INNOVATIVE FILTREX TECHNICAL MANUAL

Techni cal M a n u a l
PAGE
ASME 206
Vessel Data 207
Basket Data 208
Pressure Conversion 209
ISO 4406 Code 210
Velocity Vs. Flow 212
Pipe Flow Rate 213
Flow Conversion 214
Air to Liquid Flow Equivalents 215
Viscosity Vs. Temperature 216
Enclosure Types 219
Conductor I.D. 221
Pipe Pressure Loss 222
Orifice Pressure Drop 223
Cartridge Sealing Options 224
Temperature Data 225
Pressure Indicator 227
Pipe Properties 228
Hardness-Tensile Strength 229
Radiography 230
Glossary 231
Chemical Resistance Guide 241

A S M E C o d e d Ve s s e l s a n d R a d i o g r a p h y
1. Full Vacuum: All filter vessels are Please consult Engineering for this list.
designed with Full Vacuum as a design To obtain a “CRN”, each province
condition. If the customer requires this, has its own requirements and
it can be documented. It is typically not timetable, consult Engineering.
stated on the ASME nameplate that the
vessel is designed for Full Vacuum. 4. Closure Assemblies: Our standard
closure assembly for all of our
2. Jacketed housings: All standard filter products conform to ASME
vessels are designed with consideration specification (rod end and clevis
of a jacket rated at 1/2 vessel pressure (ex. pins
150 psi vessel, 75 psi jacket) without meet SA-193-B7, eyenuts meet SA-194-2H).
modifying the body shell. This condition is Some of our customers request different
valid for a body shell jacket only; any other materials. The only other available
type of jacket or pressure ratings may not material is a 304 stainless steel closure,
meet the code requirements (ex. full jacket, which is available in all sizes.
head & body), please consult Engineering. 5. W el ded At t achment s: Welded
attachments to 316 S.S. vessels (legs,
3. Canadian Registry: We hold lugs, davit arm bracket, lifting rod,
several “CRN" (Canadian Registration nameplate bracket, etc.) are typically
Number) registration numbers for our 304 series stainless steel unless
vessels in Ontario and British Columbia. specified by customer.

206
I N N O VAT I V E F I L T R E X F I L T E R V E S S E L D ATA
**
VOLUME NO. NO. LUG
PRESSURE WALL ENTIRE BELOW OF SIZE
MODEL RATING THK. HOUSING LUG LUGS
PSI ASSY
inches gallons

4-6 200, 300, 500 .110, .120 0.65 - 1 3 1/2-13

4-12 200, 300, 500 .110, .120 1.02 - 1 3 1/2-13

6-12 150, 300 .109 2.16 - 1 3 5/8-11

6-18 150, 300 .109 2.83 - 1 3 5/8-11
6-30 150, 300 .109 4.20 - 1 3 5/8-11
100, 125 N/A N/A

8-15 100, 125, 150, 300 .109 5.61 - 1 3 5/8-11

8-30 100, 125, 150, 300 .109 9.23 - 1 3 5/8-11
300 6 5/8-11

16-30 150 .188 28.03 - 2 5 7/8-9

18-30 150 .188 36.83 - 3 5 7/8-9

Above this line vessels are "UM" stamp. Below this line vessels are
"U" stamp unless specified otherwise or by special requirements.

“UM” Vessels not to exceed the following

1. 5 CU. FT. (FT3) IN VOLUME AND 250 PSI DESIGN
PRESSURE OR
2. 1.5 CU. FT. (FT3) IN VOLUME AND 600 PSI DESIGN PRESSURE

22-30 150 .188 57.56 - 4 8 7/8-9

24-30 150 .188 70.00 - 6 8 7/8-9

30-30 150 .250 115.00 - 8 12 7/8-9

32-30 150 .250 133.00 - 9 12 7/8-9

36-30 150 .313 174.00 - 12 14 1-8

42-30 150 .313 249.00 - 17 20 1-8

48-30 150 .375 340.00 - *24 24 1-8

60-30 150 .500 - *35 24 1-1/4-7

* SPECIAL
** DOES NOT INCLUDE FLUID CAPACITY OF IN-OUT NOZZLES (ELBOWS, FLANGES, ETC).
CONVERSION FORMULAS: CAPACITY IN CUBIC FEET (ft3) = 1728 in3
CAPACITY IN GALLONS = 231 in3
CAPACITY IN CUBIC FEET (ft3) = gAL. x .1337
CAPACITY IN gALLON = ft3 x 7.48
1 GALLON = 8.34 lb. x SPECIFIC GRAVITY
1 ft3 = 62.4 lb. x SPECIFIC GRAVITY

207
I N N O VAT I V E F I L T R E X P R O D U C T S B A S K E T D ATA

STRAINER FILTER BAG STRAINER FILTER BAG RBS BS / RBS

BASKET BASKET BASKET BASKET BASKET BASKET BASKET
STYLE AREA AREA VOLUME VOLUME STYLE VOLUME
ft2 ft2 g AL. gAL. g AL.
4-6 .5 .5 .30 .30 Model 4 0.20
4-12 1.0 1.0 .60 .60 Model 6 0.60
Model 8 1.25
6-12 1.4 1.4 .97 .97 Model 10 3.00
6-18 2.0 2.0 1.50 1.50 Model 12 4.50
6-30 3.3 3.3 2.54 2.54 Model 14 8.50
Model 16 13.00
8-15 1.7 2.0 1.87 2.31 Model 18 15.00
8-30 4.4 4.2 4.71 4.63 Model 22
Model 24 32.00
MULTI 4.4 4.2 4.56 4.49 Model 30 70.00
Model 36 110.0
LCO 5.6 5.6 6.0 6.0 Model 42 220.0
Model 48

CONVERSION FORMULAS:
CAPACITY IN CUBIC FEET (ft3) = in. 3/1728
CAPACITY IN CUBIC FEET (ft3) = gAL. x .1337
CAPACITY IN GALLONS = in3/231
CAPACITY IN GALLONS = ft3 x 7.48
1 GALLON = 8.34 lb. x SPECIFIC GRAVITY
1 ft3 = 62.4 lb. x SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Recommended Maximum ∆P
f o r S t a n d a r d I N N O VAT I V E F I L T R E X B a s k e t s
The recommended maximum operating ∆P for If cyclical loadings or pulses must be con-
standard INNOVATIVE FILTREX Baskets is 15- sidered, a reduction in the recommended
20 psid. The baskets should not fail maximum ∆P should be taken (reduction
catastrophically until they reach a ∆P of 60-70 dependent on severity of pulse, viscosity, etc.).
psid. We must consider the fact that there is a These pressure spikes will adversely affect the
rapid rise in ∆P once the differential pressure integrity of the filter basket.
reaches 30 psid. The time required for the ∆P to
increase from 30 psid to 60-70 psid is very short The above information is for filter baskets only.
(the actual time depends on many factors, dirt If a filter bag is utilized, it is critical that the ∆P
load, viscosity, etc.), this is why it is never exceeds 15 psid. A filter bag can not
recommended that the filter basket be serviced at withstand a high differential pressure.
a differential of 15-20 psid.

208
P r e s s u r e C o n v e r s i o n Ta b l e

209
 ISO 4406 Code

2,500,000 Each number refers to ISO Range

2,300,000 28 Code, which is determined by
640,000 27 number of particles for that size
320,000 26 (4/6/14) and larger present in
25 1 ml of fluid.
160,000
80,000 24
40,000 23
22 22
20,000
10,000 21
5,000 20
2,500 19
18 18
1,300
640 17
320 16
160 15
80 14
13 13
40
20 12
10 11
5 10
2.5 9
1.3 8
0.64 7
0.32 6
0.16 5
0.08 4
0.04 3
0.02 2
0.01 1
0.00 0

> 4 µm > 6 µm > 14 µm

EXAMPLE:
Larger Than 4 µm = 22,340
Larger Than 6 µm = 1,950
Larger Than 14 µm = 43

ISO Code = 22 / 18 / 13

210
MINUTES CONVERTED DECIMAL W ATER WATER FEET
TO DECIMALS EQUIVALENTS OF PRESSURE (PSI) OF HEAD
OF A DEGREE FRACTIONS TO FEET OF HEAD TO PSI
MINUTE DEgREE INCHES DECIMAL POUNDS PER FEET FEET POUNDS PER
1 .0166 1/64 .015625 SQUARE INCH HEAD HEAD SQUARE INCH
2 .0333 1/32 .03125 1 2.31 1 .43
3 .055 3/64 .046875 2 4.62 2 .87
4 .0666 1/20 .05 3 6.93 3 1.30
5 .0833 1/16 .0625 4 9.24 4 1.73
6 .1000 1/13 .0769 5 11.54 5 2.17
7 .1166 5/64 .078125 6 13.85 6 2.60
8 .1333 1/12 .0833 7 16.16 7 3.03
9 .1500 1/11 .0909 8 18.47 8 3.46
10 .1666 3/32 .09375 9 20.78 9 3.90
11 .1833 1/10 .10 10 23.09 10 4.33
12 .2000 7/64 .109375 15 34.63 15 6.50
13 .2166 1/9 .111 20 46.18 20 8.66
14 .2333 1/8 .125 25 57.72 25 10.83
15 .2500 9/64 .140625 30 69.27 30 12.99
16 .2666 1/7 .1429 40 92.36 40 17.32
17 .2833 5/32 .15625 50 115.45 50 21.65
18 .3000 1/6 .1667 60 138.54 60 25.99
19 .3166 11/64 .171875 70 161.63 70 30.32
20 .3333 3/16 .1875 80 184.72 80 34.65
21 .3500 1/5 .2 90 207.81 90 39.98
22 .3666 13/64 .203125 100 230.90 100 43.31
23 .3833 7/32 .21875 110 253.98 110 47.64
24 .4000 15/64 .234375 120 277.07 120 51.97
25 .4166 1/4 .25 130 300.16 130 56.30
26 .4333 17/64 .265625 140 323.25 140 60.63
27 .4500 9/32 .28125 150 346.34 150 64.96
28 .4666 19/64 .296875 160 369.43 160 69.29
29 .4833 5/16 .3125 170 392.52 170 73.63
30 .5000 21/64 .328125 180 415.61 180 77.96
31 .5166 1/3 .333 200 461.78 200 86.62
32 .5333 11/32 .34375 250 577.24 250 108.27
33 .5500 23/64 .359375 300 692.69 300 129.93
34 .5666 3/8 .375 350 808.13 350 151.58
35 .5833 25/64 .390625 400 922.58 400 173.24
36 .6000 13/32 .40625 500 1154.48 500 216.55
37 .6166 27/64 .421875 600 1385.39 600 259.85
38 .6333 7/16 .4375 700 1616.30 700 303.16
39 .6500 29/64 .453125 800 1847.20 800 346.47
40 .666 15/32 .46875 900 2078.10 900 389.78
41 .6833 31/64 .484375 1000 2309.00 1000 433.00
42 .7000 1/2 .5
43 .7166 33/64 .515625 Note: One pound of pressure Note: One foot of water at 62° F
44 .7333 17/32 .53125 per sq. inch of water equals equals .433 pound pressure per
45 .7500 35/64 .546875 2.309 feet of water at 62° F. To sq. inch. To find the pressure per
46 .7666 9/16 .5625 find the feet head of water for any sq. inch for any feet head not
47 .7833 37/64 .578125 pressure not given in the table, given in the table, multiply the feet
48 .8000 19/32 .59375 multiply the pressure pounds per head by .433
49 .8166 39/64 .609375 sq. inch by 2.309
50 .8333 5/8 .625
51 .8500 41/64 .640625
52 .8666 21/32 .65625
53 .8833 43/64 .671875
54 .9000 11/16 .6875
55 .9166 45/64 .703125
56 .9333 23/32 .71875
57 .9500 47/64 .734375
58 .9666 3/4 .75
59 .9833 49/64 .765625
60 1.0000 25/32 .78125
51/64 .796875
13/16 .8125
53/64 .828125
27/32 .84375
55/64 .859375
7/8 .875
57/64 .890625
29/32 .90625
59/64 .921875
15/16 .9375
61/64 .953125
31/32 .96875
63/64 .984375
1 1.

211
Ve l o c i t y v s . F l o w Ta b l e

Tube Inside diameter (inches)

212
Flow Rate in Pipe
100

70
30,000
20,000
15,000
50 10
10,000
7,000
5,000 7
3,000
2,000 6
30 1.500
MAXIMUM
1,000
RECOMMENDED 700
VELOCITY FOR 500 3
20 300
RETURN 200
150 2
15 100
LINE FILTER 70 1.5
50
30
10 1
20
15
10 .7
7
7 MAXIMUM 5
.5
RECOMMENDED 3
VELOCITY FOR 2
5 1.5
1 .3
SUCTION .7
LINE FILTER .5
.3 .2

3 .2
.15 .15
.1
.07
.05 .10
2 .03 PIPE ID
D (in.)
FLOW RATE
1.5 Q (gpm)

1
VELOCITY
V (fps)

213
Flow Conversion Chart

This Nomograph/Chart provides

flow rate data in cubic feet per
minute (column D), gallons
per minute (column E). 0.2 1 .03
1
Or pounds of water per m inute
1/8"
(colum n F) for inside pipe
diam eters from 0.2 to 16 inches .04 .01
1/8" 0.3 1/4" 0.1 2
for velocities from 0.03 to 30 feet 2 .05
1
per second (colum n C). Sim ilarly,
1/4" .06 .03 2
velocities may be determ ined 0.4 3/8"
3
from flow rates. 3/8" 0.5
.07
0.5
3
3 1/2" .08
0.1 6
0.6 .09
An example is shown for 2 inch 1/2" 1
1 10
standard pipe (2.07" ID) at 2 feet 3/4" 4
0.8 4 2
per second. A line is draw n 3/4" 0.3 20
1"
connecting these two values 1 1.5 0.5
in columns A and C. At it's 1"
1-1/4"
5 50
5
intersection with column B a 1-1/4"
5 1
1-1/2" 2 10 100
line is drawn horizontally 1-1/2" 2
using columns H1 and H2 for 3 20 200
guidance. Flow rates are now 2" 2
6
2"
3
6
5
seen in columns D, E, and F. 2-1/2" 50 500
4 10
A second example uses 4 inch 3"
3 3" 100 1,000 7
7 5
extra heavy pipe at 10 feet 3-1/2"
20
200
per second. A horizontal 4" 4 4" 6
3,000
line is drawn to the left 4-1/2" 7 50
8
5 8 5" 500
from column B to column A 5" 8 5,000
100
and this intersection is 6"
6 6" 9
1000
7 7" 10 10,000
connected to the 10 feet per 7" 200
8" 9
second location on colum n 8" 8 9
9"
2000 20,000
9
C. At the intersection of this 9"
10 10" 15 500
10"
slanting line w ith colum n B 12"
5000 50,000
12
a horizontal line is drawn to 12"
10 1000 10
20
show the flow rates resulting. 14 15" 10,000 100,000
15" 16 2000
200,000
11 30 30,000 11
A B C D E F G
VELOCITY , CUBIC GAL. LB WATER
FT. PER FT. PER PER PER
SEC. MIN. MIN. MIN.

214
Converting Air Flow to
Liquid Flow Equivalents
You must first establish the gas flow rate in
units of standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM).
(A “standard cubic foot” of gas is measured
at 14.7 psia ( pounds per square inch, absolute)
at 600 F.

SCFM = CFM x ( 14.7 + PSIg

14.7
)( 530
x 460 + F )
SCFM = gas flow in standard cubic
feet per min.
CFM = Actual gas flow in cubic feet
per min.
PSIG = Actual gas pressure, pounds
per square inch, gauge. o
F = Actual gas temperature, F .

Next we find the gallons-per-minute equivalent

to your particular gas flow, tem perature, and
pressure:

SCFM x 14.7 + PSIg x 460 + F x Sg

GPM = 4.1 14.7 530

SG = Specific g ravity of the gas, relative

to air. (See chart below.)

GAS SG GAS SG
Air 1.00 Hellum .14
Ammonia .59 Nitric Oxide 1.03
Argon 1.38 Nitrogen .97
Carbon Dioxide 1.52 Nitrous Oxide .59
Chlorine 2.45 Sulphur Dioxide 2.21

Note: Steam and explosive gases are

not recommended.

For Vacuum Applications:

Use the following formula for converting vacuum
applications to gPM.

SCFM x 14.7 + PSIg x 460 + F x

GPM = 4.1 14.7 530
Sg

215
Vi s c o s i t y v s . Te m p e r a t u r e

216
 Vi s c o s i t y v s . Te m p e r a t u r e

1000 229
900 200
800 180
700 151

600 132
500 120
110
100
400 90
75
300 65

250 55
100% Glycerol
200 (Glycerine) 44

Viscosity–Centistokes
150 32
Viscosity–SSU

100 20.2
90 18.1
80 15.5
70 13
60 10.2
8.9
50 7.4
5.8
40 4.1
2.7
30 1.0

25 Benzine

20

15

10

10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 150 200 250 300 400 500

Temperature – F O

217
A . S . T. M . S t a n d a r d
Vi s c o s i t y - Te m p e r a t u r e s
For Liquid Petroleum Products (D341 -43)

218
 E n c l o s u r e Ty p e s
for Non-Hazardous Locations

Underwriters
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Canadian Standards Association
Laboratories Inc. (UL 50
Association (Nema Standard 250) and (Standard C22.2 No. 94)
Type Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers
NEMA and UL 508)
Association of Canada (EEMAC)

Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to general purpose enclosure. Protects
Indoor use primarily to provide
1 provide a degree of protection against contact with the
protection against contact with the against accidental contact with live
enclosed equipment or locations where unusual service parts.
enclosed equipment and against a
conditions do not exist.
limited amount of falling dirt.

Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily to Indoor use to provide a degree of
2 provide a degree of protection against limited Indoor use to provide a degree of protection against dripping and light
splashing of noncorrosive liquids
amounts of falling water and dirt. protection against limited amounts of
and falling dirt.
falling water and dirt.

Enclosures are intended for outdoor use Outdoor use to provide a degree of Indoor or outdoor use provides a
primarily to provide a degree of protection protection against windblown dust and degree of protection against rain, snow,
against windblown dust, windblown rain; undamaged by the and windblown dust; undamaged by
3 rain, and sleet; undamaged by the formation of ice formation of ice on the enclosure. the external formation of ice
on the enclosure. on the enclosure.

Enclosures are intended for outdoor use primarily Indoor or outdoor use provides a
Outdoor use to provide a degree of
3R to provide a degree of protection against falling protection against falling rain; degree of protection against rain
rain and sleet; undamaged by the formation of ice undamaged by the formation of ice on the and snow; undamaged by the
enclosure. external formation of ice on the
on the enclosure. enclosure.
Enclosures are intended for indoor or outdoor use primarily Either indoor or outdoor use to provide a Indoor or outdoor use, provides a degree
to provide a degree of protection against windblown dust and degree of protection against falling rain, of protection against rain, snow, wind-
4 rain, splashing water, and hose directed water; undamaged splashing water, and hose-directed water; blown dust, splashing and hose-directed
by the formation of ice on the enclosure. undamaged by the formation of ice on the water; undamaged by the external
enclosure. formation of ice on the enclosure.

Enclosures are intended for indoor or outdoor Indoor or outdoor use provides a
Either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree degree of protection against rain, snow,
use primarily to provide a degree of protection of protection against falling rain, splashing water,
against wind-
and hose-directed water; undamaged by the blown dust, splashing and hose-directed
4X corrosion, windblown dust and rain, splashing water, and formation of ice on the enclosure: resistscorrosion.
hose-directed water; undamaged by the water; undamaged by the external formation
formation of ice on the enclosure. of ice on the enclosure: resist corrosion.
Indoor or outdoor use provides a
Enclosures are intended for use indoors or Indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree
degree of protection against the entry of
outdoors where occasional submersion is of protection against entry of water during
water
encountered. temporary submersion of a limited depth during temporary submersion at a limited
6 undamaged by the formation of ice on the
depth, undamaged by the external formation
enclosure.
of ice on the enclosure, resists corrosion.

Enclosures are intended for use primarily to Indoor use to provide a degree of protection Indoor use a degree of protection against
provide a degree of protection against dust, falling against dust, dirt, flying fibers, dripping circulating dust, lint, fibers and flyings.
12 and dripping noncorrosive liquids. water and external condensation of dripping and light splashing of noncorrosive
dirt noncorrosive liquids. liquids, not provided with knockouts.

Indoor use provides a degree of protection

13 Enclosures are intended for indoor use primarily
provide a degree of protection against dust, spraying of
Indoor use to provide a degree of protection
against lint, dust seepage, external against circulation dust, lint, fibers and flyings,
to
condensation and spraying of water, oil and seepage and spraying of
water, oil and noncorrosive coolant. noncorrosive liquids. noncorrosive liquids, including oils
and coolants.
This material is reproduced with permission This material is reproduced with permission from
This material is reproduced with
from NEMA. The preceding descriptions, Underwriters Laboratories Inc. Standard for Safety fir
permission from the Canadian
however, are not intended to be complete Cabinets and Boxes, UL 50, Copyright 1985 and
Standards Association.
representations of National Electrical Industrial Control Equipment, UL 508, Copyright 1984
Manufacturers Association standards for by Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
enclosures nor those of the Electrical and Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) shall not be
Electronic Manufacturers Association of Canada. responsible to anyone for the use of or reliance
upon a UL Standard by anyone. UL shall not
incur any obligation or liability for damages,
including consequential damages, arising out of
or connection with the use, interpretation of or
reliance upon a UL Standard.

219
Comparison of Specific
Non-Hazardous Applications
Indoor Locations

Provides a Degree of Protection Against Type of Enclosure

the Following Environmental Conditions 1* 2* 4 4X 5 6 6P 11 12 12K 13

Incidental contact with enclosed equipment • • • • • • • • • • •

Falling dirt • • • • • • • • • • •
Falling liquids and light splashing • • • • • • • • •
Dust, lint, fibers, and flyings t • • • • • • • •
Hosedown and splashing water • • • •
Oil and coolant seepage • • •
Oil or coolant spraying and splashing •
Corrosive agents • • •
Occasional temporary submersion • •
Occasional prolonged submersion •
• These enclosures may be ventilated. However, Type I may not provide protection against small particles of falling dirt whe n
ventilation is provided in the enclosure top. Consult Hoffman Engineering for more information.
† These fibers and flyings are non-hazardous materials and are not considered Class III type ignitable fibers or combustible
flyings. For Class III type ignitable fibers or combustible flyings see the National Electrical Code, Section 500 -6(a).

220
Conductor I.D. Selection Chart

221
 Pressure Loss (psi/Foot Length)
I n P i p e s A t Av e r a g e Ve l o c i t y ( f t / s e c )

Pressure Loss (psi/foot length) in Equivalent Pipe Lengths

Material Pipes at Average Flow Velocity (ft/sec) (ft.) for Circuit Components

Size Pipe O.D. I.D. Wall I.D. Area 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 Tee Elbow

(Inches) Hose Inches Inches Inches Sq. In. Loss GPM Loss GPM Loss GPM Loss GPM Loss GPM Loss GPM Loss GPM
PIPE-SCH 40 .405 .269 .068 .057 1.25 .89 1.79 1.24 2.60 1.75 3.16 2.67 5.47 3.56 6.20 4.45 7.07 5.34
1/8 PIPE-SCH 80 .405 .215 .095 .036 1.89 .56 3.05 .78 4.26 1.12 5.20 1.68 8.38 2.24 11.1 2.80 12.7 3.36
HOSE – .125 – .012 5.96 .186 8.37 .260 11.9 .372 18.0 .558 24.0 .744 30.0 .930 35.7 1.11
PIPE-SCH 40 .540 .364 .088 .104 .67 1.62 1.05 2.27 1.64 3.24 1.92 4.96 2.97 6.48 3.23 8.10 3.73 9.72
1/4 PIPE-SCH 80 .540 .302 .119 0.72 1.11 1.12 1.49 1.57 2.11 2.24 2.84 3.36 4.15 4.48 5.08 5.60 6.30 6.72
HOSE – .250 – .049 1.57 .758 2.17 1.08 3.00 1.49 4.49 2.23 6.04 2.98 7.49 3.72 8.95 4.44
PIPE-SCH 40 .675 .493 .091 .191 .39 2.98 .57 4.18 .86 5.96 1.05 8.94 1.69 11.92 4.27 14.9 5.78 16.9 2.7 .8 2.7 1.2 2.7 .6
3/8 PIPE-SCH 80 .675 .423 .126 .140 .54 2.18 .74 3.06 1.10 4.36 1.34 6.54 1.97 8.72 5.19 10.9 7.20 13.1
HOSE – .375 – .110 .685 1.71 .97 2.43 1.34 3.35 2.02 5.03 2.68 6.71 3.33 8.36 3.99 10.0
PIPE-SCH 40 .840 .622 .109 .304 .24 4.74 .36 6.65 .49 9.48 .68 14.22 2.09 18.98 3.38 23.7 4.28 28.4 3.5 1.05 3.5 1.5 3.5 .75
PIPE-SCH 80 .840 .147 .234 .30 3.65 .45 5.12 .71 7.30 .78 10.9 10.9 2.47 14.6 3.61 18.2 5.00 21.9 2.9 .9 2.9 1.4 2.9 .68
1/2
PIPE-SCH XX .840 .252 .294 .050 1.54 .78 2.19 1.09 3.08 1.56 3.65 2.34 6.13 3.12 7.48 3.90 9.55 4.68
HOSE – .500 – .196 .387 3.03 .547 4.30 .755 5.94 1.13 8.90 2.4 11.9 3.15 15.3 4.5 17.7
PIPE-SCH 40 1.050 .824 .113 .533 .14 8.32 .22 11.7 .27 16.6 .78 25.0 1.47 33.3 2.19 416 3.00 49.9 4.5 1.4 4.5 2.1 4.5 1.0
PIPE-SCH 80 1.050 .742 .154 .432 .16 6.74 .26 9.45 .37 13.5 .87 20.2 1.71 27.0 2.48 33.7 3.52 40.4 4.0 1.2 4.0 1.6 4.0 .8
3/4 PIPE-SCH XX 1.050 .434 .308 .148 .53 2.31 .67 3.24 1.05 4.62 1.31 6.93 1.94 9.24 5.06 11.6 7.02 13.9
HOSE – .750 – .442 .171 6.82 .248 9.92 .336 13.4 .502 20.1 1.33 26.8 2.02 33.4 2.90 41.3
PIPE-SCH 40 1.315 1.049 .133 .863 .10 13.5 .13 18.9 .34 26.9 .57 40.4 1.42 53.8 1.64 67.3 2.24 80.7 5.7 1.7 5.7 2.6 5.7 1.2
PIPE-SCH 80 1.315 .957 .179 .719 .11 11.2 .15 15.7 .24 22.4 .62 33.6 1.23 44.8 1.84 56.1 2.93 67.3 5.2 1.6 5.2 2.5 5.2 1.1
1
PIPE-SCH XX 1.315 .599 .358 .863 .26 4.39 .37 6.16 .53 8.78 .67 13.2 2.25 17.6 3.29 22.0 4.20 26.3 3.0 1.0 3.0 1.5 3.0 .75
HOSE – 1.00 – .785 .097 12.2 .136 17.1 .194 24.4 .610 36.6 .987 48.8 1.51 61.2 2.02 73.4
PIPE-SCH 40 1.660 1.380 .140 1.496 .05 23.4 .08 31.7 .25 46.7 .39 70.1 .78 93.4 1.18 117 1.47 140 7.5 2.4 7.5 3.7 7.5 1.6
PIEP-SCH 80 1.660 1.278 .191 1.280 .07 20.0 .09 28.1 .26 39.9 .44 58.9 .85 79.8 1.27 99.8 1.80 120 7.0 2.1 7.0 3.5 7.0 1.5
1-1/4
PIPE-SCH XX 1.660 .896 .382 .630 .13 9.83 .16 13.8 .24 19.7 .71 29.5 1.35 39.3 2.01 49.2 2.76 59.0 4.9 1.5 4.9 2.3 4.9 1.1
HOSE – 1.25 – 1.23 .062 19.1 .087 26.8 .125 38.2 .436 57.3 .738 76.4 1.08 95.5 1.52 115
PIPE-SCH 40 1.900 1.610 .145 2.046 .04 31.8 .06 44.5 .19 63.5 .33 95.3 .64 127 .96 159 1.26 191 9.0 2.8 9.0 4.3 9.0 2.0
PIPE-SCH 80 1.900 1.500 .200 1.767 .04 27.6 .06 38.6 .21 55.1 .42 82.7 .71 110 1.06 138 1.36 166 8.2 2.6 8.2 4.2 8.2 1.8
1-1/2
PIPE-SCH XX 1.900 1.100 .400 .950 .09 14.8 .09 20.8 .32 29.6 .51 44.4 1.05 59.2 1.51 74.1 2.14 88.9 6.5 2.0 6.5 3.0 6.5 1.4
HOSE – 1.50 – 1.77 .044 27.7 .061 38.6 .180 55.1 .353 82.7 .59 110 .86 138 1.21 166
PIPE-SCH 40 2.375 2.067 .154 3.355 .03 52.3 .08 73.4 .14 105 .24 159 .48 209 .69 262 .85 324 11.0 3.5 11.0 5.5 11.0 2.5
PIPE-SCH 80 2.375 1.939 .218 2.953 .03 46.0 .09 64.6 .15 92.0 .26 138 .52 184 .73 230 .98 275 10.8 3.4 10.8 5.0 10.8 2.4
2
PIPE-SCH XX 2.375 1.503 .436 1.773 .04 27.7 .12 38.8 .21 55.3 .36 82.9 .72 111 1.34 138 1.36 166 8.2 2.6 8.2 4.0 8.2 1.8
HOSE – 2.00 – 3.14 .024 48.9 .034 68.6 .123 97.8 .256 147 .41 196 .60 245 .80 293
PIPE-SCH 40 2.875 2.469 .203 4.788 .03 74.8 .07 105 .11 149 .20 224 .37 299 .53 374 .72 449 14.0 4.2 14.0 6.5 14.0 3.0
PIPE-SCH 80 2.875 2.323 .276 4.238 .03 66.1 .07 92.6 .12 132 .21 198 .39 264 .57 331 .87 397 13.0 4.0 13.0 6.1 13.0 2.9
2-1/2
PIPE-SCH XX 2.875 1.771 .552 2.464 .03 38.5 .10 53.4 .17 76.9 .30 115 .59 154 .79 193 1.15 231 10.3 3.1 10.3 4.8 10.3 2.2
HOSE – 2.50 – 4.91 .016 76.5 .045 107 .09 153 .18 229 .30 306 .43 382 .617 459

222
Orifice Pressure Drop
Approximate data. Based on specific gravity = 0.9, viscosity = 100 SSU.

223
I N N O VAT I V E F I L T R E X C a r t r i d g e
S e a l i n g O p t i o n s F o r S t a n d a r d Ve s s e l s

224
Te m p e r a t u r e D a t a
The accom panying chart not only lists
the m elting points of various alloys
and m etals but also serves as a
convenient means for conversion
between Centigrade and Fahrenheit
tem perature scales. In addition, on the
far right of the scale are shown the color
designations that are commonly used in
judging the tem peratures of hot m etal
by color.

Melting Points
This chart should prove useful to all
welding operators for it contains basic
information on working with metals
at elevated temperatures. Reference
to the chart, for instance, shows
why alum inum and alum inum alloys,
because of their low m elting points,
give little or no indication by change
in color w hen they approach w elding
heat. On the other hand, the high
melting point of wrought iron explains
why considerably more heat is required
to w eld this m etal than is required for
cast iron, for instance.

Tem perature Color Scale

Another use for the chart is in
estimating the temperature by color. For
instance, instructions may require that
the part be preheated to 1,100 deg. F.
before welding. If you are without a
thermocouple or other means for ac-
curately measuring high temperatures,
reference to the chart shows the part,
at 1,100 deg. F. would have a blood-
red color. With a little experience, you
can estim ate this fairly closely by eye. In
this connection, it should be m entioned
that the color scale is for observations
made in a fairly dark place and without

225
welding goggles. As the light increases, 7. Hydraulic oil serves as a lubricant and is
the color groups on the scale will apply to practically non-compressible. It will compress
higher temperatures. approximately .4 of 1% at 1000 PSI and
1.1% at 3000PSI. at 120oF.
C o n v e r s i o n Da t a 8. The weight of hydraulic oil may vary with
Finally, the chart is a ready means for
converting Fahrenheit to Centigrade, and a change in viscosity, however, 55 to 58 lbs.
vice versa. Suppose you are familiar with per cubic foot covers the viscosity range from
the Fahrenheit scale, yet instructions call for 150 SSU to 900 SSU at 100 0F.
the quenching of a welded part from 900
deg. C. Reference to the chart shows this 9. Pressure at the bottom of a one foot
to be approximately 1,650 deg. F. column of oil will be approximately 0.4 PSI.
To find the approximate pressure in psi at the
(Stuff You Probably Know) bottom of any column of oil, multiply
the height in feet by 0.4.
1. PASCAL'S LAW: Pressure exerted on a
confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in 10. Atmospheric pressure equals 14.7 PSIA at
all directions and acts with equal force on all sea level. ∆P means pressure difference.
equal areas and at right angles to them.

2. Hydraulics is a means of power 11. gage readings do not include

transmission. atmospheric pressure unless marked PSIA.

3. Work is force acting through a distance. 12. There must be a pressure drop (pressure
WORK = FORCE X DISTANCE. difference) across an orifice or restriction to
Example: Work (in. lbs.) = cause flow through it. Conversely, if there is
Force (lbs.) x Distance (in.) no flow there will be no pressure drop.
F=PxA
4. Power is the rate of doing work.
Power = Work = Force x Distance 13. A fluid is pushed, not drawn, into a
Time Time pump. If pumping from an open reservoir,
atmospheric pressure pushes the fluid
5. The force (pounds) exerted by a piston into the pump. Some pumps are used
can be determined by multiplying the piston specifically to create pressure, any resulting
area (square inches) by the pressure applied. flow is incidental.
(PSI)
Force = Pressure x Area
14. A pump does not pump pressure;
(To find the area, square the diameter and its purpose is to create flow. Pumps
multiply by .7854) A = D2 x .7854 or used to transmit power are usually positive
Area = Diameter 2 x .7854 displacement type.

6. To determine the volume (cubic inches) 15. Pressure is caused by resistance to flow.
required to move a piston a given distance, A pressure gage indicates the pressure in
multiply the piston cross sectional area (sq. some unit as psi.
Inches) by the stroke required (inches).
Volume = Area x L

226
 Force E q u a l s P r e s s u r e Ti m e s A r e a

CH

INNOVATIVE FILTREX
Model 4 Basket Diameter
15 sq. in. @ 15 psi = 225 pounds of force
INNOVATIVE
Standard FILTREX
Model 4
Pi st on Di am et er .38 4.38

(F=P X 1.65 225.00

A) Force
lbs. of lbs. of
Piston Diameter Exerted
.11 sq. in. @ 15 psi=1.65 pounds of force @ 15 psi force force

227
Properties of American National
S t a n d a r d S c h e d u l e 4 0 a n d 8 0 We l d e d
a n d S e a m l e s s Wr o u g h t S t e e l P i p e
Properties of American National Standard Schedule 40 Welded
a n d Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
Weight per Capacity per Length of Pipe in
Diameter, Inches Properties of Sections

Cross-Sectional
Area of Metal
Foot, Pounds Foot of Length Feet to Contain

Modulus
Of Water
Nominal

Section
Gallons
Outside

Gallon
Actual

Actual

in Pipe
Inside

One
In
1/ 8 0.269 0.405 0.068 0.072 0.24 0.025 0.682 0.003 2532. 338.7 0.00106 0.122 0.00525
1/ 4 0.364 0.540 0.088 0.125 0.42 0.045 1.249 0.005 1384. 185.0 0.00331 0.163 0.01227
3/ 8 0.493 0.675 0.091 0.167 0.57 0.083 2.291 0.010 754.4 100.8 0.00729 0.209 0.02160
1/ 2 0.622 0.840 0.109 0.250 0.85 0.123 3.646 0.016 473.9 63.35 0.01709 0.261 0.04070
3/ 4 0.824 1.050 0.113 0.333 1.13 0.231 6.399 0.028 270.0 36.10 0.03704 0.334 0.07055
1 1.049 1.315 0.133 0.494 1.68 0.374 10.37 0.045 166.6 22.27 0.08734 0.421 0.1328
1-1/4 1.380 1.660 0.140 0.669 2.27 0.648 17.95 0.078 96.28 12.87 0.1947 0.539 0.2346
1-1/2 1.610 1.900 0.145 0.799 2.72 0.882 24.43 0.106 70.73 9.456 0.3099 0.623 0.3262
2 2.067 2.375 0.154 1.075 3.65 1.454 40.27 0.174 42.91 5.737 0.6658 0.787 0.5607
2-1/2 2.469 2.875 0.203 1.704 5.79 2.074 57.45 0.249 30.08 4.021 1.530 0.947 1.064
3 3.068 3.500 0.216 2.228 7.58 3.202 88.71 0.384 19.48 2.604 3.017 1.163 1.724
3-1/2 3.548 4.000 0.226 2.680 9.11 4.283 118.6 0.514 14.56 1.947 4.788 1.337 2.394
4 4.026 4.500 0.237 3.174 10.79 5.515 152.8 0.661 11.31 1.512 7.233 1.510 3.215
5 5.047 5.563 0.258 4.300 14.62 8.666 240.1 1.04 7.198 0.9622 15.16 1.878 5.451
6 6.065 6.625 0.280 5.581 18.97 12.52 346.7 1.50 4.984 0.6663 28.14 2.245 8.496
8 7.981 8.625 0.322 8.399 28.55 21.67 600.3 2.60 2.878 0.3848 72.49 2.938 16.81
10 10.020 10.750 0.365 11.91 40.48 34.16 946.3 4.10 1.826 0.2441 160.7 3.674 29.91
12 11.938 12.750 0.406 15.74 53.52 48.49 1343. 5.81 1.286 0.1720 300.2 4.364 47.09
16 15.000 16.000 0.500 24.35 82.77 76.55 2121. 9.18 0.8149 0.1089 732.0 5.484 91.50
18 16.876 18.000 0.562 30.79 104.7 96.90 2684. 11.62 0.6438 0.0861 1172. 6.168 130.2
20 18.812 20.000 0.594 36.21 123.1 120.4 3335. 14.44 0.5181 0.0693 1706. 6.864 170.6
24 22.624 24.000 0.688 50.39 171.3 174.1 4824. 20.88 0.3582 0.0479 3426. 8.246 285.5
32 30.624 32.000 0.688 67.68 230.1 319.1 8839. 38.26 0.1955 0.0261 8299. 11.07 518.7

Note: Torsional Section Modulus Equals Twice Section Modulus.

Properties of American National Standard Schedule 80 Welded
a n d Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
Weight per Capacity per Length of Pipe in
Cross-Sectional

Diameter, Inches Properties of Sections

Area of Metal

Foot, Pounds Foot of Length Feet to Contain

Of Water

Modulus
Gallons
Nominal

Section
Outside
Actual

Gallon
Actual

in Pipe
Inside

One
In

1/ 8 0.215 0.405 0.095 0.093 0.315 0.016 0.436 0.0019 3966. 530.2 0.00122 0.115 0.00600
1/ 4 0.302 0.540 0.119 0.157 0.537 0.031 0.860 0.0037 2010. 268.7 0.00377 0.155 0.01395
3/ 8 0.423 0.675 0.126 0.217 0.739 0.061 1.686 0.0073 1025. 137.0 0.00862 0.199 0.02554
1/ 2 0.546 0.840 0.147 0.320 1.088 0.101 2.810 0.0122 615.0 82.22 0.02008 0.250 0.04780
3/ 4 0.742 1.050 0.154 0.433 1.474 0.187 5.189 0.0225 333.0 44.52 0.04479 0.321 0.08531
1 0.957 1.315 0.179 0.639 2.172 0.312 8.632 0.0374 200.2 26.76 0.1056 0.407 0.1606
1-1/4 1.278 1.660 0.191 0.881 2.997 0.556 15.39 0.0667 112.3 15.01 0.2418 0.524 0.2913
1-1/2 1.500 1.900 0.200 1.068 3.631 0.766 21.21 0.0918 81.49 10.89 0.3912 0.605 0.4118
2 1.939 2.375 0.218 1.477 5.022 1.279 35.43 0.1534 48.77 6.519 0.8680 0.766 0.7309
2-1/2 2.323 2.875 0.276 2.254 7.661 1.836 50.86 0.2202 33.98 4.542 1.924 0.924 1.339
3 2.900 3.500 0.300 3.016 10.25 2.861 79.26 0.3431 21.80 2.914 3.895 1.136 2.225
3-1/2 3.364 4.000 0.318 3.678 12.50 3.850 106.7 0.4617 16.20 2.166 6.280 1.307 3.140
4 3.826 4.500 0.337 4.407 14.98 4.980 138.0 0.5972 12.53 1.674 9.611 1.477 4.272
5 4.813 5.563 0.375 6.112 20.78 7.882 218.3 0.9451 7.915 1.058 20.67 1.839 7.432
6 5.761 6.625 0.432 8.405 28.57 11.29 312.8 1.354 5.524 0.738 40.49 2.195 12.22
8 7.625 8.625 0.500 12.76 43.39 19.78 548.0 2.372 3.153 0.422 105.7 2.878 24.52
10 9.562 10.750 0.594 18.95 64.42 31.11 861.7 3.730 2.005 0.268 245.2 3.597 45.62
12 11.374 12.750 0.688 26.07 88.63 44.02 1219. 5.278 1.417 0.189 475.7 4.271 74.62
14 12.500 14.000 0.750 31.22 106.1 53.16 1473. 6.375 1.173 0.157 687.4 4.692 98.19
16 14.312 16.000 0.844 40.19 136.6 69.69 1931. 8.357 0.895 0.120 1158. 5.366 144.7
18 16.124 18.000 0.938 50.28 170.9 88.46 2450. 10.61 0.705 0.094 1835. 6.041 203.9
20 17.938 20.000 1.031 61.44 208.9 109.5 3033. 13.13 0.570 0.076 2772. 6.716 277.2
22 19.750 22.000 1.125 73.78 250.8 132.7 3676. 15.91 0.470 0.063 4031. 7.391 366.4

Note: Torsional Section Modulus Equals Twice Section Modulus.

228
H a r d n e s s - Te n s i l e S t r e n g t h C o n v e r s i o n C h a r t F o r S t e e l s
Hardness Number
Tensile
a b Rockwell
Vickers Brinell Shore Strength,
Steel WC
Ball Ball Ac Bd Ce Df
680 ... 638 80.8 ... 59.2 70.1 80 329
640 ... 601 79.8 ... 57.3 68.7 77 309
600 ... 564 78.6 ... 55.2 67.0 74 289
550 505 517 77.0 ... 52.3 64.8 ... 264
500 465 471 75.3 ... 49.1 62.2 66 240
480 448 452 74.5 ... 47.7 61.3 64 230
460 433 433 73.6 ... 46.1 60.0 62 220
440 415 415 72.8 ... 44.5 58.8 59 210
420 397 397 71.8 ... 42.7 57.5 57 200
400 379 379 70.8 ... 40.8 56.0 55 190
390 369 369 70.3 ... 39.8 55.2 ... 185
380 360 360 69.8 (110.0) 38.8 54.4 52 180
370 350 350 69.2 ... 37.7 53.6 ... 175
360 341 341 68.7 (109.0) 36.6 52.8 50 170
350 331 331 68.1 ... 35.5 51.9 ... 166
340 322 322 67.6 (108.0) 34.4 51.1 47 161
330 313 313 67.0 ... 33.3 50.2 ... 156
320 303 303 66.4 (107.0) 32.2 49.4 45151
310 294 294 65.8 ... 31.0 48.4 ... 146
300 284 284 65.2 (105.5) 29.8 47.5 42 141
295 280 280 64.8 ... 29.2 47.1 ... 139
290 275 275 64.5 (104.5) 28.5 46.5 41 136
285 270 270 64.2 ... 27.8 46.0 ... 134
280 265 265 63.8 (103.5) 27.1 45.3 40 131
275 261 261 63.5 ... 26.4 44.9 ... 129
270 256 256 63.1 (120.0) 25.6 44.3 38 126
265 252 252 62.7 ... 24.8 43.7 ... 124
260 247 247 62.4 (101.0) 24.0 43.1 37 121
255 243 243 62.0 ... 23.1 42.2 ... 119
250 238 238 61.6 99.5 22.2 41.7 36 116
245 233 233 61.2 ... 21.3 41.1 ... 114
240 228 228 60.7 98.1 20.3 40.3 34 111
230 219 219 ... 96.7 (18.0) ... 33 106
220 209 ... 95.0 (15.7) . . . 32 101
210 200 200 ... 93.4 (13.4) ... 30
97
200 190 190 ... 91.5 (11.0) ... 29
92
190 181 181 ... (8.5) ... 28
89.5 88
180 171 171 ... . . . 26 84
(6.0)
170 162 162 ... (3.0) ... 25
85.0 79
160 152 152 ... (0.0) ... 24
81.7 75
150 143 143 ... ... ... 22
78.7 71
140 133 133 ... ... ... 21
75.0 66
130 124 124 ... ... ... 20
71.2 62
120 114 114 ... ... ... ...
66.7 57
110 105 105 ... ... ... ...
62.3 ...
100 95 95 ... ... ... ...
56.2 ...
95 90 90 ... ... ... ...
52.0 ...
90 86 86 ... ... ... ...
48.0 ...
85 81 81 ... ... ... ...
41.0 ...

a. Diamond pyramid indenter; 5-120 kg load. b. 10mm diameter ball, hardened steel or tungsten carbide; 3,000 kg load.
c. Brale (diamond cone) indenter; 60 kg load. d. 1/16-inch diameter steel ball; 100 kg load. e. Brale (diamond cone) indenter;
150 kg load. f. Brale (diamond cone) indenter; 100 kg load. g. Sclerosope; Diamond-tipped hammer.
Note: Vickers, Brinell, and Rockwell tests indicate hardness by indentation measurements; Shore test indicates hardness by height of
rebond. Values in parentheses are approximate. Reference: ASM Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, Vol 11, Nondestructive Inspection
and Quality Control.

229
Radiography

RT-1 Full Radiography

R a d i ogr aphy When the complete vessel satisfies the full
radiography requirements of UW-11(a) and
Radiography is one of the methods of NDE w hen the spot radiography provisions of
(Non Destructive Examination) tools utilized in UW-11(a)(5) have not been applied.
the fabrication of pressure vessels (i.e.,
INNOVATIVE FILTREX Filter Vessels). RT-2 Full Radiography
Radiography is a tool used to verify that the When the complete vessel satisfies the full
welds of the pressure vessel are within allowable radiography requirements of UW-11(a)(5) and
quality limits. w hen the spot radiography provisions of
The "ASME Code Section VIII, Division 1 UW-11(a)(5)(b) have been applied.
Pressure Vessels" gives guidelines for the use of
radiography. Radiography is required in Code RT-3 Spot Radiography
fabrication for vessels used to contain lethal When the complete vessel satisfies the spot
substances (Lethal Service), when weld joints radiography requirements of UW-11(b).
exceed thickness lim its and in unfired steam
boilers. For all of INNOVATIVE FILTREX
standard filter ves-sels, radiography is not a
RT-4 Radiography by Designer
Code requirement. When only part of the vessel has satisfied the
When designing a pressure vessel, joint radiographic requirements of UW-11(a) or when
efficiencies are established based on the degree of none of the markings RT-1, RT-2, or RT-3 are
radiographic exam ination (Full, Spot or None). applicable.
Higher joint efficiencies are assigned to higher The implications of each of the above levels of
degrees of examination. Determining the joint radiography can vary depending on the design
efficiency is one design parameter that is critical to of your filter vessel. The interpretation of what
optimizing the design of a pressure vessel. This is required should be determined by
optim ization allow s for the m ost economical and INNOVATIVE FILTREX engineering staff.
efficient usage of components to fabricate the
These definitions can also be misleading
pressure vessel. Therefore,
because of changes in definitions over the years
INNOVATIVE FILTREX can provide a competitively
by ASME, misinterpretation of "Full" vs. "Spot"
priced filter vessel based on your requirements.
radiography requirements, and customer defined
The ASME Code defines several levels of radiography requirements.
examination. These defined below:
Often customers, engineering firms, or end
users will specify radiography or other NDE
requirements beyond what is specified by the
ASME Code. INNOVATIVE FILTREX can
ensure compliance with the requirements of
the ASME Code or customers specifications.

230
 Glossary
A ABRASION: Migration of foreign material ADSORBENT: A material which adsorbs;
which enters the fluid stream from system i.e., the solid which attracts and holds on its surface
components that wear from close tolerances, the gas, vapor, or liquid. Also materials added to
vibration, or shock. liquors to decolorize or purify by adsorbing the
color or impurity. Fuller’s earth, activated
ABRASIVE: Any solid material, such as grit, with carbon, activate alumina, etc. are all adsorbents.
erosive properties.
ADSORBENT: A filter medium primarily intended
ABRASIVES: Hard structurally strong solid. to hold soluble and insoluble contam inants on
its surface by molecular adhesion - no chemical
ABSOLUTE: An arbitrary term used to describe change.
or define a degree of filtration. The filtration
industry uses various methods of determin- ADSORPTION: The natural phenomenon of a gas,
ing absolute ratings which are not necessarily vapor, or liquid being attracted to and held on the
interchangeable. generally absolute references surface of a solid. To some extent adsorption takes
100% removal of solids (glass beads) above a place on any solid surface, but certain materials
specified micron rating on a single pass basis. have sufficient adsorbent capacity because of the
See nominal. finely divided material to make them useful in such
industrial applications as the purification and
ABSOLUTE: The sum of gage pressure and separation of gases and liquids.
atmospheric pressure.
AGGLOMERATE: A group of two or more particles
ABSORB: To take up by cohesive, chem ical or combined, joined, or clustered, by any means.
molecular action.
AGGREGATE: A relatively stable assem bly of dry
ABSORBENT: A filter m edium that holds particles formed under the influence of physical
contam inants by m echanical means. When one forces.
substance soaks com pletely through another,
sometimes undergoing a chemical change. AMBIENT: Surrounding. For exam ple, am bient
operating tem peratures of a vessel is tem perature
ACIDITY: The quality, state, or degree of being essentially the same as that surrounding the vessel.
acid. In lubricating oils, acidity denotes the
presence of acid-type constituents w hose ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
concentration is usually defined in terms of a
neutralization num ber. The constituents vary ASPHALTINE: Product of partial oxidation of oil.
in nature and may or may not markedly
influence the behavior of the fluid. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE: The force exerted on
a unit area by the weight of the atmosphere.
ADDITIVE: A m aterial, usually chem ical, added
to a product to impart new or unusual charac- ATOM: Smallest particle of an element which
teristics or to improve existing characteristics. retains properties of the element.
Example: Carbon atom (C).
ADSORB: To take up by adhesion of
molecules of gases or dissolved substances AUTOCLAVE: Sterilizing apparatus which uses
to the surface of solid bodies, resulting in high steam at high pressure.
concentration of the gas or solution at place of
contact. g as or solution is condensed on the B BACK PRESSURE: In filter use, resistance
surface of the adsorbent, w hile in adsorption, offered by filter, usually measured in PSI.
the m aterial absorbed penetrates throughout
the mass of absorbent. BACKWASH: To clean a filter element by
reversing the direction of flow through it.
ADSORBATE: The material which is adsorbed;
i.e., the gas, vapor, or liquid which adheres or is BASKET STRAINER: Vessel for the rem oval
chemically attracted to the surface of the solid. of coarse bulk solids from liquid, air, or gas;
element is a basket covered with a screen of
a given mesh.

231
 BED (CAKE): Mass of impurities which form CAPACITY: Volume of product which a vessel
on a filter elem ent. will accommodate. This is expressed in gallons
or similar units. Also amount which will filter at a
BLEEDER: A system in which part of given efficiency and flow rate, expressed in
BETA RATIO: An accurate indication of how the gallons per minute or similar units.
filter performs throughout the life of the filter. The
Beta Ratio is an average filtration rat-ing. CARTRIDGE: Removable medium used in a
the fluid from the main flow is diverted. vessel to perform the function of coalescing,
filtering, or separating. Also referred to as ele-
ment, media, repack, etc. Made in a specified
physical shape to be mounted by use of hard-
BLOTTER TEST: A visible means of checking ware designed for that purpose.
oil clarity; one drop on a blotter will concen-
trate dirt or foreign matter in the center of the CARTRIDGE: The porous device, usually fitting
ring. in a filter housing, which performs the actual
process of filtration.
BLOWBACK: To reverse flow air, steam, or
fluid through the media to effect solids removal. CENTER PIPE: Component of a vessel which
Sometimes referred to as backwash. is used as a mount for cartridges. Made with
perforated effect to accommodate flow. A cen-
BRIDGING: A condition of filter element load- ter rod is used for the same purpose but is not
ing in which contaminant spans the space be- perforated and does not accommodate flow.
tween adjacent sections of a filter element thus
blocking a portion of the useful filtration area. CENTER-ROD: Components of a
vessel used for mounting cartridges in
BUNA N: gasket material. A synthetic rubber the vessel. Usually made of a round bar mate-
frequently used for vessel closures, flanges, and rial. A center pipe can also be used for the same
filter elements. purpose, but is made with perforated effect and
directs flow through the cartridge.
BURST: An outw ard structural failure of the
filter elem ent caused by excessive differential CENTER SEAL: Part which forms seal between
pressure. two elements when one element is on the top of
another element. Can also be called an adaptor.
BY-PASS: Condition resulting from the product
flow ing through a vessel other than through CENTER TUBE: Component of an element or
the media. Also a filtering system which filters cartridge which supports the media at the cen-
only part of the stream on a continuous basis. ter or smallest diameter.

BY-PASS INSTALLATION: A system where CENTIPOISE: One one-hundredth of a poise.

part of the main flow is diverted to pass A poise is the unit of viscosity expressed as one
through a filter. dyne per second per square centimeter.

BY-PASS VALVE: Valve to pass the flow CENTISTOKE: One one-hundredth of a stoke.
around the media or the vessel, usually acti- A stoke is equal to the viscosity in poises tim es the
vated at a given differential pressure setting. density of the fluid in grams per cubic centimeter.

C CAKE: Solids deposited on the filter medium CHANNEL: To cut grooves or lines in
during filtration in sufficient thickness to be or through the solids deposited on the media, or
removed in sheets of sizable pieces. In many through the media itself. Also may be described
cases, cake may provide its own filter media as a break-through in the media which would
by adding to the surface of media. Also re- result in a by-pass.
ferred to as discharged solids or residue.
CLEANER BLADES: Stationary blades located
CANISTER: Container or mounting between stacked discs of a metallic self cleaning
mechanism for elements. filter cartridge to comb out dirt particles as the
cartridge is rotated.

232
CLOUD POINT: Temperature of a petroleum CORE: Material used for the center of an
oil at w hich paraffin, wax or other solid element, generally of the wound design. May
substances begin to crystallize out or separate also be called a center tube w hen used in the
from solution w hen the oil is chilled under coalescer, separator, or other type filter element.
definite prescribed conditions.
CORROSION: The conversion of m etals into
COAGULANT: That which produces oxides, hydrated oxides, carbonates, or other
agglomeration of suspended solids. compounds due to the action of air or water,
or both. Salts and sulphur are also im portant
COALESCER: A mechanical device which sources of corrosion. Removal of solids and
unites discrete droplets of one phase prior to water reduces the effect or speed of corrosion
being separated from a second phase. Can be in many cases; and in other cases, corrosion
accom plished only w hen both phases are inhibitors are used to reduce the effect of
immiscible. Requires a tight media which is corrosion.
preferentially w ettable and, by its nature of
being tight, the m edia is also a good filtering CP: A section of less dense material in the
material. g o o d coalescing permits gravity m edia w hich allow a cold liquid to flow through
separation of the discontinuous phase. the elem ent controlling pressure drop below
Coalescing may be accom plished by only a bypass opening.
coalescer cartridge w hen the specific gravities
of the two phases are w idely separated. As D DEGRADATION: Wearing down, or reduction
the gravities difference become less, the tw o in the efficiency, of a media.
stage principle is generally required where finely
coalesced discontinuous droplets are repelled by DEGREE OF FILTRATION: Fineness of a filter
the second stage separator cartridge. medium-size of the smallest particles filtered out.

COALESCING: The action of uniting of small DELTA “P”: A Sym bol (P) designating pressure
droplets of one liquid preparatory to its being drop. The difference in pressure between tw o
separated from another liquid. points, generally measured at the inlet and out-
let of a filter, separator/filter, etc. Normally mea-
COLLAPSE PRESSURE: The pressure sured in pounds per square inch (psi), inches of
im pressed across a filter elem ent (cartridge), mercury (In. Hg.), or inches of water (In. H20).
sufficient to cause collapse of the element.
DENSITY: The weight per unit volume
COMBINATION: A filter m edium composed of of a substance (specific weight).
two or more types, grade or arrangem ents of
filter media to provide proportion which are not DEPTH: A filter m edium w hich prim arily retains
available in a single filter medium. contam inants w ithin the tortuous passages
within the thickness of the element wall.
CONTAMINANT: Anything in the fluid that
should not be there. DEPTH TYPE FILTRATION: Filtration
accomplished by flowing a fluid through a mass
CONTAMINATE: The foreign matter in a fluid filter media providing a tortuous path with many
which is accumulated from various sources such entrapm ents to stop the contam inates. Flow
as system dirt, residue from wear of moving may be cross flow such as from the outside to
parts, atmospheric solids which settle in an inside and then down the center of an elem ent,
open system. Contam inates tend to discolor a or from end to end. Certain types of solids, or
liquid, cause additional wear on moving parts, com binations of solids, do not lend to surface
cause system upsets in process stream, or filtration and depth type filtration is found to be
reduce the efficiency of a fluid. Water as well as more suitable.
solid may be considered a contaminate when
the presence of water causes adverse results.
The presence of contaminates, whether liquid
or solid, is the basis on which the use of filters
or separator/filters are sought.

233
 DETERGENT OILS: Lubricating oils possessing EFFECTIVE AREA: The area of a medium that
special sludge dispersing properties com m only is exposed to flow and usable for its intended
used in internal com bustion engines. These purpose: coalescing, filtering, or separating.
properties are incorporated in the oil by the use Opposite of blind spots or dead area.
of special additives.
EFFECTIVE OPEN AREA: Area of the filtering
DIELECTRIC: A substance which will not medium through which the fluid may flow.
conduct electricity.
EFFICIENCY: Degree to which element will
DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE: The difference in perform in removing solids and/or liquids.
pressure between two given points of a filter, Output divided by input.
separator/filter, etc.
ELEMENT: Medium used in vessel to perform
DILATANT: A flow condition where certain liquids the function of coalescing, filtering, or separating.
will show an increase in viscosity as the rate of Also referred to as a cartridge, repack, etc. The
shear or flow volume is increased. porous device which performs the actual process
of filtration.
DIRT HOLDING PRESSURE: The volume of
contaminate an element can hold before reaching ELEMENT BY-PASS VALVE: A valve within a
the maximum allowable pressure drop. Volume filter to limit the differential pressure which can
will vary depending on the size and design of the be impressed across the filter element.
element and the density of the solid particles.
Usually reported by weight such as grams or EMULSIFICATION: A dispersion of one
pounds per element. Also called solids retention substance in the form of minute drops within
or solids holding capacity. another substance.

DISCHARGE: Flow rate through a filter. EMULSION: A dispersion of fine liquid particles
in a liquid stream w hich do not necessarily
DISPOSABLE: Describes element which is to be dissolve in each other but are held in suspension.
discarded after use and replaced w ith an identical Many emulsions may be broken by coalescing
element. Same as replaceable. Opposite of if the liquids are immiscible. Emulsion stabilizers
reusable. modify the surface tension of the droplets which
makes coalescing difficult, if not impossible.
DUAL DENSITY: A depth element that is
constructed of two different medias not blended ENTRAINED WATER: Discrete water droplets
into a homogeneous mixture but remaining as carried by a continuous liquid or gas phase when
two different distinctive medias. water is immiscible with the liquid. May be
separated from the continuous phase by
DROP: The quantity of fluid which falls into one coalescing and gravity separation. Usually
spherical mass; a liquid globule. May also be picked up in a system by condensation or a
described as several to many droplets. water washing used in process.

DROPLET: A minute drop which mates to form ENTRAINMENT: Mist, fog, or droplets of a liquid
larger drops capable of falling by gravity. which is usually considered to be a contaminate
when used in the filtration industry.
E EDGE FILTER: Filter using shearing edges to
separate solids from a liquid by shearing the oil EXTENDED AREA: Principal of shaping
film surrounding the particles (solid particles). the element to give it more effective area than a
simple cylinder of the same size.
EDGE TYPE: Applies to liquid filters constructed
of metal or paper discs, or specially constructed F FELTED ELEMENT: Constructed by random
wire wound cylinders; contaminants are entrapped layer of fibers, usually strengthened by a resin
at the edges of the medium. generally used to binder.
remove small quantities of very fine particles.
Some have knife or blade cleaners to remove the
accumulated solids.

234
FIBER: Flexible material with two relatively KARL FISCHER: Analytical method of
small dimensions and one long dimension. determining amount of water present in a
sample by titration.
FILTER: A term generally applied to a device
used to remove solid contaminate from a liquid FLOW CHARACTERISTICS: The nature of
or gas, or separate one liquid from another liq- fluid movement as being turbulent, laminar,
uid or gas. A filter, as referred to in the industry constant or variable rate to various degrees.
today, is a device which removes contaminates.
If a device is used to remove solids and liquids FILTRATION RATING, MEAN: A m easurem ent
contaminates, it is referred to in general terms of the average size of the pores of the
as a separator, separator/filter, or entrainment filter medium.
separator. A filter may be one of a num ber of
such types as replaceable cartridge, cyclone, FILTRATION RATING, NOMINAL MICRON:
edge, leaf, baffle, plate and frame, pre-coat, An arbitrary micron value indicated by the manu-
and centrifuge. The term filter is sometimes facturer. Often defined: 95% of all particles this
erroneously used to describe the m edia used size, and larger, retained by the filter medium.
inside the vessel or filter case, but the correct
use should be filter element, cartridge, etc. FLOW RATE: The rate at which a product
is passed through a vessel or system; generally
FILTER/COALESCER: Single stage vessel for expressed as gallons per m inute, barrels per hour,
coalescing and separating one immiscible fluid barrels per day, actual or standard cubic feet per
from another and the removal of solids. gener- minute, hour, day, etc.
ally recommended for use where continuous
phase has light gravity. Available with various FLUID: A liquid or gas which can be filtered
efficiencies. by passing through a filter.

FILTER EFFICIENCY: Expressed as a percent of FREE WATER: Water entrained in a

contaminant introduced to the system, it is the lubricating oil or fuel forming two distinct phases
ability of a filter to remove specified contami- w ith the fluid and having a tendency to separate
nants at a given contaminant concentration as a result of the differences in densities.
under specified test condition.
FULL FLOW: Product flow through the vessel
FILTER ELEMENT LIFE: Span of operation at the rate for which the vessel is designed to
from clean unit to a predetermined pressure operate. Also refers to all products passing
drop build up - usually measured in lapsed time. through a medium. The opposite of a by-pass
filter w hich is designed to filter only a portion of
FILTER LIFE: Span of operation from start to the stream on a continuous basis.
com plete plugging usually m easured in hours
of operation. FULL FLOW FILTRATION: System which pro-
vides for filtering all the fluid which is pumped to
FILTER MEDIUM: The porous material mount- or from wear surfaces or work stations each pass.
ed on a plate or frame w hich separates the
solids from the liquids in filtering. Also referred G GAGE PRESSURE: All pressure greater than
to as filter cloth, filter plate, or septum. The atmospheric pressure - as read on a pressure
material that performs the actual process of gage.
filtration.
GAS SCRUBBER: A vessel designed to remove
FILTRATE: Filtered fluid which flows out of liquid and solid contaminates by impingement on
a filter. a series of baffles or dem ister pads. Accom plished
by drastic reduction of velocity as the gas enters
FILTRATION RATING, ABSOLUTE: the scrubber. Recent advances made in entrain-
The diameter of the largest hard spherical par- ment separation would expand the general use
ticle that will pass through a filter under speci- of the term to include m echanical cartridge type
fied test conditions. This is an indication of the separators.
largest opening in the filter medium.

235
 GEL: A semi-solid susceptible to pressure HYDROPHOBIC: Non-water wetting.
deformation. Has habit of sticking to surfaces. Having an antagonism for water. Not capable
of uniting or m ixing w ith water. Hydrophobic
GRADUAL DENSITY: A media of different features are induced in the process of cellulose
densities. One media of a dense type packed manufacture. Opposite of hydrophilic.
around the center tube w ith a m edia of less
density around the outside. Both medias are HYDROSTATIC TEST: A test conducted w ith
tapered at opposite directions. This allows high either air, water, or other fluids at a given value
flow through the less dense media and tighter over design pressure, to prove the structural
filtration through the dense m edia. Sim ilar to integrity of a pressure vessel.
the CP element in performance.
I IMMISCIBLE: Incapable of being mixed;
GRAM LIFE: g rams weight of contaminant insoluble; opposite of miscible.
introduced to a filter elem ent at controlled rate
to a determined differential pressure. IMPREGNATION: Process of treating a coarse
filter medium with resins.
GRAVIMETRIC EFFICIENCY: Measure of
efficiency in terms of weight. IMPURITY: See “contam inant”- any
undesirable material in the fluid.
H HOLDING CAPACITY: In general usage refers
to the amount of solids, particulate or foreign INDICATOR, BY-PASS: An indicator which
m aterial one or more elem ents is capable of signals alternate flow.
retaining up to the terminal or maximum
differential pressure. Also can refer to volumetric INDICATOR DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE:
holding capacity of either a solid or a liquid. An indicator which signals the difference in
pressure at two points.
HOUSING: Container for a filter element (s).
INITIAL PRESSURE DROP: Loss in differential
HYDRAULIC FILTER, DUAL: A hydraulic filter pressure between two points upon the start of
having two filter elements in parallel. flow through a vessel using new elements.

HYDRAULIC FILTER, DUPLEX: An assem bly of IN-LINE: Describes inlet and outlet
two hydraulic filters w ith valving for selection of connections which are positioned at the same
either or both filters. height on opposite sides of a vessel so that
an imaginary straight line can be drawn
HYDRAULIC FILTER, FULL FLOW: connecting one to the other. Also describes
A hydraulic filter, which under specified a small filtration unit that fits into a line and
conditions filters all influent flow. forms a similar image to the line, as in the
case of a hose.
HYDRAULIC FILTER, TWO STAGE:
A hydraulic filter having two filter elem ents in INSOLUBLE: Incapable of being dissolved in
series. a fluid; opposite of soluble.

HYDRAULICS: The study of fluids at rest or in INTERFACE: Surface over which continuous
motion. phase and discontinuous phase are in contact.

HYDROPHILIC: Water accepting or IMPINGEMENT: The direct high velocity

water wetting. Having an affinity for water. impact of the fluid flow upon or against an
Capable of uniting with or dissolving in water. internal portion of the filter.
Effective coalescing requires a m edia to have
hydrophilic characteristics which cause free or K KEROSENE: A petroleum liquid used as a
entrained water to commingle into droplets fuel for commercial jet powered aircraft, or for
w hich, w hen mated w ith other droplets, form heating purposes.
into drops which separate by gravity. Opposite
of hydrophobic.

236
 KNIFE EDGE PLEATS: The sharply defined MEMBRANE: In filtration the term membrane
creases at the outer edge of a pleated element. is used to describe the media through which
the liquid stream is to be passed or exchanged.
L LACQUER: A natural or synthetic resin which Membranes are normally associated with ion
is dissolved in a suitable solvent such as exchanged media such as dialysis, osmosis,
hydrocarbon oil rich in aromatics. When diffusion, etc., although filter paper itself could
applied, the oil solvent evaporates, leaving be classed as a membrane.
behind a lacquer film.
MERCAPTANS: Unsaturated sulphurs.
LINE SIZE: The size of line used to carry the
product in a system, such as a six-inch line. MICRON: A short unit of length in the m etric
system. One m illionth of a meter, 10-4 centim eter,
LUBRICATION: Substituting fluid friction for 10-3 millimeter, or 0.000039 of one inch. Used
solid friction by inserting oil between two as a criterion to evaluate the performance or
moving parts. efficiency of a filter media or to describe the
condition of either the influent or effluent.
M MAGNETIC SEPARATOR: A separator that Usually stated in terms of being either absolute or
uses a magnetic field to attract and hold ferro nominal. Nominal micron rating is generally taken
magnetic particles to mean that 98% of all articles over a given
micron value have been removed by a specific
media or medium. Absolute micron rating is
MATRIX: The structural support yarn or twine generally taken to mean that all particles over
in wound elem ents is usually wound in a a given micron value have been removed. The
diamond. naked eye can see a particle 40 microns or
larger.
MAXIMUM DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE: MIGRATION: Contaminant or media released to
The highest pressure differential which an pass downstream from filter element.
elem ent is required to w ithstand w ithout
structural failure or collapse. MMSCFD: Million Standard Cubic Feet per Day.

MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE: The MMSCFH: Million Standard Cubic Feet per Hour.
maximum pressure allowed in a system.
MMSCFM: Million Standard Cubic Feet per
MEDIA: Plural of m edium . Material of w hich Minute.
elements are made.
MODULAR: A filter elem ent w hich has
MEDIA (MEDIUM): A porous or slotted m ass no separate housing of its own, but w hose
in housing is incorporated into the equipm ent w hich
a filter element to separate solids from a fluid by it services. It may also incorporate a suitable
difference in size of openings and contaminant. enclosure for the filter cavity.

MEDIA MIGRATION: Carry-over of fibers N NEWTONIAN: A liquid which does not

from filter, separator elem ents, or other filter change in viscosity with a change in rate of shear,
material into the effluent. Less definitive than agitation or flow rate.
fiber migration and is quantitative.
NPT: National Pipe Thread Standard.
MEDIUM: The principle component of an
element. A material of controlled pore size or NTP: Norm al conditions of tem perature and
mass through which a product is passed to re- pressure. Whenever this term is used, it refers to
move foreign particles held in suspension or to a gas m easured at pressure one (1) atm osphere
repel droplets of coalesced water; or material absolute (760 mm. of Hg.) and a temperature of
without controlled pore size such as glass fiber 0°C. However, some sources use a different
mats w hich contribute to filtration, coales- reference temperature to define NTP.
cence, or separation of two immiscible liquids.

237
O OPEN AREA RATIO: The ratio of pore area of a PLEATED: A filter elem ent whose m edium
filter medium expressed as a percent of total area. consists of a series of uniform folds and has
the geometric shape of a cylinder, cone, disc,
OPERATING PRESSURE: The norm al pressure plate, etc.
at which a system operates.
PLASTISOL: A suspension of therm osetting
OPERATING PRESSURE, CRITICAL: Pressure plastic which can be molded into any desired
above the normal or design limits which may shape. Used as a com bination end cap and
cause damage or rupture. gasket on element.

OPERATING PRESSURE, MAXIMUM: The PLUGGED: Condition of a filter when it

maximum pressure allowed in the system. has collected its full capacity of contaminants
and will not pass any more fluid.
OUTER SHELL: Outer covering of element,
usually perforated or screen. POROSITY: The ratio of void volum e to total
cake volum e. Also describes filter m edia w hich
OUTER WRAP: Outside covering of an may have larger pores than other media.
element.
POUR POINT: The lowest temperature
OUTSIDE IN: Flow of product from outside to at which a liquid will pour or flow without
inside of an element. disturbance under specified conditions.

P PAPER: Medium used in many elements. PRE-COAT: A filter medium in loose

A very general term applied to resin impregnated powder form, such as Fuller’s or
cellulose. Many types of paper or cellulose are Diatomaceous earth, introduced into the
used as filter media made to specifications. upstream fluid to condition a filter element.

PARTIAL FLOW: See “by-pass installation”- PREFILTER: Filter for removing gross con-
a system that diverts part of the main flow and tam inate before the product stream enters a
passes it through a filter. separator/filter.

PARTICLE COUNT: A practice of counting PRESSURE: The force exerted per unit area
particles of solid matter in groups based on relative by a fluid.
size. Frequently used in engineering, a filter to a
specific task or to evaluate the perform ance of a PRESSURE ABSOLUTE: gage pressure plus
filter under specific operating conditions. 14.7 psi.
When used as data to engineer a filter, proper
consideration can be given to the type of media PRESSURE ATMOSPHERIC: The force
to be used, expectant life of the media, and exerted by the atmosphere at sea level, which
the true cost of operation. is equivalent to 14.7 psi.

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION: PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL: The difference in

A tabulation resulting from a particle count pressure between two points.
of solids grouped by specified micron sizes to
determine the condition of either the influent or PRESSURE DROP: The difference in pressure
effluent stream. Usually expressed in between two points, generally at the inlet and
percentage outlet of a filter or a separator/filter. Measured
of total solids to the specific group. Example: 31% in pounds per square inch gage, or inches of
in the 6 to 10 micron group. See particle count. mercury.
PERCENT FREE AREA: Quantitatively,
proportion of an elem ent’s surface area. PRESSURE RATING, OPERATING: The
norm al pressure at w hich a filter housing is
PLAIN: A filter element whose medium is not capable of operating at specified operating
pleated or otherwise extended, and has the conditions.
geometric shape of a cylinder, cone disc, plate, etc.

238
 PRESSURE RELIEF: Valve w hich perm its SELF CLEANING: A filter element designed to
enough liquid or gas to escape from the vessel be cleaned w ithout rem oving it from the filter
to prevent extreme pressure build up within the assembly, or interrupting flow.
vessel.
SEPARATION: The action of separating solids
PSI: Pounds per Square Inch. or liquids from fluids. May be accomplished by
impingement, filtration, or by coalescing. The
PSIA: Pounds per Square Inch Absolute.
term “separation” is used in some circles when
PSID: Pounds per Square Inch Differential. referring to the separation of liquids. Also used
PSIG: Pounds per Square Inch g age. to describe the action in the second stage of
two-stage separation.
R RATE OF FLOW: The rate at w hich a product
is passed through a vessel or system; generally SEPARATOR: A device whose primary func-
expressed as gallons per minute, barrels per tion is to isolate contaminants by physical prop-
hour, barrels per day, actual or standard cubic erties other than size.
feet per m inute, hour, day, etc. Same as flow
rate. SEPARATOR/FILTER: Vessel which removes
solids and entrained liquids from another liquid
RATED FLOW: Normal operating flow rate or gas. Uses some com bination of a baffle
at w hich a product is passed through a vessel; and/ or coalescer, filter, or separator elem ent.
flow rate which a vessel and media are de- May be single stage, two stage, or single or
signed to accommodate. two stage with prefilter section for gross solids
removal. Common application is the removal
REPLACEABLE: Describes element which is of water from gas or another immiscible liquid.
to be removed after use and replaced with an general reference to term applies the equipment
identical element. is capable of both separation and filtration to
specific degrees of efficiencies.
REPLACEMENT ELEMENT: An element
or a cartridge used to replace a disposable SERVICE LIFE: The length of tim e an
which has been loaded to its capacity with elem ent operates before reaching the
(cartridge) contaminants. maximum allowable pressure drop.

REUSABLE: Describes element which SHELL: Outer w all of a vessel. Also referred
may be cleaned and used again. Opposite of to as body.
disposable or replaceable.
SHUNT INSTALLATION: A system with a
S SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers. filter paralleled by a metering device both in the
main supply line.
SAE NUMBER: A classification of lubricating
oils for crankcase and transm issions in term s SINTERED: Media, usually m etallic, processed
of viscosity as standardized by the Society of to cause diffusion bonds at all contacting
Automotive Engineers. points, retaining openings the passage of
filtrate.
SAYBOLD SECONDS UNIVERSAL (SSU):
Units of viscosity as measured by observing the SKID MOUNTED: Describes one or more
time in seconds required for 60 ml. of a fluid vessels with pump and motor, all mounted on
to drain through a tubular orifice 0.483 inches a portable platform.
long by 0.0695 inches in diam eter at stated
conditions of temperature, and pressure. SLOT AREA: Sum of the area of all the fluid
path openings in a metal - edge filter element.
SCFD: Standard Cubic Feet per Day.
SLUDGE: Dirt, carbon, water and chemical
SCFH: Standard Cubic Feed per Hour. compounds as found in oils.
SCFM: Standard Cubic Feet per Minute.

239
SOLID SUSPENSION: A m ixture of solids T THIXOTROPIC: A liquid which shows a
suspended in a fluid. marked reduction in viscosity as the rate of shear,
agitation, or flow rate is increased.
SOLIDS: A mass, or matter, contained in a
stream which is considered undesirable and TORTUOSITY: The ratio of the average
should be removed. effective flow path length to minimum theoretical
flow path length (thickness) of a filter medium.
SOLUTION: A single phase combination of
liquid and non-liquid substances, or two or TURBID METRIC EFFICIENCY: (Filter inlet
more liquids. turbidity - Outlet turbidity/by Inlet turbidity.

SPACING: The distance between adjacent TURBIDITY: Stirred up sediment or

surfaces of stacked discs, edge wound ribbons, contaminant in a fluid.
or single layer filaments. This dimension
determines the smallest dimension of solid TURN-OVER: Num ber of tim es the contents
particles to be retained. of the system pass through a filter per unit time.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: Ratio of substance’s U ULTRAFILTER: Membrane type to remove

weight to that of some standard substance. very fine suspended submicronic particles as
(Water for liquids and solids, air or hydrogen for well as some dissolved solids.
gases)
UNLOADING: Release dow nstream of
SURFACE: A filter medium which primarily trapped contam inate, due to change in flow
retains contaminant on the influent face. rate, m echanical shock and vibration, or as
excessive pressure builds up, or media failure.
SURFACE AREA: Total area of an element that
is exposed to approaching flow. See “percent V VACUUM: Reference to pressure below
free area”. atmospheric.

SURFACTANTS: Coined expression VISCOSITY: Degree of fluidity; property

for surface active agents w hich are of fluid’s molecular structure by virtue of which
sometimes called emulsifiers or wetting agents. they resist flow. The resistance of flow exhibited
First appeared in hydrocarbons with the advent by a liquid resulting from the combined effects
of the catalytic cracking process in refining. of cohesion and adhesion. The units of
Caused by the forming of sodium sulfonate and measurement are the poise and the stoke.
sodium naphthanate molecules. Affects A liquid has a viscosity of one poise if a force
liquid/liquid separation by reducing interfacial of one dyne per square centimeter causes two
tension and forming into a slime which binds parallel liquid surfaces one square centimeter in
off the fibers used in coalescing media. area and one centimeter apart to move past one
another at a rate of one centimeter per second.
SURGE: The peak system pressure rise mea- There are a great many crude and empirical
sured as a function of restricting or blocking methods for measuring viscosity which
fluid flow. generally involve measurement for the time of
flow or movement of a ball, ring, or other object
SUSPENSION: Solids or liquids held in other in a specially shaped or sized apparatus.
liquids. The internal molecular friction of a liquid, or
that property w hich resists any force tending
SUSPENDED SOLIDS: Non-settled particles in to produce flow.
fluid.
W WOUND: A filter medium comprised of two
SWING BOLT: A type of vessel closure which or more layers of helical wraps of a continuous
reduces service time. Opposite of thru-bolt strand or filament in a predetermined pattern.
flange where studs and nuts are used, such as
with ASA type flanges. WOVEN: A filter medium made from strands
of fiber, thread, or w ire interlaced into a cloth
on a loom.

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