Search

Guru Gobind
Singh

Guru Gobind Singh (Punjabi pronunciation: [gʊɾuː goːbɪn̪ d̪ ᵊ sɪ́ŋgᵊ]; 22

December 1666 – 7 October 1708),[1][9] born Gobind Das or Gobind
Rai[12][13][14][15] the tenth Sikh Guru, a spiritual master, warrior, poet and
philosopher. When his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, was executed by
Aurangzeb,[a] Guru Gobind Singh was formally installed as the leader of
the Sikhs at the age of nine, becoming the tenth and final human Sikh
Guru.[20] His four biological sons died during his lifetime – two in battle,
two executed by the Mughal governor Wazir Khan.[21][22][23]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

Guru Gobind Singh

ਗੁ ਰੂ ਗੋਿਬੰਦ ਿਸੰਘ
 Contemporary painting of Guru Gobind Singh (seated) found within a Dasam
Granth manuscript of Anandpur Sahib

Personal

Born Gobind Rai

22 December 1666[1]
Patna Sahib, Bihar Subah, Mughal
Empire

Died 7 October 1708 (aged 41)

Hazur Sahib, Bidah Subah, Mughal
Empire

Cause of death Assassination[6][7]

Religion Sikhism

Spouse Mata Jito

Mata Sundari
Mata Sahib Devan[2]

Children Ajit Singh

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh Jujhar Singh

Zorawar Singh

Fateh Singh

Zorawar Singh Paut (Adopted)[3]

Parents Guru Tegh Bahadur

Mata Gujri

Known for Founding the Khalsa[4]

composed the following :
 Dasam Granth, known prayers of
which include

Jaap Sahib,

Chandi di Var,

Tav-Prasad Savaiye,

Zafarnamah,

Bachittar Natak,

Akal Ustat,

Chaupai (Sikhism)

Sabad Patshahi 10

Ugardanti

Chaubis Avtar

Rudra Avtar

Sarbloh Granth

Founded Sikh festival of Hola

Mohalla

Fought the following Battles :

Battle of Bhangani

Battle of Nadaun

Battle of Guler (1696)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh Battle of Anandpur (1700)

Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)

Battle of Basoli

First Battle of Chamkaur

First Battle of Anandpur (1704)

Second Battle of Anandpur

Battle of Sarsa

Second Battle of Chamkaur (1704)

 Battle of Muktsar

Gave Jaikara or Slogan Bole So

Nihal[5]

Other names Tenth Nanak[8]

Tenth Master

Signature

Religious career

Predecessor Guru Tegh Bahadur

Successor Guru Granth Sahib

Among his notable contributions to Sikhism are founding the Sikh warrior
community called Khalsa in 1699[4][24][25] and introducing the Five Ks, the
five articles of faith that Khalsa Sikhs wear at all times. Guru Gobind Singh
is credited with the Dasam Granth whose hymns are a sacred part of Sikh
prayers and Khalsa rituals.[26][27] He is also credited as the one who
finalized and enshrined the Guru Granth Sahib as Sikhism's primary
scripture and eternal Guru.[28][29]

Family and early life

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
 Guru Gobind Singh's birthplace in Patna, Bihar.

Gobind Singh was the only son of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru,
and Mata Gujri.[30] He was born in Patna, Bihar on 22 December 1666
while his father was visiting Bengal and Assam.[1] His birth name was
Gobind Das/Rai, and a shrine named Takht Sri Patna Harimandar Sahib
marks the site of the house where he was born and spent the first four
years of his life.[1] In 1670, his family returned to Punjab, and in March
1672 they moved to Chakk Nanaki in the Himalayan foothills of north India,
called the Sivalik range, where he was schooled.[1][24]

His father Guru Tegh Bahadur was petitioned by Kashmiri Pandits[31] in

1675 for protection from the fanatic persecution by Iftikar Khan, the
Mughal governor of Kashmir under Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.[1] Tegh
Bahadur considered a peaceful resolution by meeting Aurangzeb, but was
cautioned by his advisors that his life may be at risk. The young Gobind
Rai – to be known as Gobind Singh after 1699[9] – advised his father that
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

no one was more worthy to lead and make a sacrifice than him.[1] His
father made the attempt, but was arrested then publicly beheaded in Delhi
on 11 November 1675 under the orders of Aurangzeb for refusing to
convert to Islam and the ongoing conflicts between Sikhism and the
Islamic Empire.[32][33] Before dying Guru Tegh Bahadur wrote a letter to
Guru Gobind Rai (the letter was called Mahalla Dasven and it is part of the
Guru Granth Sahib) as one last test to find the next Guru, after his father's
martyrdom he was made the tenth Sikh Guru on Vaisakhi on 29 March
1676.[34]
 The education of Guru Gobind Singh continued after he became the 10th
Guru, both in reading and writing as well as martial arts such as horse
riding and archery. The Guru learned Farsi in a year and at the age of 6
started training in martial arts.[35] In 1684, he wrote the Chandi di Var in
Punjabi language – a legendary war between the good and the evil, where
the good stands up against injustice and tyranny, as described in the
ancient Sanskrit text Markandeya Purana.[1] He stayed in Paonta, near the
banks of river Yamuna, until 1685.[1]

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

From Bhai Rupa showing the Guru at the age of 23 (contemporary painting from
circa 1701)

Guru Gobind Singh had three wives:[2][36]

At age 10, he married Mata Jito on 21 June 1677 at Basantgaṛh, 10 km

north of Anandpur. The couple had three sons: Jujhar Singh (b. 1691),
 Zorawar Singh (b. 1696) and Fateh Singh (b. 1699).[37]

at age 17, he married Mata Sundari on 4 April 1684 at Anandpur. The

couple had one son, Ajit Singh (b. 1687).[38]

at age 33, he married Mata Sahib Devan on 15 April 1700 at Anandpur.

They had no children, but she had an influential role in Sikhism. Guru
Gobind Singh proclaimed her as the Mother of the Khalsa.[39] The Guru
initially rejected her marriage proposal he was married already and have
four sons. The Sangat and the Guru's family agreed to the marriage. but
Guru Gobind Singh made it clear that his relationship with Mata Sahib
Diwan will be spiritual one and not physical[40]

The life example and leadership of Guru Gobind Singh have been of
historical importance to the Sikhs. He institutionalized the Khalsa (literally,
Pure Ones), who played the key role in protecting the Sikhs long after his
death, such as during the nine invasions of Panjab and the holy war led by
Ahmad Shah Abdali from Afghanistan between 1747 and 1769.[9]

Founding the Khalsa

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

A Fresco of Guru Gobind Singh and The Panj Piare in Gurdwara Bhai Than Singh
built in the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

In 1699, the Guru requested the Sikhs to congregate at Anandpur on

Vaisakhi (the annual spring harvest festival).[41] According to the Sikh
tradition, he asked for a volunteer. One came forward, whom he took
 inside a tent. The Guru returned to the crowd alone, with a bloody
sword.[41] He asked for another volunteer, and repeated the same process
of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four
more times. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent, the Guru
returned with all five volunteers, all safe. He called them the Panj Pyare
and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition.[42]

Guru Gobind Singh then mixed water and sugar into an iron bowl, stirring it
with a double-edged sword to prepare what he called Amrit ("nectar"). He
then administered this to the Panj Pyare, accompanied with recitations
from the Adi Granth, thus founding the khande ka pahul (baptization
ceremony) of a Khalsa – a warrior community.[41][43] The Guru also gave
them a new surname "Singh" (lion). After the first five Khalsa had been
baptized, the Guru asked the five to baptize him as a Khalsa. This made
the Guru the sixth Khalsa, and his name changed from Guru Gobind Rai to
Guru Gobind Singh.[41] This initiation ceremony replaced the charan pahul
ritual practiced by the previous gurus, in which an initiate would drink the
water either the Guru or a masand of the guru had dipped their right toe
in.[44][45]

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

Kanga, Kara and Kirpan – three of the five Ks

Guru Gobind Singh initiated the Five K's tradition of the Khalsa,[46]

Kesh: uncut hair.

Kangha: a wooden comb.

 Kara: an iron or steel bracelet worn on the wrist.

Kirpan: a sword or dagger.

Kacchera: short breeches.

He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors. Tobacco,

eating 'halal' meat (a way of slaughtering in which the animal's throat is
slit open and it is left to bleed before being slaughtered), fornication and
adultery were forbidden.[46][47] The Khalsas also agreed to never interact
with those who followed rivals or their successors.[46] The co-initiation of
men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also
institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one's
caste or gender.[47] Guru Gobind Singh's significance to the Sikh tradition
has been very important, as he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the
ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire, and continued the defence of
dharma, by which he meant True Religion, against the assault of
Aurangzeb.[48]

Anandpur Sahib gurdwara, Punjab, the birthplace of Khalsa

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

He introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes

imposed by the Mughal authorities. For example, Aurangzeb had imposed
taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs as well, the jizya
(poll tax on non-Muslims), pilgrim tax, and Bhaddar tax – the last being a
tax to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head
after the death of a loved one and cremation.[4] Guru Gobind Singh
declared that Khalsa does not need to continue this practice, because
Bhaddar is not dharam, but a bharam (illusion).[4][49] Not shaving the head
 also meant not having to pay the taxes by Sikhs who lived in Delhi and
other parts of the Mughal Empire.[4] However, the new code of conduct
also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century,
particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa.[4]

Guru Gobind Singh had a deep respect for the Khalsa and stated that
there is no difference between the True Guru and the sangat (panth).[50]
Before his founding of the Khalsa, the Sikh movement had used the
Sanskrit word Sisya (literally, disciple or student), but the favored term
thereafter became Khalsa.[51] Additionally, prior to the Khalsa, the Sikh
congregations across India had a system of Masands appointed by the
Sikh Gurus. The Masands led the local Sikh communities, local temples,
and collected wealth and donations for the Sikh cause.[51] Guru Gobind
Singh concluded that the Masands system had become corrupt, he
abolished them and introduced a more centralized system with the help of
Khalsa that was under his direct supervision.[51] These developments
created two groups of Sikhs, those who initiated as Khalsa, and others
who remained Sikhs but did not undertake the initiation.[51] The Khalsa
Sikhs saw themselves as a separate religious entity, while the Nanak-
panthi Sikhs retained their different perspective.[52][53]

The Khalsa warrior community tradition started by Guru Gobind Singh has
contributed to modern scholarly debate on pluralism within Sikhism. His
tradition has survived into the modern times, with initiated Sikh referred to
as Khalsa Sikh, while those who do not get baptized referred to as
Sahajdhari Sikhs.[54][55][56]

Sikh scriptures
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
 The Dasam Granth is attributed to Guru Gobind Singh. It incorporates among other
things the warrior-saint mythologies of ancient India.[57][58]

Piara Singh Padam in his Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji de

Darbari Ratan highlights that Guru Gobind Singh gave as
much regard to the pen as to the sword.[59]

Guru Gobind Singh is credited in the Sikh tradition with finalizing the
Kartarpur Pothi (manuscript) of the Guru Granth Sahib – the primary
scripture of Sikhism.[28] The final version did not accept the extraneous
hymns in other versions, and included the compositions of his father Guru
Tegh Bahadur.[28] Guru Gobind Singh also declared this text to be the
eternal Guru for Sikhs.[29][60]

Guru Gobind Singh is also credited with the Dasam Granth.[26] It is a

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

controversial religious text considered to be the second scripture by some

Sikhs, and of disputed authority to other Sikhs.[61][27] The standard edition
of the text contains 1,428 pages with 17,293 verses in 18 sections.[61][62]
The Dasam Granth includes hymns, mythological tales from Hindu
texts,[26] a celebration of the feminine in the form of goddess Durga,[63]
erotic fables,[26] an autobiography, secular stories from the Puranas and
the Mahabharata, letters to others such as the Mughal emperor, as well as
reverential discussion of warriors and theology.[61][64][65]

According to the Bansavlinama, written in 1755 by Kesar Singh

 Chibbar,[66] Sikhs requested that Guru Gobind Singh merge Dasam Granth
with the Guru Granth Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh responded to the request
by saying, "This is the Adi Guru Granth; The root book. That one (Dasam
Granth) is only for my diversion. Let this be kept in the mind and let the
two stay separate."[67][68]

The Dasam Granth has a significant role in the initiation and the daily life
of devout Khalsa Sikhs.[69][70] Parts of its compositions such as the Jaap
Sahib, Tav-Prasad Savaiye and Benti Chaupai are the daily prayers
(Nitnem) and sacred liturgical verses used in the initiation of Khalsa
Sikhs.[27][71][72]

Wars

The period following the

execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur When all other means have failed,
– the father of Guru Gobind It is but lawful to take to the sword.

Singh, was a period where the – Guru Gobind Singh, Zafarnamah[73][74]

Mughal Empire under
Aurangzeb was an increasingly
hostile enemy of the Sikh people.[75] The Sikh resisted, led by Gobind
Singh, and the Muslim-Sikh conflicts peaked during this period.[75] Both
Mughal administration and Aurangzeb's army had an active interest in
Guru Gobind Singh. Aurangzeb issued an order to exterminate Guru
Gobind Singh and his family.[76]

Guru Gobind Singh believed in a Dharam Yudh (war in defence of

righteousness), something that is fought as a last resort, neither out of a
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

wish for revenge nor for greed nor for any destructive goals.[77] To Guru
Gobind Singh, one must be prepared to die to stop tyranny, end
persecution, and to defend one's own religious values.[77] He led fourteen
wars with these objectives, but never took captives nor damaged anyone's
place of worship.[77]

Significant battles
 Guru Gobind Singh with his horse

Guru Gobind Singh fought 13 battles against the Mughal Empire and the
kings of Siwalik Hills.

Battle of Bhangani (1688), which states chapter 8 of Gobind Singh's

Bicitra Natak, when Fateh Shah, along with mercenary commanders
Hayat Khan and Najabat Khan,[78] attacked his forces without any
purpose. The Guru was aided by the forces of Kripal (his maternal
uncle) and a Brahmin named Daya Ram, both of whom he praises as
heroes in his text.[79] The Guru's cousin named Sango Shah was killed in
the battle, a cousin from Guru Hargobind's daughter.[78]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
Battle of Nadaun (1691), against the Islamic armies of Mian Khan and his
son Alif Khan, who were defeated by the allied forces of Guru Gobind
Singh, Bhim Chand and other Hindu kings of Himalayan foothills.[80] The
non-Muslims aligned to the Guru had refused to pay tribute to the
Islamic officials based in Jammu.[78]

In 1693, Aurangzeb was fighting the Hindu Marathas in the Deccan region
of India, and he issued orders that Guru Gobind Singh and Sikhs should be
prevented from gathering in Anandpur in large numbers.[78][81]

Battle of Guler (1696), first against the Muslim commander Dilawar

 Khan's son Rustam Khan, near Sutlej river, where the Guru teamed up
with the Hindu king of Guler and routed the Muslim army.[82] The
commander sent his general Hussain Khan against the armies of the
Guru and the Guler kingdom, a war fought near Pathankot, and Hussain
Khan was defeated and killed by the joint forces.[82]

Battle of Anandpur (1700), against the Mughal army of Aurangzeb, who

had sent 10,000 soldiers under the command of Painda Khan and Dina
Beg.[83] In direct combat between Guru Gobind Singh and Painda Khan,
the latter was killed. His death led to the Mughal army fleeing the
battlefield.[83]

Battle of Anandpur (1701), The hill Rajas of northern Punjab regrouped

after defeat at Anandpur the previous year and resumed their campaign
against Sikh Guru Gobind Singh, joining forces with Gujar tribesmen to
besiege Anandpur, northeast of Ludhiana. Gujar leader Jagatullah was
killed on the first day and the Rajas were driven off after a brilliant
defence led by the Guru's son Ajit Singh.[83][84][81]

Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702), against the forces of Aurangzeb, led by

Wazir Khan reinforced by the hilly Rajas of the Sivalik Hills on the banks
of Nirmohgarh. The battle continued for two days, with heavy losses on
both sides, and Wazir Khan army left the battlefield.

Battle of Basoli (1702), against the Mughal army; named after the
kingdom of Basoli whose Raja Dharampul supported the Guru in the
battle.[85] The Mughal army was supported by rival kingdom of Kahlur
led by Raja Ajmer Chand. The battle ended when the two sides reached
a tactical peace.[85]
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
First Battle of Chamkaur (1702), Mughal Army was repulsed.[83]

First Battle of Anandpur (1704), Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb sent a fresh

force into northern Punjab under General Saiyad Khan, later replaced by
Ramjan Khan. Ramjan was mortally wounded in further very heavy
fighting around the Sikh stronghold at Anandpur, northeast of Ludhiana,
and his force again withdrew.[83]

Second Battle of Anandpur, According to scholars, this battle was

triggered by the proliferation of armed Sikhs in Anandpur, the increasing
numbers creating a shortage of supplies. This led the Sikhs to raid local
 villages for supplies, food, and forage, which in turn dramatically
frustrated the local pahari rajas who forged alliances and mounted an
attack on Guru Gobind Singh's patrimony.[86][78] The Mughal general
was fatally wounded by Sikh soldiers, and the army withdrew.
Aurangzeb then sent a larger army with two generals, Wazir Khan and
Zaberdast Khan in May 1704, to destroy the Sikh resistance.[83] The
approach the Islamic army took in this battle was to lay a protracted
siege against Anandpur, from May to December, cutting off all food and
other supplies moving in and out, along with repeated battles.[6] Some
Sikh men deserted the Guru during the Anandpur siege in 1704 and
escaped to their homes where their women shamed them and they
rejoined the Guru's army and died fighting with him in 1705.[87][88]
Towards the end, the Guru, his family, and followers accepted an offer
by Aurangzeb of safe passage out of Anandpur.[89] However, as they left
Anandpur in two batches, they were attacked, and one of the batches
with Mata Gujari and Guru's two sons – Zorawar Singh aged 8 and Fateh
Singh aged 5 – were taken captive by the Mughal army.[84][90] Both his
children were executed by burying them alive into a wall.[6][91] The
grandmother Mata Gujari died there as well.[84]

Battle of Sarsa (1704), against the Mughal army led by general Wazir
Khan; the Muslim commander had conveyed Aurangzeb's promise of a
safe passage to Guru Gobind Singh and his family in early December.[90]
However, when the Guru accepted the offer and left, Wazir Khan took
captives, executed them and pursued the Guru.[92] The retreating
troops he was with were repeatedly attacked from behind, with heavy
casualties to the Sikhs, particularly while crossing the Sarsa river.[92]

Battle of Chamkaur (1704) Regarded as one of the most important

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

battles in Sikh history. It was against the Mughal army led by Nahar
Khan;[93] the Muslim commander was killed,[93] while on Sikh side the
remaining two elder sons of the Guru – Ajit Singh and Jujhar Singh,
along with other Sikh soldiers were killed in this battle.[94][84][95]

Battle of Muktsar (1705), the Guru's army was re-attacked by the

Mughal army, being hunted down by general Wazir Khan, in the arid area
of Khidrana-ki-Dhab. The Mughals were blocked again, but with many
losses of Sikh lives – particularly the famous Chalis Mukte (literally, the
"forty liberated ones"),[88] and this was the last battle led by Guru
 Gobind Singh.[7] The place of battle called Khidrana was renamed about
a 100 years later by Ranjit Singh to Mukt-sar (literally, "lake of
liberation"), after the term "Mukt" (moksha) of the ancient Indian
tradition, in honour of those who gave their lives for the cause of
liberation.[96]

Mughal accounts

The Muslim historians of the Mughal court wrote about Guru Gobind Singh
as well as the geopolitics of the times he lived in, and these official Persian
accounts were readily available and the basis of colonial era English-
language description of Sikh history.[97][98]

According to Dhavan, the Persian texts that were composed by Mughal

court historians during the lifetime of Guru Gobind Singh were hostile to
him but presented the Mughal perspective.[97] They believed that the
religious Guru tradition of Sikhs had been corrupted by him, through the
creation of a military order willing to resist the Imperial army.[97] Dhavan
writes that some Persian writers who wrote decades or a century after the
death of Guru Gobind Singh evolved from relying entirely on court
histories of the Mughals which disparage the Guru, to including stories
from the Sikh gurbilas text that praise the Guru.[97][99]

The Mughal accounts suggest that the Muslim commanders viewed the
Sikh panth as one divided into sects with different loyalties.[100]

Relationship with other religious groups

As a result of the violent hostility between the Sikhs and the Mughal
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
armies, Guru Gobind Singh ordered the social segregation of the Khalsa
from the Muslims, the sentiments of which are reiterated in the
contemporary and posthumous rahit-namas. To a lesser extent,
injunctions were also made prohibiting the partake in certain Hindu rituals
and beliefs as well as against schismatic Sikh factions opposed to the
orthodox Khalsa community.[105][111]

Post-War years
 GGS Marg Map

After the Second Battle of Anandpur in 1704, the Guru and his remaining
soldiers moved and stayed in different spots including hidden in places
such as the Machhiwara jungle of southern Panjab.[90]

Some of the various spots in north, west, and central India where the Guru
lived after 1705, include Hehar with Kirpal Das (maternal uncle), Manuke,
Mehdiana, Chakkar, Takhtupura, and Madhe and Dina (Malwa (Punjab)
region). He stayed with relatives or trusted Sikhs such as the three
grandsons of Rai Jodh, a devotee of Guru Har Gobind.[112]

Zafarnama

Guru Gobind Singh saw the war conduct of Aurangzeb and his army
against his family and his people as a betrayal of a promise, unethical,
unjust, and impious.[90] After all of Guru Gobind Singh's children had been
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
killed by the Mughal army and the battle of Muktsar, the Guru wrote a
defiant letter in Persian to Aurangzeb, titled Zafarnama (literally, "epistle of
victory"), a letter which the Sikh tradition considers important towards the
end of the 19th century.[90][113][114]

The Guru's letter was stern yet conciliatory to Aurangzeb. He indicted the
Mughal Emperor and his commanders in spiritual terms, and accused
them of a lack of morality both in governance and in the conduct of
war.[115] The letter predicted that the Mughal Empire would soon end,
because it persecutes, and is full of abuse, falsehood, and immorality. The
 letter is spiritually rooted in Guru Gobind Singh's beliefs about justice and
dignity without fear.[115]

There are two narratives of why the Guru went to Nanded, one is that he
was further helping Bahadur Shah suppress the Mahrathas and Bhoi
Dynasty leaders or he went there just to preach Sikhism as he had just
surprised the rebellion of Kam Bakhsh and the soldiers were tired and
decided to camp. The second is the more popular narrative.

Death of family members

Gurudwara Parivar Vichora Sahib, Majri, Punjab where Guru's younger sahibzaade
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
got separated from him.[116]

Guru Gobind Singh's four sons, also referred to as Chaar Sahibzaade (the
four princes), were killed during his lifetime – the elder two in a battle with
Mughals, and the younger two executed by the Mughal governor of
Sirhind.[21]

Guru and his two elder sons had escaped the siege of Anandpur in
December 1704 and reached Chamkaur, but they were pursued by a large
 Mughal army.[117] In the ensuing battle, Guru's elder sons, also called the
'Vaade Sahibzaade' fought bravely, but the Mughal army was much larger
and well equipped.[118] While Guru was taken to a safe place, Guru's elder
sons, Sahibzada Ajit Singh aged 17, and Jujhar Singh aged 13 were killed in
the Battle of Chamkaur in December 1704 against the Mughal army.[6]

Guru's mother Mata Gujri and his two younger sons got separated from
the Guru after escaping the Mughal siege of Anandpur in December 1704;
and were later arrested by the forces of Wazir Khan, the Mughal governor
of Sirhind.[117] The younger pair, called the 'Chotte Sahibzaade', along with
their grandmother were imprisoned in an Open Tower (Thanda Burj), in
chilling winter days.[118] Around 26 and 27 December 1704, the younger
sons, Sahibzada Fateh Singh aged 6 and Zorawar Singh aged 9, were
offered a safe passage if they converted to Islam, which they refused; and
subsequently, Wazir Khan ordered them to be bricked alive in the
wall.[119][120] Mata Gujri fainted on hearing about her grandsons' death and
died shortly thereafter.[117]

His adopted son Zorawar Singh Paut whose real name is unknown died in
1708 near Chittorgarh Fort in a skirmish with local soldiers.[3] According to
Sainapati Zorawar Singh Paut had managed to escape in the Battle of
Chamkaur and later met the Guru in Rajputana after which he got in a
minor scuffle at Chittorgarh and died.[121]

According to Sikh historians, Guru Gobind Singh took the harsh news
about the execution of his sons with stoic calm, and wrote 'What use is it
to put out a few sparks when you raise a mighty flame instead?'.[122]

Final days
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
 Cremation of Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded

Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, Nanded, built over the place where Guru Gobind Singh was
cremated in 1708, the inner chamber is still called Angitha Sahib.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

Aurangzeb died in 1707, and immediately a succession struggle began

between his sons who attacked each other.[123] Guru Gobind Singh
supported Bahadur Shah in the Battle of Jajau by sending 200 – 300 Sikhs
under Bhai Dharam Singh and later joining the battle themselves.[124]
According to Sikh sources it was Guru Gobind Singh who killed Azam
Shah.[125][126] the official successor Bahadur Shah, invited Guru Gobind
Singh with his army to meet him in person in the Deccan region of India for
reconciliation. Guru Gobind Singh hoped to get Anandpur, his former
stronghold back, and remained close to the imperial camp for nearly a
year. His appeals for the restoration of his lands turned out to be
 ineffectual however as Bahadur Shah went on postponing any restoration
to the status quo ante as he was not willing to offend either the Guru or
the hill rajas.[6][123][127][128]

Wazir Khan, a Muslim army commander and the Nawab of Sirhind, against
whose army the Guru had fought several wars,[7] commissioned two
Afghans, Jamshed Khan, and Wasil Beg, to follow the Guru's army as it
moved for the meeting with Bahadur Shah, and then assassinate the Guru.
The two secretly pursued the Guru whose troops were in the Deccan area
of India, and entered the camp when the Sikhs had been stationed near
river Godavari for months.[129] They gained access to the Guru and
Jamshed Khan stabbed him two times resulting in a fatal wound at
Nanded.[6][130][131] Some scholars state that the assassin who killed Guru
Gobind Singh may not have been sent by Wazir Khan, but was instead
sent by the Mughal army that was staying nearby.[7]

According to Senapati's Sri Gur Sobha, an early 18th-century writer, the

fatal wounds of the Guru was one below his heart. The Guru fought back
and killed the assassin, while the assassin's companion was killed by the
Sikh guards as he tried to escape.[129]

The Guru died of his wounds a few days later on 7 October 1708[132] His
death fuelled a long and bitter war of the Sikhs with the Mughals.[129]

According to the Bansavalinama by Kesar Singh Chibber written in 1768,

the Guru's last words were, "The Granth is the Guru and it will bring you to
Akal. The Guru is the Khalsa and the Khalsa is the Guru. The seat has been
given to Sri Sahib Mata Devi. Love each other and expand the community.
Follow the words of the Granth. The Sikh that follows Sikhi shall be with
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

the Guru. Follow the conduct of the Guru. Always remain with
Waheguru."[133]

In popular culture

While Sikh Gurus are generally not portrayed on screen due to certain
beliefs in Sikhism, a number of Indian films surrounding Guru Gobind
Singh's life have been made. These include:[134]

Sarbans Dani Guru Gobind Singh, a 1998 Indian Punjabi-language

 drama film directed by Ram Maheshwari. The film follows Guru's life but
he is not directly portrayed by an actor.

Chaar Sahibzaade, a 2014 Indian computer-animated film by Harry

Baweja. It is based on the sacrifices of the sons of Guru Gobind Singh –
Ajit Singh, Jujhar Singh, Jorawar Singh, and Fateh Singh.

Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur, a 2016 Indian

computer-animated film by Harry Baweja. It is a sequel to Chaar
Sahibzaade and follows Baba Banda Singh Bahadur's fight against the
Mughals under the guidance of Guru Gobind Singh.

See also

List of places named after Guru Gobind Singh

Bhai Jiwan Singh

Banda Singh Bahadur

References

Informational notes

a. Jenkins, Grewal, and Olson state Tegh Bahadur was executed for refusing to
convert to Islam.[16][17][18] Whereas, Truschke states Tegh Bahadur was
executed for causing unrest in the Punjab.[19]

Citations

1. Ganda Singh. "GOBIND SINGH, GURU (1666–1708)" (https://archive.org/det

ails/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n101) . Encyclopaedia of
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx) from the
original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2016.

2. Dhillon, Dr Dalbir Singh (1988). Sikhism – Origin and Development (https://b

ooks.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA144) . Atlantic
Publishers and Distributors. p. 144. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0160917230548/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg
=PA144) from the original on 17 September 2016.

3. "ZORAWAR SINGH PAUT" (https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographi

cal/sikh-martyrs/zorawar-singh-paut/) . The Sikh Encyclopedia. 19
 December 2000. Retrieved 24 March 2022.

4. Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013).

Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity (https://books.google.com/books?id=D8
xdAgAAQBAJ) . Routledge. pp. 25–28. ISBN 978-1-136-84627-4.

5. "Bole So Nihal | Asian Ethnic Religion | Religious Comparison" (https://www.

scribd.com/document/80513870/Bole-So-Nihal) . Retrieved 7 December
2017 – via Scribd.

6. Fenech, Louis E.; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism (http

s://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ) . Rowman & Littlefield.
p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.

7. J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab (https://archive.org/details/sikh

sofpunjab0000grew) . Cambridge University Press. pp. 78 (https://archive.
org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/78) –79. ISBN 978-0-521-
63764-0.

8. Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh

Studies (https://books.google.com/books?
id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA311) . Oxford University Press. p. 311.
ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.

9. Owen Cole, William; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious
Beliefs and Practice. Sussex Academic Press. p. 36.

10. Grewal 1998, p. 70 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg

=PA70) : "Though historians generally refer to the young Gobind as Gobind
Rai, in the hukamnamas of Guru Tegh Bahadur he is referred to as Gobind
Das."

11. Grewal, J. S. (25 July 2019). Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
White Hawk (https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT4
5) . Oxford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-19-099038-1.

12. [10][11]

13. Cole, W. Owen (26 August 2004). Understanding Sikhism (https://books.goo

gle.com/books?id=KVhwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68) . Dunedin Academic Press
Ltd. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-906716-91-2. "Guru Gobind Singh's name was
Gobind Das or sometimes said to be Gobind Rai, but from the founding of
the Khalsa he is known to be Guru Gobind Singh."

14. McLeod, W. H. (1997). Sikhism (https://archive.org/details/sikhism00mcle/p

age/46/mode/2up?view=theater) . Penguin Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-14-
 age/46/mode/2up?view=theater) . Penguin Books. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-14-
025260-6. "Gobind Das was the original name of the Tenth Guru, at least so
it seems. Muslim sources generally refer to him as Gobind Rai, but
documents issued by his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, give his name as
Gobind Das."

15. Guru Gobind Singh in the final verse of his composition, Chaupai Sahib,
refers to himself as Gobind Das.

16. Jenkins 2000, p. 200.

17. Grewal 1998, p. 72.

18. Olson 2007, p. 23.

19. Truschke 2017, p. 54–55.

20. Mayled, Jon (2002). Sikhism (https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1

v5) . Heinemann. p. 12 (https://archive.org/details/sikhism0000mayl_l1v5/p
age/12) . ISBN 978-0-435-33627-1.

21. Seiple, Chris; Hoover, Dennis; Otis, Pauletta (2013). The Routledge
Handbook of Religion and Security (https://books.google.com/books?id=u4
8rUnVEHbEC&pg=PA93) . Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.;
Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=HHyVh29gy4QC) . Cambridge University Press. pp. 255–258.
ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.

22. "The Sikh Review". Sikh Cultural Centre. 20 (218–229): 28. 1972.

23. Hardip Singh Syan (2013). Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century:
Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C) . I.B.Tauris. pp. 218–222. ISBN 978-1-
78076-250-0.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
24. "BBC Religions – Sikhism" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/p
eople/gobindsingh.shtml) . BBC. 26 October 2009. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20110123020041/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sik
hism/people/gobindsingh.shtml) from the original on 23 January 2011.
Retrieved 30 July 2011.

25. Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh
Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799 (https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5id
B8_QC&pg=PA45) . Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-19-
975655-1.

26. Dasam Granth (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dasam-Granth) ,

 Encyclopaedia Britannica

27. McLeod, W. H. (1990). Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=7xIT7OMSJ44C) . University of Chicago Press.
ISBN 978-0-226-56085-4., pages 2, 67

28. Mandair, Arvind-Pal Singh; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013).

Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity (https://books.google.com/books?id=D8
xdAgAAQBAJ) . Routledge. pp. 11–12, 17–19. ISBN 978-1-136-84627-4.

29. Shelke, Christopher (2009). Divine covenant: rainbow of religions and

cultures (https://books.google.com/books?id=rmr71DjRNV8C) . Gregorian
Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-88-7839-143-7.

30. "Happy Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti: Wishes, Pics, Facebook Messages To
Share" (https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/happy-guru-gobind-singh-jayanti
-2021-wishes-messages-pics-sms-status-for-whatsapp-facebook-2355113
) . NDTV.com. Retrieved 20 January 2021.

31. Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh
studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 445. ISBN 978-0-19-
969930-8.

32. Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. New
York: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.

33. Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh
studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–237. ISBN 978-0-19-
969930-8.

34. Hansra, Harkirat S. (2007). Liberty at Stake:sikhs: the Most Visible (https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=RDlMUfGiEO8C&pg=PA28) . iUniverse.
pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-595-43222-6.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

35. Singh, Kesar (1997). Bansavalinama (in Punjabi). Singh Brothers. pp. 125–
126. ISBN 81-7205-175-1.

36. Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism (htt
ps://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC) . New York: Facts on
File, Inc. p. 417. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20160923030417/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OgMmceadQ
3gC&pg=PA417&dq=guru+gobind+singh+three+wives&hl=en&ei=8ri0To_TC
sKIrAfqpInoAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q
=guru%20gobind%20singh%20three%20wives&f=false) from the original
on 23 September 2016.
 37. Ashok, Shamsher Singh. "JITOJI MATA" (http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/ind
ex.aspx) . Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Archived (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/e
os/index.aspx) from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 14 September
2016.

38. "SUNDARI MATA"

(https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Mata_Sunder_Kaur) . 9 December
2019. Retrieved 17 August 2022.

39. Ashok, Shamsher Singh. "SAHIB DEVAN" (http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/i

ndex.aspx) . Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Punjabi University Patiala. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org
/eos/index.aspx) from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 16 August
2016.

40. "SAHIB DEVAN" (https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/famou

s-women/sahib-devan/) . The Sikh Encyclopedia. 19 December 2000.
Retrieved 25 March 2022.

41. Mahmood, Cynmthia Keppley (1996). Fighting for faith and nation dialogues
with Sikh militants. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 43–
45. ISBN 978-0-8122-1592-2. OCLC 44966032 (https://www.worldcat.org/
oclc/44966032) .

42. Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2009). The Sikh Religion (https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/

cbo9781139506595) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
doi:10.1017/cbo9781139506595 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139506
595) . ISBN 978-1-139-50659-5.

43. Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh
Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh (https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5id
B8_QC) . Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.

44. Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (27 March 2014). The Oxford Handbook of
Sikh Studies (https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ) .
Oxford University Press. p. 595. ISBN 978-0-19-100411-7.

45. Hawley, John Stratton; Mann, Gurinder Singh. Studying the Sikhs: Issues for
North America (https://books.google.com/books?id=tAO0bIu5tvYC&pg=PA1
76) . State University of New York Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-4384-0619-0.

46. Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). The Sikhs: Their Religious
Beliefs and Practices (https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole) . Routledge.
p. 37 (https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/37) . ISBN 0-7100-
 p. 37 (https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/page/37) . ISBN 0-7100-
8842-6.

47. John M Koller (2016). The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies &
Religions of India (https://books.google.com/books?id=lgg3DAAAQBAJ&pg=
PA313) . Routledge. pp. 312–313. ISBN 978-1-315-50740-8.

48. Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). The Sikhs: Their Religious
Beliefs and Practices (https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole) . London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul. 36-37 (https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/pag
e/36) . ISBN 0-7100-8842-6.

49. Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh
Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799 (https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5id
B8_QC) . Oxford University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.

50. Cole, W. Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1978). The Sikhs: Their Religious
Beliefs and Practices (https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole) . London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 38–39 (https://archive.org/details/sikhs00cole/
page/38) . ISBN 0-7100-8842-6.

51. Oberoi, Harjot (1994). The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture,

Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition (https://books.google.com/books
?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC) . University of Chicago Press. pp. 59–62. ISBN 978-
0-226-61592-9.

52. Oberoi, Harjot (1994). The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture,

Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition (https://books.google.com/books
?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC) . University of Chicago Press. pp. 24, 77–78, 89–90.
ISBN 978-0-226-61592-9.

53. Mandair, Arvind-Pal S.; Shackle, Christopher; Singh, Gurharpal (2013). Sikh
Religion, Culture and
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh Ethnicity (https://books.google.com/books?id=79ZcAg
AAQBAJ) . Routledge. pp. 30–33. ISBN 978-1-136-84634-2.

54. Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh
Studies (https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ) . Oxford
University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-19-100411-7.

55. Fenech, Louis E.; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ) . Rowman & Littlefield.
pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.

56. Jacobsen, Knut A.; Myrvold, Kristina (2012). Sikhs Across Borders:
Transnational Practices of European Sikhs (https://books.google.com/books
?id=fU8BAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142) . Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 142–147,
 ?id=fU8BAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142) . Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 142–147,
156–157. ISBN 978-1-4411-0358-1.

57. Rinehart, Robin (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth (https://books.google.co

m/books?id=58AVDAAAQBAJ) . Oxford University Press. pp. 59–62.
ISBN 978-0-19-975506-6.

58. Murphy, Anne (2012). The Materiality of the Past: History and
Representation in Sikh Tradition (https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjY
foI6MC&pg=PA96) . Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-19-
991629-0.

59. Grewal, J.S. Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708) Master of the White Hawk.

60. "Adi Granth | Sikh sacred scripture" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adi-G

ranth-Sikh-sacred-scripture) . Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved
20 January 2021.

61. Rinehart, Robin (2014). Pashaura Singh and Louis E Fenech (ed.). The
Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0N
AwAAQBAJ) . Oxford University Press. pp. 136–138. ISBN 978-0-19-
969930-8.

62. Singha, H. S. (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries) (https
://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C) . Hemkunt Press.
ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1., pp. 53–54

63. Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction (https://books.go

ogle.com/books?id=zD8SDAAAQBAJ) . Oxford University Press. pp. 107–
109. ISBN 978-0-19-106277-3.

64. Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh
Gurus, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415266048, page xx
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
65. Deol, J (2013). Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair; et al. (eds.). Sikh Religion, Culture
and Ethnicity (https://books.google.com/books?id=D8xdAgAAQBAJ) .
Routledge. pp. 30–34. ISBN 978-1-136-84627-4.

66. Gujral, Maninder S. (19 December 2000). "BANSAVALINAMA DASAN

PATSHAHIAN KA" (https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/sikh-scriptures-an
d-literature/eighteenth-century-literature/bansavalinama-dasan-patshahian
-ka/) . The Sikh Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 October 2022.

67. Singh, Kesar. Bansavalinama. p. 161.

68. Gujral, Maninder S. (19 December 2000). "DASAM GRANTH" (https://www.th

esikhencyclopedia.com/sikh-scriptures-and-literature/sri-guru-granth-sahib
 esikhencyclopedia.com/sikh-scriptures-and-literature/sri-guru-granth-sahib
-and-guru-gobind-singhs-bani/dasam-granth/) . The Sikh Encyclopedia.
Retrieved 1 October 2022.

69. Christopher Shackle and Arvind Mandair (2005), Teachings of the Sikh
Gurus, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415266048, pages xvii–xx

70. J Deol (2000), Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity (Editors: AS Mandair, C
Shackle, G Singh), Routledge, ISBN 978-0700713899, pages 31–33

71. Jacobsen, Knut A.; Myrvold, Kristina (2012). Sikhs Across Borders:
Transnational Practices of European Sikhs (https://books.google.com/books
?id=ZdZLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234) . A&C Black. pp. 233–234. ISBN 978-1-
4411-1387-0.

72. Robert Zaehner (1988), The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Living Faiths,

Hutchinson, ISBN 978-0091735760, pages 426-427

73. Singh, Mohinder (1988). History and Culture of Panjab (https://books.google

.com/books?id=W95iulFxS6gC) . Atlantic Publishers. p. 10.

74. Singh, Pashaura (2012). Renard, John (ed.). Fighting Words: Religion,
Violence, and the Interpretation of Sacred Texts (https://books.google.com/
books?id=fCjVRqPD-HQC) . University of California Press. pp. 211–218.
ISBN 978-0-520-95408-3.

75. Brekke, Torkel (2014). Gregory M. Reichberg and Henrik Syse (ed.). Religion,
War, and Ethics: A Sourcebook of Textual Traditions (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=t3CFAwAAQBAJ) . Cambridge University Press. pp. 673–674.
ISBN 978-1-139-95204-0.

76. J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab (https://archive.org/details/sikh

sofpunjab0000grew) . Cambridge University Press. p. 62 (https://archive.o
rg/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/62)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh . ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0.,
Quote: "Aurangzeb took an active interest in the issue of succession, passed
orders for the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur, and at one time ordered total
extirpation of Guru Gobind Singh and his family".

77. Christopher J. H. Wright (2003). God and Morality (https://books.google.co

m/books?id=xW33ZuBnNC0C&pg=PA153) . Oxford University Press.
p. 153. ISBN 978-0-19-914839-4.

78. J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab (https://archive.org/details/sikh

sofpunjab0000grew) . Cambridge University Press. pp. 73 (https://archive.
org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/73) –74. ISBN 978-0-521-
63764-0.
 63764-0.

79. Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2012). Birth of the Khalsa, The: A Feminist Re-
Memory of Sikh Identity (https://books.google.com/books?id=squPx387Fuw
C) . State University of New York Press. pp. 26–28. ISBN 978-0-7914-
8266-7.

80. Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC) . Greenwood. p. 704. ISBN 978-0-313-
33538-9.

81. Fenech, Louis E. (2013). The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A
Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ) . Oxford University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-
0-19-993145-3.

82. Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC) . Greenwood. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-313-
33538-9.

83. Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC) . Greenwood Publishing. pp. 48–
49. ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.

84. Rinehart, Robin (2011). Debating the Dasam Granth (https://books.google.co

m/books?id=58AVDAAAQBAJ) . Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23.
ISBN 978-0-19-975506-6.

85. Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC) . Greenwood. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-313-
33538-9.

86. Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (21 February 2012). Punjab Reconsidered:
History, Culture, and Practice (https://books.google.com/books?id=_vQtDwA
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
AQBAJ&pg=PT135) . Oxford University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-
908877-5.

87. Fenech, Louis E. (2000). Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game
of Love" (https://books.google.com/books?id=FI3XAAAAMAAJ) . Oxford
University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-564947-5.

88. W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism (https://books.google.com/boo

ks?id=vgixwfeCyDAC) . Scarecrow. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.

89. Singh, Prithi Pal (2007). The History of Sikh Gurus. Lotus Books. pp. 128–
147. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.
 90. Hardip Singh Syan (2013). Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century:
Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C) . I.B.Tauris. pp. 220–222. ISBN 978-1-
78076-250-0.

91. Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh (2011). Sikhism: An Introduction (https://books.g

oogle.com/books?id=w8yWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84) . I.B.Tauris. pp. 84–85.
ISBN 978-0-85773-549-2.

92. Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC) . Greenwood Publishing. p. 914.
ISBN 978-0-313-33537-2.

93. Fenech, Louis E.; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ) . Rowman & Littlefield.
p. 218. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.

94. Raju, Karam Singh (1999). Guru Gobind Singh: Prophet of peace.
ISBN 9380213646.

95. Fenech, Louis E.; W. H. McLeod (2014). Historical Dictionary of Sikhism (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79) . Rowman &
Littlefield. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.

96. Sir Lepel Henry Griffin (1898). Ranjit Síngh and the Sikh Barrier Between Our
Growing Empire and Central Asia (https://archive.org/details/ranjitsnghandsi
00grifgoog) . Oxford University Press. pp. 55 (https://archive.org/details/ra
njitsnghandsi00grifgoog/page/n61) –56.

97. Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh
Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799 (https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5id
B8_QC) . Oxford University Press. pp. 165–167, 13–24. ISBN 978-0-19-
975655-1.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

98. Murphy, Anne (2012). The Materiality of the Past: History and
Representation in Sikh Tradition (https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjY
foI6MC) . Oxford University Press. pp. 110–113. ISBN 978-0-19-991629-0.

99. Murphy, Anne (2012). Time, History and the Religious Imaginary in South
Asia (https://books.google.com/books?id=WWysAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47) .
Routledge. pp. 47–50. ISBN 978-1-136-70729-2.

100. Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh
Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799 (https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5id
B8_QC&pg=PA45) . Oxford University Press. pp. 51–53. ISBN 978-0-19-
975655-1.
 975655-1.

101. Nesbitt, Eleanor M. (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction (https://www.

google.com/books/edition/Sikhism/XebnCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA
118&printsec=frontcover) . Oxford University Press. pp. 59–60, 118.
ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.

102. Morgan, Peggy (16 February 2007). Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions
(https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ethical_Issues_in_Six_Religious_Trad
itio/vt-qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA120&printsec=frontcover) .
Edinburgh University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7486-3002-8. "Ever since
the time of Guru Gobind Singh (d. CE 1708), codes of conduct (rahitnamas),
for example Rahitnama Bhai Chaupa and Prem Sumarg, have been in
circulation. These laid down the behaviour required of Sikhs. The eighteenth
and nineteenth-century rahitnamas reflected their period, and one clear
purpose was the social segregation of Sikhs and Muslims."

103. Fenech, Louis E.; McLeod, W. H. (11 June 2014). Historical Dictionary of
Sikhism (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Sik
hism/xajcAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA214&printsec=frontcover) .
Rowman & Littlefield. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-4422-3601-1.

104. Oberoi, Harjot (15 December 1994). The Construction of Religious

Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition (https://ww
w.google.com/books/edition/The_Construction_of_Religious_Boundaries/1NK
C9g2ayJEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA68&printsec=frontcover) . University of
Chicago Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-226-61593-6.

105. [101][102][103][104]

106. Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (21 August 2012).
Encyclopedia of Hinduism (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclop
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
edia_of_Hinduism/kzPgCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA792&printsec=fro
ntcover) . Routledge. p. 792. ISBN 978-1-135-18979-2.

107. Coward, Harold G. (1987). Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism (

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Modern_Indian_Responses_to_Religi
ous_Plu/rA278MzR5-kC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA283&printsec=frontcover) .
State University of New York Press. p. 283. ISBN 978-0-7914-9992-4.

108. Cook, Michael (6 December 2016). Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The
Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective (https://www.google.com/books/ed
ition/Ancient_Religions_Modern_Politics/F3CYDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&p
g=PA238&printsec=frontcover) . Princeton University Press. p. 238.
ISBN 978-0-691-17334-4.
 ISBN 978-0-691-17334-4.

109. Grewal, J. S. (25 July 2019). Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the
White Hawk (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Guru_Gobind_Singh_16
66_1708/YDLNDwAAQBAJ?
hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT96&printsec=frontcover) . Oxford University Press.
p. 96. ISBN 978-0-19-099038-1.

110. Malhotra, Anshu; Lambert-Hurley, Siobhan (23 October 2015). Speaking of

the Self: Gender, Performance, and Autobiography in South Asia (https://ww
w.google.com/books/edition/Speaking_of_the_Self/PdvDCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&
gbpv=1&pg=PT195&printsec=frontcover) . Duke University Press. p. 195.
ISBN 978-0-8223-7497-8. "From the time of the establishment of the
Khalsa in 1699, some from within the Sikhs, more specifically the Khalsa,
tried to create religious norms and codes of behavior that worked toward
imparting a distinct Sikh identity partly by distancing from the Muslims. A
stream within the Khalsa set about creating codes of conduct, the rahit
literature, that began "othering" the Muslim/Turak (used interchangeably),
passing tenets that included the avoidance of halal meat associated with the
Muslims, and sleeping with Muslim women."

111. [106][107][108][109][110]

112. Johar, Surinder Singh (1998). Holy Sikh shrines. New Delhi: M D
Publications. p. 63. ISBN 978-81-7533-073-3. OCLC 44703461 (https://ww
w.worldcat.org/oclc/44703461) .

113. W. H. McLeod (2009). The A to Z of Sikhism (https://books.google.com/boo

ks?id=vgixwfeCyDAC) . Scarecrow. pp. xxv, 52, 214–215. ISBN 978-0-
8108-6344-6.

114. Murphy, Anne (2012). The Materiality of the Past: History and
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
Representation in Sikh Tradition (https://books.google.com/books?id=r13hjY
foI6MC) . Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-19-991629-0.

115. Hadley, Michael L. (2001). Spiritual Roots of Restorative Justice, The (https:/
/books.google.com/books?id=Z33Hn02GOwIC) . State University of New
York Press. pp. 20, 207–214. ISBN 978-0-7914-9114-0.

116. Dahiya, Amardeep (2014). Founder of the Khalsa: The Life and Times of
Guru Gobind Singh (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Founder_of_the_
Khalsa/UA09BAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0) . Hay House, Inc. p. 183.
ISBN 9789381398616.

117. Anand, TK (2005). Essence of Sikhism – 7 (https://www.google.com/books/e

 117. Anand, TK (2005). Essence of Sikhism – 7 (https://www.google.com/books/e
dition/Essence_of_Sikhism_7/Ru4uDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0) . Madhubun
Books. p. 63. ISBN 9788125919483.

118. "Chaar Sahibzaade: The unforgettable history of Sikh heroism and sacrifice"
(https://www.thestatesman.com/features/chaar-sahibzaade-unforgettable-h
istory-sikh-heroism-sacrifice-1503032667.html) . The Statesman. 23
December 2021.

119. Singh, PrithiPal (2006). The History of Sikh Gurus (https://www.google.com/

books/edition/The_History_of_Sikh_Gurus/EhGkVkhUuqoC?
hl=en&gbpv=0) . ISBN 9788183820752.

120. Dahiya, Amardeep (2014). Founder of the Khalsa: The Life and Times of
Guru Gobind Singh (https://www.google.com/books/edition/Founder_of_the_
Khalsa/UA09BAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0) . Hay House, Inc. p. 186.
ISBN 9789381398616.

121. Kulwant Singh summarizing a chapter of Gur Sobha in his English translation
of Gur Sobha said, "Zorawar Singh had escaped from the battle of Chamkaur
and had met the Guru in Rajputana. It was this Zorawar Singh who was killed
at Chittor in a minor scuffle."

122. Singh, Khushwant (1977). A History of the Sikhs, Volume 1: 1469–1839 (http
s://www.google.com/books/edition/_/PfSISgAACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ah
UKEwjSnayhzav1AhXljIkEHdAJAgIQre8FegQIAxAk) . Oxford India
Collection. p. 81. ISBN 9780195606003.

123. Dhavan, P (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh
Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799 (https://books.google.com/books?id=-7HJ5id
B8_QC&pg=PA45) . Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-19-
975655-1.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh
124. Gandhi, Surjit (2004). A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh.
pp. 323, 324. ISBN 8172053061.

125. A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh. p. 324.

126. Gurbilas Patashahi 10 Chapter 19

127. Grewal 1998, p. 79.

128. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (24 September 2012). A Concise
History of Modern India (https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Concise_
History_of_Modern_India/c7UgAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA33&printse
c=frontcover) . Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-139-
53705-6.
 53705-6.

129. Hardip Singh Syan (2013). Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century:
Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C) . I.B.Tauris. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-1-
78076-250-0.

130. Singh, Prithi Pal (15 September 2007). The history of Sikh Gurus. Lotus
Press. p. 158. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.

131. Singh, Santhok. Suraj Granth (in Punjabi). Translated by Singh, Sodhi Teja.
CSJS. p. 486.

132. However Hardip Singh Syan gives the date as 18 October 1708.[129]

133. Singh, Kesar. Bansavalinama (in Punjabi). Singh Brothers. pp. 189–190.

134. Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (March 2014). The Oxford Handbook of
Sikh Studies (https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4
78) . OUP Oxford. p. 478. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.

Bibliography

Grewal, J. S. (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Vol. 2–3. Cambridge

University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0.

Jenkins, Everett (2000). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A

Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa,
Europe and the Americas (https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQ
AAQBAJ&pg=PA200) . McFarland. p. 200. ISBN 978-1-4766-0889-1.

Olson, Carl (2007). The Many Colors of Hinduism: A Thematic-historical

Introduction. Rutgers University Press.

Truschke, Audrey (2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press.

Further reading

Deora, Man Singh (1989). Guru Gobind Singh: a literary survey. New
Delhi: Anmol Publications. ISBN 978-81-7041-160-4. OCLC 21280295 (
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21280295) .

Singh, Gobind; Jasbir Kaur Ahuja (1996). The Zafarnama of Guru Gobind
Singh. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. OCLC 42966940 (https://www.
worldcat.org/oclc/42966940) .
 Singh, Prof. Surinderjit, Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnamah Transliteration
and Poetic Rendering in English. Singh Brothers, Amritsar. 2003.
ISBN 81-7205-272-3.

Sri Dasam Granth Sahib: Questions and Answers: The book on Sri
Dasam Granth Sahib (https://web.archive.org/web/20151212051909/http
://archimedespress.co.uk/books)

External links

Media related to Guru Gobind Singh at Wikimedia Commons

Quotations related to Guru Gobind Singh at Wikiquote

Sikh Guru
Preceded by Succeeded by
11 November 1675 – 7 October
Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Granth Sahib
1708

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Guru_Gobind_Singh&oldid=1128
688171"
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh

Last edited 4 hours ago by ThethPunjabi

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh