EXAME NACIONAL DE SELEÇÃO 2023

PROVA DE INGLÊS

2o Dia: 30/09/2022 – SEXTA-FEIRA

HORÁRIO: 10h30m às 12h30m (horário de Brasília)
 EXAME NACIONAL DE SELEÇÃO 2023
PROVA DE INGLÊS
2º Dia: 30/09 - SEXTA-FEIRA (Manhã)
HORÁRIO: 10h30m às 12h30m

INSTRUÇÕES

1. A PROVA de Inglês é constituída de quinze questões objetivas.

2. Recomenda-se, nas questões apresentadas a seguir, não marcar ao acaso: cada item
cuja resposta divirja do gabarito oficial acarretará a perda de 1 pontos, em que n é o
n
número de itens da questão a que pertença o item, conforme consta no Manual do
Candidato.
3. Durante as provas, o(a) candidato(a) não deverá levantar-se ou comunicar-se com
outras pessoas.
4. A duração da prova é de duas horas.
5. Durante a realização da prova não é permitida a utilização de calculadora, qualquer
material de consulta ou equipamentos eletrônicos além do utilizado para realização da
prova.
6. Durante a realização da prova somente será permitida a saída do candidato após a
autorização, por meio do chat online, do fiscal de prova.
7. O candidato só poderá desconectar-se, após o término da prova de cada disciplina.
8. Se a conexão cair, o candidato deve reiniciar a máquina. caso a conexão não volte após
o reinício da máquina, o candidato deve rotear a internet/wi-Fi de alguma pessoa
próxima, ou entrar em contato com o suporte técnico, cujo contato está no Comprovante
de Inscrição.
9. A desobediência a qualquer uma das recomendações constantes nas presentes
Instruções poderá implicar a anulação da prova do(a) candidato(a). A desobediência ao
fiscal de prova também poderá implicar a anulação da prova do(a) candidato(a).

AGENDA

• 05/10/2022 – 14 horas – Divulgação dos gabaritos das provas objetivas, no endereço:

http://www.anpec.org.br.
• 05/10 a 06/10/2022 – Recursos identificados pelo autor serão aceitos até às 14h do dia
06/10 do corrente ano. Não serão aceitos recursos fora do padrão apresentado no
Manual do Candidato.
• 04/11/2022 – 14 horas – Divulgação do resultado na Internet, no site acima citado.

OBSERVAÇÕES:
• Em nenhuma hipótese a ANPEC informará resultado por telefone.
• É proibida a reprodução total ou parcial deste material, por qualquer meio ou processo,
sem autorização expressa da ANPEC.
• Nas questões de 1 a 15, marque, de acordo com o comando de cada uma delas: itens
VERDADEIROS, marque V; itens FALSOS, marque F; ou deixe a resposta EM BRANCO
(SEM MARCAR).
Based on your interpretation of the texts that follow, determine if each statement is
true of false.

Text 1

The Pandemic's Innovation Lessons for the Climate Crisis

May 26, 2022
ANTONIO ANDREONI
Project Syndicate

As with the development of COVID-19 vaccines, confronting today's mounting climate

challenges requires close cooperation between the public and private sectors, as well as
between countries. Shaping markets and industries via the right policy mix of targeted
government financing and procurement can accelerate the green transition.

While the COVID-19 crisis brought much suffering and many socioeconomic burdens, it has
also shown how targeted cooperation between the state and business can speed innovation.
Addressing the climate crisis calls for similarly creative collaboration.

In both cases, accelerating innovation and experimenting with local solutions is necessary
but not sufficient. Essential technologies – whether vaccines or renewables – must be
diffused globally.

The first COVID-19 vaccines were granted emergency-use authorizations in the United
States and the European Union less than a year after the pandemic began. Established
innovation systems and adequate manufacturing capacity were important factors. Without
longstanding cooperation between private and public institutions, and government promotion
and funding of research, rapid COVID-19 vaccine development would not have been
possible.

For example, the vaccine developers BioNTech and Moderna are university spin-offs that
received substantial public funding during important phases of their development. BioNTech,
which grew out of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, received about €17 million
($18.2 million) in research and start-up funding from the German Federal Ministry of
Education and Research (BMBF) even before the COVID-19 pandemic. Moderna, founded in
2010 by a group of Harvard professors, secured $25 million in funding from the U.S.
government's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).

Equally important were research institutions such as the University of Oxford in the United
Kingdom and bodies like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the U.S., both of which
were directly and indirectly involved in different stages of COVID-19 vaccine development.
Research institutions in some middle-income countries, such as Fiocruz in Brazil, also played
a significant role.

Building on this existing capacity, governments then provided targeted support to accelerate
vaccine development and de-risk investments in alternative vaccine platforms. First,
government funding agencies provided grants. For the development of the joint BioNTech-
Pfizer vaccine, Germany's BMBF provided €375 million in milestone-based funding, of which
nearly €240 million was disbursed in 2020. This corresponds to about 25% of the two firms'
development costs up to the time the vaccine was approved. Moderna, meanwhile, received
nearly $1 billion in U.S. government funding for vaccine development in 2020, and worked
closely with the NIH to conduct clinical trials.

Shortly before that, Moderna received $1 million from the Coalition for Epidemic
Preparedness Innovations, a public-private initiative established in 2017 to promote vaccine
development to combat epidemics. CEPI also provided over $500 million of funding to
different organizations in 2020 for COVID-19 vaccine development. Over 90% of the funding
was public, with more than 40% coming from the U.K. and Germany.

In addition, government advance-purchase agreements ensured that the necessary

production facilities could be built in parallel. In the event that a developer secured regulatory
approval for its COVID-19 vaccine, these contracts provided a procurement guarantee for an
agreed number of doses.

Complementing the parallel promotion of supply and demand, jurisdictions accelerated their
approval processes for vaccine licensing. Public authorities reviewed available data
immediately after each clinical trial phase rather than after completion of the overall trial, as is
usually the case. They also supported the preparation and implementation of independent
control studies.

So, what is the significance for the effort to combat climate change?

Tackling the climate crisis also will require the rapid acceleration of innovation and the
associated scaling of production capacities within the framework of a mission-oriented
innovation policy. Demand-side funding in the form of advance-purchase agreements could
be applied to climate-related innovation, too. In the U.S., for example, public procurement is
now an important component of innovation policy and a key driver of financing. The U.S.
government spends an estimated $50 billion annually on innovation-based procurement,
equal to nearly one-third of federal spending on research and development.

Other important building blocks include mission-oriented innovation agencies such as

DARPA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E), and the Biomedical
Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). U.S. President Joe Biden plans to
establish a new agency to promote climate innovation. At the state level, agencies like
NYSERDA (the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority) are
experimenting with models to crowd in investments in innovative projects to support the
green transition.

The dovetailing of R&D funding and public procurement has been central to U.S. innovation
agencies' success, including with COVID-19 vaccines, and this model should also be
incorporated in the coming years into the European Green Deal and associated sustainable-
recovery programs. But policymakers must develop new approaches to achieve an
appropriate distribution of costs and benefits between private and public actors. Given the
German government's large investments in the development of the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine,
one could ask why it was not possible to influence its subsequent distribution, the use of
patents, or even to secure a share of the resulting profits.

As with COVID-19 vaccines, the diffusion of new climate technologies and place-based
innovations is still not sufficient, and they remain concentrated in a few countries. The rich
world is asking low- and middle-income countries to play their part in mitigation and
adaptation, but transfers of technology and financial resources – including debt relief and
restructuring – currently fall well short of what is needed. At the same time, the pandemic has
accelerated the increase in debt levels in developing and emerging economies that started
with the global financial crisis. Private debt in these countries now exceeds 140% of their
GDP, on average, the highest level in 50 years and more than double the pre-2008 ratio.

Confronting today's mounting climate challenges – like developing safe and effective COVID-
19 vaccines – requires innovative forms of cooperation between the public and private
sectors, as well as between countries, designed to channel resources toward a new
sustainable technological and economic paradigm. Shaping markets and industries via the
right policy mix of targeted government financing and procurement promises to open new
windows of opportunity and accelerate the green transition.
Based on your interpretation of the text 1, determine if each statement is true of false.

QUESTION 01

Ⓞ Confronting climate challenges will require cooperation between countries;

① Confronting climate challenges will require collaboration between the public and
private sectors;

② The development of Covid-19 vaccines did not require cooperation among countries;

③ The development of Covid-19 vaccines did not require collaboration between public and
private sectors;

④ The government can accelerate the green transition.

QUESTION 02

Ⓞ In addressing climate challenges, innovation will be sufficient to solve the problem;

① Innovation is a necessary condition to address climate challenges;

② Essential technologies must be diffused globally;

③ Local solutions are not part of the solution to tackle climate change;

④ Local solutions are essential to address climate challenges.

QUESTION 03

Ⓞ The existing innovation was crucial to the development of Covid-19 vaccines;

① Some Covid-19 vaccines were granted emergency-use authorizations in United States;

② Some Covid-19 vaccines were given emergency-use authorizations in Europe;

③ Government participation in the development of Covid-19 vaccines was essential;

④ Government advance-purchase agreements have facilitated the process of Covid-19

vaccine development.
QUESTION 04

Ⓞ There are examples of Covid-19 vaccines that received public funding during crucial
stages of their development;

① Research institutions did not play any role in developing Covid-19 vaccines;

② Governments increase the risk of the investments in vaccines;

③ Independent control studies were not conducted during the process of Covid-19 vaccines
development;

④ Jurisdictions were hardening through the development of Covid-19 vaccines.

QUESTION 05

Ⓞ Tackling the climate crisis will require innovation;

① Tackling the climate crisis will require mission-oriented innovation policies;

② Innovations agencies should not have any role in tackling the climate crisis;

③ The combination of R&D funding and public contracts has been central to the success of
U.S. innovation agencies;

④ President Jon Biden plans to close the agency to promote climate innovation.
QUESTION 06

Ⓞ The combination of R&D funding and public contracts was not central for developing
Covid-19 vaccines;

① The combination of R&D funding and public contracts should be incorporated in the
European Green Deal and associated sustainable recovery programmes;

② The diffusion of new climate technologies is still not sufficient;

③ The diffusion of new climate technologies is spread out in all countries;

④ Confronting climate crises requires cooperation.

Text 2

6 months after the climate summit, where to find progress on climate

change in a more dangerous and divided world
The Conversation | May 10, 2022

Six months ago, negotiators at the United Nations' Glasgow climate summit celebrated a
series of new commitments to lower global greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience to
the impacts of climate change. Analysts concluded that the new promises, including phasing
out Coal, would bend the global warming trajectory, though still fall short of the Paris climate
agreement.

Today, the world looks ever more complex. Russia is waging a war on European soil, with
global implications for energy and food supplies. Some leaders who a few months ago were
vowing to phase out fossil fuels are now encouraging fossil fuel companies to ramp up
production.

In the U.S., the Biden administration has struggled to get its promised actions through
Congress. Last-ditch efforts have been underway to salvage some kind of climate and energy
bill from the abandoned Build Back Better plan. Without it, U.S. commitments to reduce
emissions by over 50% by 2030 look fanciful, and the rest of the world knows it – adding
another blow to U.S. credibility overseas.

Meanwhile, severe famines have hit Yemen and the Horn of Africa. Extreme heat has been
threatening lives across India and Pakistan. Australia faced historic flooding, and the
Southwestern U.S. can't keep up with the wildfires.

As a former senior U.N. official, I've been involved in international climate negotiations for
several years. At the halfway point of this year's climate negotiations, with the next U.N.
climate conference in November 2022, here are three areas to watch for progress and
cooperation in a world full of danger and division.

Crisis response with long-term benefits

Russia's invasion of Ukraine has added to a triple whammy of food price, fuel price and
inflationary spikes in a global economy still struggling to emerge from the pandemic.

But Russia's aggression has also forced Europe and others to move away from dependence
on Russian oil, gas and Coal. The G7 – Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the U.K.
and the U.S. – pledged on May 8, 2022, to phase out or ban Russian oil and accelerate their
shifts to clean energy.

In the short term, Europe's pivot means much more energy efficiency – the International
Energy Agency estimates that the European Union can save 15%-20% of energy demand
with efficiency measures. It also means importing oil and gas from elsewhere.

In the medium term, the answer lies in ramping up renewable energy.

There are issues to solve. As Europe buys up gas from other places, it risks reducing gas
supplies relied on by other countries, and forcing some of those countries to return to Coal, a
more carbon-intense fuel that destroys air quality. Some countries will need help expanding
renewable energy and stabilizing energy prices to avoid a backlash to pro-climate policies.
As the West races to renewables, it will also need to secure a supply chain for critical
minerals and metals necessary for batteries and renewable energy technology, including
replacing an overdependence on China with multiple supply sources.

Ensuring integrity in corporate commitments

Finance leaders and other private sector coalitions made headline-grabbing commitments at
the Glasgow climate conference in November 2021. They promised to accelerate their
transitions to net-zero emissions by 2050, and some firms and financiers were specific about
ending financing for coal plants that don't capture and store their carbon, cutting methane
emissions and supporting ending deforestation.

Their promises faced cries of "greenwash" from many climate advocacy groups. Some efforts
are now underway to hold companies, as well as countries, to their commitments.

A U.N. group chaired by former Canadian Environment Minister Catherine McKenna is now
working on a framework to hold companies, cities, states and banks to account when they
claim to have "net-zero" emissions. This is designed to ensure that companies that pledged
last year to meet net-zero now say how, and on what scientific basis.

For many companies, especially those with large emissions footprints, part of their
commitment to get to net-zero includes buying carbon offsets – often investments in nature –
to balance the ledger. This summer, two efforts to put guardrails around voluntary carbon
markets are expected to issue their first sets of guidance for issuers of carbon credits and for
firms that want to use voluntary carbon markets to fulfill their net-zero claims. The goal is to
ensure carbon markets reduce emissions and provide a steady stream of revenue for parts of
the world that need finance for their green growth.

Climate change influencing elections

Climate change is now an increasingly important factor in elections.

French President Emmanuel Macron, trying to woo supporters of a candidate to his left and
energize young voters, made more dramatic climate pledges, vowing to be "the first major
nation to abandon gas, oil and coal."

With Chile's swing to the left, the country's redrafted constitution will incorporate climate
stewardship.

In Australia, Scott Morrison's government – which supported opening one of the world's
largest coal mines at the same time the Australian private sector is focusing on renewable
energy – faces an election on May 21, 2022, with heatwaves and extreme flooding fresh in
voters' minds. Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro faces opponents in October who are talking about
protecting the climate.

Elections are fought and won on pocketbook issues, and energy prices are high and inflation
is taking hold. But voters around the world are also experiencing the effects of climate
change firsthand and are increasingly concerned.

The next climate conference

Countries will be facing a different set of economic and security challenges when the next
round of U.N. talks begins in November in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, compared to the
challenges they faced in Glasgow. They will be expected to show progress on their
commitments while struggling for bandwidth, dealing with the climate emergency as an
integral part of security, economic recovery and global health.
There is no time to push climate action out into the future. Every decimal point of warming
avoided is an opportunity for better health, more prosperity and better security.
Based on your interpretation of the text 2, determine if each statement is true of false.

QUESTION 07

Ⓞ Negotiators at the United Nations' Glasgow climate summit celebrated a series of new
commitments to lower global greenhouse gas emissions;

① Negotiators at the United Nations' Glasgow climate summit celebrated a series of new
commitments to build resilience to the impacts of climate change;

② Analysts did not believe the promises of phasing out coal would bend the global warming
trajectory;

③ Analysts were sceptical about the possibility of bending the global warming trajectory;

④ The Paris Climate Agreement commitments are expected to be easily met.

QUESTION 08

Ⓞ In the current world environment, it is easier to meet the Paris Agreement goals;

① Russia is fighting a war on European soil;

② The war has global implications for energy and food supplies;

③ Few countries are encouraging fossil fuel companies to ramp up production;

④ Few leaders were declaring phasing out fossil fuels.

QUESTION 09

Ⓞ The Biden administration has struggled to get its promised actions on climate change
through Congress;

① Without efforts on climate change actions, the USA's commitments to reduce Green
House Gas emissions by over 50% by 2030 will be easily met;

② Extreme weather events are rare events worldwide;

③ Russia-Ukraine's war has not interfered with food prices;

④ Global economy is emerging quickly from the pandemic period.

QUESTION 10

Ⓞ In the short term, the war will lead to efficiency improvements in energy;

① In the medium term, the plan is to banish coal;

② Oil is a more carbon-intensive form of energy than coal;

③ All countries are self-sufficient in expanding renewable energy;

④ Some countries will need help stabilizing energy prices.

QUESTION 11

Ⓞ The West's race to renewables requires securing a supply chain for critical minerals;

① The West's race to renewables requires securing a supply chain for critical metals;

② Finance leaders promised to accelerate their transitions to net-zero emissions by 2050;

③ Finance leaders are not involved with the transition to net-zero emissions;

④ Finance leaders and other private sector coalitions were not presented at the Glasgow
climate conference in November 2021.
QUESTION 12

Ⓞ Finance leaders promised to face "greenwash";

① Greenwash is not a problem governments will face;

② An U.N. is working on a framework to hold companies accountable when they claim to

have "net-zero" emissions;

③ An U.N. group is working on a framework to hold states responsible when they claim to
have "net-zero" emissions;

④ An U.N. group is working on a framework to hold banks accountable when they claim to
have "net-zero" emissions.
QUESTION 13

Ⓞ An U.N. group is trying to ensure that companies that pledged to meet net-zero explain
how, and on what scientific basis;

① Carbon credit is not part of any plans to reach net-zero;

② Many companies will reduce the purchase of carbon offsets;

③ Many companies have large emissions footprints and attempt to compensate for it by
buying carbon offsets;

④ There are efforts to put guardrails in the voluntary carbon markets.

QUESTION 14

Ⓞ Climate change is now an increasingly important factor in elections;

① Climate change is not a factor in elections;

② Macron give up any pledges on climate crises;

③ Macron pledges that France will be the first major nation to abandon gas, oil and coal;

④ Chile's swing to the left is abandoning any climate change measures.

QUESTION 15

Ⓞ Australia's government is supporting one of the world's largest coal mines;

① Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro faces opponents in October who are talking about protecting the
climate;

② The next U.N. negotiations will not influence countries' economic challenges;

③ Countries will be expected to show progress on their climate commitments;

④ Climate actions can be easily pushed into the future.