IOP Conference Series: Earth and

Environmental Science

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like

- Effect of Marine Heat Waves for Coral
Distribution of Potassium and Calcium Ions in Bleaching in Lombok Waters
A. Nagi, S. Nurdjaman, I.M. Radjawanne
Padelegan Waters and Their Correlation to Water et al.

- Can CGCMs under CMIP5/6 simulate

Quality present-day sea level rise in western
Maritime Continent?
Y S Djamil, A Maharani, T Solihuddin et al.
To cite this article: H. Septian et al 2024 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1350 012015
- Tsunami model of the 2021 Flores
earthquake and its impact on Labuan
Bajo, East Nusa Tenggara
E H Sudjono, F Novico, S Karima et al.

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 188.240.49.233 on 13/06/2024 at 15:16

The 4th International Conference on Maritime Sciences and Advanced Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1350 (2024) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1350/1/012015

Distribution of Potassium and Calcium Ions in Padelegan

Waters and Their Correlation to Water Quality

H. Septian1, A. G. D. Kartika1*,2, N. I. Nuzula1,2, W. S. W. Pratiwi1,2

1
Marine Science Department, Universitas Trunojoyo Madura, Bangkalan, Indonesia
2
Salt Science and Technology, Universitas Trunojoyo Madura, Bangkalan, Indonesia

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. The main ion content in seawater can provide information about the quality of
seawater. Two of the important ions contained in seawater are potassium and calcium.
Minerals such as potassium and calcium are inorganic components, components of body tissue
and components of body liquids that work in conjunction with proteins, hormones, vitamins
and other transport materials. The strategy utilized to decide the substance of potassium and
calcium in tests utilizing AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). This think about
points to decide the substance of potassium and calcium in Padelegan waters and their
dispersion, to get a relationship between the two particles and water quality. There are six
points used as seawater sampling sites in Padelegan waters. Therefore, so that the results
obtained potassium concentrations ranged from 102.83 to 267.49 mg/L, and those for calcium
from 205.61 to 492.49 mg/L. The results of correlation research between potassium and
calcium concentrations and sea water quality in Padelegan waters show a weak negative
correlation in Turbidity, pH, Salinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
and Specific Gravity (SG), and a weak positive correlation for Temperature parameter. So that
the levels of potassium and calcium contained in Padelegan waters at the six stations are in
accordance with sea water quality standards.

1. Introduction
Ocean water quality is exceptionally imperative for human survival [1]. In nature itself, ocean
water contains different vital components [2]. Since of the differences of components contained in
ocean water, ocean water is frequently utilized as a mining mineral [3,4], as a crude fabric for making
salt [5], and to deliver new water by desalination [6]. Subsequently, ocean water has the potential to be
a really vital and advantageous source of normal vitality for human life in case overseen legitimately.
The vital components contained in ocean water are classified into a few categories, counting:
major, minor and follow components [7]. Based on the number of cations in seawater, the components
Potassium (K+) and Calcium (Ca2+) have the third and fourth positions independently, which infers
that Potassium and Calcium are included inside the crucial sorts of metals. Minerals such as potassium
and calcium are inorganic components, components of body tissue and components of body liquids
that work in conjunction with proteins, hormones, vitamins and other transport materials. Minerals
have a work in keeping up body tissues and capacities, keeping up acid-base adjust within the body
and playing a part within the body's metabolic forms [8].
Past analysts have considered the potassium and calcium substance in mackerel and snakehead
fish [9]. In any case, examine with regard to the examination of potassium and calcium substance in
Padelegan waters has never been carried out. This article will conversation approximately the
potassium and calcium substance in waters which can at that point see at their relationship with water
quality. Based on this, the information shown in this paper can be a preliminary consider in utilizing
the potential of potassium and calcium in waters that can be utilized for human advantage.

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
The 4th International Conference on Maritime Sciences and Advanced Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1350 (2024) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1350/1/012015

2. Materials and Methods

Study Area
The inquire about examining area is found in Padelegan Semi-Enclosed Waters at arranges
7°14'19.41"S - 7°14'10.86"S and 113°31'52.72"E - 113°31'58.87"E. Padelegan waters are specifically
adjoining to Padelegan Town in Pademawu Locale, Pamekasan Rule. In common, the water in
Padelegan Waters has the potential to be utilized as crude salt water by little to medium scale salt
ranchers around Padelegan. Apart from that, in Padelegan Waters there are also several points that are
used as tourist attractions, from mangrove tourism to beach tourism for the general public. In this
research, the samples used were taken from six points to test their potassium and calcium levels to
analyze their correlation with sea water quality in Padelegan Waters.

Figure 1. Map of sampling location

Field Sampling
Field examinations and water testing were carried out on August, 9th 2022. Water tests were
collected from six stations (figure 1). Station 1 is found within the west closest to the territory, station
2 is found within the east closest to the territory, station 3 is found within the central west a small
advance from the territory, station 4 is found within the east a small encourage from the terrain, station
5 is found within the west is farthest from arrive, and station 6 is found within the east farthest from
arrive. Water tests were taken when the waters were experiencing tall tide, and each point was
repeated 3 times. An as of now cleaned scoop is utilized to accumulate water tests. Temperature and
broken up oxygen (DO) were measured utilizing a eutech DO600 instrument. Eutech ph 450, Lutron
TU-2016 Turbidity Meter, and ATAGO Hand Held Refractometer (Japan) were utilized to degree pH,
turbidity, and saltiness, separately. In development, each parameter was measured in triplicate.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles are utilized as water test holders and put absent in a cool
box. The water tests were at that point taken to the inquire about office to be analyzed for potassium
and calcium substance. The water quality at each station is showed up in table 1.

2
The 4th International Conference on Maritime Sciences and Advanced Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1350 (2024) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1350/1/012015

Table 1. Water quality of each stations in Padelegan Waters.

Station
Parameters
1 2 3 4 5 6
TDS (ppm) 50.23±0.65 50.00±1.56 49.80±3.20 50.20±1.31 51.23±0.06 50.20±1.31
pH 8.19±0.01 9.17±1.18 8.36±0.15 7.99±0.18 8.24±0.06 7.16±0.05
DO (mg/L) 7.29±0.08 8.50±0.05 8.12±0.34 7.44±0.05 7.43±0.04 7.44±0.05
Temperature (°C) 30.8±0 30.9±0.34 29.2±0.11 31.6±0 29.9±0 31.6±0
Salinity (ppt) 30.7±0.58 31.3±1.53 32.3±0.58 29.7±0.58 31.0±1.73 21.3±0.57
Specific Gravity
1.02±0.0005 1.02±0.0015 1.02±0.0006 1.02±0.0006 1.02±0.0017 1.01±0.0011
(g/cmᶟ)
Turbidity (NTU) 14.82±2.81 0.06±0.07 2.45±0.71 7.62±0.43 2.91±0.18 4.91±1.35

Laboratory Analysis
Calcium levels were measured in water tests utilizing the Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry (AAS) strategy [10]. Arranging for calcium examination begins with a standard
calcium course of action with a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Standard course of action courses of action
were orchestrated utilizing a 10 μg/L standard course of action, debilitated with refined water to urge
concentrations of 0.2 and 5 μg/L. Test arranging is carried out by filtering the water test. At that point
the filtered water test was included to an course of action of concentrated hydrochloric destructive and
lanthanum and debilitated with refined water. Examination utilizing AAS was carried out at a
wavelength of 422.7 nm. This data is at that point utilized as a calibration twist to urge a condition
utilized to calculate the Ca concentration inside the test.
Like calcium, potassium levels in water tests are measured utilizing the AAS strategy [10].
Course of action of calcium standard course of action courses of action by counting HNO3 to CaCO3
at that point dissolving utilizing water dest. Another, hydrochloric destructive was included to the
filtered water test until pH 5. At that point the maintenance of the water test was considered utilizing
AAS at a wavelength of 766.5 nm. The calibration twist and its conditions were made based on the
absorbance of standard course of action courses of action coming approximately from AAS
examination. At that point the calibration twist condition is utilized to calculate the potassium
substance inside the test.

Statistical Analysis
Choose whether there's a basic differentiate between the three station midpoints of potassium
and calcium gotten from ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference
(HSD) test was performed as a post hoc test after ANOVA with α = 0.05. Relationship examination of
potassium and calcium substance with water quality parameters was carried out utilizing the Pearson
Correlation Test. Perform genuine examination and data visualization utilizing the R Programming
Language.

3. Result and Discussion

Water Quality
The temperature in Padelegan waters ranges from 29.2°C – 31.6°C. The most noteworthy
temperatures were appeared at stations four and six, taken after by stations one, two, five, and at last
station three with values separately 31.6°C, 31.6°C, 30.8°C, 30.7° C, 29.9°C, and 29.3°C. The
temperature values gotten in this consider tend to be higher than Hariyanti et al. [11]. Hariyanti et al.
states that the temperature in Padelegan waters ranges from 29.4°C – 31.2°C. At that point, when
compared with the temperature values gotten by Setyawati et al. [12], the esteem gotten tends to be
lower. Setyawati et al. States that the temperature in Padelegan waters ranges from 30.78°C –
32.122°C. The calculate causing the contrast in temperature estimation comes about is thought to be
caused by a few meteorological conditions. A few of them incorporate precipitation, vanishing,
discuss mugginess, discuss temperature, wind speed and sun oriented radiation escalated, all of which

3
The 4th International Conference on Maritime Sciences and Advanced Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1350 (2024) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1350/1/012015

allude to contrasts in information collection times [13]. Temperature and water test estimations in this
think about were carried out when the waters were at moo tide towards tall tide, specifically late
morning to late evening. Warm assimilation by the ocean happens ideally amid the day compared to
night due to introduction to sun oriented radiation amid the day [14]. Changes in water temperature
can influence oceanic metabolic action [15] and the solvency of gasses in water [16]. Warming
seawater causes an increment in broken down oxygen request and a diminish in broken up oxygen
concentration as temperature increments.
Dissolved oxygen levels within the ponder zone extended from 7.29 – 8.5 mg/L. The dispersion
drift of broken up oxygen levels in Padelegan waters tends to be conversely relative to temperature.
The moment station appeared the most noteworthy broken down oxygen levels (8.5 mg/L) compared
to the other five stations. The esteem of broken down oxygen substance gotten in this think about is
littler than the esteem of Setyawati et al. [12], specifically 12.552 – 14.744 mg/L. The refinement in
comes almost is thought to be since, in this think almost, DO estimations were carried out at night. At
night, maritime creators such as phytoplankton [17, 18] and marine plants do not carry out
photosynthesis due to the nonappearance of sunshine [19]. As a natural handle, photosynthesis
produces oxygen as the thing. Besides, photosynthesis does not happen at night, causing a decrease in
water DO levels [17-19].
Field estimation comes about appear that the pH esteem at the investigate area ranges from 7.16
– 9.71. The pH esteem in this consider is known to be higher than the pH esteem gotten by Setyawati
et al. [12]. The pH of Padelegan waters is expressed to be within the extend of 7.372 – 7.83. The time
distinction that happens when taking tests is the reason for this contrast. Since the investigate of
Setyawati et al. the pH in Padelegan waters tends to extend. The following doubt is that the
changeability of water pH can be caused by water flow such as tides and sea streams [20]. Ala et al.
[21] moreover states that in the event that the pH of a body of water increments, the saltiness of that
water will moreover increment.
The run of salinity values in Padelegan waters is 21.3 – 32.3 ppt. The most noteworthy salinity
is at the third station (32.3 ppt) and the least is at the 6th station (21.3 ppt). The contrast in salinity at
the six stations is caused by the area of the stations themselves. This alludes to the level of thickness
(Particular Gravity) in these waters. In agreement with the common run the show, in the event that the
saltiness of a body of water is tall, at that point the thickness esteem in that water will moreover be
tall. The thickness esteem in Padelegan waters ranges from 1.0157 – 1.0243 g/cm. The most
noteworthy thickness esteem is at the third station, whereas the least thickness esteem is at the 6th
station.
The turbidity of the inquire about area extended from 0.06 to 14.82 NTU. The most noteworthy
turbidity was appeared at the primary station with a esteem of 14.82 NTU, at that point station four
(7.62 NTU), station six (4.91 NTU), fifth station (2.91 NTU), third station (2.45 NTU) and station two
(0.06 NTU). The extend of turbidity values agreeing to the comes about of this ponder is lower than
the comes about of past investigate, to be specific extending from 4.08 to 29.82 NTU [22]. The tall
turbidity esteem was caused since at the time of estimation, the waters in Padelegan were heading
towards the most noteworthy tide and most noteworthy waves. Concurring to Karimpour et al.;
Baeyens et al [23, 24] water elements within the shape of tides and waves cause turbulence and the
lifting of silt at the foot of the water, causing the water turbidity esteem to be tall. Typically related to
the sum of broken up solids or TDS in Padelegan waters. The most elevated TDS esteem was at the
fifth station (51.23 ppm) and the most reduced was at the third station (49.8 ppm).

Potassium and Calcium Content

Figure 2 and Figure 3 reveals calcium and potassium substance in water at three stations of
Padelegan. The bar taken after by the same letter illustrates unimportant contrasts between brutal
values concurring to the Tukey HSD test. By and huge, both minerals show up a comparative float
where the closer the sea, the more diminutive the concentration.
Station six has the foremost raised potassium substance compared to other stations, particularly
267.49 mg/L, taken after independently by station three at 232.86 mg/L, station four at 174.98 mg/L,
station five at 153.08 mg/L, station two at 105.58 mg/L, and the station one was the slightest at 102.83

4
The 4th International Conference on Maritime Sciences and Advanced Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1350 (2024) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1350/1/012015

mg/L (Figure 2). Besides, based on the comes around of the Tukey HSD test, the typical potassium
substance at four stations (station six, five, four and three) was basically particular from each other at
P<0.05. Within the intervals, the normal potassium substance at the essential and minute stations was
not basically different. The tall potassium levels at station six are thought to be caused by perfect
rough water concentrations due to presentation to sunshine and wind. In development, the rough water
concentration isn't affected by oceanographic stream such as streams and waves since of its semi-
enclosed range. Potassium is an component that's included inside the components that are incapably
responsive. A less open component suggests potassium contains a include up to domestic time. In any
case, potassium can react with colloid and clay particles that enter the sea through conduits [25].
Based on the comes almost of the Tukey HSD test (P<0.05), the ordinary calcium substance at
the six stations showed up basic contrasts. The foremost critical ordinary regard of calcium substance
was at station six, particularly 492.49 mg/L (figure 3). Within the cruel time, the essential station
showed up the tiniest calcium substance regard (205.61 mg/L) compared to the six stations. The float
in calcium substance values expanded at stations going up against the sea (station six) and decreased at
stations far off from the ocean and semi-enclosed (station one). As one of the foremost components
inside the ocean in solvent soil, calcium is included inside the minute bunch of significantly
responsive components which are as well called maritime supplements. Calcium plays a portion inside
the biosynthesis of fine tissue in marine living creatures such as phytoplankton and zooplankton.
Isolated from that, calcite mineralization as a outline of skeleton and shell in marine life shapes
(spineless creatures) as well requires calcium as the foremost component [26]. The source of calcium
that comes from marine waters comes from metal carbonates and evaporites, though the source of
calcium that enters the sea can come from input from conduits, groundwater and sea body [25-28].
In Figure 2 and Figure 3 there are comparable information. Potassium and calcium levels at
station six were both the most elevated. A few variables that impact this are the tall and moo levels of
turbidity in waters. The more turbid the waters, the lower the potassium and calcium levels. Typically
demonstrated by station six which is found farthest from the coast, so the level of turbidity at station
six is found to be the most reduced. Separated from that, the reasons why the potassium and calcium
levels at station six are higher than the other stations are temperature and saltiness. Potassium and
calcium levels are straightforwardly relative to temperature, but conversely corresponding to saltiness.

Figure 2. The graph showed the concentration of potassium from six stations

5
The 4th International Conference on Maritime Sciences and Advanced Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1350 (2024) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1350/1/012015

Figure 3. The graph showed the concentration of calcium from six stations

Pearson relationship was carried out to choose the relationship between potassium and calcium
substance and water quality in Padelegan waters. The comes around of the Pearson relationship test
are showed up in figure 4. Calcium and potassium figures are unequivocally decidedly related with
each other (r = 0.79, P<0.01). These comes almost are comparable to those of Fianko et al., who
gotten comparable comes almost; potassium and calcium have a positive relationship with a regard of
r = 0.73 [29]. In any case, Assemian-Niango et al. gotten assorted comes approximately where
potassium and calcium had a feeble negative relationship with r = -0.59 [30]. Add up to Broken down
Solids (TDS), pH, Broken up Oxygen (DO), Saltiness, Particular Gravity (SG), and Turbidity levels
showed up a slight negative relationship with potassium concentration. Within the intervals, for
relationship with calcium, those that get feeble negative values are Add up to Broken down Strong
(TDS), pH, Saltiness, Particular Gravity (SG), and Turbidity. There was a frail positive relationship
found between temperature and potassium and calcium concentrations.

Figure 4. Pearson correlation coefficient of calcium and potassium concentration with

water quality

6
The 4th International Conference on Maritime Sciences and Advanced Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1350 (2024) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1350/1/012015

Based on the Declare of the State Serve for the Environment Number 51 of 2004 concerning
Ocean Water Quality Guidelines, there are two sorts of ocean water quality measures. To begin with,
ocean water quality benchmarks for marine tourism with a greatest turbidity standard of 5 NTU,
temperature with typical natural conditions, pH within the run of 7 to 8.6, saltiness with typical natural
conditions, and least dissolved oxygen (DO) of more than 5 mg/l. Moment, ocean water quality
benchmarks for marine biota with a turbidity standard of less than 5 NTU, temperature with ordinary
natural environmental conditions, pH within the run of 7 to 8.5, saltiness with typical characteristic
natural conditions, and dissolved oxygen (DO) of at slightest more than 5 mg/ l. The meaning of
typical normal natural conditions is that they shift concurring to the conditions of the day, night and
the current season. Potassium and potassium tests were taken in waters that met ocean water quality
benchmarks, both in terms of marine tourism and marine biota. Hence, the levels of potassium and
calcium contained in these six stations have met the standard necessities for ocean water quality in
agreement with the ordinary conditions of the marine environment.

4. Conclusion
The potassium concentration in Padelegan waters in the six stations ranges from 102.83 mg/L to
267.49 mg/L, while the calcium concentration in Padelegan waters in the six stations ranges from
205.61 mg/L to 492.49 mg/L. The results of correlation research between potassium and calcium
concentrations and sea water quality in Padelegan waters show a weak negative correlation in several
parameters such as Turbidity, pH, Salinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
and Specific Gravity (SG). However, for temperature parameters, a weak positive correlation was
found with potassium and calcium concentrations. Based on this, it can be concluded that the levels of
potassium and calcium contained in Padelegan waters at the six stations are in accordance with sea
water quality standards.

References
[1] Xiao, J., Lingqing, W., Li, D., and Zhangdong, J. (2019). Characteristics, sources, water quality
and health risk assessment of trace elements in river water and well water in the Chinese Loess
Plateau. Science of the Total Environment, 650: 2004–2012
[2] U S Department of the Interior: U S Geological Survey.Mineral Commodity Summaries,
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/index.html (accessed 20.08.22.)
[3] Sheng, Y. J., Yong, J. Z., and Xin, C. J. (2010) Progress of Utilization of Chemical Resources in
Seawater. Chem. Ind. Eng. 27: 110–116.
[4] Bardi, U. (2010). Extracting minerals from seawater: An energy analysis. Sustainability, 2(4):
980–992
[5] Gozan, M., Rochwulaningsih, Y., Sulistiyono, S. T., Efendy, M., Intan, N., Harahap, A. F. P.,
Suhairi, H., Ramadhan, M. Y. A., Hidayat, N., Rahman, S. F., Utama, M. P., Masruroh, N. N.,
Budiyanto, S., and Sahla, M. K. S. (2021) High-Productivity traditional bali palung salt method
for small production fields. Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences, 48(6): 25–32
[6] Nir, O., Marvin, E., and Lahav, O. (2014) Accurate and self-consistent procedure for determining
pH in seawater desalination brines and its manifestation in reverse osmosis modeling. Water
Research, 64(I): 187–195
[7] Bharti, P., Sharma, B., Pal, N., Singh, R., and Tyagi, A. (2016) Distribution of major and minor
elements in the surface water of Southern Ocean near east Antarctica. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of India, 58: 1-6
[8] Kartika, A. G. D., Wiwit, S. W. P., Novi, I., and Onie, W., J. (2019). Analisis Kadar Magnesium
dan Kalium pada Garam Rich Minerals. Rekayasa, 12(1): 1-4
[9] Susanti, N. N., Yulia, S., and Ida, M. (2016). Analisis Kalium dan Kalsium pada Ikan Kembung
dan Ikan Gabus. IJPST 3(1): 26-30
[10] APHA, AWWA, WEF 1998 Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.
American Public Health Association (Eds.)

7
The 4th International Conference on Maritime Sciences and Advanced Technology IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1350 (2024) 012015 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1350/1/012015

[11] Hariyanti, A., Onie, W. J., Ashari, W., Ary, G. D. K., Makhfud, E., Dwi, S. P., and Putri, A. R.
(2021). Sebaran Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) pada Air Laut sebagai Bahan Baku Garam di Perairan
Padelegan Pamekasan. Juvenil, 2(4): 282-287
[12] Setyawati, D. A., Nike, I. N., Onie, W. J., Ary, G. D. K., and Eka, P. R. (2023). Pola Persebaran
Vertikal dan Horizontal Total Suspended Solid di Perairan Padelegan, Pamekasan. Buletin
Oseanografi Marina, 12(2): 213-222
[13] Patty, W., and Adrie, T. (2007). Variasi Temporal dari Penyebaran Suhu di Muara Sungai Sario.
Ilmu Kelautan, 12(2): 73-78
[14] Kawai, Y., and Wada, A. (2007) Diurnal sea surface temperature variation and its impact on the
atmosphere and ocean: A Review. J. Oceanogr, 63: 721-744
[15] Boscolo-Galazzo, F., Crichton, K., Barker, S., and Pearson, P. (2018) Temperature dependency of
metabolic rates in the upper ocean: A positive feedback to global climate change?. Global and
Planetary Change, 170: 201-212
[16] Rubalcaba, J. G., Verberk, W. C. E. P., Jan H. A., Saris, B., and Arthur, W. H. (2020) Oxygen
limitation may affect the temperature and size dependence of metabolism in aquatic ectotherms.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(50):
31963–31968
[17] Harris, G., and Lott, J. (2011). Light intensity and photosynthetic rates in phytoplankton. Journal
of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30: 1771-1778
[18] Calbet, A. (2020). The rhythms of plankton
[19] Zimmerman, R., Larkum, A., Orth, R., and Duarte, C. (1970) Light and photosynthesis in
seagrass meadows
[20] Rugebregt, M. J., and Nurhati, I. S. (2020). Preliminary study of ocean acidification: relationship
of ph, temperature, and salinity in ohoililir, southeast maluku. IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, 618(1)
[21] Ala, A., Yuni, M., Diah, Z., and Deny, F. (2018). Analisa Pengaruh Salinitas dan Derajat
Keasaman (pH) Air Laut di Pelabuhan Jakarta Terhadap Laju Korosi Plat Baja Material Kapal.
Meteor STIP Marunda 11(2): 33-40
[22] Jayanthi, O. W., Kartika, A. G. D., Wicaksono, A., Hariyanti, A., Putri, D. S., and Rahmadani, P.
A. (2022). Turbidity characteristics of the waters on the padelegan beach, pademawu district,
pamekasan regency, east java. Omni-Akuatika, 18: 43–46
[23] Karimpour, A., Chen, Q., and Jadhav, R. (2013). Turbidity dynamics in upper terrebonne bay,
Louisiana. Sediment Transport: Monitoring, Modeling and Management, 339–360
[24] Baeyens, W., van Eck, B., Lambert, C., Wollast, R., and Goeyens, L. (1997) General description
of the scheldt estuary. Hydrobiologia, 366
[25] Sverdrup, H. U., Harald, U., and Johnson, M. W. (1942) Oceans, their physics, chemistry, and
general biology. Prentice-Hall inc, 1888-1957
[26] Lécuyer, C. (2016). Seawater Residence times of some elements of geochemical interest and the
salinity of the oceans. Bulletin de La Societe Geologique de France, 187(6), 245–260
[27] Gripenberg, S. (1937) The calcium content of Baltic water Conseil Perm. Internat. p. l'Explor. de
la Mer, Jour. du Conseil, 12: 293–304
[28] Moberg, E. G., and Revelle, R. R. D. (1937) The distribution of dissolved calcium in the North
Pacific. Internat. Assn. Phys. Oceanogr. (Union Géod. et Géophys. Internat., Assn. d'Océanogr.
Phys.), Procès-verb. 2: 153
[29] Fianko, J. R., Laar, C., Osei, J., Anim, A. K., Gibrilla, A., and Adomako, D. (2013) Evaluation of
some heavy metal loading in the kpeshi lagoon, ghana. Applied Water Science, 3(1): 311–319
[30] Assemian-Niango, S., Kpan Kpan, K. G., and Aka, N. (2021) Seasonal variation of some major
ions in a tropical lagoon waters, aby lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire): relationship with temperature,
salinity and pH. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 14(9): 3391–3399