DIVERSITY OF HEXAPODA

Class- Entognatha
 Apterygote. Mouthparts sunk into a depression on the surface of the head
(entognathous).
 Poorly equipped for dry habitats; most are obligatory inhabitants of moist
environments.
Ametabolous.

Order 1- Collembola (springtails):

 Small, wingless, with abdominal
furcula (jumping organ)
 collophore for water uptake.
 Abundant (but rarely noticed) in
leaf litter, soil, rotten wood. Some
are tolerant of dry conditions.
 Most feed on decaying plant
material and fungi.
 Of all entognaths, collembolans are
the most unlike the insects. Anurida,
Hypogastrura, Isotomci, Neelus,
Onychiurus, Podura, Sminthurus,
Tomocerus.
Tomocerus Anurida
Order 2- Protura;
■ Small taxon. < 2 mm long.
Antennae and eyes lost.
■ Sensory forelegs are held
forward, antenna-like.
■ Head is conical.
■ Restricted to moist habitats,
such as leaf litter and soil, by
intolerance of desiccation.
■ Probably feed on fungi.
Acerentulus, Eosentomon.

Acerentulus
Order 3- Campodeina:
■ Sometimes combined with Japygina in
Diplura.
■ Both have long, multiarticulate antennae,
styli on most abdominal segments, coxal
organs on some.
■ Usually only a few millimeters long. Found Campodea
in damp humus, decomposing wood,
beneath stones, bark. Campodea.
■ Generally herbivorous or omnivorous

Order 4- Japygina:

 Carnivores
 use pincer like abdominal
cerci to capture prey.
Anajapyx, Japyx. Japyx
Class- Insecta
■ Includes almost all hexapods;
■ overwhelmingly successful in terrestrial and
freshwater habitats.
■ Mouthparts are ectognathous, not recessed
into a pocket.
■ Compound eyes and ocelli usually are present.
■ Typically are well adapted for terrestrial life.
Order 1. Archaeognatha (jumping
bristletails):
• Cylindrical, scale-covered body.
• Mandibles are monocondylic.
• Abdomen has three terminal
processes.
• Apterygote
• Require moist environments
beneath bark, stones, in leaf litter.
• Jump when disturbed.
Machilis
• Feed on algae, lichens, and moss.
• Ametabolous.
Machilis, Petrobius.

Petrobius
Order 2- Zygentoma (silverfishes,
firebrats):
• Apterygote.
• Styli on most abdominal segments.
• Mandibular articulation is dicondylic,
like the remaining insects.
• Have three abdominal processes.
• Most inhabit moist habitats among
dead leaves, in wood, around stones.
• Some absorb atmospheric moisture and
are tolerant of dry environments.
• Some occur in houses, where they eat Lepisma
books and clothing.
• Atelura, Lepisma, Nicoletia,
Thermobia, Tricholepidion.

Thermobia
SUB CLASS: Pterygota
 Derived from a winged common ancestor; the adults of most retain
these wings, although they have been modified or lost in many taxa.
 Sperm transfer is direct, with copulation.

Order 1- Ephemeroptera (mayflies):

• Adult is a delicate, graceful flying
insect with net-veined wings.
• Most have three terminal abdominal
filaments.
• Nymphs have abdominal tracheal gills.
• Adults do not feed, short-lived.
• Hemimetabolous; aquatic nymphs,
aerial adults.
• Have two imaginal instars, the only
pterygotes to have more than one
imago. Baetis, Ephemerella,
Hexagenia. Ephemerella
Order 2- Odonata (dragonflies,
damselflies):
• Voracious predators as adults and
nymphs.
• Hemimetabolous;
• aquatic nymphs, aerial adults.
• Larvae have extensible raptorial labial Dragonfly
mask.

Damselfly

https://www.britannica.com/video/24040/dragonfly-larva-animation-mask-
prey
Infraclass: Neoptera
Fold wings flat over the abdomen; have lost the styli and coxal organs

["Polyneoptera" (orthopteroids, or lower Neoptera)]:

Artificial group with cerci, biting mouthparts, and abundant Malpighian tubules.
Most are paurometabolous.
Order 3- Orthoptera (grasshoppers,
katydids, crickets, locusts): Relatively large
insects.
• Large pronotum,
• large compound eyes.
• have enlarged hind femora for jumping.
• Female ovipositor is large;
• male genitalia are not visible externally.
• Most have stridulating and auditory organs.
• About 20,000 species; diverse, widespread,
and common especially in the tropics.
• Most are herbivores.
• Some, such as locusts and Mormon crickets,
can severely damage crops.
Order 4-Phasmida (walking sticks, leaf insects):
• Slow-moving, nonjumping, cryptic. (Caumoflage an
animal in its natural environment)
• Mimic sticks or vegetation.
• Repugnatorial glands.
• Body usually is elongate, cylindrical, and sticklike.
• Wings are reduced or absent except in leaf insects, in which
they are large and leaflike.
• Chiefly herbivores.
• Most abundant and diverse in the tropics.
• The longest insects are phasmids, and some are over 30 cm
in length.
• Anisomorpha, Aplopus, Diapheromera, Timema.

Anisomorpha Diapheromera
Order 5- Grylloblattaria (rock crawlers, ice
crawlers):
Elongate. Secondarily wingless. All are
carnivores in cold, wet habitats, often at high
elevations. Found in leaf litter, under stones or
logs, in ground. Many inhabit interface between
snow cover and ground surface. Twenty species.
Grylloblattaria.

Order 6- Mantophasmatodea (gladiators):

Described in 2002; the first new insect order
discovered since 1914. Adults are secondarily
wingless. Elongate, slender trunk. Raptorial Raptorial foreleg
forelegs, carnivorous. Probably allied with
Mantodea and Phasmida. Four species (two
extinct) in two genera (one extinct).
Mantophasma, Raptophasma (extinct).
Oder 7- Dermaptera (earwigs):
Elongate, depressed, cosmopolitan. Superficially resemble
some beetles. Large, sometimes pincer-like cerci are used
for defense and prey capture. Nocturnal, omnivorous.
Doru, Forficula, Labia.

Doru
Order 8- Plecoptera (stoneflies):
 Aerial adults, aquatic nymphs.
 Two multiarticulate, caudal
cerci; never have a median
caudal filament. Nymphal
tracheal gills, if present, tend to
be thoracic.
 Nymphs require clean, cool,
well oxygenated water and,
along with mayflies and
caddisflies, are important water-
quality indicators.
 Hemimetabolous. Allocapnia
 Allocapnia, Peltoperla, Perla,
Pteronarcys.
Order 9- Embioptera (Fig. 21-19F):
• Feed on plants.
• Live in silken tunnels, which they weave ahead of
themselves to create routes.
• Silk glands in enlarged foretarsi.
• Gregarious; many individuals live together in
connected tunnels, although there is no social
organization. Tropical, only about 10 North American
species. Anisembia, Embia, Oligembia, Oligotoma.

Anisembia
Order 10-Isoptera (termites; Fig. 21-17):
• Soft, unsclerotized, pale or dark body.
• Abdomen is broadly joined to the thorax, without
narrowing of the waist.
• Antennae composed of multiple beadlike annuli.
• Forewings and hindwings of equal size.
• Easily distinguished from ants, which are darker and
have elbowed antennae, narrow waists, and hind wings
that are smaller than the forewings.
• Cryptotermes, Nasutitermes, Reticulitermes,
Zootermopsis.

Reticulitermes
Order 11- Mantodea (mantids):
• Large, elongate, cryptically colored,
relatively slow moving. Ambush
predators with raptorial forelegs, elongate
prothorax, freely movable head, well
developed eyes and ocelli. Mantis
• Brunneria, Mantis, Stagmomantis,
Tenodera.

Order 12- Blattaria (cockroaches):

• Fast, usually nocturnal, omnivorous
runners.
• A few feed on wood and harbor
endosymbiotic zooflagellates similar to
those of termites. Periplaneta
• Termites, cockroaches, and mantids are
closely related. Blaberus, Blatta, Blatella,
Periplaneta, Parcoblatta.
Order 13-Zoraptera (angel insects; Fig. 21-19G):
• Rare; about 30 species in one genus, Zorotypus.
• Resemble tiny termites.
• Live in colonies under dead wood, often in sawdust
piles in warm climates.
• Thought to feed on fungal spores and small, already
dead arthropods.

Zorotypus
Eumetabola (higher Neoptera): Have a greatly
reduced number of Malpighian tubules. Juvenile ocelli lost in
adult.

Super Order: Paraneoptera (hemipteroid

insects related to true bugs):
Most have suctorial mouthparts. Probably arose from a psocid-
like ancestor. Paurometabolous.
Order 14- Psocoptera (psocids, book lice, bark lice; Fig. 21-
20E):
• Small, fragile, pale.
• Probably primitive and similar to stem hemipteroids.
• Have chewing mouthparts, not suctorial.
• Hypopharynx can extract water from atmosphere.
• Chiefly herbivorous.
• Live under bark, in foliage, under stones.
The book louse, Liposcelis, is found in old, musty books,
where it feeds on fungi. Another example is Archipsocus.

Liposcelis
Order 15- Phthiraptera (lice; Fig. 21-20A,B):
• Bird and mammal ectoparasites. Body is depressed.
• Secondarily wingless.
• Legs are prehensile, adapted for clinging (Fig. 21-16A).
• Chewing or sucking mouthparts.
• Unlike in fleas, all stages of the life cycle are spent on
the host.
• Transfer from host to host requires physical contact of
the hosts; may occur during sexual contact, in the nest,
or while nursing or grooming.
• Probably arose from psocidlike ancestors.
• Pthirus, Anoplura

Pthirus
Order 16 Hemiptera (true bugs): The largest order (80,000
species) of nonholometabolous insects.

• The only animals correctly referred to as “bugs.”

• Suctorial mouthparts (Fig. 21-4).
• Diet, either animal or plant, is liquid. Economically
significant as herbivores and vectors of plant and animal
diseases.
Order 17 Thysanoptera (thrips; Fig. 21-20C):
• Small (0.5 to 15 mm).
• Suctorial mouthparts, cibarial pump.
• May be economically important as herbivores, plant-disease
vectors, or pollinators.
• Wings are distinctive, narrow, have few veins, and are
fringed with setae.
• Aeolothrips, Heterothrips, Idolothrips, Merothrips, Thrips.

Thrips
Super order: Holometabola
Holometabolous development with complete metamorphosis
Order 18 Coleoptera (beetles; Fig. 21-14):
• The largest order of insects, with impressive ecological and morphological
diversity.
• Beetles carry sclerotization to an extreme not seen in other insects, with
most body surfaces hard and armorclad.
• Forewings usually are heavily sclerotized elytra, or wing covers; hind
wings are soft and membranous.
• Most are herbivores as adults and larvae, but many, such as the beloved
ladybird beetles, are carnivores.
• Almost all are terrestrial, but a few families are important in fresh water.
• Copris, Dermestes, Dytiscus, Gyrinus, Photinus, Popillia, Rodolia,
Stenelmis.

Copris
Order 19- Neuroptera (ant lions, lacewings, spongillaflies,
mantidflies [Fig. 21-21 A]):
• Adults are delicate, graceful, predaceous insects with chewing
mouthparts, large compound eyes, and long antennae.
• Larvae of the only aquatic family (Sisyridae) feed on
freshwater sponges.
• The familiar doodlebugs, or ant lions, as larvae construct
conical pits in dr)- sand to trap small arthropods.
• Chrysopa, Climacia, Climaciella, Mantispa, Mynmeleon,
Oliarces, Sisyra.

Chrysopa
Order 20- Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies):
• Tend to be large.
• Chewing mouthparts, long antennae.
• Two pairs of similar membranous wings with primitive
venation are held tentlike over abdomen.
• Compound eyes are well developed and the mouthparts
are mandibulate.
• Larvae are predaceous, aquatic, and have tracheate
gills. Corydalus, Sialis.

Corydalus
Order 21- Raphidioptera (snakeflies):
• Adults are similar to megalopterans except for
having an elongate head and prothorax protruding
far anterior to the legs and wings.
• Adults are predaceous; live in vegetation.
• Larvae are predaceous; most are terrestrial, living
under the bark of conifers.
• Raphidia.

Raphidia
Order 22- Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants, bees, and wasps; Fig.
21-21B):
• Large and varied taxon.
• All have chewing mouthparts, but they are modified for sucking in many
taxa.
• Two pairs of membranous, transparent wings are present in most, but
absent in some important exceptions, such as worker ants.
• First abdominal segment usually is broadly joined to the thorax and
separated from the remaining abdomen by a narrow petiole, or waist,
creating a secondary tagmosis.
• In females the ovipositor may be a sting.
• Larvae are maggotlike, with chewing mouthparts.
• Most adults feed on fluids such as nectar and honeydew and are found
near flowers, where they may be important pollinators.
• Apanteles, Aphidius, Apis, Bombus, Eciton, Solenopsis, Vespa, Vespula,
Xylocopa.

Apis
Order 23- Trichoptera (caddisflies; Fig. 21 -21C):
• Adult is mothlike.
• Have two pairs of hairy wings.
• Poorly developed mouthparts.
• Adults either do not feed or subsist on a liquid diet of water and
nectar and are relatively short-lived.
• Caddisfly larvae are aquatic microhabitat specialists often
present in great diversity in suitable habits.
• Species diversity is greatest in cool, swift mountain streams.
• Larval life revolves around the use of silk for construction of
cases and portable retreats of stones and vegetation, as anchor
lines, and as filters for suspension feeding.
• Beraea, Helicopsyche, Hydropsyche, Polycentropus,
Sericostoma.

Beraea
Order 24- Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths; Fig. 21-21D):
• Adult is soft-bodied.
• Wings, body, and appendages are covered with deciduous
pigmented scales or hairlike setae.
• Mandibles are absent, maxillae form a coiled extensible
proboscis (Fig. 21-3) for sucking nectar and fruit juices;
some speciesdo not feed as adults.
• Larvae are herbivorous caterpillars.
• Salivary glands produce silk, the uses of which include
construction of a cocoon in which the last larval instar
pupates.
• Actias, Danaus, Heliconius, Heliothis, Lymantria, Manduca,
Melittia, Papilio, Sibine.

Heliothis Actias
Order 25- Mecoptera (scorpionflies; Fig. 21-22B):
• Mouthparts are extended into a prominent ventral beak.
• Most have large, membranous wings.
• Adults are omnivorous; grublike larvae feed on organic
matter.
• Bittacus, Boreus, Panorpa.

Panorpa
Order 26- Siphonaptera (fleas; Fig. 21-22A):
• Small, secondarily wingless pterygotes with heavily sclerified,
strongly compressed bodies.
• Bird and mammal ectoparasites.
• Legs adapted for jumping.
• Hematophagous, with piercing and sucking mouthparts.
• Some are vectors of bubonic plague (Xenopsylla) and typhus
(Nosopsyllus).
• Mating takes place on the host or in its nest and eggs fall into the
nest, where they hatch.
• Larvae feed on organic matter in the nest and are not parasitic.
• Eventually the larvae pupate and emerge as adults, which then
infest the host.
• Ctenocephalides, Orchopeas, Pulex.

Xenopsylla
Order 27- Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites; Fig. 21-22C):
• These tiny, bizarre insects are, as females and larvae, parasites
• on a variety of other insects.
• Females usually are larvalike, wingless, and never leave the host.
• They live embedded in the host’s integument, with only their anterior
end, with spiracles, protruding as a low bump above the host’s
exoskeleton.
• Nutriment from the host’s blood is absorbed directly across the
permeable cuticle of the parasite’s embedded abdomen.
• In contrast, males have large, unusual, fanlike hind wings.
• The forewings are reduced to club-shaped, haltere-like appendages that
may have a role in balance, and the hind wings are large.
• Adult males are short-lived, nonparasitic, and do not feed.
• Male’s compound eyes are large, protruding.
• Antennae typically have processes extending from the flagellum.
Eoxenos, Halictophagus, Stylops, Triozocera.

Stylops
Order 28- Diptera (true flies; Fig. 21-22D):
• Large taxon including mosquitoes, horseflies, houseflies, blowflies,
botflies, midges, gnats, craneflies, blackflies, and many others.
• Compound eyes are large, well developed.
• Functional, membranous forewings; reduced, knoblike hind wings
(halteres). Mouthparts are variable, but basically are sectorial or sponging;
used in conjunction with a cibarial pump.
• Almost all adult flies feed on plant or animal fluids.
• In many taxa known collectively as biting flies, females suck blood from
vertebrate hosts, usually birds or mammals.
• Adults so frequently are vectors of human and animal diseases that this is
the most important hexapod order in terms of human health.
• Larvae are maggots and are always found in wet substrata such as flesh,
fruit, water, or mud.
• Females typically oviposit in a suitable moist food source for the larvae,
which then live in their food as they consume it.
• Aedes, Aphidolestes, Callitroga, Chaoborus,
Dermatobia, Eristalis, Gasterophilus, Musca, Psychoda,
Tabanus.

Musca