouse base
to the coastal path.
(iii) If Anna remains on the coastal path, work out the maximum angle of
elevation of the top of the lighthouse.
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 8 Calculus
Exercise 8.1 Differentiation
1 Differentiate the following functions.
(i) y = 4x3 (ii) y = 3x2 (iii) y = 4x

(iv) y = – 6x7 (v) y = – 7x6 (vi) y = 0

1 2 1 3 1 4
(vii) y = x (viii) y = x (ix) y = x
2 3 4
2 Differentiate the following functions.
(i) y = 2x3 + 3x2 (ii) y = 3x4 + 4x3 (iii) y = 4x5 + 5x4
(iv) y = 3x + 5 (v) y = 2x – 4 (vi) y = 5 – 4x
(vii) y = 3x3 + 2 (viii) y = 4x4 + 4 (ix) y = 5x5 + 5

3 Differentiate the following functions.

(i) y = 2x4 – 4x2 – 8x + 8
(ii) y = 3x4 – 4x3 + 12x – 12
(iii) y = 2x5 + 5x2 – 10x + 25

4 Write down the rate of change of the following functions with respect to x.
2 3
2
(i) y=x− (ii) y = x − 22 (iii) y = x − 33
x 2 x 3 x
(iv) y = x 3 − x −3 (v) y = 2x 4 − 4 x −2 (vi) y = 4 x 5 + 5x −4

5 Differentiate the following functions.

3 1 1
(i) y = 4 x 3 − 4 (ii) y = x − (iii) y = 2x 2 −
x x 2x
3 2 2 5 4 3
(iv) y = 2
+ 3 (v) y = 2
− 5 (vi) y = 3
− 4
x x 5x 2x x x
6 A cuboid has sides of lengths 2x, 3x and 4x.
(i) Work out the volume V and the surface area A of the cuboid in
terms of x.
dV dA
(ii) Work out and .
dx dx
7 Work out the gradient of the curve y = x2 – 4x + 3 at the points of
intersection with
(i) the x-axis
(ii) the y-axis.
8 Work out the coordinates of the points on the curve y = 2x3 + 3x2 – 12x – 9
where the gradient is zero.

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 Exercise 8.2 Gradient functions and more complex
8 differentiation
1 Work out the gradient function for the following functions.
(i) y = x2 (2x – 3) (ii) y = 3x (2x2 – 5)
Chapter 8 Calculus

(iii) y = (x – 2) (x + 5) (iv) y = (x – 4) (x + 3)
(v) y = (2x – 1) (3x + 2) (vi) y = (3x2 – 2) (2x + 5)
2 (i) Multiply out (x – 3) (2x2 + 5).
(ii) Use your answer to (i) to differentiate y = (x – 3) (2x2 + 5).
dy
(iii) Leanne has written y = (x – 3) (2x2 + 5)⇒ = 1 × 4x = 4x.
What mistake has she made? dx

3 (i) Simplify 4 x + 2x .
3

x
4 x 3 + 2x
(ii) Use your answer to (i) to differentiate y = .
x
4 Work out an expression for the rate of change of y with respect to x for
each of the following.
2 x 2 + 3x 2x 3 − 4 x 2
(i) y= (ii) y =
5 2x
4 x 3 − 3x 4 x3
(iii) y = (iv) y = (3x 2 + 2x − 3)
x2 3
1 3 5 3 1 1
−
(v) y = x 2 (3x 2 + 4 x 2 ) (vi) y = 2x 2 ( x 2 − x 2 )

5 Work out the gradient of the curve y = x2 (2x – 1) at the following points.
(i) (0, 0) (ii) (–1, –3) (iii) (2, 12)
6 Work out the gradient of the following curves at the point where x = 2.
(i) y = x2 – 3x (ii) y = x2 – 6x + 10 (iii) y = 3x4 – 2x + 4
7 Work out the gradient of the following curves at the point where x = – 3.
1 2 2 3 3 2
(i) y = 3x3 – 2x + 4 (ii) y = x − 3x − 1 (iii) y = x + x
2 3 2
8 Work out the rate of change of y with respect to x for the curve
2 x 2 − 3x 3
y= at the point (–1, –5).
x
2
9 Work out the gradient of the curve y = 2x x + at the point (1, 4).
x
10 Work out the coordinates of the points on the curve y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 36x + 10
where the gradient is zero.
11 A curve has equation y = (x + 2) (x – 1) (x – 4). Work out the gradient of
the curve at the points of intersection with the x and y axes.

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 y
Exercise 8.3 Tangents and normal
1 The sketch shows the graph of y = x2 – 4.
4
3 8
2
The marked point, P, has coordinates (1, –3).
1
Work out

Chapter 8 Calculus
–3 –2 –1 0 x
(i) the gradient function dy
1 2 3
–1
dx –2
(ii) the gradient of the curve at P –3 P
(iii) the equation of the tangent at P –4

(iv) the equation of the normal at P.

2 The sketch shows the graph of y

y = (x – 1) (x + 2) (x – 3). 8
6
Multiply out the brackets and hence work out
4
dy
(i) the gradient function 2
dx
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
(ii) the gradient of the curve at each of the –2
points where it crosses the x-axis –4

(iii) the equation of the tangent at the

point (2, –4)
(iv) the equation of the normal at the
point (2, –4).
3 (i) Sketch the curve y = x2 – 4x.
(ii) S how that the point (5, 5) lies on the curve and work out the gradient
of the curve at this point.
y
4 The sketch shows the curve y = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6. 3
(i) Differentiate y = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6. 2
1
(ii) S how that the tangents at two of the points
where the curve cuts the x-axis are parallel. –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–1
–2
–3

5 The sketch shows the curves with equations y

y = x2 – 4 and y = 4 – x2 for –3 ¯ x ¯ 3. 5
y = x2 – 4
(i) Work out the gradient of the curve 4
y = x2 – 4 at the points where x = 1 3
and x = – 1. 2
1
(ii) W
 ork out the gradient of the curve
y = 4 – x2 at the points where x = 1 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x
and x = – 1. –1
–2
(iii) Write the equations of the tangents to –3
the curves at those four points. –4 y = 4 – x2
(iv) Add the tangents to a copy of the graph –5
and state the points of intersection of
the tangents with the x-axis.
(v) What type of quadrilateral is formed?

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 6 (i) Sketch, on the same axes, the curves with equations y = x2 – 6 and
8 y = x2 + 1 for –3 ¯ x ¯ 3.
(ii) Work out the gradient of the curve y = x2 + 1 at the point (2, 5).
(iii) Give two explanations, one involving geometry and one involving
calculus, to show why the gradient at the point (2, –2) on the curve
Chapter 8 Calculus

y = x2 – 6 should have the same value as your answer to part (ii).

(iv) Give the equation of another curve with the same gradient function as
y = x2 + 1.
7 f(x) = ax3 + 2x2 + b. The graph y = f(x) goes through the point (2, 0) with
gradient –4.
(i) Using the fact that (2, 0) lies on the curve, write an equation involving
a and b.
(ii) Differentiate f(x) and using the fact that the gradient is –4 at the point
(2, 0) form another equation.
(iii) Solve these equations simultaneously to work out the values of a and b.
(iv) Sketch the curve.
2
8 The sketch shows the curve with equation y = x +
4
.
x2
(i) Explain why the curve is symmetrical about y
the y-axis.
dy
(ii) Work out the gradient function and
dx
calculate the coordinates of the minimum
turning points.
(iii) State the equations of the tangent and
normal at those points.
(iv) Work out the equations of the tangent and 0 x
normal at the point (2, 16.5).
(v) Deduce the equations of the tangent and
normal at the point (–2, 16.5).

Exercise 8.4 Increasing and decreasing functions

1 Work out the values of x for which the following functions are increasing.
(i)   y = 2x2 – 4 (ii) y = 3x – 4
(iii)   y = x2 – 4x + 5 (iv) y = x2 + 5x
(v)   y = 2x2 – 4x + 3 (vi) y = (x + 2) (x – 4)
(vii) y = 2x3 – 3x2 (viii) y = 3x3 – 6x + 5
2 Work out the values of x for which the following functions are decreasing.
(i)   y = 3x2 – 3 (ii) y = x2 – 4x + 5
x
(iv) y = − x
2
(iii)   y = 2x (x – 4)
2
(v)   y = (4 + x) (x – 3) (vi) y = 5 – x3
(vii) y = (2x – 3)2 (viii) y = 6 + 3x – x3
3 Prove that x3 + 3x2 + 6x – 4 is an increasing function for all values of x.
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 4 Prove that 5 – 4x – x3 is a decreasing function for all values of x.
5 Work out the values of x for which the following functions are 8
(a) increasing      (b) decreasing.
1
(i) y = 1 + 4 x +

Chapter 8 Calculus
x
(ii) y = 2x3 – 3x2 – 36x + 9
(iii) y = x3 – x
(iv) y = x4 – 16
6 Prove that y = (x – a)3 is an increasing function for all values of a.
 ork out the values of x for which y = x3 – 15x2 + 63x – 10 is
7 (i) W
a decreasing function.
(ii) Deduce the values of x for which it is an increasing function.
8 The population P of an endangered species has been monitored over a
period of t years, where 0 ¯ t ¯ 6, and it is thought that it follows the
equation P = 1000 – 4t – t2.
(i) What was the value of P at the start of the survey?
(ii) Work out, in terms of t, the rate of decrease of the population.
(iii) By what percentage has the population decreased at the end of the
survey?
9 The population P of a new town is modelled by the formula
P = t3 – t2 + 120t + 8000, where t represents the number of years
after the start of 2018. Use this formula to predict
(i) the population at the start of 2025
(ii) the rate of growth of the population at the start of 2025
(iii) the year in which the population first exceeds 10 000.

Exercise 8.5 Second derivatives

dy d 2y
1 Work out and 2 for each of the following expressions.
dx dx
(i) y = 2x3 – 3x2 (ii) y = 5x – 4 (iii) y = 4x – x4
2
2 Work out dy and d y2 for each of the following expressions.
dx dx
(i) y = 2x4 – 3x2 – 5x + 2
(ii) y = x6 – 6x2 + 3x + 1
(iii) y = 2x3 + 4x2 – 7x – 2
dy d 2y
3 Work out and 2 for each of the following expressions. Remember
dx dx
that when an expression involves brackets you need to multiply out before
differentiating.
(i) y = (2x – 3) (3x – 2)
(ii) y = (x2 – 1) (x + 1)
(iii) y = (4x – 3)3
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 2
4 Work out dy and d y for each of the following expressions.
8 dx dx 2
(i) y = 5 (4x – 1) (x2 + 2)
(ii) y = 3x (2x – 5) (2x + 3)
Chapter 8 Calculus

(iii) y = 5x (3x – 2)2

5 The sum of two numbers, x and y, is 20 and their product, P, is 96.
(i) Write down an expression for y in terms of x.
(ii) Write down an expression for P in terms of x.
dP
(iii) Write down expressions for dy and .
dx dx
dP
(iv) Write down the rate of change of .
dx
2
6 For the curve y = (x – 3) (2x + 3x – 4)
d 2y
(i) work out expressions for dy and 2
dx dx
(ii) work out the gradient of the curve at the points (–2, 10), (0, 12)
and (3, 0)
(iii) use the information in (ii) to sketch the curve.
7 A stone is projected vertically upwards with a speed of 15 m s–1. After t
seconds its height, h, is given by h = 15t – 5t2.
dh d 2h
(i) Work out and 2 .
dt dt
(ii) Describe what is happening when dh = 0 .
dt
(iii) Sketch the graph of h against t.
8 The curve y = x4 – 9x2 meets the x-axis at three points.
(i) Work out the gradient of the curve at each of these three points.
(ii) Sketch the curve and add the tangents at each of the three points in
(i) to your diagram.
(iii) Work out the equations of these three tangents and work out their
points of intersection.
(iv) Calculate the area of the triangle whose vertices are the three points of
intersection.

Exercise 8.6 Stationary points and applications of

maxima and minima
If you have access to a graphics calculator you will find it helpful to use it to check your
answers.

1 For each of the curves given on the next page

dy dy
(a) work out and the value(s) of x for which =0
dx dx
2
d y
(b) work out the value(s) of 2 at those points
dx

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 (c) classify the point(s) on the curve with these x-values
(d) work out the corresponding y-value(s) 8
(e) sketch the curve.
(i) y = x2 – x – 2

Chapter 8 Calculus
(ii) y = 6 – 5x – 6x2
(iii) y = x3 – 3x
(iv) y = x3 + 3x2 – 24x – 7
(v) y = (x + 1)2 (x – 1)2
2 The graph of y = x2 – ax + b has a minimum turning point at (2, –3). Use
this information to calculate the values of a and b.
3 A curve has equation y = x4 – 8x2.
dy d 2y
(i) Work out and 2 .
dx dx
(ii) C
 alculate the coordinates of any stationary points and work out their
nature.
(iii) Sketch the curve.
4 A curve has equation y = 4x3 – 16x.
dy d 2y
(i) Work out and 2 .
dx dx
(ii) Calculate the coordinates of any stationary points and work out their
nature.
(iii) Sketch the curve.
5 A curve has equation y = (x – 1)2 (x – 4)
dy d 2y
(i) Work out and 2 .
dx dx
(ii) Calculate the coordinates of any stationary points and work out their
nature.
(iii) Sketch the curve.
6 The curve y = ax2 + bx + c crosses the y-axis at the point (0, 3) and has a
maximum point at (1, 4).
(i) Work out the equation of the curve.
(ii) Confirm that the stationary point is a maximum.
7 The sum of two numbers x and y is 12.
(i) Write down an expression for y in terms of x.
 rite down an expression for S, the sum of the squares of the two
(ii) W
numbers, in terms of x.
dS d 2S
(iii) Work out and 2 .
dx dx
(iv) Work out the least value of S.

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 8 A cylindrical pencil holder (base but no top) is made from a thin sheet of
8 metal. Its height is h cm and the radius of its base is r cm. The surface area is
250π cm2.
(i) Work out h in terms of r.
(ii) Work out an expression for the volume, V¸ of the pencil holder in
Chapter 8 Calculus

terms of r.
dV d 2V
(iii) Work out and 2 .
dr dr
(iv) Work out the dimensions of the pencil holder when the volume is a
maximum.
9 An open box is to be made from a square sheet 48 cm
of cardboard, with sides 48 cm long, by cutting a
x
square of side x cm from each corner, folding up x
the sides and joining the cut edges.
48 cm
(i) Write down an expression for the volume of
the box.
(ii) Work out the maximum capacity of the box.
10 A piece of wire 56 cm long is cut into two pieces. The shorter piece is
8x cm long and is bent to form a rectangle with sides 3x cm and x cm.
The remaining piece is bent to form a square.
(i) Work out, in terms of x, the dimensions of the square and its area.
(ii) S how that the combined area of the square and the rectangle is A cm2
where A = 7x2 – 56x + 196.
(iii) Work out the value of x for which A has its minimum value.
(iv) Work out the minimum value of A.
11 An open box is to be made out of a
120 cm
rectangular piece of card measuring 120 cm
x
by 75 cm. Squares of side x cm are cut from x
each corner of the card and the remaining 75 cm
card is folded to form the box.
(i) Work out an expression in terms of x for
the volume of the box.
 ork out the value of x that gives the box the maximum possible
(ii) W
volume.
(iii) Calculate the maximum volume.

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 9 Matrices
Exercise 9.1 Multiplying matrices
 2 −3   −5 −1 
1 A=  and B =  
 1 4   3 6 
Work out:
(i) 2A + B (ii) AB (iii) BA (iv) A2
2 Solve the equations
 p 2   −2  =  3   n 2  4   3 
(i)      (ii)  −5 =
 3 5   7   q   6   m   8 

 5 3   2 4 
3 C= and D = 
 3 −4 

 6 −9 
 m 6 
Given that r C + t D = 
n 
, work out the values of m, n, r and t.
 0
4 Solve the equations
 3 a  1   9   3 1   7   20 
(i)  = (ii)  =
 0
  
2  4   8  
 b −3   −1   17 
 3
5 Given that  1   x  =  13 
 y   
 2 −4     18 
(i) write down two equations in x and y
(ii) hence work out the values of x and y.
6 Solve the equations

   1 y   −10 −9   5 p   3 4   9 −6 
(i)  2 3   =  (ii)   = 
 10 x   −4 5   x w   −4 2   q 6   r −4 

 1   2   −m 
7 Work out the value of m such that m   − 6  =m .
 m   −1   5 
 p −1 4   2p − q 1 
8 M= , N=  
 0 p−q   2 p 5q 
 
 10 3 p + 2q 
pM + N =  
 2 p 13 
(i) Write down three equations in p and q.
(ii) Hence work out the values of p and q.

 3 2   3 m 
9 C=  and D =  
 −1 n   1 0 
Solve CD = DC.

 −5 4   a b 
10 A =   and B =  c 4 
 6 1   
Given that AB = BA work out b and c in terms of a.
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  2 1   7 −3   −3 6 
9 11 A = 
 5 3 
 ,B=
 0 4 
 and C = 
 4 2 

(i) Calculate AB.
(ii) Calculate BC.
Chapter 9 Matrices

(iii) Hence show that (AB)C = A(BC)

    
PS 12 Given that  2 3   a b  =  1 0  work out the values of a, b, c
and d.  1 2  c d   0 1 
 4 3   1 0 
PS 13 Work out matrix M such that M  = .
 3 2   0 1 

Exercise 9.2 Transformations and matrices

1 Work out the image of each of these points under the transformation
 2 6 
defined by the matrix  .
 −1 5 
(i) (3, 5)
(ii) (–2, 4)
2 Work out, in terms of a and b, the image of the point (a, b) under the
 −4 2 
transformation defined by the matrix  .
 3 1 
3 (5, 2) is the image of the point (1, 3) under the transformation defined by
matrix A. Work out the value of a when A is:
 a 3   4 a   2 1 
(i)   (ii)   (iii)  
 2 0   −1 1   −1 a 
4 (3, 4) is the image of the point (1, 2) under the transformation defined by
 b .
the matrix  a 
 2a − b 
(i) Write down two equations in a and b.
(ii) Hence work out the values of a and b.
5 For each equation work out matrix M.
 3 7 
(i)  +M=I
 2 −5 
 6 −3 
(ii) M −   = 2I
 1 0 
 5 0 
(iii) 2M − 3I =  
 4 1 
 4 −1 
6 Work out matrix M such that MI + I 2 =  .
 3 6 
7 Solve
 3 7   −4 c   d −7   5 7 
(i)     = 2I (ii)    = −1I
 2 4   2 −3   −3 e   3 4 

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 8 Point D is transformed under matrix B to the point (4, 2).
Work out the coordinates of point D when B is:
9
 2 1   1 2 
(i)   (ii)  
 −4 3   4 9 
9 Show that the origin does not move when transformed using the

Chapter 9 Matrices
PS

 a b 
matrix  .
 c d 
PS 10 The point (x, y) does not move under the transformation defined by the
 2 3 
matrix  .
 0 1 
(i) Write an equation connecting x and y.
(ii) Write down the coordinates of any point, other than (0, 0), which does
 
not move under the transformation  2 3  .
 0 1 
Exercise 9.3 Transformations of the unit square
1 Write down the matrices that represent the following reflections.
(i) reflection in the line x = 0
(ii) reflection in the y = 0
(iii) reflection in the line x – y = 0
(iv) reflection in the line x + y = 0
2 Write down the matrices that represent the following rotations.
(i) rotation of 90° about the origin
(ii) clockwise rotation of 90° about the origin
(iii) rotation of 180° about the origin
3 Write down the matrices that represent the following enlargements.
(i) enlargement, scale factor 7, centre at the origin
(ii) enlargement, scale factor 1 , centre at the origin
3
(iii) enlargement, scale factor –4, centre at the origin
4 Describe fully the transformations defined by the following matrices.
 3 0   0 1   0 −1 
(i)   (ii)   (iii)  
 0 3   1 0   1 0 
 −1 0   0 1   −1 0 
(iv)   (v)   (vi)  
 0 −1   −1 0   0 1 
5 The unit square has vertices O (0, 0), A (1, 0), B (1, 1) and C (0, 1).
y

1 C B

O A
0 1 2 x

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 Write down the matrices that transform the unit square to the positions shown.
9 (i) y (ii) y

1 1
B′ A′
Chapter 9 Matrices

C′ O
−1 0 1 x −1 0 O C′ 1 x

B′
−1 A′

y
(iii) y (iv)
2
1 C′ B′

1
−1 C′ O0 1 x

A′ O A′
B′
−1 0 1 2 x

 6 0 
6 A square of area 1 is transformed under the matrix  .
 0 6 
Work out the area of the transformed shape.
 a 0 
7 A square of area 1 is transformed under the matrix  .
 0 a 
Work out the area of the transformed shape in terms of a.
8 The unit square has vertices O (0,0), P (1,0), Q (1,1) and R (0,1).
O, P′, Q′ and R′ are the images of O, P, Q and R, respectively, under the
 
transformation defined by the matrix  a b  .
 c d 
(i) Work out the coordinates of P′, Q′ and R′ in terms of a, b, c and d.
(ii) Write down the vector P′Q′ in terms of a, b, c and d.

PS (iii) Hence, or otherwise, prove that OP′Q′R′ is a parallelogram.

Exercise 9.4 Combining transformations

 3 1 
1 The point (1, 3) is transformed by   followed by a further
 −2 4   2 0 
transformation  .
 3 −5 
(i) Work out the matrix for the combined transformation.
(ii) Hence work out the coordinates of the point after the two
transformations.

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 2 (i) Write down the matrix that describes a reflection in the line y = x.
(ii) Write down the matrix that describes a reflection in the x-axis. 9
(iii) H
 ence work out the matrix that describes the combined
transformation of a reflection in the line y = x, followed by a
reflection in the x-axis.

Chapter 9 Matrices
(iv) Describe geometrically the combined transformation in part (iii).
3 The point (4, –2) is rotated 90° clockwise about the origin, followed by a
reflection in the y-axis.
(i) Work out the matrix for the combined transformation.
(ii) Hence work out the coordinates of the point (4, –2) after the two
transformations.
4 A unit square is enlarged by scale factor –7, centre the origin.
(i) Write down the enlargement matrix.
The enlarged shape is reflected in the line x + y = 0.
(ii) Write down the reflection matrix.
(iii) Hence work out the matrix for the combined transformation.
(iv) Work out the area of the final transformed shape.
 2 5 
5 The point (2, –1) is transformed by  followed by a further
 −3 4 
 1 7 
transformation  .
 0 3   3 6 
The new point is then transformed by  .
 −2 4 
(i) Work out the matrix for the combination of the three transformations.
(ii) H
 ence work out the new coordinates of the point (2, –1) after the
three transformations.
 4 7 
PS 6 (i) Work out the combined transformation matrix of  followed
 1 2 
 2 −6   −5 0 
by  3 4  and then  .
   2 3 
(ii) Under this combined transformation, point A is mapped to the point
(–50, 377).
Work out the coordinates of point A.
7 Use matrices to prove that a reflection in the line y = –x, followed by a
reflection in the x-axis, is equivalent to a rotation of 90° about the origin.
PS 8 Transformation matrix A is a rotation.
Given that A2 = I, write down the rotation matrix A.
PS 9 Transformation matrix B is an enlargement scale factor k.
Given that BC = I, write down the matrix C.
PS 10 Transformation matrix D is a reflection.
Write down the matrix D2.

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 Answers

1 Number and algebra I Exercise 1.4 Algebra and number

Exercise 1.1 Numbers and the number 1 (i) 3m = 8n (ii) 37.5%

system
2 (i) 24 × 100 + a = b × 100 − 24
100 100
1 1.998 kg (ii) 19b – 6a = 600

2 £23.12 3 12
4 20
3 (i) 23 : 15 (ii) 1: 15
23 5 20
4 10 : 3
6 (i) 0.8h (ii) 5 : 6 (iii) £175
5 £22.27
41 7 (i) 1 : 14 (ii) z is 47.6% of x
6
140 8 p is 71.4% of m
13
7 (i) (ii) 72.2% Exercise 1.5 Expanding brackets
18
8 (i) 60% (ii) 7
1 (i) x2 + 3x + 2 (ii) 2x2 – x – 15
Exercise 1.2 Simplifying expressions
2 (i) m3 + 1 (ii) x5 – 1

1 (i) 2x2 + xy (ii) 6p2 – 15pq – 35q2 3 (i) x3 + 3x2 – x – 3 (ii) 6y3 – 37y2 + 32y + 15

2 (i) xy(x – y) (ii) 2pq2(4p2 – 3q3) 4 (i) –2x – 10 (ii) m2 – 8m – 3

3 (i) 2a(a + 1) (ii) p(p + 4) 5 a = 4, b = 1

4 (i) 6a3b4 (ii) 30x4y6z 6 (i) 9m 2 – 6m + 1

3 3y 2 (ii) 27m3 – 27m2 + 9m – 1

5 (i) (ii)
4mn 3 20x 5 7 (i) (a) x5 + 5x3 – 2x2 – 10
2q + 5 p (b) x4 – 7x3 + 3x – 21
(ii) x + 1
2
6 (i)
pq 3x (ii) x5 – x4 + 12x3 – 2x2 – 3x + 11
13x
7 8 (i) 2x3 – x2 – 5x – 2 (ii) 10x2 – 2x – 6
3y
8 (i) 14p – 8 (ii) 6p2 – p + 1 Exercise 1.6 Binomial expansions –
using Pascal’s triangle only
Exercise 1.3 Solving linear equations

1 x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 8
1 (i) x = –8 (ii) y = 5
2 16x4 + 32x3y + 24x2y2 + 8xy3 + y4
2 (i) x = 3.8 (ii) x = –2.5
3 (i) a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5
3 (i) 17º (ii) scalene
(ii) 32x5 – 240x4y + 720x3y2 – 1080x2y3 +
4 p = 8.4
810xy4 – 243y5
5 (i) 4w + 40 = 320 (ii) 6300 m2
4 (i) 1, 13, 78
6 x = 6.75
380 (ii) 8192 + 53 248x + 159 744x2
7 (i) 60 (ii) x = −
13 5 4860
8 36
6 560
7 (i) 5 (ii) 2 (iii) 40
8 –1 959 552
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 Exercise 1.7 Surds: simplifying 7 + 2 10
4 (i) 3 (ii)
expressions containing square roots 3
5 (4 + 2 ) cm
1 (i) 6 2 and 5 2 (ii) 11 2 (iii) 242 6 (i) (13 − 2 ) cm (ii) (8 + 2 2 ) cm

Answers
2 5 3 7 (i) 2 2
2 (i) (ii) 3 2 (iii)
2 3
5 6 − 12 − 2 3 + 7 2
14 2 10 (ii)
(iv) (v) 3 (vi) 4
2 5
11 2 3 5 + 6 15 − 9 3 + 12
3 (iii)
4 22
7 8 7 2 + 4 5 − 3 10 − 9
4 x=
6
5 (i) 0 + 8 (ii) 8 − 12 Exercise 1.9 The product rule for
counting
(iii) 5 + 8 (iv) 4 + 32
7 49
6 (i) 16 cm (ii) 14 cm 2 (iii) 6 cm 1 720

7 (i) a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4 2 (i) 6 (ii) 18

(ii) 193 + 132 2 3 (i) 10 000 (ii) 5040

8 (i) x = 1 4 20
5 (i) 40 320 (ii) 1 814 400
(ii) w = 1 (1 + 10 3)
4
6 (i) 17 496 (ii) 20 634
(iii) y = 4
(iv) m = 8 7 (i) 6 (ii) 6 (iii) 42
3
8 (i) 6720 (ii) 32 768
9 x=± 2
Exercise 1.8 Surds: rationalising
denominators with two terms 2 Algebra II
1 (i) 2 2 + 2 (ii)   35 − 5 3 Exercise 2.1 Factorising
46
(iii) 3 5 − 5 (iv)   10 6 + 12 1 (i) (a + c)(b + c) (ii) (p + q)(p + r)
4 19
(iii) (a + c)(a + b)
9 7 + 14 11 + 6 2
(v) (vi)     
53 7 2 (i) (a – 2b)(2b + 3c) (ii) (2r – 3t)(r + 3s)
23 − 9 3
(viii) 102 + 32 10
(iii) (g – 2k)(3g – h)
(vii)
13 41
3 (i) (x + 2)(x + 3) (ii) (x – 2)(x – 5)
2 5 51 14
2 (i) + 2 (ii) + 2 (iii) (x – 5)(x + 2) (iv) (p + 2)(p + 7)
23 23 47 47
23 (v) (r – 3)(r – 12) (vi) (t – 15)(t + 5)
(iii) 8 + 7 2 (iv) −16 + 2
2 4 (i) (2a + 1)(a + 2) (ii) (2x + 3)(x – 2)
3 (i) 1 + 3 (ii) 5 + 50 (iii) (3p + 1)(p – 3) (iv) (2a – 5)(a – 4)
(v) (4c + 9)(c – 2) (vi) (3x – 2)(x + 4)
(iii) 6 + 3 (iv) 13 + 180
11 121 11 121 5 (i) (x + 2y)(x + 4y) (ii) (r + 5a)(r – 3a)
(iii) (y + 4z)(y + 5z) (iv) (a – 6b)(a + b)

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 (v) (p + 3q)(p + 4q) v 2 − u2
9 (i) a =
(vi) (s – 2t)(s – 2t) = (s – 2t)2 2s
6 (i) (2x + 3y)(x + y) (ii) u = ± v 2 − 2as (can be in positive or
(ii) (2a – b)(a – 2b) negative direction)
2A
Answers

(iii) (3p – q)(3p – q) = (3p – q)2 10 (i) h =

(a + b )
(iv) (2x – y)(x – 5y)
2 A − bh  or 2 A − b 
(v) (3a – b)(a – b) (ii) a =  h 
h
(vi) (2p + 3q)(3p – 2q)
Exercise 2.3 Rearranging more general
7 (i) (x + 2y)(x – 2y)
formulae and equations
(ii) (a + b + 2)(a – b – 2)
(iii) (p + 3 + 2q)(p + 3 – 2q) 3q
1 p=
(iv) (s + 3t + 6)(s – 3t – 6) 4q − 2
(v) (x – 1 + 4y)(x – 1 – 4y) 2a + 3b
2 t=
4
(vi) (2x – 1 + y)(2x – 1 – y)
2p
8 (i) x(x + 3)(x – 3) 3 r=
p+2
(ii) a2(a + 2)(a – 2) 6b
4 c=
(iii) 4p(p + 2)(p – 2) 3b + 2
(iv) (3a + b)(a + 3b) 2 ( a + 3b )
5 d=
( a + 4b )
(v) 8pq
3 (b + 1)
(vi) (5x – y)(5y – x) 6 a=
2 (1 − b )
1+ y
Exercise 2.2 Rearranging mathematical 7 x=
1 − 2y
formulae
3a
8 s=
1 x = ± r −y
2 2 p−2
2A 3x + 2
2 h= 9 w=
b x −1
P  P − 2l  2a ( a − 3 )
3 b = – l  or 
2 2  10 p =
( 7 − 3a )
3V
4 r= 3
Exercise 2.4 Simplifying algebraic
4π
fractions
5 l = A − πr
2
 or A − r 
πr  πr 
2A b 4b 3 3x
6 (i) h = 1 (i) (ii) (iii)
b+c 2a 3ac 2 2y
x +2 3 x +6
2 A − ch  2 A  2 (i) (ii) (iii)
(ii) b = or −c 2x + 1 x +2 2
h  h 
2x + 3 x −2 2x − 3
V 3 (i) (ii) (iii)
7 (i) h = 3x − 2 x +2 3x + 2
πr 2
V (must be positive) 2 ( 2x − 1) 3x − 1
(ii) r = 4 (i) (ii)
πh 3 ( x + 1) 3 ( 2x − 1)
3V 3V 1 x +2
8 (i) y = 2 (ii) x = y   (iii) (iv)
x x −2 ( x − 3)( x + 3)
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 3 1
5 (i)
(ii) 1 6 (i) x = (ii) x = 1 (iii) x = –13
8x 6
7 (i) x = 1.5 or x = –1
3x − 2 ( x + 2 )2
(iii) (iv) (ii) x = 2
( x − 3)( 2x + 3) x ( x − 2 )2

Answers
25 p 25 16 p 2 + 9 1
6 (i) (ii) (iii) (iii) x =or x = –1
12 12 p 12 p 6
8 (i) p = 8
25a + 18
7 (i) (ii) q = 7
( 4a + 3)( 3a + 2 )
4a 2 1
(ii) (iii) r = −
( 2a + 3)( 2a − 3) 13

a2 + b2 Exercise 2.6 Completing the square

(iii)
( a + b )( a − b )
1 a = 3, b = 3
5x
8 (i)
6 2 c = 4, d = 5
7 3 p = 5, q = 1
(ii)
12x 4 r = 10, s = –2
9x 2 − 4
(iii) 5 a = 12, b = 3, c = 5
6x
p − 10 6 p = 2, q = 3, r = 5
9 (i)
p ( p + 2 )( p − 2 ) 7 a = 4, b = 2, c = 2
2 8 p = –4, q = 5, r = –2
(ii)
x −2 9 (i) a = 3, b = 11
3x − x 2
(ii) x = –3 ± y − 11
(iii)
( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3)
10 (i) p = 4, q = –2, r = –5
 x (3 − x ) 
 = ( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3)  (ii) x = 2 ±
y+5
2
3a 3 + a 2 + a + 1
10 (i)
a3
3 Algebra III
x
(ii) − Exercise 3.1 Function notation
3
Exercise 2.5 Solving linear equations 1 (i) 0 (ii) 2 (iii) 4
involving fractions
(iv) 6 (v) 2 (vi) 6
9 2 (i) 18 (ii) 18
1 (i) x =
16 2 2
(iii) − (iv)
(ii) x = 2 3 3
30 4 2
(iii) x = =2 3 (i) x = 1.5 (ii) x =
13 13 3
(iii) x = –1
9 1 1
2 (i) x = = 1 (ii) x = 15 (iii) x = 6
8 8 4 (i) x = –5 (ii) x = (or 0.2)
5
2 (iii) x = 8
3 (i) x = 5 (ii) x = 6 (iii) x = 7
3 5 (i) x = 1 (ii) x = –3 or x = 1
4 (i) x = 24 (ii) x = –9 (iii) x = 2 2
(iii) x = 1 or x = 1
1 3
5 (i) x = 0.1 (ii) x = 0.5 (iii) x =
6
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 6 (i) 4x + 5 (ii) 2x2 – 4x + 5 8 (i) 0 < f(x) < 64 (ii) –9 < f(x) < 16
(iii) 4x2 + 4x + 1 (iii) –5 < f(x) < 11 (iv) –9 < f(x) < 7
7 (i) 8x2 + 6x + 1 (ii) 8x2 – 6x + 1
(iii) 32x4 + 12x2 + 1
Exercise 3.3 Composite functions
Answers

(iv) 8x4 + 6x2 + 1

1 g(x) = 2 – x, f(x) = x3
8 (i) 4 (ii) (a) x = ± 2 2 (i) (a) x2 – 4
(b) x = ± 4 (b) x2 – 4x + 2
4 (ii) (a) 0
9 (i) − (or –0.8) (ii) (a) x = 4
5 (b) –2
(b) x = 0
(iii) x = 1.5
10 (i) (a) x = 1.5 (b) x = –4.5 3 (i) (a) 2(2 + x)
(ii) leads to a false equality (b) 2 + 2x
11 (i) 4(3x + 1)2 (ii) (3x − 4)2 (ii) (a) 8
(b) 6
(iii) 9x2(3x + 4)2
(iii) x = 2
Exercise 3.2 Domain and range of a 4 (i) h(x) = 1 + x, g(x) = x
function (ii) h(x) = 1 – x, g(x) = x2
1
(iii) h(x) = 1 + x, g(x) = x
1 (i) f(x) < 4 (ii) f(x) < 4
5 (i) k(x) = 3x; h(x) = 1 + x; g(x) = x
(iii) f(x) < 1 (iv) f(x) < 0
(ii) k(x) = 2x; h(x) = 1 – x; g(x) = x3
2 (i) f(x) < 1 (ii) f(x) < –3 1
(iii) k(x) = 4x; h(x) = 1 – x; g(x) = x
(iii) f(x) < –7 (iv) f(x) < –11
6 (i) h(x) = 4x; g(x) = sin x
3 (i) 0 , f(x) , 1 (ii) –0.5 , f(x) , 0.5
(ii) h(x) = x – 45°; g(x) = cos x
(iii) 4 , f(x) , 5 (iv) 3.5 , f(x) , 4.5
1
(iii) h(x) = tan x; g(x) = x
(v) –4 < f(x) < 2 (vi) −1 < f(x) < 3 2
7 (i) k(x) = 4x; h(x) = tan x; g(x) = 3x
4 (i) 0 < f(x) < 16 (ii) 0 < f(x) < 16
1
(ii) k(x) = x + 30°; h(x) = sin x; g(x) = x
(iii) –2 < f(x) < 62 (iv) –62 < f(x) < 66 2
2
5 (i) Domain –2 < x < 5 (iii) k(x) = 3x; h(x) = cos x; g(x) = x
Range –1 < f(x) < 13 8 (i) fg(x) = (ax – 2)2, gf(x) = ax2 – 2
(ii) Domain –3 < x < 4 (ii) x = 1 or x = 3, 1 , x , 3
Range –5 < f(x) < 9 (iii) x = 1.5
(iii) Domain –2 < x < 3 (iv) See full worked solution online.
Range 0 < x < 16
9 d e b a c (or possibly e b d a c)
(iv) Domain –2 < x < 2
Range –7 < x < 9 Exercise 3.4 Graphs of linear functions
1 1
6 (i) − <x,6 (ii) − < x , 12
4 4 1 (i) 2 (ii) 0
3 1 (iii) 0.4 (iv) –2
(iii) 2 < x , 9 (iv) −4 < x , 2
4 4
7 (i) –8 , f(x) , 12 (ii) –16 , f(x) , 20 (v) –2 (vi) 1.25

(iii) 0 < f(x) , 9 (iv) –9 , f(x) , 3 (vii) 0.75 (viii) –1

(ix) –1 (x) –2

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 2 y 7 y

−2 0 1 x
(i)

Answers
1
0 4

− 12 1 4 x
(ii) (iii) (i)
−2
y −3
3
1 (i)

(ii) (iii)
0 (iii) x
−2
y
(ii) 8 (iii)

4 y
(ii) (ii)
(i) 1.5
0
2 (iii)
2 3 x
−1.5
3 (i)
−2
−2 0 4 x

9 y
−4

5 y
(ii)
(i)
(ii)
(iii) 1.75
2
2 3
−2 0 1 2.5 x
2
3
−1 0 2.5 x
(i) (iii)

10 y
(iii)
−5

1 12 (ii)

6 y
−6 − 23 0 9 x
(iv) (ii)
(iii) (i)

−4

0 x (i)

11 (i) C = 50 + 25t
(ii) £125
(iii) 8 hours

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 Exercise 3.5 Finding the equation of a line 3 (a) y = 4 – x2 (eqn (i))
(b) y = –x2 + 2x – 1 (eqn (iii))
1 (i) y = 3 4 (i) (a) Vertex (1, –5)
(ii) y = –2x or 2x + y = 0 (b) x = 1
Answers

(iii) y = –3x or 3x + y = 0 (c) (0, –4)

y
(iv) x = –2 (ii)
2 (i) y = 2 – x (ii) y = 2 – 2x 0 x

(iii) y = 2 – 3x (iv) y = 3x + 2
(v) y = 2x + 2 (vi) y = x + 2 (0, −4)
(1, −5)
3 (i) x + 2y = 3 (ii) x + y = 3
(iii) 2x + y = 3 (iv) 2x – y = 3 5 (i) (a) Vertex (2, –2)
(b) x = 2
(v) x – 2y = 3
(c) (0, 2)
4 (i) y = x + 3 (ii) y = 2x + 5 y
(ii)
(iii) y = 3x – 10 (iv) y = 4x + 3
5 (i) y = 1 – x
2
(ii) y = –2x – 5 or 2x + y + 5 = 0
(iii) y = –3x – 7 or 3x + y + 7 = 0 0 x

(iv) y = –4x + 20 or 4x + y – 20 = 0 (2, −2)

6 (i) x + y = 5 (ii) y = 4
(iii) 2x + y = 11 (iv) x + 3y = 19 6 (i) (a) Vertex (–1, –5)

7 (i) x + y = 1 (ii) y = –2x (b) x = –1

(iii) x + y + 3 = 0 (iv) x + y + 6 = 0 (c) (0, –4)

8 (i) y (ii) y
B
0 x
3
A

C(6, 1) −4
−6 0 x
D (−1, −5)

(ii) AC y = − 1 x + 3 7 (i) (a) Vertex (–1, –9)

3
BC 2x + y – 13 = 0
(b) x = –1
(iii) AB = 2 5, BC = 2 5, area = 10 units2 (c) (0, –7)
9 (i) £21 (ii) £11.75 (ii) y

10 (i) £9.30 (ii) 10 miles

0 x
Exercise 3.6 Graphs of quadratic
functions

1 (a) y = 4x – x2 (eqn (ii))

−7
(b) y = x2 – 2x + 3 (eqn (iv))
2 (a) y = x2 – 3x + 6 (eqn (i)) (−1, −9)

(b) y = x2 – 6x + 6 (eqn (iv))

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 8 (i) 2(x – 0.5)2 – 5.5 (ii) y
y = f(x) y=x
(a) Vertex (0.5, –5.5) 2

(b) x = 0.5
y = f −1(x)
(c) (0, –5)

Answers
(ii) y 2
−3 0 2 x

2
0 x −3

 1
(iii) ff −1(3) = f  3  = 3
−5
(0.5, −5.5) f −1f(3) = f  −1(11) = 3
(iv) ff −1(x) = f  −1f(x)
9 (i) 13 – (x – 3)2
2 − 4x
3 (i)
(a) Vertex (3, 13) 3
(ii) y
(b) x = 3
(c) (0, 4) y=x

(ii) y
(3, 13) 2
3
1 2
2 3
0 1 x
4 2 y = f(x)
y = f −1(x)
0 x

4 (i) f −1 ( x ) = x + 9 ; x > –9
10 (i) y = (x – 1)(x – 3) y
(ii)
y = f(x)
(ii) y = 3(x + 1)(x – 2)
(iii) y = –x(x – 2)
y = f −1(x)

Exercise 3.7 Inverse functions

−9 0 3 x
4x + 3
1 (i) f −1 ( x ) =
2
y y = f −1(x) y=x
(ii)
y=x

−9
y = f(x)

− 34
5 (i) f −1 ( x ) = x − 2 ; x > 0
0 x (ii) y
y = f(x)
− 34

y = f −1(x)
(iii) y = f(x) and y = f  −1(x) are reflections in y = x
−2 0 4 x
x−2
2 (i) f −1 ( x ) =
3 −2
y=x

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 2 2
6 (i) f −1 ( x ) =  x  = x ; x > 0
2 y y = 2x

3 9
(ii) y
y = f(x)
Answers

1 y=
1
2x
y = f −1(x)
0 x

y y = 3x y = 2x
3
0 x
y=x

3
7 (i) f −1 ( x ) = x for x > 0
y = 1x
y 1
(ii)
0 x

y
4 y = 2x
y = 2x − 2
y = f(x) AND y = f −1(x)
3
y = 2x + 2
2
0 x
1

8 (i) f −1 ( −3) = − 1 0 1 x
3 −1
(ii) f    –1(–3) = 0

(iii) f −1 ( −3) = −2 1 5
y
y = 3x
4
9 (i) f      –1(8) = 2
2
(ii) f −1 ( 8 ) = 2 2 − 4
11 y = 2(3x)
1
(iii) f −1 (8) =
2
2
10 (i) f −1 ( 3) = 3 = 1 0 x
9
9
(ii) f −1 ( 3) = 2 = 1 6 y = 3x 4 2 and y = 2x 4 3
3
y y = 3x ÷ 2
Exercise 3.8 Graphs of exponential
y = 2x ÷ 3
functions
0.5

1 y y = 4x y = 2x
1
3

−1 0 x

0 x

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 7 y = 3x 4 2 and y = (3 4 2)x Exercise 3.9 Graphs of functions with up
y to three parts to their domains
4 y = 3x ÷ 2

3
1 f(x)

Answers
5
(5, 5)
2 y = (3 ÷ 2)x
4
(1, 1.5)
1
3
0.5 (−2, 3) (3, 3)

2
0 x
1
8 (i) v = 25 m s−1
2 x
(ii) 11 m s−1 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
3
(iii) 5.03 m s−1 (2 d.p.)
v
2 f(x)
(iv)
2
(−2, 2) (2, 2)
25
1

0 x
−2 −1 1 2

3 f(x)
0 t
2

9 (i) 500
1
(ii) 574
0 x
(iii) N −2 −1 1 2
700
600 4 f(x)
500 (20, 574)
2
(−2, 1) (2, 1)
1
0 20 40 60 t

10 (i) 20 g 0 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

(ii) t = 5 ⇒ m = 20 × (0.5)5 = 0.625

m
5 f(x)
(−4, 4) (−2, 4) (2, 4) (4, 4)
4
20
3

2
(5, 0.625)
1
0 5 t

0 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
(iii) after 8 days

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 6 f(x)
(1, 2) 4 Algebra IV
2

1 Exercise 4.1 Solving quadratic equations

by factorising, completing the square or
x using the quadratic formula
Answers

−2 −1 0 1 2

7 (i) f(x) = x + 1     –1 < x < 0 1 (i) x = 2 or 4 (ii) y = 10 or – 1

=1–x 0<x<1 (iii) w = 6 or –1 (iv) p = 1.5 or –5
= 2x – 2 1 < x < 3 1
(v) n = − 1 or 7 (vi) m = 3 or −
(ii) 0 < f(x) < 4 3 2
2 (i) p = 3 or 5 (ii) x = 8 or – 2
(iii) x = 2
3 ± 23
8 (i) f(x) = x + 2        –2 < x < 0 (iii) m = 1 or – 3 (iv) t =
2
= 2     1<x<4
2 ± 10
= 10 – 2x 4 < x < 5 (v) y = 5 or 0.5 (vi) n =
3
(ii) Range 0 < f(x) < 2 −5 ± 61 3 ± 29
3 (i) y = 2 (ii) p=
(iii) 11 units2 2
9 (i) f(x) = 0 −4 < x < −2 −3 ± 3 3
2
(iii) m = −4 ± 14 (iv) r =
= 4 − x −2 < x < 2 2
=x−2 2<x<4 −4 ± 22
(v) n = 1.4 or –1 (vi) w =
3
(ii) Range 0 < f(x) <4
4 (i) x = 1.5 or 4 (ii) m = 11 or 6
(iii) 3
(iv) x = − 2 , 2, 4 11 ± 265
(iii) a =
2
10 (i) (iv) y = 10.5 or 3
Tax (000's)
3 1 5
30 (v) n = 2 or 7 (vi) p = − 3 or − 4
(10, 24 )
5
20
5 (i) x = 3 or 5 (ii) w = –0.5

−11 ± 3 21
(iii) p =
10 2
−21 ± 473
(6, 8) (iv) y =
2
8 ± 67
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (v) t =
Income × £10,000 3
(vi) a = –2 or 2.2
(ii) £3200 6 (i) 2x + 1 > 2x and 2x + 1 > x + 1
(iii) £14 000 (ii) 6 cm2
(iv) Income = £80 000 pa −1 ± 5
7 k= v
4
25
8 p=
12

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 Exercise 4.2 Solving simultaneous (v) x . 7.25 (vi) x > 10
equations
5
2 − 1 ,x <
2 3
1 (i) x = 2, y = 2 (ii) q = –1, p = 5
3 (i) x , 16 (ii) x < –21

Answers
(iii) m = 2, n = 4 (iv) b = –1, a = 5
(iii) x < 3.5 (iv) x . –2
(v) s = –3, r = 4 (vi) d = 3 , c = 38
13 13 (v) x , 1 (vi) x < 0.5
2 (i) x = 4, y = 5 (ii) x = 2, y = 10 4 (i) –1 < x < 2 (ii) 1 , x < 3
(iii) x = 1, y = 6 (iv) x = 5, y = –3 (iii) –6 , x , 3 (iv) –3 , x < 2
(v) x = –1, y = 9 (vi) x = 5, y = –2 (v) 17 , x < 22 (vi) 0 < x , 40
3 (i) x = 4, y = 7 or x = –2, y = 1 5 (i) 3 < p + q < 10
(ii) x = 5, y = 3 or x = –1, y = –3 (ii) –6 < p – q < 1
(iii) x = 1, y = 1 or x = –2, y = –5 (iii) 4 < 2p + q < 13
(iv) x = –4, y = –3 (iv) –20 < p – 3q < –3
(v) x = 0.4, y = 2.2 or x = 2, y = –1 6 (i) 0 < m2 < 16
77 y = 3 (ii) –6 < m + n , 8
(vi) x = − , 17 or x = 5, y = –3
17
(iii) –25 , m2 – n2 < 16
58 6
4 − , −  and (2, 6) (iv) –8 < n3 , 125
 13 13 
7 (i) NEVER TRUE
5 192 cm
(ii) SOMETIMES TRUE
6 2 2
(iii) ALWAYS TRUE
7 a = –8, b = –18
(iv) ALWAYS TRUE
8 –33
(v) ALWAYS TRUE
Exercise 4.3 Factor theorem
(vi) SOMETIMES TRUE
1 and 2 See full worked solution online. 8 (i) SOMETIMES TRUE
3 (i) See full worked solution online. (ii) SOMETIMES TRUE
(ii) (x – 1)2(x + 2) (iii) SOMETIMES TRUE
4 (i) 0 (iv) NEVER TRUE
(ii) (x – 2)(x – 3)(x + 1) (v) ALWAYS TRUE
5 (i) See full worked solution online. (vi) SOMETIMES TRUE
(ii) x = 3, 1 ± 2
Exercise 4.5 Quadratic inequalities
6 –6
7 (x + 5) 1 (i) x , 1 or x . 3 (ii) –6 < x < –1
8 p = 10.5, q = 12.5 (iii) x < –1 or x > 4 (iv) –2 < x < 7
Exercise 4.4 Linear inequalities (v) 1 , x , 7 (vi) –10 , x , 8
1 or x > 1
2 (i) x < −
4
1 (i) x . − 2 (ii) x . –2
3 (ii) − 1 , x , 1
5 2
(iii) x > 3 (iv) x > 2.4

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 (iii) −1 , x , 3 (iv) x < 1 or x > 2 6 x = –1 or –2
2 3 7 x = 4 or 9
−3 − 37 −3 + 37
(v) x , or x . 8 x = 3 or ±2
2 2
(vi) − 3 < x < 3 Exercise 4.7 Algebraic proof
Answers

2
3 (i) 1 , x , 2 (ii) –1 , x , 1 2 (i) (x – 1)2 + 2
x2 + y2
(iii) 1 , x , 1 (iv) x , –3 or x . 3 8 (i)
xy
2
3
(v) x , − or x .1 Exercise 4.8 Linear sequences
5
1 − 33 1 + 33 1 (i) 3n + 2 (ii) 4n + 2
(vi) x , or x . (iii) 10n (iv) –5n + 12
8 8
(v) –3n + 3 (vi) –4n – 1
11 + 129
4 2,x, 2 (i) 202 (ii) 501
4
(iii) 901 (iv) –687
5 (i) y . –9 (ii) y < –2 or y > 2
(v) –792 (vi) –205
(iii) –9 , y < –2 or y > 2 3 (i) 254 (ii) 253
6 (i) –4 , x , 2 (ii) –1 < x < 5 (iii) 254 (iv) 253
(iii) –1 < x , 2 (v) 252 (vi) 251
7 (i) 1 < x < 3 (ii) 2 , y , 4 4 (i) –6 (ii) –2
(iii) 3 , w , 7 (iii) –2 (iv) –7
(v) –4 (vi) –7
8 –11 , m , 8
5 (i) 2q – p
9 –2 , x , 1
(ii) (2 – n)p + (n – 1)q
Exercise 4.6 Indices
(iii) –8p + 9q = 74

1 (i) x4 (ii) x–8 (iv) p = 11, q = 18

7
6 If 654 is in the sequence, then 7n + 2 = 654 ⇒
(iii) x1 (iv) x 2 1
n = 93 but n is an integer, so 654 cannot be in
(v) x5 (vi) x9 7
the sequence.
3
(vii)  x10 (viii) x
−
4
8 b=
a+c
2
2 (i) x5 + x–2 (ii) 2x + 1
Exercise 4.9 Quadratic sequences and
(iii) 1 – 3x–3 (iv) x – 4x2
the limiting value of a sequence
(v) 3x2 + 1
1 1 (i) 16 (ii) 44
3 (i)    x = (ii) x = 81
7
(iii) x = ±2 (iv) x = − 27 (iii) 38 (iv) –5
8
2 (i) n2 + 1 (ii) n2 + n + 3
(v) x = 1 (vi) x = ±64
2
(iii) n2 – n + 1 (iv) n2 – n + 3
1 1
(vii) x = (viii) x =
16 9 (v) 2n2 – 2n + 5 (vi) –3n2 + 8n + 25
4 (i) y = 0 (ii) x = –2 or x = 4 3 (i) 15
5 (ii) x = 2 (ii) 2n2 – 3n + 6

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 4 (i)
1 1
,− ,−
3 (b) 9 (d) (–4.5, 0)
7 10 13 4
(viii) (a) 1 (c) 2 2
(ii) − 2
3 (b) –1 (d) (5, –5)
5 (i) –6 (ii) –1
2 (i) y

Answers
6 3n2 – n + 1 C
4 A(3, 4) (10, 5)
7 −
11
8 p = 6, q = 20
B(6, 1)
Exercise 4.10 Simultaneous equations in 0 x

three unknowns (iv) 12 units2

3 (i) y
C(−1, 5)
1 x = 11, y = 13, z = –12
B(6, 4)
2 x = –1, y = 2, z = 3
D
3 (i) q = –1
(ii) p = 3, r = –3 0 A(4, 0) x

4 x = 1, y = 3, z = –2 (iii) 15 units2
5 x = 7, y = 2, z = –1 4 (i) AB = 10, BC = 10 , AC = 3 10,
6 25 right angle at C
7 The first two equations contradict each other. (ii) 15 units2

8 (i) 4a + 2b + c = –4 9a + 3b + c = –4 5 (i) x = 7
25a + 5b + c = 2 (ii) AB : BC = 3 : 1
(ii) n2 – 5n + 2 6 a rectangle
y
7 (i)
5 Coordinate geometry B(−1, 4)
A(−4, 3)
C(5, 2)
Exercise 5.1 Parallel and perpendicular
lines: distances, midpoints and gradients 0
E
D(5, 0) x

1 (i) (a) 3 (c) 2 10 (ii) a trapezium

(iii) E is (2, 1)
(b) − 1 (d)(3, 4)
3 y
(ii) (a) 2 (c) 3 5 8 A(−1, 2)

(b) − 1 (d) (3.5, 6) (i)

2 D
(iii) (a) 0 (c) 8 0 x
(b) undefined (d) (1, 2) B(4, −1)
(iv) (a) 0.2 (c) 26
C(1, −2.5)
(b) –5 (d) (2.5, 7.5)
(ii) (−4, 0.5)
(v) (a) − 1 (c) 3 5 9 (i) y
2 B(1, 2)
(b) 2 (d) (1, 4.5)
(vi) (a) 1 (c) 7 2
(b) –1 (d) (–1.5, 0.5) 0 C(4, 0) x

4 A(−1, −1)
(vii) (a) − (c) 97
9 (ii) r ight-angled isosceles
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 10 (i) y
B(4, 5)
Exercise 5.2 Equations of straight lines
A
(2, 3) C(6, 3) 1 (i) perpendicular (ii) parallel
E
(iii) neither (iv) neither
Answers

0 x
(v) neither (vi) parallel
D(4, −2) (vii) perpendicular (viii) neither
(ii) See full worked solution online. 2 (i) 4x + y – 11 = 0
(iii) 14 units2 (ii) y = 5x – 7
(iv) 6 units2; 8 units2
(iii) 4x + y – 17 = 0
11 (i) See full worked solution online.  2 2
(iv) 2x – 3y + 14 = 0  or y = 3 x + 4 3
(ii) (–3.5, –0.5)
(iii) 17.5 units2 (v) x – 2y – 1 = 0  or y = 1 x − 1
 2 2
12 (i) See full worked solution online.
(vi) 2x + 3y – 7 = 0  or y = − 2 x + 2 1
(ii) D is (0, 4); 8 units2  3 3
 p + q , p + q 3 (i) x + 3y – 6 = 0  or y = − 1 x + 2
13 (i) midpoint
 2 2   3 
(ii) See full worked solution online.  1 1
(ii) 2y + x – 1 = 0  or y = − 2 x + 2 
14 (i) y
(iii) y = x + 6
C(7, 3) 3x
D(4, 2)
(iv) y = 2
 2 
(v) 2x + 3y = 0  or y = − 3 x 
0 B(6, 0) x
(vi) 3x + 4y – 8 = 0  or y = − x + 2
A(3, −1)
3
 4 
4 (i) y
a rhombus
B
C(5, 5)
(ii) See full worked solution online.
(iii) 2 10 units2
15 b2 + ac – bd = 0
0 A x
16
y
C (ii) A is (4, 0), B is (0, 6)
(5, 5)
5 (iii) 13 units2

B
4 5 (i) A(−4, 0), B(0, 3)
(−1, 3)
3 (ii) y

2
D
(6, 2) B (0, 3)
1

A (−4, 0) 0 x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x

A −1
(−3,−1)
−2
(iii) 6 units2
25 units2
(iv) 4x + 3y = 0
(v) Length of AB = 5
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 Shortest (i.e. perpendicular) distance from 9 (i)
O to AB = 2.4 units y

Length (mm)
6 (i) y

C(3, 2) (100, 270)

Answers
B(−3, 0)
(50, 180)
0 D(3, 0) x

A(−3, −2)

0 x
(ii) A B and CD are parallel; gradient Mass (grams)
1 (ii) y = 1.8x + 90
BC = gradient AD = ; parallelogram.
3
(iii) 12 units2 (iii) 90 mm

(iv) 33.7° (1 d.p.) (iv) 83 1 g

3
7 (i) y (v) Adding a load of 1 kg is likely to cause the
elastic band to snap.
A(4, 3)
10 (i) f

(100, 212)
0 x

(0, 32)
(ii) OA = 5, OB = 5, AB = 5 2
0 c
3
(iii) Equation of OA is y = 4 x
4
Equation of OB is y = − 3 x (ii) f = 1.8c + 32
Equation of AB is x + 7y = 25
(iii) –40
(iv) (3, – 4)
(v) AB is the line of symmetry for the triangle, Exercise 5.3 The intersection of two lines
so triangle ABC is isosceles.
Area = 25 units2
1 (i) x = 1, y = 2 (ii) x = 1, y = 1.5
8 (i)
2 (i) x = 2, y = −1 (ii) x = −3, y = 1
Amount lent (£million)

400
350
3 (i) y
300 y=3
3
250 A C
0
2 2y=
200 x−
x+
150 2y
=4
1
100 B
50
0 x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Interest rate (%)
(ii) y = 3, x + 2y = 4: (−2, 3)
(ii) y = 640 – 100x y = 3, x − 2y = 0: (6, 3)
(iii) (a) £440 million x + 2y = 4, x − 2y = 0: (2, 1)
(b) £140 million (iii) 8 units2
(iv) Isosceles triangle
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 4 (i) 2 (i) R is (8, 6.5) (ii) R is (12, −2.4)
y
(iii) Q is (4, −1) (iv) P is (−6, 5)
6
3 (i) B(3, 4)
A(–3, 7)
4
Answers

C(x, y)
2

(ii) ⇒ AB : BC = 3 : 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
(iii) C is (7, 2)
−2
4 (i)
−4 P(–3, 7)
y= Q
− 8 7
−6 y =x −
2x
R(6, 1)
−8 (ii) Q is (0, 5)
−10 5 (i) π : 1 (ii) 4 : 1
(iii) 25 : 36 (iv) 25 : 36
(ii) 6.75 units2 6 Anna receives £44 000
(iii) 37.5 units2 Brian receives £52 000
Charlotte receives £54 000
5 (i) AB = 2 5; BC = 5; AC = 5
7 Age 4 receives 80°
(ii) G
 radient AB = 0.5; Gradient BC = −2;
Gradient AC = 0 Age 6 receives 120°
(iii) Triangle is right angled Age 8 receives 160°
(iv) 5 units2 8 (i) Materials = £75 000
6 (i) D is (10, 2) Wages = £150 000
(ii) AB and AD are perpendicular Admin = £25 000
(iii) 5616 cm2 (ii) £261 250. Increase = 4.5%
7 Amanda earns £8.50 per day and Belinda earns
£10.50 per day. Exercise 5.5 Equation of a circle
8 18 10p coins and 30 20p coins.
1 (i) x2 + (y − 1)2 = 9
9 Man is 70 years old and grandson is 10 years old.
(ii) (x − 3)2 + y2 = 25
10 (i) I ndividual prices cannot be found from
this information, since there are not two (iii) (x + 2)2 + (y − 5)2 = 4
‘different’ equations – the second is 1.5 (iv) (x − 4)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
times the first. They represent lines that are
(v) (x + 6)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16
parallel.
2 (i) (a) Centre (0, 0)
(ii) (a) x = z + 2, y = 15 − 5z
(b) 0 = 0 (b) Radius = 2

(c) Each equation will represent a plane (c) y

and the two planes have no common 2
point – they are parallel.
–2 0 2 x
Exercise 5.4 Dividing of a line in a given
–2
ratio

1 (i) C is (7, 5) (ii) C is (−2, 2) (ii) (a) Centre (2, 0)

(iii) C is (3, 0) (iv) C is (−1, −3) (b) Radius = 3

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 (c) y 7 (i) y
5

A
–1 0 2 5 x

– 5 0 x
2 12

Answers
(iii) (a) Centre (0, −3)
(b) Radius = 3
(ii) (7, 12)
(c) y
0 x (iii) (7, −12)
(iv) Equation of the top circle is
(0, –3)
(x – 7)2 + (y – 12)2 = 169
Equation of the bottom circle is
(0, –6) (x – 7)2 + (y + 12)2 = 169
(v) (0, 1.05) and (0, 22.95) (2 d.p.)
(iv) (a) Centre (5, 5)
(0, −1.05) and (0, −22.95) (2 d.p.)
(b) Radius 5
8 (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 13 i.e. a circle
(c) y
Centre (3, −2), radius 13
Concentric circle with radius
5
5 is (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 25
(5, 5)
9 (i) (x + 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 25
0 5 x (ii) (x + 1)2 + (y − 1)2 = 100

(v) (a) Centre (−3, 4) 10 Midpoint C is (2, 11); (x − 2)2 + (y − 11)2 = 10

(b) Radius 5 11 (x − 3)2 + (y − 5)2 = 9 (top)
(c) y Or (x − 3)2 + (y + 5)2 = 9 (bottom)
8
y

(–3, 4) (3, y)
3 y
–6 x
0 2
0 1 3 5 x
3 (i) (x − 2)2 + (y − 3)2 =4
(3, –y)
(ii) (x + 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 18
(iii) (x − 1)2 + (y + 1)2 =9
4 Centre (−2, 3), radius 5
y
Exercise 5.6 Circle geometry, including
tangents and chords

1
(–2, 3) 1 Gradient BP = 5 = 0.2
0 x 2 (i) (8, 2)
(ii) 3 5
5 (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = −6; for a circle, RHS must
(iii) 5 2
be positive ⇒ not a circle
(iv) (x − 11)2 + (y − 8)2 = 50
6 (x − 2)2 + (y − 7)2 = 25

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 3 (i) Radius = 10; Centre (2, −3) 9 (i) x2 + y2 − 6y = 0
(ii) y1 = 5 and y2 = −11 (ii) y

C
(iii) 48 units2
4 (i) Radius = 5
Answers

(ii) x − 2y + 1 = 0

5 (i) y = 9
(ii) Tangent at (−3, 0) has equation B
D(0, 3)
3x + 4y + 9 = 0
Tangent at (0, 9) has equation y = 9
0 x
Point of intersection is (−15, 9) A(4, 0)

6 (i) Radius 5
(iii) 12 units2
y
A(–3, 7) D(x, 7)
6 Geometry I
C(0, 3)
B x
Exercise 6.1 Circle theorems

(ii) B is (3, −1); D is (3, 7) 1 119°
(iii) ABD is a right–angled triangle 2 30°
7 (i) Centre (1, −2); Radius 5 3 27°
y
4 See full worked solution online.
A(–2, 2)
5 ∠PQR = 70°; ∠PRQ = 70°; ∠QPR = 40°
0 x 6 65°
C(1, –2)
7 x = 26°; y = 122°
8 (i) 180° − 7x
B(1, –7)
(ii) 15°
(ii) 3x − 4y + 14 = 0; y = −7 9 38°
(iii) (−14, −7) 10 (i) y = 2x − 180°
8 (i) Centre (0, −5); Radius 5 (ii) See full worked solution online.
y

0 x Exercise 6.2 Geometric proof

y
C(0, –5)
1 (i) ∠CAB = ∠CBA = 90  − 2
x
B(3, –9) ∠CBD = ∠CDB = 90  −
2

1(ii), 2–8 See full worked solutions online.
(ii) 3x − 4y − 45 = 0
A is (15, 0) Exercise 6.3 Trigonometry in two
(iii) O 15 A dimensions
5
C 1 (i) 6.0 cm (ii) 9.5 cm (1 d.p.)
(iii) 7.8 cm (1 d.p.) (iv) 10.2 cm (1 d.p.)
B
2 (i) 53.3° (1 d.p.) (ii) 53.5° (1 d.p.)
75 units2
(iii) 33.7° (1 d.p.) (iv) 49.9° (1 d.p.)

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 3 (i) 79.5° (1 d.p.) (ii) 6.8 cm (1 d.p.) 3 9 3 cm2
(iii) 14.7 cm (1 d.p.) (iv) 48.0° (1 d.p.) 4 (i) BD =2 2cm
4 (i) ∠ADB = 53.0° (1 d.p.) (ii) DC = 6 cm
(ii) ∠DCB = 42.4° (1 d.p.)
(iii) Area ABC = 1 + 3 cm2 ( )

Answers
(iii) 17.9 cm B
5 (i) C
5 (i) B
30 km
28° 60°

45 m 30 km
M
30°

C xm L
A
(ii) x = 84.6 m
6 (i) B C (ii) AC = 30 3 km
(iii) 3h 44 min
5.5 km 6 (i)
50°
120°
A N 135°

45°
(ii) 8.55648 … km = 8556 m (nearest metre) 20 km
(iii) 12 055 m
7 (i) C
M A B

(ii) MA = 20 km
θ° 45° (iii) AB =(20 3 – 20) km
A 30 m B 50 m D
7 (i)
(ii) 50 m 120°
P

(iii) 32.0° 200

8 (i) T

Q S
60 m

23° 40°
A B S
(ii) 71.5 m 45°

(iii) 69.8 m
R

Exercise 6.4 Angles of 45°, 30° and 60° (ii) QS = 100 3 m

RS = 100 6 m
8 (i) V
1 (i) x = 2 3 – 1
(ii) x = 6
(iii) x = 3 2
5 5 3 60°
(iv) x = =
3 3 B 40 M 40 C
2 3 Area VBC = 1600 3 cm2
2 AB = cm
3
2 3 2 (ii) 6400( 3 +1) cm2
AB =
Area = cm
3 − 2 cm
(iii) 40
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 Exercise 6.5 Trigonometric functions for (v) θ = −315°, −225°, 45°, 135°
angles of any size, and trigonometric (vi) θ = −330°, −210°, 30°, 150°
graphs (vii) θ = −315°, −135°, 45°, 225°
(viii) θ = −330°, −150°, 30°, 210°
1 (i) θ = 30°, 150°
Answers

(ix) θ = −300°, −120°, 60°, 240°

(ii) θ = 30°, 330°
1
8 (i) f( ) = 0
(iii) θ = 63.4°, 243.4° 2
(ii) θ = −180°, −120°, −60°, 60°, 120°, 180°
(iv) θ = 120°, 240°
(v) θ = 125.3°, 305.3°
Exercise 6.6 Trigonometric identities
(vi) θ = 240°, 300°
2 (i) θ = 23.6°, 156.4° 1 (i) (a) −cos2 θ = 0
(ii) θ = 63.6°, −63.6° (b) θ = 90°
(iii) θ = 74.1°, −105.9° (ii) (a) cos2 θ = 1
(iv) θ = 138.6°, −138.6° (b) θ = 0°, 180°
(v) θ = −71.6°, 108.4° (iii) (a) 2sin2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
(vi) θ = −23.6°, −156.4° (b) θ = 90°
3 (i) θ = 50.8°, 129.2°, 230.8°, 309.2° (iv) (a) 2cos2 θ − cos θ − 1 = 0
(ii) θ = 50.8°, 129.2°, 230.8°, 309.2° (b) θ = 0°, 120°
(iii) θ = 72.5°, 107.5°, 252.5°, 287.5° (v) (a) sin2 θ − sin θ = 0
4 (i) (3x + 2)(x − 1) (b) θ = 0°, 90°, 180°
(ii) x = 1 or – 2 (vi) (a) cos2 θ − cos θ = 0
3
(iii) (a) θ = −360°, 0°, 360° (b) θ = 0°, 90°
or −228.2°, −131.8°, 131.8°, 228.2° 2 (i) (a) cos2 θ − cos θ − 1 = 0
(b)θ = 90°, −270° (b) θ = 128.2°
or −41.8°, −138.2°, 221.8°, 318.2° (ii) (a) sin2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
(c) θ = 45°, 225°, −135°, −315° (b) No soln in interval 0 < θ < 180°
or −33.7°, −213.7°, 146.3°, 326.3° (iii) (a) 2cos2 θ − cos θ − 2 = 0
5 (i) θ = −90°, 30°, 150° (b) θ = 141.3°
(ii) θ = −111.8°, −45°, 68.2°, 135° (iv) (a) 4cos2 θ + 5cos θ − 6 = 0
(iii) θ = −120°, −41.4°, 41.4°, 120° (b) θ = 41.4°
(iv) θ = −138.2°, −41.8°, 41.8°, 138.2° 1
3 (i) tan θ =
4
6 θ = 90°, 210°, 330° (ii) θ = 14.0°
7 (i) θ = −360°, 0°, 360° 4 (i) 54.7°, 125.3°, 234.7°, 305.3°
(ii) θ = −315°, −45°, 45°, 315° (ii) 116.6°, 296.6°
(iii) θ = −300°, −60°, 60°, 300° (iii) 123.7°, 303.7°
(iv) θ = −270°, 90° (iv) 68.2°, 248.2°

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 5 (i) cos θ − cos3 θ Exercise 7.3 The cosine rule
(1 − cos θ )(2 cosθ − 1)
2
(ii)
cosθ 1 (i) 9.1 cm (ii) 12.8 m
6 tan2x
2 (i) 77.6° (ii) 135.8°
7 (i) See full worked solution online.

Answers
3 (i) 75.0° (ii) 42.0°
(ii) See full worked solution online.
4 (i) 7.6 cm (ii) 26.0 cm2
8 (i) 2
sin 2 x 5 (ii) 40.7 m2 or 11.7 m2
(ii) x = 45°, 135°, 225°, 315° 6 (i) 11.5 cm (ii) 8.0 cm (iii) 46.0 cm2
9 x = 60°, 109.5°, 250.5°, 300° 7 9.2 km

8 120 3 − 206
7 Geometry II 191

Exercise 7.1 The area of a triangle Exercise 7.4 Using the sine and cosine
rules together
1 (i) 800.7 cm2 (ii) 1.9 cm2
2 (i) 14.0 (ii) 12.3 (iii) 13.0 1 (i) 13.1 cm (ii) 52.4° (iii) 72.7 cm2
3 35.1 cm2 2 (i) 11.0 cm (ii) 9.4 cm (iii) 42.1 cm2
4 7.3 cm 3 29.2 cm2
5 (i) 35.2° or 144.8° 4 (i) 9.3 km (ii) 092.2°
(ii) 56.1° or 33.9° 5 (i) 8.0 cm (ii) 37.3 cm2
6 4.9 6 7.2 cm
7 1.2 7 (i) 29.3 cm2 (ii) 7.1 cm
8 3.7 or 1.0 8 (i) 80.0 cm2 (ii) 15.0 m
9 2.8 cm Exercise 7.5 Problems in three
10 81.1 m2 dimensions
11 17.9° and 162.1°
1 (i) 12.4 cm (ii) 13 cm (iii) 17.9°
Exercise 7.2 The sine rule
2 (i) 26.2° (ii) 69.9° (iii) 78.6 cm2
1 (i) 13.4 cm (ii) 7.1 cm 3 (i) 6.9 cm (iii) 63.1°
2 (i) 11.3 cm (ii) 36.8 cm (ii) 59.7° (iv) 32.3°
3 (i) 31.9° (ii) 35.7° 4 49.1°
4 (i) 43.5° or 136.5° (ii) 6.5° 5 (i) 86.6 cm2 (ii) 54.7°
5 (i) 7.9 cm (ii) 26.0 cm2 6 (i) 15 cm (iii) 13 cm
6 (i) 45.8° (ii) 77.4 cm2 (ii) 18.4° (iv) 34.7°
7 4 3 7 (i) 3.2 cm (ii) 115.8 cm3 (iii) 492
11
8 46.0 cm2 8 (i) 61.9° (ii) 69.3°

9 53.7 cm2 9 (i) 14.1 cm (iii) 20.3 cm

(ii) 21.2 cm (iv) 80.0°
10 (i) 26.6° (ii) 20 m3 (iii) 5.1 m

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 11 (i) 25.9 m (ii) 297.0 m dy 20
(vi) = 20x4 − 20x–5 = 20x4 − 5
12 (i) 27.0 m (iii) 93.2° (v) 437.5 m3 dx x
dy 12
(ii) 3.4° (iv) 12.0 m 5 (i) = 12x2 + 12x–5 = 12x2 + 5
dx x
13 (i) 3.1 m; 3.7 m (ii) 14.8°, 17.6° dy 1
(ii) = 1 + 1x–2 = 1 + 2
Answers

14 (i) 914.4 m from A, 761.1 m from B dx x

dy 1 1
(ii) 534.4 m (iii) = 4x + x–2 = 4x + 2
dx 2 2x
(iii) 8.5° dy 6 6
(iv) = –6x–3 − 6x–4 = − 3 − 4
dx x x
8 Calculus dy 4 25 −4 25
(v) = − x–3 + x–6 = 3 + 6
dx 5 2 5x 2x
Exercise 8.1 Differentiation − 12 12
(vi) y = −12x–4 + 12x–5 = 4 + 5
x x
6 (i) V = 24x3
dy dy A = 52x2
1 (i) = 12x2 (ii) = 6x
dx dx
dV
dy dy (ii) dx = 72x2
(iii) =4 (iv) = –42x6
dx dx dA
dy dy dx = 104x
(v) = –42x5 (vi) =0
dx dx dy
dy dy 7 (i) At (1, 0) = −2
dx
(vii) =x (viii) = x2 dy
dx dx At (3, 0) =2
dy dx
(ix) = x3 dy
dx (ii) At (0, 3) = −4
dy dy dx
2 (i) = 6x2 + 6x (ii) = 12x3 + 12x2 8 (−2, 11), (1, −16)
dx dx
dy dy
(iii) = 20x4 + 20x3 (iv) =3 Exercise 8.2 Gradient functions and
dx dx
more complex differentiation
dy dy
(v) =2 (vi) = −4
dx dx
dy
dy dy 1 (i) = 6x2 − 6x
(vii) = 9x2 (viii) = 16x3 dx
dx dx dy
dy (ii) = 18x2 − 15
(ix) = 25x4 dx
dx dy
dy (iii) = 2x + 3
3 (i) = 8x3 − 8x − 8 dx
dx dy
dy (iv) = 2x − 1
(ii) = 12x3 − 12x2 + 12 dx
dx dy
dy (v) = 12x + 1
(iii) = 10x4 + 10x − 10 dx
dx dy
(vi) = 18x2 + 30x − 4
dy dx
4 (i) =1+ 2x−2 = 1 + 22
dx x 2 (i) 2x3 − 6x2 + 5x − 15
dy 2x 4 dy
(ii) = + 4x−3 = x + 3 (ii) = 6x2 − 12x + 5
dx 2 x dx
dy 3x 2
(iii) = + 9x–4 = x2 + 94 (iii) S he has not multiplied out the brackets
dx 3 x before differentiating.
dy 3 dy
(iv) = 3x2 + 3x–4 = 3x2 + 4 3 (i) 4x2 + 2 (ii) = 8x
dx x dx
dy 8 dy 4 x 3
(v) = 8x3 + 8x–3 = 8x3 + 3 4 (i) = 5 +5
dx x dx
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 dy dy
(ii) = 2x − 2 (ii) x = 1 ⇒ = –2
dx dx
dy dy
(iii) = 4 − 6x x = −1 ⇒ =2
dx dx
dy
(iv) = 5x4 + 8 x3 − 3x2 (iii) y = 2x − 5
3

Answers
dx y = −2x − 5
dy
(v) = 6x + 12x2 y = −2x + 5
dx
y = 2x + 5
dy
(vi) = 4x − 2
dx (iv) y

5 (i) 0 (ii) 8 (iii) 20

4
6 (i) 1 (ii) −2 (iii) 94
7 (i) 79 (ii) −6 (iii) 9
−2.5 −2 0 2 2.5 x
dy
8 =8
dx −4
9 2
10 (−2, 54) and (3, −71) (−2.5, 0) and (2.5, 0)
(v) a rhombus
11 Gradients at intersection with the x-axis are
18, –9, 18 6 (i) y

Gradient at intersection with the y-axis is –6 (2, 5)

y = x2 + 1
Exercise 8.3 Tangents and normal
y = x2 − 6
1
−2.5 0 2.5 x
1 (i) 2x
(ii) 2
(iii) y = 2x − 5 −6

(iv) x + 2y + 5 = 0 dy
(ii) =4
2 (i) 3x2 − 4x − 5 dx
 sing geometry, y = x2 + 1 is the same
(iii) U
(ii) −6 at (1, 0) shape as y = x2 − 6 but moved vertically up
15 at (−2, 0) through 7 units.
10 at (3, 0) dy
⇒
Using calculus, y = x2 − 6 ⇒ = 2x
(iii) x + y + 2 = 0 dy dx
At (2, −2), =4
(iv) y = x − 6 dx
(iv) Any curve of the form y = x2 + c, where c
3 (i) y
is constant.
7 (i) 8a + 8 + b = 0
0 4 x
(ii) f ´(x) = 3ax2 + 4x
–4 = 12a + 8
dy
(ii) =6 (iii) a = −1, b = 0
dx
4 (i) 3x2 − 12x + 11 (iv) f(x)

(ii) See full worked solution online.

dy 0 2 x
5 (i) x = 1 ⇒ =2
dx
dy
x = −1 ⇒ = –2
dx
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 8 (i) Replacing x by (−x) gives the same value of (iv) (a) Increasing if x . 0
y ⇒ symmetrical about the y-axis. (b) Decreasing if x , 0
dy 4
(ii) = 4x 3 − 3 6 See full worked solution online.
dx x
Min turning points are (−1, 3) and (1, 3) 7 (i) Decreasing for 3 , x , 7
Answers

(iii) At (−1, 3) tangent is y = 3, normal is x = −1 (ii) Increasing for x , 3 or x . 7

At (1, 3) tangent is y = 3, normal is x = 1 8 (i) P = 1000
(iv) tangent: y = 31.5x − 46.5 (ii) 4 + 2t
normal: 2x + 63y = 1043.5 (iii) 6%
(v) tangent: y = −31.5x − 46.5
normal: 2x − 63y = 1043.5 9 (i) 9134
(ii) 253 per annum
Exercise 8.4 Increasing and d
­ ecreasing
functions (iii) 2027

Exercise 8.5 Second derivatives

1 (i) Increasing for x . 0
(ii) Increasing for all x
dy d 2y
1 (i) = 6x2 – 6x = 12x − 6
dx dx 2
(iii) Increasing for x . 2 dy d 2y
(ii) =5 =0
(iv) Increasing for x . –2.5 dx dx 2
dy d 2y
(v) Increasing for x . 1 (iii) = 4 − 4x3 2 = −12x
2
dx dx
(vi) Increasing for x . 1 dy 3 d 2y
2 (i) = 8x − 6x − 5, = 24x2 − 6
(vii) Increasing for x , 0 or x . 1 dx dx 2
6 6
dy 5 d 2y
(viii) Increasing for x , − or x . (ii) = 6x − 12x + 3, = 30x4 − 12
3 3 dx dx 2
2 (i) Decreasing for x , 0 dy 2 d 2y
(iii) = 8x + 8x − 7, = 16x + 8
dx dx 2
(ii) Decreasing for x , 2 dy d y2
3 (i) = 12x − 13, = 12
(iii) Decreasing for x , 2 dx dx 2
1 dy 2 d 2y
(iv) Decreasing for x . (ii) = 3x + 2x − 1, = 6x + 2
4 dx dx 2
1
(v) Decreasing for x ,− dy
2 (iii)  = 192x2 − 288x + 108
(vi) Decreasing for all x dx
d 2y
(vii) Decreasing for x , 1.5 = 384x − 288
dx 2
(viii) Decreasing for x , –1 or x . 1 dy d 2y
4 (i) = 60x2 − 10x + 40, = 120x − 10
3 See full worked solution online. dx dx 2
dy d 2y
4 See full worked solution online. (ii) = 36x2 − 24x − 45, = 72x − 24
dx dx 2
1
5 (i) (a) Increasing if x , − 1 or x . dy
2 2
(iii)  = 135x2 − 120x + 20
(b) Decreasing if − 1 , x , 1 with x ≠ 0 dx
(not defined) 2 2
d 2y
= 270x − 120
(ii) (a) Increasing if x , –2 or x . 3 dx 2
5 (i) y = 20 − x
(b) Decreasing if –2 , x , 3
(ii) P = 20x − x2
1
or x . 1
(iii) (a) Increasing if x , − dy dP
3 = −1,
3 (iii)
dx dx = 20 − 2x
1 1
(b) Decreasing if − ,x, d 2P
3 3 (iv) = −2
96 dx 2

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 (e) y
dy 2 d 2y
6 (i) = 6x − 6x − 13, = 12x − 6
dx dx 2
(ii) At (−2, 10) = 23 positive so / −1 0 2 x

At (0, 12) = −13 negative so \

(0.5, −2.25)
At (3, 0) = 23 positive so /

Answers
dy dy −5
(iii) y (ii) (a) = −5 − 12x = 0 when x =
dx dx 12
12 d 2y
(b) and (c) = −12
x
dx 2
0 3
⇒ max turning point
d 2h −5 1
dh (d) x = ⇒y=7
7 (i) = 15 − 10t = −10 12 24
dt dt 2
(e) −5, 1
7 y
12 24
dh
(ii) When = 0, stone is instantaneously at
dt 6
rest at its highest point.
(iii) h
11.25

0 x

dy
0 1.5 3 t = 3x2 − 3 = 0 for x ± 1
(iii) (a)
dx
8 (i) At (−3, 0) = −54 (b) +6 for x = 1
At (0, 0) = 0 −6 for x = −1
At (3, 0) = 54 (c) max at x = −1, min at x = 1
(ii) y
(d) x = −1 ⇒ y = 2
A B x = 1 ⇒ y = −2
−3 0 3 x
(e) y

(−1, 2)

C −√3 0 √3 x

(iii) AB is y = 0 (1, −2)

AC is y = −54x − 162
BC is y = 54x − 162 dy
(iv) (a) = 3x2 + 6x − 24
A(−3, 0), B(3, 0), C(0, −162) dx
x = −4, x = 2
(iv) 486 units2
d 2y
(b) At x = −4 = −18
Exercise 8.6 Stationary points and dx 2
applications of maxima and minima d 2y
At x = 2 = 18
dx 2
dy dy x = −4 ⇒ max turning point.
(c) 
1 (i) (a) = 2x − 1 = 0 when x = 0.5 x = 2 ⇒ min turning point.
dx dx
d 2y (d) x = −4 ⇒ y = 73 x = 2 ⇒ y = −35
(b) and (c) = 2 ⇒ min turning point
dx 2
(d) x = 0.5 ⇒ y = −2.25

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 (e) y
 –2 3 64 3 
max at  ,
(−4, 73)  3 9 
y
(iii)
−
2√3, 64√3
3 9
Answers

0 x
−7
−2 0 2 x

(2, −35) 2√3, −64√3

3 9

dy dy d y 2
(v) (a) = 4x3 − 4x 5 (i) = 3x2 – 12x + 9, = 6x – 12
dx dx dx 2
x = −1 or x = 0 or x = 1
(ii) max at (1, 0)
d 2y
(b) At x = −1 ⇒ 2 = 8 min at (3, –4)
dx
d 2y (iii) y
At x = 0 ⇒ = −4
dx 2
0 1 4 x
d 2y
At x = 1 ⇒ 2 = 8
dx
(c) x = −1 ⇒ min turning point
−4
(3, −4)
x = 0 ⇒ max turning point
x = 1 ⇒ min turning point
6 (i) y = 3 + 2x − x2
(d) x = −1 ⇒ y = 0 x=0⇒y=1
(ii) See full worked solution online.
x=1⇒y=0
7 (i) y = 12 – x
(e) y
1 (ii) S = 2x2 – 24x + 144
dS d 2S
(iii) = 4x – 24 =4
0 x
dx dx 2
−1 1
(iv) S = x2 + y2 = 72
2 a = 4, b = 1 250 − r 2
dy d 2y 8 (i) h =
3 (i) = 4x3 − 16x, = 12x2 − 16 2r
dx dx 2  r2 
d 2y (ii) V = πr  125 − 
(ii) x = 0, = −16 ⇒ max (0, 0)  2 
dx 2
d 2y dV 3π r 2
x = −2, = 32 ⇒ min (−2, −16) (iii) = 125π –
dx 2 dr 2
d 2y d 2V
x = 2, = 32 ⇒ min (2, −16) = – 3πr
dx 2 dr 2
(iii) y 5 30 5 30
(iv) r = cm, h = cm
3 3
0 x
−2√2 2√2
9 (i) V = 4x3 – 192x2 + 2304x
(−2,−16) (2,−16) (ii) 8192 cm2
10 (i) each side is (14 – 2x) cm
dy d y 2
Area = (196 – 56x + 4x2) cm2
4 (i) = 12x2 – 16, = 24x
dx dx 2 (ii) See full worked solution online.
2 3 64 3  (iii) min A when x = 4
(ii) min at  , −
 3 9  (iv) 84 cm2
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 11 (i) V = 4x3 − 390x2 + 9000x Exercise 9.2 Transformations and
(ii) x = 15 matrices
(iii) 60 750 cm3
1 (i) (36, 22) (ii) (20, 22)
9 Matrices

Answers
2 (2b – 4a, 3a + b)
1
Exercise 9.1 Multiplying matrices 3 (i) –4 (ii) (iii) 1
3
4 (i) a + 2b = 3 and 2a – 2b = 4
 −7  (ii)  −19 −20  7 1
1 (i)  −1  7 (ii) a = and b =
 5 14   23  3 3
 −11  1 −18   −2 −7 
11  5 (i)  
(iii)  (iv) 
 12 15 
 6 13 
  −2 6 
 
2 (i) p = 5.5, q = 29 (ii)  8 −3 
14 19  1 2 
(ii) m = − 3 , n = − 12
 4 0 
3 m = 24, n = 3, r = 6, t = –3 (iii)  
 2 2 
4 (i) a = 1.5
 3 −1 
(ii) b = 2 6  
 3 5 
5 (i) 3x + y = 13 and 2x – 4y = 18
(ii) x = 5, y = –2 7 (i) c = 7 (ii) d = 4, e = 5
6 (i) w = –110, x = 2, y = –12 8 (i) (1, 2) (ii) (32, –14)
13 18 120 9 See full worked solution online.
(ii) p = − , q = , r = −
3 13 13 10 (i) x + 3y = 0 or any equivalent equation
7 3
(ii) e.g. (3, –1)
8 (i) p (p – 1) + 2p – q = 10 and
4p + 1 = 3p + 2q and p(p – q) + 5q = 13 Exercise 9.3 Transformations of the unit
(ii) p = 3 and q = 2 square
9 m = –2 and n = 6
1  −1 0   1 0 
10 b = ( 8 − 2a ) and c = 4 − a 1 (i)   (ii)  
3  0 1   0 −1 
 14 −2   0 1   0 −1 
11 (i)   (iii)   (iv)  
 35 −3   1 0   −1 0 
 
(ii)  −33 36   0 −1   0 1 
 16 8  2 (i)   (ii)  
 1 0   −1 0 
(iii) See full worked solution online.
 
(iii)  −1 0 
12 a = 2, b = –3, c = –1, d = 2  0 −1 
 −2 3   1 
13    0 
 3 −4   7 0  3
3 (i)   (ii)  
 0 7   1 
 0 3 

 −4 0 
(iii)  
 0 −4 

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 4 (i) e nlargement, scale factor 3,  0 −1 
centre (0, 0) 3 (i)   (ii) (2, –4)
 −1 0 
(ii) reflection in the line y = x
 −7 0   0 −1 
(iii) rotation of 90° about (0, 0) 4 (i)   (ii)  
 0 −7   −1 0 
Answers

(iv) rotation of 180° about (0, 0)

 0 7 
(v) rotation of 270° about (0, 0) (iii)   (iv) 49
 7 0 
(vi) reflection in the y-axis
 −111 171 
 0 −1   0 1  5 (i) 
5 (i)   (ii)    2 −18 
 1 0   −1 0 
(ii) (–393, 22)
 0 −1   2 0 
(iii)   (iv)    −10 −10 
 −1 0   0 2  6 (i)  (ii) (2, 3)
 52 91 
6 36
7 See full worked solution online.
7 a2
8 (i) P´ = (a, c), Q´ = (a + b, c + d), R´ = (b, d)  –1 0 
 b  8  
(ii)  (iii) See full worked solution  0 –1 
 d  online.  1 
 0 
k
Exercise 9.4 Combining ­transformations 9  
 1 
 0 k 

 2 −2 
1 (i)   (ii) (–4, 8)  1 0 
 −1 3  10  0 1 
 
 0 1   1 0 
2 (i)   (ii)  
 1 0   0 −1 
 0 1 
(iii)  
 −1 0 
(iv) rotation of 270° about (0, 0)

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