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Reconfigurable Bandpass Filter with

Wide-Range Bandwidth and Frequency Control
Maoyu Fan, Kaijun Song, Senior Member, IEEE, and Yong Fan, Senior Member, IEEE

 most reconfigurable filters with both frequency and bandwidth

Abstract—In this paper, a novel reconfigurable bandpass filter agility are second- or third-order [4], [5], since it is difficult to
with adjustable center frequency and wide bandwidth realize wide tunable passband bandwidth and high frequency
reconfiguration is presented. The proposed bandpass filter is selectivity. Although wider passband bandwidth and higher
formed by cascading tunable high-pass (HP) and low-pass (LP)
out-of-band attenuation can be achieved by increasing the filter
filter sections directly. Both the operating frequency and
bandwidth of the reconfigurable bandpass filter can be order, the design complexity will be increased due to the
reconfigured independently by tuning the frequencies of the band frequency dependency of the coupling coefficient.
edges, which are controlled by the cut-off frequency of the HP and The wide tuning range of operating frequency and bandwidth
LP filter sections. Finally, the proposed filter is designed, can be realized by using multi-mode resonators [9], [10]. In
fabricated and measured for validation purposes. The measured [10], a cross-shaped multi-mode resonator and six tuning
results demonstrate that the bandwidth can be tuned from 180 elements are used to realize the third-order wideband tunable
MHz to 1390 MHz at the fixed center frequency with tuning ratio
filter and compact circuit size. But the wide passband
up to 7.8:1. Center-frequency agility is also verified with different
constant absolute bandwidth of 400 MHz, 600 MHz, and 800 MHz bandwidth tuning range is still limited by the frequency
The measured results show that proposed filter possesses the dependency of the external quality factor. A more flexible
advantages of simple implementation, wide bandwidth tuning method of implementing adjustable bandwidth and center
range, wide frequency tuning range, and compact size. frequency consists of cascading two filter units with different
Index Terms—Constant absolute bandwidth, reconfigurable filtering response [11]. In [11], the center frequency and
bandpass filter, wide passband tuning range, wide frequency bandwidth can be tuned simultaneously by cascading a tunable
tuning range. low-pass filter and a tunable bandpass filter. However, the
design complexity is increased due to the need of a large
I. INTRODUCTION number of tuning elements.
In this work, a reconfigurable bandpass filter with both
E LECTRONICALLY-CONTROLLED reconfigurable
filters are highly required in multi-functional
multi-standard communication and radar systems due to their
center-frequency agility and wide bandwidth reconfiguration is
presented. The bandpass frequency response is achieved by
potential to achieve frequency agility, circuit-size reduction and directly cascading a tunable generalized Chebyshev high-pass
design simplicity. In recent years, extensive researches have filter (HPF) section and a tunable low-pass filter (LPF) section.
been carried out into advanced reconfigurable filters [1]–[7]. The frequency reconfiguration and wide range bandwidth
The operating frequency tuning is one of the most important control of the proposed bandpass filter can be achieved flexibly
characteristics in planar reconfigurable circuits and is often by tuning the cut-off frequency of the matched high- and LPF
achieved by utilizing adjustable-reactance elements in the sections, which avoid the redundant control of the coupling
resonators to change their equivalent electrical length. coefficient and external quality factor. Finally, a planar
Bandwidth reconfiguration is another important characteristic, prototype is designed and measured for validation.
especially maintaining the constant absolute bandwidth (ABW)
during the frequency tuning range [2]–[5] and achieving wide II. DESIGN OF THE RECONFIGURABLE BANDPASS FILTER
bandwidth tuning range at each fixed center frequency [6]–[8]. The method to realize frequency-static bandpass filter by
Simultaneous reconfiguration of center frequency and cascading HP and LP filter cells has been investigated in [12].
passband bandwidth is a challenging design aspect nowadays, A filter-cell-cascade technique has also been utilized in [13] to
due to the necessity of frequency-dependent coupling realize a tunable LPF, where a tunable bandstop cell with agile
coefficients and external quality factors. It can be found that lower-stopband edge and fixed LP units are connected in series
to design a tunable LPF with broad stopband behavior. The
Manuscript received January 18, 2020; revised August 17, 2020; accepted conceptually operational principle of the proposed bandpass
November 19, 2020. The work was supported in part by the National Natural filter is shown in Fig. 1. By cascading the reconfigurable HP
Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 61771094) and by Sichuan Science and LP filter sections directly, a bandpass filtering response
and Technology Program (Grant No: 2019JDRC0008) and in part by the China
Scholarship Council under Grant 201906070036. (Corresponding author: with independent control of passband edges can be obtained.
Kaijun Song) The lower- and higher passband edges are determined by the
The authors are with the EHF Key Laboratory of Science, School of cut-off frequencies of HP and LP filter sections separately.
Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China (e-mail: [email protected]). Therefore, a flexible reconfiguration of both center frequency

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-10

-20 TZb

|S21| (dB)
Z0e=60
-30 TZa Z0o=60

-40 Z0e=120
Fig. 1. Schematic of the proposed reconfigurable bandpass filter.
0 0 Z0o=60
-50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency (GHz)

Magnitude (dB)
-10
-20 (a) (b) (c) (d)
S11
Magnitude (dB)

S11
-20 Fig.3. Configuration of (a) the coupled line transformer (b) even- mode circuit
-40 S21 (c) odd- mode circuit (d) transmission response.
S21 -30 70
=70dB/GHz
2.8  Z0e=120 Z0o=60
1=20° Z0e=160 Z0o=80

Roll-off rate (dB/GHz)

-60 LP HP
-40 =110dB/GHz 2.4
60
BP (directly cascaded) Z0e=180 Z0o=60
BP (with ideal isolator) =200dB/GHz 1=30° 50

fc (GHz)
-80 -50 2.0
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
0.5
Frequency (GHz)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Frequency (GHz) 1=40° 40
(a) (b) 1.6
30
Fig. 2. Filtering responses of (a) LP section, HP section, directly cascaded
1.2 20
bandpass (BP) filter and cascaded BP filter with ideal isolator (b) Filtering
response of the cascaded BP filter with different roll-off rate ζ and ζ = 0.8 1 10
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
2 3 4 5
(αmax-αmin)/(fmax-fmin), where αmax/min is the 30-dB/3-dB attenuation point, fmax/min C1 (pF) fc (GHz)
is the 30-dB/3-dB stopband frequency. (a) (b)
Fig. 4. (a) Cut-off frequency versus C1 with θ1 = 20°, 30°, 40°, Z0e = 180Ω, Z0o
and bandwidth can be achieved by controlling the cascaded HP = 60Ω. (b) Roll-off rate versus cut-off frequency fc with different Z0e and Z0o,
and LP filter cells individually or jointly. Through the cascaded for θ1 = 30°at 1.5 GHz.
process, the out-of-band rejection performance of the bandpass where Z0 is the reference impedance. As shown, the
filter can be mainly defined by the lower and upper stopband of transmission zeros (TZ) can be derived from S21 = 0, which
the HP and LP sections， as depicted in Fig. 2(a). As shown, results in Zino = Zine.
compared to the cascaded filter by the ideal isolator, the directly Firstly, out-of-band rejection performance of the LP section
cascaded bandpass filter has nearly the same transmission is analyzed and demonstrated in Fig. 3(d), for θ1 = 30°@1.5
response. Moreover, the bandpass response with good GHz, C1=1.5pF. As shown, two TZs (TZa and TZb) are
matching level can be obtained when two building sections generated in the stopband to control the rejection performance.
have good performance on return loss. Under this circumstance, When Z0o = Z0e, there is no coupling between the coupled line,
both center frequency and bandwidth reconfiguration can be and the proposed filter unit is equivalent to a third-order
achieved without additional coupling network, which has the Chebyshev LP filter with poor out-of-band rejection.
advantages of simple design and wider bandwidth tuning range. Then, the cut-off frequency reconfiguration and roll-off rate
Moreover, as shown in Fig. 2(b), when the LP and HP sections are analyzed. In Fig. 4(a), the cut-off frequency can be tuned by
are both matched, sharp roll-off rates of each cascaded sections the varactors C1, and the frequency range is determined by the
are highly required to obtain good in-band matching level, electric length of the coupled line and capacitance ratio of the
especially for the narrow band response. Therefore, to realize a varactors. Then, as depicted in Fig. 4(b), as the cut-off
reconfigurable bandpass filter with wide bandwidth tuning frequency of the LPF increases, the roll-off rate decreases. The
range and good return loss performance, a LP and HP section roll-off rate becomes sharper with higher characteristic
with high selectivity and good matching level are required. impedances of the coupled line and larger difference between
the even- and odd- mode impedance, namely narrower coupling
A. Design of Reconfigurable Low-Pass Filter distance of the coupled line transformer.
Fig. 3 shows the configuration of the basic LP unit, and the To improve selectivity and stopband rejection level, several
shunt varactor loaded centrally is used for frequency proposed filter units can be cascaded based on the same design
reconfiguration. The symmetrical structure can be analyzed by procedure, as shown in Fig. 5. The order of the filter depends on
the even- and odd- mode analysis method, and the equivalent the required design specification of roll-off rate and rejection
even- and odd-mode sub-networks are presented in Fig. 3(b) level. As shown in Fig. 6(a), with increase of orders, the roll-off
and (c). The input impedances of the two modes are derived as rate increases significantly and the stopband rejection is also
Z ino  jZ 0 o tan 1 (1a) dramatically improved. To enlarge stopband bandwidth, two
Z ine  jZ 0 e  Z 0 e0 C1 tan 1 -2   Z 0 e0 C1  2 tan 1 
radial stubs are loaded symmetrically, as shown in Fig. 6(b).
(1b)
Meanwhile, higher-order filter results in larger circuit size. To
where θ1 is the electric length at the cut-off frequency, and Z0o/e realize both compact circuit size and high selectivity, three
is the odd/even characteristic impedance of the coupled line. cascaded units are chosen in this design. Moreover, to simplify
Thus, the S-parameter of the proposed cell can be calculated as the tuning mechanism, the symmetric structure is adopted for
S11   Z ine Z ino  Z 02   Z 0  Z ine  Z 0  Z ino  (2a) design. And because of symmetry, the number of TZs will be
S 21  Z 0  Z ino  Z ine   Z 0  Z ine  Z 0  Z ino 
less than 2N, where N is the number of the basic LP unit. The
(2b)
configuration of the final proposed reconfigurable LPF with

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(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig.8. The lumped equivalent lumped circuit of (a) the proposed fifth-order
Fig. 5. Higher order reconfigurable LPF with cascaded cells and radial stubs HPF (b) The simplified circuit. (c) Odd mode circuit. (d) Even mode circuit.
0 0 0 2.1
Without coupling
fc, l4=8.3nH
-20 -20
fc, l4=7.3nH

Frequency (GHz)
-10 1.8

Magnitude (dB)
With coupling
-40 -40
|S21| (dB)
|S21| (dB)

-20 1.5
-60 -60
TZ2 S11
One unit -30 1.2
-80 -80 TZ1, l4=8.3nH
Two units without RS
-100 Three units -100 0.9 TZ2, l4=8.3nH
-40 TZ1
with RS S21
-120 0.6
1 2 3 4 5 -120 2 4 6 8 -50 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Frequency (GHZ) C4 (pF)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. (a) Transmission response versus different cascaded order with different 0
parameters (b) Out-of-band performance with and without radial stubs (RS), S11 1.20
where Z0o = 60Ω, Z0e = 180Ω, θ1 = 30°@1.5GHz, rs = 3.5mm, θ1 = 90°. -10

Frequency (GHz)
Magnitude (dB)
1.05
-20 TZ1
0
0.90
C1=3.5,C2=4.9 -30 TZ2
-10
|S11| (dB)

C1=2.1,C2=2.6 C3=1.7pF 0.75

-20 C1=1.2,C2=1.5 -40
C3=2.0pF 0.60
C1=0.84,C2=0.85 -50
-30 S21 C3=2.3pF
Unit: pF 0.45
-40 -60
0
1 2 3 4 5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
Frequency (GHz) km
-15
|S21| (dB)

(c) (d)
-30 Fig. 9(a). Filtering response with and without inductive coupling. (b)Location
of two TZs and cut-off frequency fc versus C4. (c) Filtering response versus C3
-45
(d) Location of two transmission zeros versus inductive coupling strength.
-60
Frequency (GHz)
1 2 3 4 5
Ye  Ye1  Ye 2 (3b)
Ye1  1/ 1 j0 C3  j0 2 L4  2 j0 C4 
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. (a) Configuration of the proposed reconfigurable LPF (b) Simulated
(3c)
results of the proposed LPF. Ye 2  1 j0  L3  2 Lm  (3d)
bias circuits is demonstrated in Fig. 7(a). The filter is designed

where L3  L3  Lm and Lm  L3  km . The S-parameters can be
and simulated on Taconic RF-35 substrate with relative
dielectric constant 3.5, and thickness of 0.508 mm. The derived as
dimensions of the filter are listed as follows (units: mm): w1 = S11  Y02  YeYo  Y0  Ye Y0  Yo  (4a)
0.2, w2 = 0.5, wm = 0.6, wm2 = 0.7, l1 = 9.9, l2 = 9, lm = 1.5, lm2 =
1.5, rs = 3.5, θ1 = 90◦, s1 = 0.3, s2 = 0.35. The varactor diodes S21  Y0 Yo  Ye  Y0  Ye Y0  Yo  (4b)
SMV1233 with capacitance tuning range of 0.84 to 5 pF is Thus, when Ye = Yo, the TZs can be determined.
utilized as the C1 and C2 respectively. Simulation analysis is carried out of filtering response to the
The simulated results of the proposed LPF are demonstrated parameters of the proposed circuit, which are based on L3 =
in Fig.7 (b). As shown, the simulated cut-off frequency can be 7.3nH, L4 = 8.3nH, C3 = 2pF, C4 = 2pF, Lm = 0.5nH, and the
tuned from 1.08 GHz to 2.16 GHz with stopband rejection level S-parameter response is demonstrated in Fig. 9. As illustrated in
greater than 15 dB. During the tuning range, roll-off rates are Fig.9 (a), an additional TZ1 is generated by the inductive
above 75 dB/GHz and in-band return loss is greater than 10 dB. coupling, which further improve the out-of-band rejection
performance. The location of two TZs and cut-off frequency fc
B. Design of Reconfigurable High-Pass Filter
versus varied C4 is depicted in Fig. 9(b). As shown, when C4
The equivalent lumped-element circuit of the proposed HPF decreases, the frequency of TZ2 and fc greatly shifts upwards at
is demonstrated in Fig. 8(a). Based on the fifth-order the same time, while the frequency of TZ1 slightly decreases.
generalized Chebyshev HPF prototype, the inductive coupling Thus, cut-off frequency can be controlled by C4. Moreover,
structure realized by a grounded inductance is exploited for frequency range of fc is also determined by the value of L4.
generating TZ and the simplified equivalent circuit is shown in Then, after the cut-off frequency is determined, frequency
Fig. 8(b). All the capacitors in the equivalent circuit are response versus varied C3 is demonstrated in Fig. 9(c). As
implemented with varactors for tuning. The circuit in Fig. 8(b) shown in Fig. 9(c), with the increase of C3, position of TZ1
is analyzed by the even- and odd- mode method and the shifts downwards and the in-band return loss is improved,
corresponding circuits are shown in Fig. 8(c) and (d). The input which means the return-loss can be controlled by C3. Finally, as
admittances of the even- and odd- mode are derived as follows Fig. 9(d) shows, the initial locations of two TZs are influenced
Yo  1 j0 L3  j0 C3 (3a) by the value of Lm, which is realized by a grounded inductance.

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0 0 0 Bandwidth 1.39
v1=15,v2=9

|S11| (dB)
-10 (unit:GHz) 1.0
v3=2.4,v4=0 -10 0.6
-20 -10 v1=7.5,v2=5.5 0.3
v3=3,v4=3

|S21| (dB)
|S11| (dB)
-30 v1=5.5,v2=3.5 -20 0.18
v3=4,v4=5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -20 v1=4,v2=3 -30
0
(pF) C3 C4 v3=5.2,v4=6
-10 v1=3.5,v2=2.5

|S21| (dB)
2.1 13 -40
-20 v3=6,v4=6.7
1.5 3.3 -30 Unit: V
-30 -50
1.26 1.5
-40 1.05 0.69 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-50
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
Frequency (GHz) (a) (b)
(a) (b) Fig. 13. Measured S-parameters with center frequency fixed at 1.4GHz and
Fig. 10. (a) Configuration of the reconfigurable five-order HPF (b) Simulated varied bandwidth. (a) S11 (b) S21
results of the proposed HPF 0 0
(V) V1 V2 V3 V4
(V)V1 V2 V3 V4
2.6 1.4 2 0
1.2 0 1.5 0.5 -10

Magnitude (dB)
-10

Magnitude (dB)
5.0 3.5 3.6 4
4.0 2.5 4.5 6.0
11 15 6 8.8
15 11 9 15
-20 -20

-30 -30

-400 1 2 3 4 -400 1 2 3 4
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
(a) (b)
Fig. 11. Layout and the fabricated circuit of the bandpass filter. 0
0 60 0 60
fhc (GHz) flc (GHz) 40 (V) V1 V2 V3 V4

Magnitude (dB)
1.08 40 0.72 -10 14 2.2 2 0.5
-20 1.44 20 -20 1.11 20 7 4.5 3.5 4
|S21| (dB)
|S21| (dB)
|S11| (dB)
|S11| (dB)

1.79 1.49 15 5 4 6
0 -20
2.14 0 1.87
-40 -20 -40 -20

-40
-30
-40

-60 -60 -60 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0-60

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Frequency (GHz) -40
Frequency (GHz) 0 1 2 3 4
(a) (b) Frequency (GHz)
0 0 (c)
Fig. 14. Measured S-parameters (a) ABW = 400 MHz, (b) ABW = 600 MHz,
-10 (c) ABW = 800 MHz. The lines with star symbols represent S11, lines with
-10
square symbols represents S21.
|S11| (dB)

|S21| (dB)

-20
Bandwidth
-20
Switch off
above 71 dB/GHz, the simulated in-band return loss is greater
-30
200MHz than 15 dB, and stopband rejection level is greater than 15 dB.
-30 600MHz -40
1000MHz C. Design of Reconfigurable Bandpass Filter
1400MHz -50
-40 0 1 2 3 4 5 The final layout and fabricated photograph of the proposed
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Frequency (GHz) Frequency (GHz)
(c) (d)
filter is demonstrated in Fig. 11, and four bias voltages are
Fig. 12. Simulated results (a) Tunable higher passband edge by controlling V1 required. The filter is designed on Taconic RF-35 substrate
and V2. (b) Tunable lower passband edge by controlling V3 and V4. (c) S11 and with overall size of 28×16.6mm2. Agilent-ADS is employed
(d) S21 with varied bandwidth and fixed center frequency at 1.4 GHz.
for the optimization of the proposed bandpass filter. All the bias
With the enhancement of inductive coupling, two TZs move circuits are realized by 10-kΩ resistors and 100-pF capacitors
closer, and the stopband performance is improved. are used for dc blocking capacitors.
The configuration of the proposed reconfigurable HPF with The simulated results of the proposed bandpass filter are
bias circuit is demonstrated in Fig. 10(a). The filter is also shown in Fig. 12, which demonstrate the flexible independent
designed on Taconic RF-35 substrate. The dimensions of the control of the higher passband edge, the lower passband edge,
filter are listed as follows (units: mm):w3 = 0.3, l3 = 3, w4 = 0.35, and bandwidth. As shown in Fig. 12(a) and (b), both higher and
l4 = 15.6, w5 = 0.3, l5 = 21.8, ls = 2, ws = 0.8. The varactor diodes lower passband edge can be adjusted independently and
SMV1233 and SMV1281 are applied as the C3 and C4 flexibly as they can be defined by the cut-off frequencies of the
respectively. building LP and HP cells. The simulated higher passband edge
The simulated results of the proposed reconfigurable HPF can be tuned from 1.08 GHz to 2.14 GHz with the relative
are demonstrated in Fig.10 (b). As shown, the simulated cut-off tuning range of 65.8%. And the simulated lower passband edge
frequency can be tuned from 0.7 GHz to 1.9 GHz with relative can be tuned from 0.72 GHz to 1.87 GHz with the relative
tuning range of 92.3%. Over the tuning range, the roll-off rate is tuning range of 88.8%. When both passband edges are

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TABLE I IV. CONCLUSION

COMPARISONS WITH PRECIOUS REPORTED RECONFIGURABLE FILTERS
FTR BTR RL NTE IL Size In this paper, the design of a reconfigurable bandpass filter
(GHz)/% (MHz)/% (dB) (dB) (λg2) with agile center frequency and wide-range bandwidth control
[2] 1.15-2/ Fixed >10 2 2.4-3.6 0.015 is investigated. By cascading tunable HP and LP filtering
54% sections, both passband edges can be controlled independently.
[3] 1.55-2.1 40-120 -- 10 4.5-6.2 0.045 Therefore, compared with traditional wide tuning
/30.1% /2.6-5.7
reconfigurable bandpass filter, arbitrary center frequency and
[10] 0.67-1.215 140-664 >11 6 <3.5 0.0142
I /58% /14-64.4 wide range bandwidth reconfiguration can be realized without
[10] 0.6-1.45 120-950 >13 6 <4 0.025 additional tunable coupling mechanism in this design. A
II /82.9% /12-95 generalized Chebyshev HPF and a compact LPF based on
fl:1.17-2.01 260-1780 >10 9 1.1-4.9 0.071 coupled-line transformers are used in the presented
[11] /52.8% /13-89 reconfigurable filter. Multiple transmission zeros are generated
fh:2.2-3.17
/35.2%
in lower and higher stopband for improving the selectivity and
this 0.8-1.95 180-1390 >11.5 6 1.3-5.2 0.0274 stopband rejection. Good performance is achieved for the
work /83.6% /12.8-99 fabricated reconfigurable filter, including simple design, wide
FTR: frequency tuning range; BTR: bandwidth tuning range; RL: return loss; bandwidth tuning range, wide frequency tuning range, high
NTE: number of tuning elements; IL: insertion loss; λg: guided wavelength at selectivity and compact circuit size.
the center of the frequency tuning range.

controlled simultaneously, the simulated bandwidth varied REFERENCES

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