Zoology Lab

Animal Development
Materials:
• Microscope
• Prepared Slides of frog’s ovary
• Prepared slides of frog embryos
(early cleavage, late cleavage,
gastrula, blastula, neural plate Cleavage
stage, neural tube stage)
• Is the process of transforming
Introduction: the single-celled zygote into a
multicellular entity
Development
• This process involves a series of
• The process of change occurring in mitotic divisions, which
a developing embryo is a dynamic transforms the zygote into
(constantly changes) and several cleavage cells or
continuous one blastomeres (a cell produced
during the cleavage of a
fertilized egg)
• The number of blastomeres
determines whether it is in the
early or late stage of cleavage

Fertilization
• Involves the union of the sperm
and egg nuclei
• This process restores the
chromosome number or diploid
number of the organism Subsequently, cell divisions lead
to a geometric increase in the
(The haploid became a diploid na) number of blastomeres
• The embryo as a result of However, mitotic divisions at the
fertilization is appropriately called latter/end stages of cleavage
a zygote occur asynchronously (not
• Fertilization in animals can occur existing or happening at the
externally or internally
 same time) (not coordinate with cavity, the blastocoel or
time) segmentation cavity
• In addition to the formation of
The ball of cells that are formed
the cavity is the emergence of
as a result of these series of cell
distinctly two populations of
divisions is called a morula
cells
(From a zygote whose cell will
Blastopore – the site where
cleaved and become blastomeres and
gastrulation begins
then as the number of blastomeres
increases it forms a ball called a
morula, a ball of cell) Blastocoel
Cleavage Formation

The morula will have a fluid-filled

cavity which happens in the
Blastulation process
The main difference between morula
and blastula is that morula is a
spherical mass of blastomeres,
which are formed following the
splitting of a zygote whereas blastula
is an early developmental stage of the
embryo, consisting of a spherical layer
of cells filled with fluid
The layer of the cells immediately
surrounding the blastocoel forms the
endoderm while the outer layer of the
Blastulation cells forms the ectoderm
• Is the process that involves an At this stage, the embryo is
internal secretion of fluid characterized as didermic
by the blastomeres of the
Di → two, dermis → layer/coat/skin
morula
• This process results in the
formation of a fluid-filled
Blastula whole embryo, so from a simple
spherical ball of cells into a multi-
layered organism)
This time mesoderm will come out,
and there is migration of cells in and
out of the ball
Blastula

Gastrulation
• Is the stage that involves major
cell movements and
rearrangements to form the body
plan characteristic of a species
• These phenomena are collectively An opening leading to the gastrocoel
referred to as “morphogenic called blastopore is formed in the
movements” earlier part of the gastrula stage
• Among other things accomplished
during gastrulation is the laying The blastopore is the future anal or
out of the primitive gut, also cloacal opening in deuterostomes
known as gastrocoel or (echinoderms and vertebrates)
archenteron In protostomes such as nematodes,
mollusks, and arthropods, the
blastopore becomes the mouth
Another important event of
gastrulation is the establishment of
the three germ layers, namely,
ectoderm, mesoderm and
endoderm
These germ layer serve as the
foundation for the organ systems of the
animal to take shape
(pagdating sa gastrulation, mesoderm
(so basically, gastrulation is a series of starts to form. So, visible na yung three
cell movements, it reorganizes the germ layer)
 1. Notochord forms from mesoderm
cells soon after gastrulation is
complete
(kase sabi natin si mesoderm will
become your muscles inside the body)
2. Signals from notochord cause
inward folding of the
ectoderm at the neural plate
3. Ends of the neural plate fuse
and disconnect to form an
autonomous neural tube
The central nervous system of
Endoderm → gut lining (inner vertebrates develops from a dorsally
lining) and derivatives (pancreatic cell, situated ectodermal thickening called
thyroid cell, lung cell (alveolar cell) neutral plate

Mesoderm → muscle, blood, organs (nabuo si central nervous system don sa

(cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle cells, three step na yon)
tubule cell of the kidney, red blood
cells, smooth muscle (in gut)
Ectoderm → skin and nervous
system (skin cells of epidermis,
neurons of brain, pigment cell)
Germ cell → sperm and egg
Once the germ layers are established,
the different organs start to form. This
process is called organogenesis This structure invaginates (folded
back) to form a neural fold and a
depression called neural groove,
which eventually develops into a
hollow neural tube
The process involving the development
of the CNS is called neurulation and
the embryo at such stage is referred to
as neurula