EEET2384/ EEET2385

Introduction to Electrical Building Design

Building Lighting Design

A/Prof. Lasantha Meegahapola
Electrical & Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering
RMIT University, VIC 3000
Australia

Office: 010.08.014
E-mail: [email protected]
Lecture Outline
 Fundamental Definitions

 Inverse Square Law and Cosine Law

 Lighting Sources Operation and Characteristics

 Lighting Control, Dimmers

 Fixtures, Luminaires and Polar Curves

 Lighting Design Concepts

Page 2
 Nature of Light
 Light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths ranging from blue
(~450 nm) through green, yellow and orange to red (~675 nm)

 Human eye sensitivity varies across the spectrum, peaks at 550 nm

 “White” light is equal intensity across all visible wavelengths.

Human eye spectral sensitivity Daylight spectral composition

Page 3
 Natural and Artificial Illumination
 To design the lighting for an given application overall Lux level
(illuminance) must be considered. Both natural lighting (Day light) and
illuminance from lamp constitutes overall illuminance at a given
location.

[Source: D.V. Chadderton, Building Services Engineering]

Page 4
 Fundamental Concepts
Lighting Terms and Units:

 Luminous Flux (F or ϕ) = The light emitted by a source or incident light

on a surface (received by a surface), SI unit = Lumens (lm).

 Luminous Intensity (I) = Light source intensity (power of the light

source). Also defined as emitted light on a given direction, SI unit =
Candela (cd),

 Illuminance (E) = Density of luminous flux, SI unit = Lux (lx) = lumen/m2

Page 5
 Fundamental Concepts

1 lumen = 1 candela X 1 steradian

 Luminance (L) = luminous intensity per area, SI unit = candela/m2 (cd/m2)

 Luminous Efficacy = lumens/watt

 Luminous Efficiency = Luminous Efficacy as a % of maximum possible

efficacy at a given wavelength.

Page 6
 Inverse Square Law
When a lamp is suspended above a surface, the illuminance
at a point (A) directly below the lamp can be calculated as:

Io
Illuminance ( E )  2 d Io
d
A
Io = Luminous Intensity towards point A
d = Direct distance between point A and source

Example: A lamp producing a luminous intensity of 1200 candela in all

directions below the horizontal, is suspended 5 m above the surface. Calculate
the illuminance produce on the surface immediately below

Page 7
 Cosine Law
 The cosine law is used when the illuminance is to be calculated an
angle away from the source.
 Therefore, when a lamp is suspended above a horizontal surface,
the illuminance (E) at any point below the surface can be calculated
as:
Io
Illuminance ( E )  2 cos 
h
d
cos  
 h
h

d h2  d 2  x2
x

Page 8
 Object Visibility and Colour
 Object visibility is determined by sufficient light, no glare,
adequate contrast between the object and the background

 Object colour is determined by wavelengths reflected back

from the object

 Perceived colour can vary depending on wavelengths

emitted by the light source.

 “White” light is equal intensity across all visible wavelengths.

Page 9
 Lighting Sources – Incandescent Lamps

 Filament

 Tungsten-Halogen

 Relatively low efficacy 10-35 lumens/watt

 Relatively short life (1000 hours)
 Easy to control and dim

Page 10
Lighting Sources - Gas Discharge Lamps

 Mercury Vapour (colour varies with internal pressure)

• Mercury Fluorescent (uv excites a red fluorescing powder

Page 11
Lighting Sources - Gas Discharge Lamps

 Sodium Vapour (low pressure = yellow light)

 Sodium Vapour (high pressure = wider spectrum)

Page 12
Lighting Sources - Fluorescent
Lamps

Page 13
 Fluorescent Tube Magnetic Ballast
Systems
 Lossy

 Reduces input power factor

 Requires input pf compensating capacitor

Page 14
 Fluorescent Tube Electronic Ballast Systems

Fluorescent Tube Electronic Ballast Systems

Page 15
Fluorescent Tube Electronic Ballast Systems

Page 16
LV Electronic Transformers (Halogen)

Page 17
 Lighting Sources – LED Lamps

LED’s

Page 18
 Characteristics of Different Lighting
Sources
 Incandescent Lamps produce high intensity of red
wavelengths
 Sodium vapour lamps produce narrow band yellow light
 Fluorescent lamps produce any colour, determined by
phosphor on the glass
 LED lamps have relatively narrow emitted wavelengths
 Source colour tint is rated by Colour Temperature – peak of
the wavelength produced, or Colour Rendering Index (CRI)
- a measure of spectral completeness compared to
incandescent globe (<5000K) or daylight (>5000K)

Page 19
Lighting Sources- Characteristics

Page 20
 Lighting Sources -Characteristics

Source: AS1680
Page 21
 Lighting Sources - Efficiency
Category Type Overall Overall
luminous efficacy (lm/W) luminous efficiency
Combustion candle 0.3 0.04%
100–200 W tungsten incandescent (230 V) 13.8 –15.2 2 – 2.2%
Incandescent
tungsten quartz halogen (12–24 V) 24 3.5%
white LED (raw, without power supply) 4.5 –150 0.66 – 22%
7 W LED PAR30 (110-230 V) 60 8.8%
Light-emitting diode 8.7 W LED screw base lamp (120 V) 69 – 93.1 10.1 – 13.6%
Theoretical limit (white LED with
260 – 300 38.1 – 43.9%
phosphorescence color mixing)
mercury-xenon arc lamp 50 – 55 7.3 – 8%
Arc lamp UHP – ultra-high-pressure mercury-vapor
58 – 78 8.5 - 11.4%
arc lamp: initial, free mounted
9–32 W compact fluorescent (with ballast) 46 – 75 8 – 11.45%
T8 tube with electronic ballast 80 – 100 12 – 15%
Fluorescent
PL-S 11 W U-tube, excluding ballast loss 82 12%
T5 tube 70 – 104.2 10 – 15.63%
1400 W sulfur lamp 100 15%
metal halide lamp 65 – 115 9.5 – 17%
Gas discharge high pressure sodium lamp 85 – 150 12 – 22%
low pressure sodium lamp 100 – 200 15 – 29%
Plasma display panel 2 – 10 0.3 – 1.5%
Truncated 5800 K blackbody[note 2] 251 37%
Ideal sources Green light at 555 nm (maximum possible
683.002 100%
luminous efficacy)
Source: Wikipedia
Page 22
 Colour Rendering Index (CRI)
The colour rendering index (CRI) is used for measuring the
effectiveness of an artificial lighting source to reproduce colour when
compared to natural light.

Lighting Source CRI

Candle 100
Cool white fluorescent 60-65
Daylight bulb 80
Fluorescent containing tri- 80-85
phosphors
High-pressure sodium 25
LEDs 70-90
Sunlight bulb 80-85
Tungsten-halogen 95-100
Source: Building Services Handbook, 8th Edition

Page 23
Lighting Control, and Dimmers

Page 24
Lighting Control, Dimmers-Leading Edge

Suitable for Incandescent

and Halogen Lamps

Page 25
Lighting Control, Dimmers-Trailing Edge Dimmer

Suitable for LED lamps

Page 26
 Light Fitting Types
Fittings for lighting can be divided into three categories:
1. General Utility – Designed to be effective, functional and
economic
2. Special – Usually provided with optical arrangements
such as lenses or reflectors to give directional lighting
3. Decorative - designed to be aesthetically pleasing or to
provide a feature, rather than to be functional

Luminaire: a word to describe the complete lighting unit including the

lamp. When selecting a lamp type, it is important to select a luminaire to
complement the lamp both functionally and aesthetically. A luminaire has
several functions: it defines the lamp position, protects the lamp and may
contain the lamp control mechanism.
Source: Building Services Handbook, 8th Edition

Page 27
 Light Fitting Types - Light Distribution

Source: Building Services Handbook, 8th Edition

Page 28
Building Lighting Design – Fixtures, Luminaires

Page 29
Building Lighting Design – Fixtures, Luminaires

Explore alternatives on internet

Page 30
 Lamp Polar Curve
 Polar Curve shows the directional qualities of light from a lamp or
luminaire by graphical representation.
 A detailed polar plot can be produced on polar coordinated paper from
data obtained by photometer readings at various angles from the lamp.
Then those points are joined to produce the curve.

Source: Building Services Handbook, 8th Edition

Page 31
 Room Lighting Design
The illuminance required for a particular application is determined by;
 Background
 The accuracy of the task
 The speed of the task
 Age of the worker
 The type of space within which the task to be performed
 Length of the time continuity spent on the task

[Source: D.V. Chadderton, Building Services Engineering]

Page 32 Source: Building Services Handbook, 8th Edition

 Room Lighting Design
 The lighting design standards are outlined in
AS1680 series
 Can calculate room lighting requirements using
1. Inverse-square or point by point method - useful for
specific task lighting

2. Lumen (zonal cavity, room cavity) average method.

Page 33
 Lighting Design-Inverse Square Method
 Based on the definition of the luminous intensity the
illuminance decreases with the square of the distance
between the light source (inverse square law) and the
receiving plane.

I
E 2
d
[Source: D. Schreuder, Outdoor Lighting: Physics,Vision and Perception]

E - The illuminance
I - The luminous intensity of the source
d - The horizontal distance from source

Page 34
 Lighting Design-Lumen Method
 Determine required illuminance for application (lux level)

 Select luminaire and lamp (manufacturers data)

 Determine room dimensions, luminaire mounting height

 Determine coefficient of Utilisation Factor (UF) for the room

 Determine Maintenance Factor (MF)

 Calculate total lumen required, and hence number of luminaire

fixtures.

Page 35
 Utilisation Factor (UF)
 Defined as the ratio of the luminous flux received at the working plane to
the installed flux
 The utilisation factor considers pattern of light distribution from the
whole fitting, its light distribution efficiency, the shape and size of
the room (configuration of the room) for which it is being designed and
reflectivity of the ceiling and walls.
 The configuration of the room is found from the room index.
L- room length
LW
Room Index  W- room width
H (L  W ) H- height of the light fitting above working plane

 The values from 0.03 ( for purely indirect distribution is employed, the
room has poorly reflecting surfaces and all light is upwards onto the
ceiling or walls) to 0.85 for the most energy efficient designs.
 The spot lighting can have a utilisation factor of unity.

Page 36
 Maintenance Factor (MF)
 The maintenance factor is an allowance for reduced light emission due
to the build-up of dust on a lamp or within a luminaire.
 Typically 0.8 or 0.9 if the lamps are cleaned regularly or if a ventilated
luminaire is used.
 Due to gradual deterioration of the light output from all types of
discharge lamps after their design service period lamp efficiency could
fall to half of its original value.

[Source: D.V. Chadderton, Building Services Engineering]

Page 37
 Room Lighting Design

Lumen (F) = Average Illumination (lux) X area m2

UF X MF

Output per luminaire = F

number of luminaires

Per lamp rating = F

number of luminaires X lamps per luminaire

Page 38
 Room Lighting Design
Example:
An office room 16 m X 12 m and 3.2 m high room require a average
illuminance of 600 lm/m2. The light fittings are regularly maintained in
the office room. If two 400 lm LED lamps are used for each luminaire,
find the number of luminaires required for the office. Assume a UF of
0.79 and MF of 0.9.

Page 39
Knowledge Quiz
Please try this quiz to test your knowledge
you gained from this lecture…

Quiz link is also placed below this lecture

video…please attempt this quiz after watching this
lecture!

Page 40
Introduction to Electrical Building Design

A/Prof. Lasantha Meegahapola

[email protected]