19.

SOLUTIONS OF
TRIANGLE

1. INTRODUCTION
A
In any triangle ABC, the side BC, opposite to the angle A is denoted by a; the side CA and
AB, opposite to the angles B and C respectively are denoted by b and c respectively. The c b
semi-perimeter of the triangle is denoted by s and its area by ∆ or S. In this chapter, we shall
discuss various relations between the sides a, b, c and the angles A, B, C of ∆ ABC.
B a C

2. SINE RULE Figure 19.1

The sides of a triangle (any type of triangle) are proportional to the sines of the angle opposite to them in triangle
a b c
ABC, = =
sinA sinB sinC
sinA sinB sinC
Note: (i) The above rule can also be written as = =
a b c
(ii) The sine rule is a very useful tool to express the sides of a triangle in terms of sines of the angle and vice-versa
a b c
in the following manner: = = = k (Let ) ; ⇒ a = k sinA, b = k sinB, c = k sinC
sinA sinB sinC
sinA sinB sinC
Similarly, = = = λ (Let ) ; ⇒ sinA =
λa , sinB = λb , sinC = λc
a b c

3. COSINE RULE
b2 + c2 − a2 c2 + a2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2
In any ∆ABC , cos A = ; cosB = ; cosC =
2bc 2ac 2ab
Note: In particular
∠A =60 ⇒ b2 + c2 − a2 =
bc
∠B =60 ⇒ c2 + a2 − b2 =
ca
∠C =60 ⇒ a2 + b2 − c2 =
ab

Figure 19.2
4. PROJECTION FORMULAE

If any ∆ABC=
:(i) a bcosC + ccosB =
(ii) b ccos A + acosC =
(iii) c acosB + bcos A
i.e. any side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the projection of the other two sides on it.
1 9 . 2 | Solutions of Triangle

Case I: When ∆ABC is an acute angled triangle,

BD
cosB = ⇒ BD = AB.cosB ⇒ BD = c.cosB and
AB
CD
cosC = ⇒ CD = AC.cosC ⇒ CD = bcosC
AC

then, BD+DC=BC
Figure 19.3
∴ a = c cos B + b cos C
Case II: When ∆ABC is an obtuse angled triangle,
CD
cosC = ⇒ CD = AC.cosC
AC
BD
b.cosC and cos (180 − B ) = ⇒ BD =
CD = −c.cosB then,
AB
⇒ a bcosC + ccosB
a = BC and CD – BD=
Figure 19.4

Illustration 1: If A = 75ο , B = 45ο , then what is the value of b + c 2 ?  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here, c = 180ο − 120ο = 60ο . Therefore by using sine rule, we can solve the above problem.

a = k sin 75o
a b c
Use sine rule = = = K ⇒ b = k sin 45o
sin75ο sin 45ο sin60ο
c = k sin 60o

( ) (
= k sin 45ο + 2 sin60
consider, b + c 2 = 0 3 +1
)
3 +1
sin75ο 2k
k= 2k = 2k =
2 2 2
= sinA 2a

Illustration 2: In a ∆ ABC, if B = 30ο and c = 3b , then find the value of A. (JEE MAIN)
2 2 2
c + a −b
Sol: Here, by using cosine rule cosB = we can easily solve the above problem.
2ca

c2 + a2 − b2 3 3b2 + a2 − b2
cosB
We have= ⇒
= ; ⇒ a2 − 3ab + 2b2 = 0 ⇒ (a− 2b)(a− b) = 0
2ca 2 2× 3b×a
⇒ a−b =0 OR a – 2b = 0

⇒ Either a = b ⇒ A = 30ο or aa== 2b ⇒aa22 ⇒

2b⇒ 4b22⇒
⇒4b == bb22++cc22 ⇒ 90οο .
⇒AA== 90

Illustration 3: Prove that asin (B − C ) + bsin(C − A) + csin ( A − B ) =

0 (JEE MAIN)

a b c
Sol: By sine rule i.e. = = = k we can simply prove the above equation.
sinA sinB sinC
In equation asin (B − C ) + bsin(C − A) + csin ( A − B ) = 0, putting a = k sin A, b = k sin B, c = k sin C

( )
= k sinA sin (B − C ) + sinBsin ( C − A ) + sinCsin ( A − B ) =0 (expanding all terms gets cancelled)

(Using sin (α − β=
) sin α. cos β − sin β cos α )

b2 − c2
Illustration 4: Prove that sin (B − C ) = sinA  (JEE MAIN)
a2
 M a them a ti cs | 19.3

b2 − c2 2
Sol: Given, sin(B − C) = 2 sinA ⇒ a sin(B − C) =
a
(b 2
)
− c2 sinA

Takin L.H.S., a2sin(B − C) = a2(sinBcosC − cosBsinC)

sinA sinB sinC a2 + c2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2
Now using sine rule, = = and cosine rule, cosB =
= k (say) = , and cosC
a b c 2 ac 2 ab
 a2 + b2 − c2 a2 + c2 − b2   a2 + b2 − c2 − a2 + c2 − b2 
= a2  kb

 2 ab
−
2 ac
× kc  = ka 



 2
 = sinA × b2 − c2 = RHS.


( )

Illustration 5: The angles of a triangle are in 4:1:1 ratio. Find the ratio between its greater side and perimeter?
 (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Here, the angles are 120ο , 30ο , 30ο . Therefore, by using sine rule, we will get the required ratio.
Angles are 120ο , 30ο , 30ο .
If the sides opposite to these angles are a, b and c respectively, a will be the greatest side.

a b c a b c a b c
Now from sine formula, = = ; ⇒ = = ; ⇒ = == k (say)
sin120 ο
sin30 ο
sin30 ο
3 /2 1/2 1/2 3 1 1

(
then a = 3k , perimeter= 2 + 3 k ; ) ∴ Required ratio =
3k
=
3
.
( 2+ 3 k ) 2+ 3

C B
Illustration 6: Solve bcos2 + c cos2 in term of k where k is perimeter of the ∆ABC .  (JEE ADVANCED)
2 2
1 + cos 2θ
Sol: We can solve the given problem simply by cos2 θ =
2
C B b c
Here, bcos2 + c cos2 = (1 + cosC ) + (1 + cosB) [using projection formula]
2 2 2 2
b+ c 1 a+b+c C B Kk
= + a= ; ∴ bcos2 + c cos2 = [where k=a+b+c, given]
2 2 2 2 2 22
 A −B 
tan  
Illustration 7: In any triangle ABC, show that
a−b
=  2  (JEE ADVANCED)
a+b  A +B
tan  
 2 

Sol: We can derive the values of a, b and c using sine rule and putting it to L.H.S. we can prove the above problem.
a b c
We know that, = = = k
sinA sinB sinC
⇒a=
k sinA , b = ksinB , c = k sinC  …(i)
On putting the values of a and b from (1) on L.H.S., we get
A +B A −B
2cos sin
a − b k sinA − k sinB sinA − sinB 2 2
L.H.S.
= = = =
a + b k sinA + k sinB sinA + sinB A +B A −B
2sin cos
2 2
 A −B 
tan  
 A +B
= cot  tan
=
 A− B 
=  2  R.H.S.
  
 2   2  tan  A + B 
 
 2 
1 9 . 4 | Solutions of Triangle

5. NAPIER’S ANALOGY (LAW OF TANGENTS)

B − C  b − c  A  A −B   a −b  C C− A c−a B 

In any ∆ABC, (i) tan  =  cot   (ii) tan  =  cot   (iii) tan  =  cot  
 2  b +c 2  2  a+b 2  2  c +a 2

b−c  A  k sinB − k sinc A  sinB − sinc  A

Proof:(i) R.H.S. = cot   = cot   [By the sine rule] =   cot  
b+c 2
  k sinB + k sinc 2
   sinB + sinc  2
  B− C  B + C  
 2sin   cos  
=  2   2   .cot  A  [By C & D formulae]
  
 B+ C  B − C   2
 2sin   cos   
  2   2 
B − C  B + C  A B − C  A A
tan   .cot   ⇒ cot   = tan   . tan   .cot   [By condition identities]
 2   2  2  2  2 2

B − C 
= tan   = LHS
 2 
Similarly, (ii) and (iii) can be proved.

Illustration 8: In any triangle ABC, if A = 30ο , b=3 and c = 3 3 , then find ∠B and ∠C .  (JEE MAIN)
C −B c −b A
Sol: By using formula, tan = cot , we can easily obtain the values of ∠B and ∠C .
2 c+b 2
B+C A
Here ∠A =30ο ∴ = 90ο − = 90 − 15ο = 75ο  … (i)
2 2

Since c > b ⇒ ∠C > ∠B and B + C =150ο  … (ii)

C −B c −b A c −b B + C  C −B 3 3 −3
tan
= = cot tan   ; ⇒ tan = tan75ο
2 c+b 2 c+b  2  2 3 3 +1 ( )
 C −B  c −b π  c −b A
⇒ tan =  cot = − A tan  
 2  c+b 2  c+b 2

C −B 3 3 −1( ) ( )
3 − 1  tan 45ο + tan30ο 
[Using (1) ] =⇒ tan (
tan= 45ο + 30ο )  
2
(
3 3 +1 ) ( )
3 + 1  1 − tan 45 tan30
ο ο 

 1 
(
=
)
3 −1 1 +


3  =

3 − 1  3 + 1 
  1 ⇒
C −B
45ο  tan 45ο = 1
=
( )
3 +1 1−

1 
 
   
3 + 1  3 − 1  ; 2 ;  
 3

⇒ C −B =90ο  … (iii)

Solving (ii) and (iii), we get ∠B =30ο and ∠C =120ο

6. TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF HALF ANGLES

Sine, cosine and tangent of half the angles of any triangle are related to their sides as given below. Note that the
perimeter of ∆ABC will be denoted by 2s i.e. 2s=a+b+c and the area denoted by ∆ .
 M a them a ti cs | 19.5

A B  C
Formulae for sin   , sin   , sin   for any ∆ABC
2 2 2

A
(i) sin   =
( s − b )( s − c ) (ii) sin  B  = ( s − c )( s − a) (iii) sin  C  = ( s − a)( s − b )
   
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab

A B  C
Formulae for cos   , cos   , cos   for any ∆ABC
2
  2
  2

A s ( s − a) B  s (s − b) C s (s − c)
(i) cos   = (ii) cos   = (iii) cos   =
2 bc 2 ac 2 ab

A B  C
Formulae for tan   , tan   , tan   for any ∆ABC
2 2 2

A
(i) tan   =
( s − b )( s − c ) (ii) tan  B  = ( s − c )( s − a) (iii) tan  C  = ( s − a)( s − b )
   
2 s ( s − a) 2 s (s − b) 2 s (s − c)

s −a s −b s −c
Illustration 9: In a triangle ABC, if = = , then find the value of tan2 (A/ 2) . (JEE MAIN)
11 12 13

A
Sol: As we know, tan   =
( s − b )( s − c ) . Therefore, by using this formula, we can solve the above problem.
2 s ( s − a)

s − a s − b s − c 3s − ( a + b + c )
= = = =
s 2A
; Now tan=
( s − b )(=s − c) 12 × 13 13
=
 
11 12 13 11 + 12 + 13 36 2 s ( s − a) 36 × 11 33

 A B C
Illustration 10: In a triangle ABC, prove that (a+ b + c)  tan + tan  =2ccot . (JEE MAIN)
 2 2  2

A
Sol: Here by using tan   =
( s − b )( s − c ) B 
and tan   =
( s − c )( s − a) we can prove the above problem.
2 s ( s − a) 2 s (s − b)

 A B 
L.H.S. = (a+ b + c)  tan + tan  = 2s 
( s − b )( s − c ) + ( s − c )( s − a)  = 2s
s −c  s −b
+
s−a
 
 2 2  s ( s − a) s (s − b)  s  s − a s − b 
 

( s − c )  s=
−b + s −a  2 s s−c s (s − c) 2c C
= 2s   ( a + b + c − b=
− a) 2c = = 2c cot = R.H.S.
s  s −a s −b  s −a s −b ( s − a)( s − b )
tan
C 2
2
 ∆ ∆   1 1  2∆ ( 2s − a − b ) 2c∆2 2cs ( s − c )
Alternate: L.H.S. = 2s  + 2∆ 
= +  = = =
 (
s s − a ) ( ) 
s s − b  s − a s − b ( s − a)( s − b ) ( s − a)( s − b ) ∆ ∆

∆   1 1  2∆ ( 2s − a − b ) 2c∆2 2cs ( s − c ) c
+ = 2∆  + = = = = 2c.cot = R.H.S.
a) s ( s − b )   s − a s − b  ( s − a)( s − b ) ( s − a)( s − b ) ∆ ∆ 2

A B C
Illustration 11: In a ∆ABC , if cot , cot , cot are in AP, then prove that the sides of ∆ABC are in A.P.
 2 2 2 (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here by using trigonometric ratios of half angles formula, we can prove the above illustration.
A B C
Given cot , cot , cot are in A.P.
2 2 2
1 9 . 6 | Solutions of Triangle

s ( s − a) s ( s − b ) s ( s − c )
⇒ , , are in A.P.
∆ ∆ ∆

⇒ ( s − a) , ( s − b ) , ( s − c ) are in A.P.

⇒ a, b, c are in A.P. Proved

 A C B
Illustration 12: In a ∆ ABC , the sides a, b and c are in A.P. Then what is the value of  tan + tan  : cot ?
 2 2 2
 (JEE ADVANCED)
A C B
Sol: Simply by using formula of tan , tan and cot we can easily get the required result.
2 2 2


tan
A
+ tan
C
: cot
B
⇒

 ( s − b )( s − c ) + ( s − a)( s − b )  : s ( s − b ) ⇒
( s − c ) + ( s − a) : s
 
 2 2  2  s ( s − a) s ( s − c )  ( s − c )( s − a) s
 
a+b+c
= 2s − ( a + c ) : s ; ⇒ b : ; ⇒ 2b : a + b + c ⇒ a.b.c are in A.P.
2

∴ 2b:a+b+c = 2 : 3

A B C a+b+c C
Illustration 13: In any triangle ABC, show that cot + cot + cot = cot .  (JEE ADVANCED)
2 2 2 a+b−c 2
A B C
Sol: Similar to the above problem, by putting the values of cot , cot and cot we can prove the above
problem. 2 2 2

A B C s ( s − a) s (s − b) s (s − c)
cot + cot =+ cot + +
2 2 2 ( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − c )( s − a) ( s − a)( s − b )
1  2 2  1
 s ( s − a) + s ( s − b ) + s ( s − c )  = s ( s − a + s − b + s − c ) 
2 2 2 2
L.H.S.  
s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )   s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )

1 1
=
 {
s 3s − ( a + b + c )  =
 } s ( 3s − 2s ) 
 
s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )

A B C s2
⇒ cot + cot + cot = … (i)
2 2 2 s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )

a+b+c C 2s C 2s C s C
Now, R.H.S. = = cot = cot = cot cot
a+b−c 2 a + b + c − 2c 2 2s − 2c 2 s−c 2
L.H.S = R.H.S

s s (s − c) s2 a+b+c C s2
= ;⇒ cot = … (ii)
s − c ( s − a)( s − b ) s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) a+b−c 2 s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )

A B C a+b+c C
From (i) and (ii), we have cot + cot + cot = cot . Proved
2 2 2 a+b−c 2
 M a them a ti cs | 19.7

7. AREA OF TRIANGLE
1 1 1
If ∆ be the area of a triangle ABC,=
then ∆ bcsinA
= = casinB absinC
2 2 2

Proof: Let ABC be a triangle. Then the following cases arise.

AD
Case I: When ∆ABC is an acute angled triangle, sinB = 
AB
1
B; ∆ Areaof ∆ABC ; ∆ =
AD=AB sin B ; AD=c sin=
2
(BC )( AD ) ; ∆ =12 ac sinB
AD
Case-II: When ∆ ABC is an obtuse angled triangle, sin (180 − B ) = ;
AB Figure 19.5
AD=AB sin B ⇒ AD=c sin B
1 1 1
∆ =Area of ∆ABC ; ∆ = (BC) ( AD ) ; ∆ = ac sinB ; So in each case, ∆ = ac sinB
2 2 2

(ii) Heron’s formula=

∆ s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )

1  A A A A
Proof: ∆ = bc  2sin cos  = bcsin   .cos  
2  2 2 2 2

bc
( s − b )( s − c ) × s ( s − a) [By half angle formula] = s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )
Figure 19.6
bc bc

1 a2 sinBsinC 1 b2 sinCsinA 1 c2 sinA sinB

=(iii) ∆ = =
2 sin (B + C ) 2 sin ( C+ A ) 2 sin ( A + B )

From the above results, we obtain the following values of sinA, sinB and sinC

2∆ 2 2∆ 2
(iv) sinA = = s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) (v) sinB = = s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )
bc bc ca ca

2∆ 2
(vi) sinC = = s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )
ab ab
sinA sinB sinC 2∆
Further with the help of (iv), (v), (vi) we obtain = = =
a b c abc

Illustration 14: In any triangle ABC, prove that 4 ∆ cotA = b2 + c2 − a2 .  (JEE MAIN)

1 b2 + c2 − a2
Sol: We can prove the above problem by using formula of area of triangle i.e. ∆ = bc sinA and cos A = .
2 2bc
1 cos A b2 + c2 − a2
L.H.S.= 4 ∆ cotA =
4. bcsinA.
= 2bc cos A 2bc.
= = b2 + c2 − a2 = R.H.S.
2 sinA 2bc

a2 − b2 sinA sinB
Illustration 15: In any triangle ABC, prove that . = ∆ (JEE MAIN)
2 sin ( A − B )

=
Sol: By putting a k=sinA and b k sinB we can prove the above illustration.

L.H.S. =
a2 − b2 sinA sinB
. =
( ) =
(
k 2 sin2 A − k 2 sin2 B sinA sinB k 2 sin2 A − sin2 B sinA sinB )
2 sin ( A − B ) 2sin(A − B) 2sin(A − B)
 1 9 . 8 | Solutions of Triangle

k 2 sin ( A + B ) sin ( A − B ) sinA sinB k 2

[using sine formula a=k sinA etc.]= = .sin ( A + B ) sinA sinB
2sin(A − B) 2

1
=
2
(k sinA )(k sinB ) sin ( π − c ) ;  A + B = π − C ; 12 absinC = ∆ = R.H.S.
Illustration 16: A tree stands vertically on a hill side which make an angle of 15o with the horizontal. From a point
on the ground 35m down the hill from the base of the tree, the angle of elevation of the top of the tree is 60o. Find
the height of the tree. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: We can simply obtain the height of the tree from the given figure.  P

AQR, QR AQ
In ∆= = sin15ο 35sin15
= ο
; AR AQ
= cos15ο 35cos15ο
PR
In ∆APR , tan60ο = AR. 3 ; ⇒ PQ + QR =
; ⇒ PR = 3AR
AR h

⇒ h + 35sin15ο =3.35cos15ο
 3 −1
=⇒ h 35 (
3 cos15ο=− sin15ο


)
35  3.
3 +1
2 2
− 
2 2  m Q
35
 3 + 3 − 3 + 1  35
o
60
 2 2( )
= 35  =  = 4 35 2m 15
o

 2 2
A R
 
Figure 19.7
Hence, the height of the tree= 35 2m

8∆2
Illustration 17: In any triangle ABC, prove that acos A + bcosB + c cosC
= 2asinBsinC
= . (JEE ADVANCED)
abc

Sol: we can solve this illustration by substituting a = k sinA, b = k sinB, and c = k sinC .
As a = k sinA, b = k sinB, c = k sinC  …(i)

L.H.S.= acos A + bcosB + ccosC = k sinA cos A + k sinBcosB + k sinCcosC [using sine formula]

k k
= {sin2A + sin2B} + sin2C
= 

2sin ( A + B ) cos ( A − B ) + 2sinCcosC 
2 2 

=
k
2
2sinCcos ( A − B ) =
+ 2sinCcosC 
k
2 
{ (
2sinC cos ( A − B ) + cos π − A + B 
 )}
= k sinC cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B )  =
k sinC 2sinA sinB 

 2∆  2∆   1 2∆ 2∆ 
= 2 (k sinA ) .sinBsinC = 2asinBsinC = 2a   =; ∆ acsinB ⇒
= sinB andsinC
= 
 ac  ab   2 ac ab 
8∆2
= =R.H.S.
abc

Illustration 18: The angle of elevation of the top point P of the vertical tower PQ of height h from a point A is 45o
and from a point B, the angle of elevation is 60o, where B is a point at a distance d from the point A measured along
the line AB which makes an angle 30ο with AQ. Prove that
= h d ( 3 −1 ) (JEE ADVANCED)

=
Sol: By using sine rule in ∆ABP , we can prove that h d ( 3 − 1)
In the figure, PQ represents a tower of height h. The angle of elevation of the point P from the point A on the
ground is
 M a them a ti cs | 19.9

ο ο ο
⇒ ∠PAQ = 45ο ; ⇒ ∠PAB + ∠BAQ = 45 ; ⇒ ∠PAB + 30 = 45
30ο ]
∠PAB = 45ο − 30ο [Given ∠BAQ =
15ο 
∠PAB = ... (i)
45ο ; ⇒ ∠APB + ∠BPH = 45ο (given) ⇒ ∠APB + 30 =
(Given) ∠APH = 45ο ⇒ ∠APB =15ο  … (ii)
∠APB So BP=AB=d; ⇒ BP =
From (i) and (ii), we have ∠PAB = d  P

[Given AB=d]
45ο , ∠Q =90ο ⇒ ∠APQ = 45ο

o
Again ∠PAQ =

15
In ∆APQ , ∠PAQ =
∠APQ ⇒ AQ
= PQ
= h h
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
AP =PQ + AQ =h + h ⇒ AP =
2h ⇒ AP =2h
AB AP
Applying sine formula in ∆ABP , we get = H
ο
sin15 sin150ο d
B
2h  3 − 1 
d 2h
( )
o
45
⇒ = ⇒ d=   ⇒ d= 3 −1 h
o
30
sin15ο sin150ο 1  2 2  A Q
2 Figure 19.8

Illustration 19: A lamp post is situated at the middle point M of the side AC of a triangular plot ABC with BC=7m,
CA=8m and AB=9m. This lamp post subtends an angle tan−1 ( 3) at the point B. Determine the height of the lamp
post. (JEE ADVANCED)
PM
Sol: Here in ∆BMP ⇒ tan ∠PBM = , therefore by obtaining the value of BM we can find out the height of lamp
post. BM

Here, ABC is a triangular plot. A lamp post PM is situated at the mid-point M of the side AC. Here PM subtends an
angle tan−1 ( 3) at the point B. a=7m, b=8m and c=9m
a2 + b2 − c2 BC2 + CA2 − AB2
In ∆ABC , cos C = or cosC =
2ab 2BC.CA
72 + 82 − 92 49 + 64 − 81 32 2  … (i)
cosC
= = = =
2×7×8 112 112 7
A P
BC2 + CM2 − BM2 72 + 42 − BM2 65 − BM2
In ∆BCM, cosC = = ; cosC =
2BC.CM 2×7× 4 56 
2 65 − BM2 2
⇒ = ⇒ 65 − BM2 = × 56 = 16 [Using(i)] c=9 ) M
7 56 7 -1 (3
n b=8
ta
⇒ BM2 = 65 − 16 = 49 ⇒ BM =
7m =
PM PM
( ) PM
−1 C
In ∆BMP ⇒ tan ∠PBM = ⇒ tan tan = 3 3
⇒= ⇒ PM =
21m B c=7
BM BM 7
Figure 19.9
Hence, the height of the lamp post =21m.

8. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLE

8.1 Circumcircle
A circle passing through the vertices of a triangle is called a circumcircle of the triangle. The centre
of the circumcircle is called the circumcentre of the triangle and it is the point of intersection of
the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle. The radius of the circumcircle is called Figure 19.10
the circumradius of the triangle and is usually denoted by R and is given by the following
 1 9 . 1 0 | Solutions of Triangle

a b c abc a+b+c
=
formulae: R = = = Where ∆ is area of triangle and s = .
2sinA 2sinB 2sinC 4 ∆S 2

8.2 Incircle
The circle which can be inscribed within the triangle so as to touch all the three sides of the triangle is called
the incircle of the triangle. The centre of the incircle is called the incentre of the triangle and it is the point of
intersection of the internal bisectors of the angles of the triangle. The radius of the circle is called the inradius of
the triangle and is usually denoted by rin-Radius: The radius r of the inscribed circle of a triangle ABC is given by

( s − a) tan  A2  , r =
( s − b ) tan  B2  and =r ( s − c ) tan  C2 
∆      
(a) r= (ii) r =
s      
B   C  A C B   A 
asin   sin   bsin   sin   c sin   sin  
=(b) r = 2  2, r 2=
  2  and r 2  2 
A B  C
cos   cos   cos   Figure 19.11
2
  2
  2
A B  C
(c) r = 4R sin   .sin   .sin  
2 2 2

8.3 Centroid
In ∆ ABC , the mid-points of the sides BC, CA and AB are D,E and F respectively. The lines AD, BE and CF are called
medians of the triangle ABC. The points of concurrency of three medians is called the centroid. Generally it is
represented by G.
2 2 2 A
Also,
= AG = AD, BG BE and
= CG CF.
3 3 3 
Length of medians from Figure 9.12
F E
a2  b2 + a2 − c2 
⇒ AD2 = b2 + − ab  
4  2ab  G
 
2b2 + 2c2 − a2 1
⇒ AD2 = ⇒ AD
= 2b2 + 2c2 − a2
4 2 B C
D
1 1
Similarly, BE
= 2a2 + 2c2 − b2 and CF
= 2a2 + 2b2 − c2
2 2 Figure 19.12

8.4 Apollonius Theorem

(
AB2 + AC2= 2 AD2 + BD2 ) A
1 a  2
( ) ( )
Proof: 2 AD2 + BD2 = 2  2b2 + 2c2 − a2 +  = b2 + c2 = AB2 + AC2
 2 4  F
E

8.5 Orthocentre O

The point of intersection of perpendiculars drawn from the vertices on the

opposite sides of a triangle is called its orthocentre.Let the perpendicular
B D C
AD,BE and CF from the vertices A,B and C on the opposite sides BC,CA and
AB of ABC, respectively meet at O. Figure 19.13
Then O is the orthocentre of the ∆ ABC. The triangle DEF is called the pedal Triangle of the ∆ ABC.
 M a them a ti cs | 19.11

Centroid (G) of a triangle is situated on the line joining its circumcentre (O) and orthocenter (H) show that the line
divides joining its circumcentre (O) and orthocenter (H) in the ratio 1:2. A
Proof: Let AL be a perpendicular from A on BC, then H lies on AL. If OD is
perpendicular from O on BC, then D is mid-point of BC.
∴ AD is a median of ∆ ABC. Let the line HO meet the median AD at G. Now, we H G
shall prove that G is the centroid of the ∆ ABC. Obviously, ∆ OGD and ∆ HGA O
are similar triangles. 
B C
∴ OG GD OD R cos A 1
= = = =
L D
HG GA HA 2R cos A 2 Figure 19.14
1
∴ GD= GA ⇒ G ⇒ is centroid of ∆ ABC and OG : HG = 1 : 2
2
The distances of the orthocenter from the vertices and the sides: If O is the orthocenter and DEF the pedal triangle
of the ∆ ABC, where AD, BE, CF are the perpendiculars drawn from A,B,C on the opposite sides BC,CA,AB respectively,
then
(i) OA = 2R cosA, OB = 2R cosB and OC = 2R cosC
(ii) OD = 2R cosBcosC, OE=2R cosCcosA and OF =2R cosAcosB, where R is circumradius.
R
(iii) The circumradius of the pedal triangle =
2
(iv) The area of pedal triangle= 2∆ cos A cosBcosC .

(v) The sides of the pedal triangle are acos A, bcosB and ccosC and its angles are π − 2A, π − 2B and π − 2C.
(vi) Circumradii of the triangles OBC, OCA, OAB and ABC are equal.

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

•• The circumcentre, centroid and orthocentre are collinear.

•• In any right angled triangle, the orthocentre coincides with the vertex containing the right angle.
•• The mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is equidistant from the three vertices of
a triangle.
•• The mid-point of the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle is the circumcentreof the triangle.
•• The centroid of the triangle lies on the line joining the circumcentre to the orthocentre and divides
it in the ratio 1:2
Vaibhav Krishnan (JEE 2009,AIR 22)

9. PEDAL TRIANGLE
E
The triangle formed by the feet of the altitudes on the side of
F
a triangle is called a pedal triangle.
H
In an acute angled triangle, orthocentre of ∆ ABC is the
in-centre of the pedal triangle DEF.
Proof: Points F,H,D and B are concyclic
π
⇒ ∠FDH = ∠FBH = ∠ABE = −A
2 B D
C
Similarly, points D, H, E and C are concyclic Figure 19.15
 1 9 . 1 2 | Solutions of Triangle

π
⇒ ∠HDE = ∠HCE = ∠ACF = −A
2
Thus, ∠FDH = ∠HDE ⇒ AD is the angle bisector of ∠FDE . Hence, altitudes of ∆ABC are internal angle bisectors of
the pedal triangle. Thus, the orthocentre of ∆ ABC is the incentre of the pedal triangle DEF.

Sides of pedal triangle in acute angled triangle

In ∆AEF, AF
= b cos A, AE
= c cos A
By cosine rule, EF2 = AE2 + AF2 − 2AE × AFcos ( ∠EAF )

EF2 b2 cos2 A + c2 cos2 A − 2bccos3 A

⇒=

⇒
= (
EF2 cos2 A b2 + c2 − 2bccos
= )
A cos2 A a2 ( ) ⇒ EF =
acos A

Circumradius of pedal triangle

EF acos A acos A a
Let circumradius be R ' ⇒ 2R=' = = = = R ⇒ R' =
R/2
sin ( ∠ EDF ) sin ( π − 2A ) 2sinA cos A 2sinA

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

•• The circle circumscribing the pedal triangle of a given triangle bisects the sides of the given triangle
and also the lines joining the vertices of the given triangle to the orthocenter of the given triangle.
This circle is known as “Nine point circle”.
•• The circumcentre of the pedal triangle of a given triangle bisects the line joining the circumcentre of
the triangle to the orthocentre.
•• It also passes through midpoint of the line segment from each vertex to the orthocenter.
•• Orthocenter of triangle is in centre of pedal triangle.
Shrikant Nagori (JEE 2009, AIR 30)

10. ESCRIBED CIRCLES OF THE TRIANGLE

The circle which touches the sides BC and two sides AB and AC produced of a triangle ABC is called the escribed
circle opposite to the angle A. Its radius is denoted by r1 . Similarly, r2 andr3 denote the radii of the escribed circles
opposite to the angles B and C respectively. The centres of the escribed circles are called the ex-centres. The centre
of the escribed circle opposite to the angle A is the point of intersection of the external bisector of angles B and C.
The internal bisector also passes through the same point. This centre is generally denoted by I1 .

Formulae for r1 , r2 , r3
∆ ∆ ∆
In any ∆ABC , we have
= (i) r1
= ,r = ,r A
s −a 2 s −b 3 s −c 
A B C
(ii) r1 s =
= tan , r2 s=
tan , r3 s tan
2 2 2 B C
B C C A A B
cos cos cos cos cos cos
=(iii) r1 a= 2 2 , r b= 2 2, r c 2 2
2 3
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C A B C A B C
(iv) r1 4R
= sin co s cos , r2 4R
= cos sin cos , r3 4R cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Figure 19.16
 M a them a ti cs | 19.13

PLANCESS CONCEPTS

If I1 is the centre of the escribed circle opposite to the angle B, then

A B C A B C A B C
OI
= 1 R 1 + 8 sin .cos .cos ; OI
= 2 R 1 + 8 cos .sin .cos ; OI
= 3 R 1 + 8 cos .cos .sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Where R is circum radius
•• The Sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180o.
•• In a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of the products of the opposites is equal to the product of diagonals.
This is known as Ptolemy’s theorem.
•• If the sum of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral is equal, then and only then a circle can be inscribed
in the quadrilateral.

•• If l1 , l2 and l3 are the centres of escribed circles which are opposite to A,B and C respectively and l
is the centre of the incircle, then triangle ABC is the pedal triangle of the triangle l1l2l3 and l is the
orthocenter of triangle l1l2l3 .
•• The circle circumscribing the pedal triangle of a given triangle bisects the sides of the given triangle
and also the lines joining the vertices of the given triangle to the orthocenter of the given triangle.
This circle is also known as nine point circle.

•• The circumradius of a cyclic quadrilateral, R =

1 ( ac + bd)( ad + bc )( ab + cd)
4 ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )( s − d)
Nitish Jhawar (JEE 2009, AIR 7)

11. LENGTH OF ANGLE BISECTOR AND MEDIANS

If ma and βa are the lengths of a median and an angle bisector from the angle A then,
A
2bc cos
ma
=
1
2
2b2 + 2c2 − a2 and=
βa
b+c a b c
4
(
2 . Note that m2 + m2 + m2= 3 a2 + b2 + c2
)
Illustration 20: The ratio of the circumradius and in radius of an equilateral triangle is________ (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here, as we know, all angles of an equilateral triangle are 600 , therefore by using formula of Circumradius and
In radius we can obtain the required ratio.
r acos A + bcosB + ccosC
= 600= A= B= C
. In an equilateral triangle,=
(=
a + b + c ) cos600 1
R a+b+c (a + b + c) 2

Illustration 21: In a ∆ABC, a=18 and b=24cm and c=30cm then find the value of r1 , r2 and r3 . (JEE MAIN)
∆ ∆ ∆
Sol: As we know, r1 = , r2 = and r3 = . Hence, we can solve the above problem by using this formula.
s−a s −b s−c

a=18cm, b=24cm,c=30cm; ∴ 2s = a + b + c = 72cm ; s=36cm But,=

∆ s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )

∆ 216 ∆ 216 ∆ 216

∆ =216 sq. units Then,
= r1 = = 12cm =
; r2 = = 18cm =
; r3 = = 36cm
s − a 18 s − b 12 s−c 6
So, r1 , r2 , r3 are 12cm, 18cm, and 36cm respectively.
 1 9 . 1 4 | Solutions of Triangle

Illustration 22: If the exradii of a triangle are in HP, the corresponding sides are in ____ (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Here, in this problem, r1, r2 and r3 are in H.P.

1 1 1 s −a s −b s −c
⇒ , , are in A.P. ⇒ , , are in A.P. ⇒ s − a, s − b, s − c are in A.P.
r1 r2 r3 ∆ ∆ ∆

⇒ −a, − b, − c are in A.P. ⇒ a, b, c are in A.P.

b −c c −a a−b
Illustration 23: Find the value of + + . (JEE ADVANCED)
r1 r2 r3
∆ ∆ ∆
Sol: By using r1 = , r2 = and r3 = , we can solve the above problem.
s−a s −b s−c
(b − c ) + ( c − a ) + ( a − b ) =
(b − c )  s ∆− a  + ( c − a)  s −∆ b  + ( a − b )  s ∆− c 
     
r1 r2 r3      

=
( s − a)(b − c ) + ( s − b )( c − a) + ( s − c )( a − b )
∆

s (b − c + c − a + a − b ) − ab − ac + bc − ba + ac − bc  0
= = = 0
∆ ∆

B C
Illustration 24: Find the value of the r cot cot . (JEE ADVANCED)
2 2 

Sol: Here, in this problem, r=4RsinA/2.sinB/2.sinC/2. By putting this value, we can solve the above problem.

cosB / 2 cosC / 2
rcotB/2.cotC/2 = 4R sinA / 2sinB / 2.sinC / 2. . [as r=4RsinA/2.sinB/2.sinC/2]
sinB / 2 sinC / 2

= 4R.sinA/2.cosB/2.cosC/2= r1 {as,r1 = 4R sinA/ 2.cosB/ 2.cosC/ 2}

∴ rcotB / 2.cotC / 2 = r1

12. EXCENTRAL TRIANGLE I3 A I2

The triangle formed by joining the three excentres I1 ,I2 and I3 of ∆ABC is
called the excentral or excentric triangle. Note that: I
B
B C
(i) The incentre I of ∆ABC is the orthocentre of the excentral ∆I1 I2 I3 .
2
 B o
-
2 2 90
(ii) ∆ABC is the pedal triangle of the ∆I1 I2 I3 .

(iii) The sides of the excentral triangle are

I1
A B C
4R cos , 4R cos and 4R cos and
2 2 2 Figure 19.17
π A π B π C
Its angles are − , − and − . A
2 2 2 2 2 2

(iv) Distance between the incentre and excentre   

A B C
=I I1 4R
= sin ; I I2 4R
= sin ; I I3 4R sin . 
2 2 2 B C
m D n
Figure 19.18
 M a them a ti cs | 19.15

13. M-N THEOREM (RATIO FORMULA)

If D be a point on the side BC of a ∆ABC such that BD:DC = m:n and ∠ADC = α and ∠DAC =
θ , ∠BAC = β.
(a) (m + n) cot
= θ mcot α − ncot β (b) (m + n) cot
= θ ncotB − mcot C
BD m
Proof: (a) Given that, = and ∠ADC =
θ
DC n

( )
 ∠ADB = 180ο − θ ; ∠BAD = α and ∠DAC = β

( )
= 180ο − ( θ + β )
∴ ∠ABD = 180ο − α + 180ο − θ = θ − α and ∠ACD
BD AD
From ∆ABD, =  ... (i)
sin α sin ( θ − α )

DC AD DC AD
From ∆ADC, = or =  ... (ii)
sin β sin 180 − ( θ + β ) 
ο sin β sin ( θ + β )
 
BD sin β sin ( θ + β ) m sin β sin θ.cos β + cos θ.sin β
dividing (i) by (ii), then = or =
DCsin α sin ( θ − α ) n sin α sin θ.cos α − cos θ sin α

or msin θ sin β cos α − mcos θ.sin α.sin β= nsin α sin θ cos β + nsin α cos θ sin β
mcot α − mcot
= θ ncot β + ncot θ [dividing both sides by sin α sin β sin θ ] or m + n cot
= ( )
θ mcot α − ncot β
BD m
(b) Given = and ∠ADC = = 180ο − θ ; ∠ABD = Band ∠ACD = C
θ ; ∴ ∠ADB
DC n
( )
= 180ο − ( θ + C )
and ∠BAD = 180ο − 180ο − θ + B = θ − B ; ∴ ∠DAC
BD AD
and now from ∆ABD. =  … (i)
sin ( θ − B ) sinB

DC AD DC AD
and from ∆ADC, = or =  ... (ii)
sin 180 − ( θ + C )  sinC
ο sin ( θ + C ) sinC
 
BD sin ( θ + C ) sinC m sin θ cosC + cos θ sinC sinC
dividing (i) by (ii), then . = or, =
DC sin ( θ − B ) sinB n sin θ cosB − cos θ sinB sinB

or, msin θ cosCsinB + mcos θ sinCsinB =nsin θ sinCcosB − ncos θ sinBsinC

or, mcot C + mcot
= θ ncotB − ncot θ [dividing both sides by sinBsinCsinθ ]
or, (m + n) cot
= θ ncotB − mcot C

A B B C C A
Illustration 25: In a triangle ABC, if=
cot cot c,=
cot cot a and=
cot cot b,
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
then find the value of + + .  (JEE MAIN)
s −a s −b s −c

Sol: Here, by using trigonometric ratios of half angle, we can solve above problem.

A B s ( s − a) s (s − b) s 1 c 1 a 1 b
cot cot = × = c; c⇒
= =similarly =and =
2 2 ( s − b )( s − c ) ( s − c )( s − a) s−c s−c s s−a s s −b s

1 c 1 a 1 b
c⇒
= similarly
=Similarly =and =
s−c s s−a s s −b s
1 1 1 a + b + c 2s
So that + + = = = 2
s −a s −b s −c s s
 1 9 . 1 6 | Solutions of Triangle

14. SOLUTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRIANGLE

In a triangle, there are six elements- three sides and three angles. In plane geometry, we have done that if three
of the elements are given, at least one of which must be side, then the other three elements can be uniquely
determined. The procedure of determining unknown elements from the known elements is called solving a
triangle.

Solution of a right angled triangle

Case I: When two sides are given: Let the triangle be right angled at C. Then we can determine the remaining
elements as given in the table.

Given Required
a a
(i) a, b tanA = , B = 90ο − A, c =
b sinA

a
(ii) a, c sinA
= = B 90ο − A
, b ccosA,=
c

Case II: When a side and an acute angle are given: In this case, we can determine the remaining elements as given
in the table.

Given Required
a
(i) a, A B = 90ο − A, b = acot A, c =
sinA

(ii) c, A B = 90ο − A, a = csinA, b = ccos A

Solution of a triangle in general

Case I: When three sides a, b, c are given: In this case, the remaining elements are determined by using the

following formulae.=
∆ s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) , where 2s = a + b + c

2∆ 2∆ 2∆ A ∆ B  ∆ c ∆
sinA
= = , sinB = , sinC = . OR tan   = , tan   = , tan  
bc ac ab 2
  s ( )   ( )   ( − c)
s − a 2 s s − b 2 s s

Case II: When two sides a, b and the included angle C are given: In this case, we use the following formulae:

1  A −B  a −b  2C  A + B C asinC
∆ absinC, tan 
=  cot   ; 90ο − and c =
=
2  2  a + b  2 2 2 sinA

Case III: When one side a and two angle A and B are given: In this case, we use the following formulae to determine
the remaining elements.
asinC 1
A +B + C =180ο ; C= 180ο − ( A + B ) and c= ; ∆ = casinB
sinA 2
Case IV: When two sides a, b and the A opposite to one side is given: In this case, we use the following formulae.
b
sinB = sinA  ... (i)
a
asinC
C= 180ο − ( A + B ) , c =
sinA
From (i), the following possibilities will arise:
When A is an acute angle and a < bsinA .
 M a them a ti cs | 19.17

b
In this case, the relation sinB = sinA gives that sinB > 1 , which is impossible. Hence no triangle is possible.
a
When A is an acute angle and a = bsinA .
In this case, only one triangle is possible which is right angled at B.
When A is an acute angle and a > bsinA
bsinA
In this case, there are two values of B given by sinB = 180ο and side c can
say B1 and B2 such that B1 + B2 =
a
asinC
be obtained by using c =
sinA

Some useful results:

Solution of oblique triangles:
The triangle which are not right angled are known as oblique triangles. The problems on solving an oblique triangle
lie in the following categories:
(a) When three sides are given
(b) When two side and included angle are given
(c) When one side and two angles are given
(d) When all the three angles are given
(e) Ambiguous case in solution of triangle

When the three sides are given: When three sides a, b, c of a triangle are given, then to solve it, we have to find
its three angles A,B,C. For this cosine rule can be used.

When two sides and included angle are given: Problem based on finding the angles when any two sides and
the angles between them or any two sides and the difference of the opposite angles to them are given, Napier’s
analogy can be used.

When one side and two angles are given: Problems based on finding the sides and angles when any two and
side opposite to one of them are given, then sine rule can be used.

When all the three angles are given: In this case unique solution of triangle is not possible. In this case only the
ratio of the sides can be determined.
a b c
For this the formula, = = can be used
sinA sinB sinC
Ambiguous case in solution of triangles: When any two sides and one of the corresponding angles are given,
under certain additional conditions, two triangles are possible. The case when two triangles are possible is called
the ambiguous case.
In fact, when any two sides and the angle opposite to one of them are given either no triangle is possible or only
one triangle is possible or two triangles are possible.
Now, we will discuss the case when two triangles are possible.

=
Illustration 26: Solve the triangle, if b 72.95,
= c 82.31,
= B 42ο 47'  (JEE MAIN)
sinC sinB
Sol: By using sine rule i.e. = , we can solve the given triangle.
c b
sinC sinB c sinB 82.31 × sin 42ο 47'
(i) To find C = ⇒ sinC = = = 0.7663
c b b 72.95

C = sin−1 ( 0.7663) C1 = 50ο1'12'' and C2 = 129ο58' 48''

1 9 . 1 8 | Solutions of Triangle

I solution II solution

C = 50ο1'12" C = 129ο58' 48"

A= 180ο − (B + C ) A= 180ο − (B + C )

( )
180ο − 42ο 47'+ 50ο1'12" = 87ο11' 48"
A= =180ο − (42ο 47'+ 129ο58' 48") = 7ο14'12"
To find a To find a
a b a b
= =
sinA sinB sinA sinB

bsinA 72.95 × sin87ο11' 48" ο

bsinA 72.95 × sin7 14'12"
a= = a= =
sinB sin 42ο 27' sinB sin 42ο 27'

a = 107.95 a = 13.62

∴ Two solutions are

A
C1 = 50ο1'12" A1 = 87ο11' 48" a1 = 107.95 C2 = 129ο58' 48" A2 = 7ο14'12" a2 = 13.62
Geometrically, we draw the triangle with given data c,b and angle B. 
c b
AN ( csinB ) b (exactly). The triangle is a right angled triangle.
b
(a) If= =
AN ( csinB ) > b , the triangle cannot be drawn.
(b) If=
(c) =( csinB ) < b < c, two triangles are possible.
If AN B C1 N C2

(d) b>c, only one triangle is possible. Figure 19.19

Illustration 27: In a triangle ABC, b=16cm, c=25cm, and B = 33ο15' . Find the angle C. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Simply by using sine rule, we can find out the angle C.
sinC sinB
We know that, = [Here, b=16cm, c=25cm, B= 33ο15' ]
c b
c 25sin33ο15'
sinC
= =
b
sinB
16
= = 0.8567 ; C sin
= −1
( 0.8567 ) 58ο57' ; C1 = 58ο57' ; C2 =180ο − 58ο57' =121ο3'

PROBLEM SOLVING TACTICS

In the application of sine rule, the following points are to be noted. We are given one side a and some other side x
is to be found. Both these are in different triangles. We choose a common side y of these triangles. Then apply sine
rule for a and y in one triangle and for x and y for the other triangle and eliminate y. Thus, we will get the unknown
side x in terms of a.
A
In the adjoining figure, a is the known side of ∆ABC and x is the unknown side of a 
triangle ACD. The common side of these triangles is AC=y(say). Now, apply sine rule. B  y  D
a y x y
∴ = …(i) and = . … (ii) 
sin α sin β sin θ sin γ x
C
x sin α sin β asin β sin θ Figure 19.20
Dividing (ii) by (i) we get, = ; ∴x =
asin θ sin γ sin α sin γ
In case of generalized triangle problems, option verification is very useful using equilateral, isosceles or right angle
triangle properties. So, it is advised to remember properties of these triangles.
 M a them a ti cs | 19.19

FORMULAE SHEET

(a) In ∆ABC, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = π

(a)a) sin (B + C
= ) sin ( π − A=) sinA
b) cos ( C + A ) = cos ( π − B ) = − cos B
(b)

A+ B π C C
(c)c) sin = sin  − =
 cos
2 2 2 2
B+C π A A
d) cos
(d) = cos  − =  sin
2  2 2  2
a b c
(b) Sine rule: In, = = = 2R Where R = Circumradius and a, b, c are sides of triangle.
sinA sinB sinC

b2 + c2 − a2 a2 + c2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2
(c) Cosine rule: cos A = , cosB = , cosC =
2bc 2ac 2ab
(d) Trigonometric ratios of half – angles:

(a) sin
A
=
( s − b )( s − c ) where 2s = a + b + c; (b) cos
A
=
s ( s − a)
; (c) tan
A
=
( s − b )( s − c )
2 bc 2 bc 2 s ( s − a)

(e) Area of a triangle

= : ∆ 1 bcsinA
= =
1
casinB
1
absinC
2 2 2
a+b+c
(f) Heron’s formula : =
∆ s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) , where s = .
2
a b c abc
(g) Circumcircle Radius : =R = = =
2sinA 2sinB 2sinC 4 ∆

( s − a) tan  A2  , r =
( s − b ) tan  B2  and =r ( s − c ) tan  C2 
∆      
(h) Incircle Radius : (a) r = ; (b) r =
s      
(i) Radius of the Escribed Circle :

∆ ∆ ∆
(a)
= r1 = , r = ,r
s −a 2 s −b 3 s −c
A B C
(b) r1 s =
= tan , r2 s=
tan , r3 s tan
2 2 2
B C C A A B
cos cos cos cos cos cos
(c) r1 a=
= 2 2 , r b= 2 2, r c 2 2
2 3
A B C
cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C A B C A B C
=(d) r1 4R
= sin co s cos , r2 4R
= cos sin cos , r3 4R cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

(j) Length of Angle bisector and Median:

A
2bc cos
1 2 ⇒ m - length of median, β - length of bisector.
ma
= 2b2 + 2c2 − a2 and=
βa a a
2 b+c
1 9 . 2 0 | Solutions of Triangle

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards a c 1
= ⇒ sinC = 135ο or45ο
; ∴C =
sinA sinC 2
Example 1: In any triangle PQR, prove that,
(b + c ) cosP+ ( c + a) cosQ+ ( a + b ) cosR =a+b+c. C = 45ο ⇒ B = 105=
ο
;b
c sinB 100
=
sinC 2
( 3 +1 )
Sol: Simply, by using projection rule, we can solve the
above problem.
C = 135ο ⇒ B = 15
= ο
;b
c sinB 100
=
sinC 2
( 3 −1 )
given L.H.S. (b + c ) cosP + ( c + a) cosQ + ( a + b ) cosR
3
Example 4: In a triangle ABC, if a=3, b=4 and sinA = ,
= bcosP + ccosP + ccosQ + acosQ + acosR + bcosR 4
then find the value of ∠B .
= (bcosP + acosQ ) + ( ccosP + acosR ) + ( ccosQ + bcosR )
Sol: By using sine rule, we can obtain ∠B .
= c + b + a = R.H.S. [By using projection Rule]
sinA sinB b
We =
have, = or sinB sinA
Example 2: In any ∆ABC , a b a
Since, a=3, b=4, sinA=3/4,
a 2,b
If= = 3 + 1 and C = 60ο , solve the triangle.
4 3
B− A b − a C We get, sinB = × = 1
Sol: Here, by using tan = cot , 3 4
2 b+a 2 ∴ ∠B = 90ο
we can obtain the value of B – A.
Two sides and the included angle is given. Example 5: Find the smallest angle of the triangle
B− A b − a C 3 +1−2 3 −1 whose sides are 6 + 12, 48, 24 .
∴ tan = = cot = cot30ο 3
2 b+a 2 3 +1+ 2 3 +3
Sol: The smallest angles of a triangle are those angles
3 −1 tan60ο − tan 45ο whose opposite sides are small.
= =
3 + 1 1 + tan60ο tan 45ο Let a =
6 + 12, b =48, c =
24

(
tan 60ο − 45ο = )
tan15ο Here, c is the smallest side.
∠C is the smallest angle of the triangle.
B−A
∴ = 30ο ...(i)
15ο or B − A =
2 a2 + b2 − c2
Now cosC =
We know, A + B + C =180ο 2ab

⇒ A +B = 120ο ...(ii)
=
(=
48 + 24 3 ) + 48 − 24 3
Solving (i) and (ii), we get B = 75ο & A = 45ο 4 ( 3 + 3 ) .4 3 2

To find side c, we use sine rule So, ∠C =π / 6

a c 3
= = ; or c 2=
2 6
sinA sin60ο 2 Example 6: In a ∆ABC , tanA tanB tanC = 9 . For such
triangles, if tan2 A + tan2 B + tan2 C =
λ then find the
ο
=
Thus A 45
= , B 75ο and c = 6 . value of λ .

If A 30
Example 3: = = ο
, a 100,
= c 100 2, solve the Sol: Here, by solving
( tanA − tanB ) + ( tanB − tanC ) + ( tanC − tanA )
2 2 2
triangle >0,

Sol: Here, simply by using sine rule, we can obtain the we can obtain the value of λ .
required values.  tan2 A + tan2 B + tan2C− tanA tanB 
⇒ 2  > 0
 − tanB tanC − tanC tanA
 
 M a them a ti cs | 19.21

( )
⇒ 3 tan2 A + tan2 B + tan2C − ( tanA + tanB + tanC ) > 0
2 Example 9: In any ∆ , prove that,
1 A 1 B 1 C s2
⇒ 3λ − ( tanA ⋅ tanB ⋅ tanC ) > 0 ;
2
cos2 + cos2 + cos2 =
a 2 b 2 c 2 abc
⇒ 3λ − 81 > 0 ∴ λ > 27
Sol: Here, simply by using trigonometric ratios of half
angle formula we can prove the above example.
Example 7: In a triangle, a, b and A are given and c1 , c2 1 A 1 B 1 C
are two values of the third side c. Find the sum of the Given L.H.S.= cos2 + cos2 + cos2
a 2 b 2 c 2
areas of two triangles with side a, b, c1 and a, b, c2 .
b2 + c2 − a2 1  s ( s − a)  1  s ( s − b )  1  s ( s − c ) 
Sol: Here, as we know cos A = , therefore, = .  + .  + . 
2bc a  bc  b  ac  c  ab 
     
by solving this equation we can obtain c1 and c2 .
s
=
abc
(s − a + s − b + s − c)
cos A =
b2 + c2 − a2
(
or c2 − 2bcos A c + b2 − a2 =
0 ) ( ) s s
2bc =
abc
{
3s − ( a + b=
+ c) } abc
(3s − 2s )
Which is a quadratic in c, whose roots are c1 andc2 ;
∴ c1 + c2 = 2bcos A and c1 c2 = b2 − a2 s2
== =R.H.S
∴ Sum of areas of two ∆ ’s with sides a, b, c1 & a, b, c2 ; abc
Hence proved.
1 1
= bc1 sinA + bc2 sinA
2 2
Example 10: In any ∆ABC , prove that
1 1 1
= b ( c1 + c2 ) sinA = b.2bcos A.sinA = b2 sin2A 8∆2
2 2 2 acos A + bcosB + c cosC = .
abc
2 ab C Sol: By using sine rule, we can obtain values of a, b and
Example 8: In any triangle ABC, if tan θ = sin
a−b 2 c and then by substituting these values in L.H.S. we can
( a b ) sec θ
Prove that c =− prove this.
a b c
= = = k (let)[by sine rule]
2 ab C sinA sinB sinC
Sol: As given, tan θ = sin . Hence, by solving this
a−b 2 Then, a k=
= sinA, b k sinB=
and c k sinC
a2 + b2 − c2
and using formula cosC = , we can solve Now, acos A + bcosB + ccosC
2ab
the above problem. = k sinA cos A + k sinBcosB + k sinCcosC
k
2 ab C = sin2A + sin2B + sin2C 
 tan θ = sin 2
a−b 2
k
C =  4 sinA sinBsinC  = 2k sinA sinBsinC
∴ ( a − b ) tan2 θ = 4absin2
2
2
2
2∆ 2∆
( )
or ( a − b ) sec2 θ − 1 = 4absin2
2 C
2
= 2asinBsinC
= 2a. .
ac ab
1 1 2∆ 2∆
C [∴ ∆
= =absinC acsinB ∴ sinB
= , sinC
= ]
or ( a − b ) sec θ= ( a − b ) + 4absin
2 2 2 2
2 2 bc ab
2
8∆2
 C = = R.H.S
or ( a − b ) sec2 θ= a2 + b2 − 2ab.  1 − 2sin2 
2
abc
 2

or ( a − b ) sec2 θ= a2 + b2 − 2abcosC
2
Example 11: In a ∆ABC , ∠=c 90ο , =
a 3, =b 4 and D
30ο . Find the length
is a point on AB so that ∠BCD =
 a2 + b2 − c2  of CD.
 cosC = 
 2ab 
Sol: Here, by using Pythagoras theorem and sine rule,
or ( a − b ) sec2 θ =c2 ; ∴ c =
2
( a − b ) sec θ we can obtain the length of CD.
1 9 . 2 2 | Solutions of Triangle

o Sol: Here, simply by using sine rule i.e.

In 
in ABC, ∠
∆ABC, ∠CC =
= 90
90°
( cosP ) a = 2R sinP cosP and so on, we can prove the
∴ AB2 = 32 + 42 = 25 above problem.
AB = 32 + 42 = 5 In ∆PQR, consider, PX = a1 , QY = a2 , RZ = a3 .
and Area of triangle PQR
3 4
∴ sinA= ,sinB= 1 1 1 P
5 5 =∆= = aa1 = ba2 ca
in ∆BCD, by sine rule 2 2 2 3
Z Y
BD CD 2∆ 2∆ 2∆
= =a1 = , a2 = , a3
sin30 ο sinB a b c Q R
sin30ο 1 5 5 X
∴ BD = .CD = × CD = CD ... (i) cosP cosQ cosR
sinB 2 4 8  + +
a1 a2 a3
And in ∆ACD, by sine rule
AD CD =
( cos P ) a + ( cosQ ) b + ( cosR ) c
= 2∆ 2∆ 2∆
sin60ο sinA
sin60ο 3 5 5 3 1
⇒ AD = CD = × CD =CD ... (ii) = 2R sinP cosP + 2R sinQ cosQ + 2R sinR cosR 
sinA 2 3 6  2∆ 
5 5 3 [using sine rule]
But BD+AD=AB ∴ CD + CD =
5
8 6 R
sin2P + sin2Q + sin2R 
=
15 + 20 3 2∆ 
Or CD = 5
24 R
= 2sin (P + Q ) cos (P − Q ) + 2sinR cosR 

Or CD =
=
24 24 4 3 − 3 ( ) 2∆  

48 − 9 2R sinR
3+ 4 3 = cos (P − Q ) − cos (P + Q ) 
2∆  
CD
Hence=
24
39
(
4 3=
−3
8
13
)
4 3 −3 ( ) [using P+Q+R= π ]
R sinR 2R
= 2sinP sinQ = sinP sinQ sinR
∆ ∆
JEE Advanced/Boards 2R a b c
= . . [using sine rule]
B−C ∆ 2R 2R 2R
Example 1: Prove that, acos
2
= (b + C ) sin A2 . abc 1 R 1 abc
= × = = [by using R= ]
Sol: By using sine rule i.e. 4∆ R 2
R 2 R 4∆

b + c sinB + sinC
= , we can prove the above example. Example 3: If the sides of a triangle PQR are in A.P and
a sinA
if its greatest angle exceeds the least angle by α ,
b + c sinB + sinC
= , [using sine Rule] show that the sides are in the ratio 1 − x : 1 : 1 + x
a sinA
1 − cos α
B+C B−C A B−C B−C where x =
2sin cos 2cos cos cos 7 − cos α
= 2 2 = 2 2 ,= 2
A A A A A Sol: As the sides of a given P
2sin cos 2sin cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 triangle are in A.P., by
A B−C considering the sides to be
∴ (b + c ) sin = acos .
2 2 a, a + d, a+2d and using
a+2d
sine rule, we can obtain the a+d

Example 2: If a1 , a2 , a3 are the altitudes of the triangle required result.

PQR, Consider the sides to be a,
a + d, a + 2 d : d > 0 Q R
cosP cosQ cosR 1 a
prove that, + + = .
a1 a2 a3 R Let P be the least angle and R be the greatest angle.
 M a them a ti cs | 19.23

Example 4: Let O be a point inside a triangle PQR

Q 180ο − ( 2φ + α )
Let P = φ ; then R = φ + α and=
such that ∠OPQ = ∠OQR =∠ORP = θ . Show that
a a + 2d a+d cot
= θ cotP + cot Q + cotR .
= =
sin φ sin(φ + α ) sin( π − (2φ + α ))
2 (a+ d) Sol: Simply, by applying sine rule in ∆POQ and ∆QOR,
a a + 2d a+d
⇒ = = = …(i) we can prove the above problem.
sin φ sin(φ + α ) sin(2φ + α ) sin φ + sin (φ + α )
 P
From the first and the second term,

a a + 2d a sin φ P-
= = =
sin φ sin(φ + α ) a + 2d sin(φ + α )
O
By componendo and dividendo, we get,

-
a + a + 2d sin φ + sin(φ + α ) 

Q
= 
a + 2d − a − sin φ + sin(φ + α ) Q R-
R
 α α  α ∠POQ = π − Q and ∠QOR = π − R
2sin  φ +  .cos tan  φ + 
2(a+ d)  2 2 a+d  2
⇒ = ⇒ =
2d  α α d α Applying the sine rule in ∠POQ,
2cos  φ +  .sin tan
 2 2 2 c OQ csin θ
we have = ⇒ OQ =  … (i)
tan
α sin ( π − Q ) sin θ sinQ
d
⇒ = 2  ... (ii) Applying the sine rule in ∆QOR,
a+d  α
tan  φ +  OQ a asin (R − θ )
 2 we have = ⇒ OQ = ... (ii)
sin (R − θ ) sin ( π − R ) sinR
From the third and the fourth term of equation (i) we
get c sin θ asin (R − θ )
From (i) and (ii), we have =
a+d 2(a+ d) sin φ + sin (φ + α ) sinR sinR
= ⇒2=
sin(2 φ + α ) sin φ + sin (φ + α ) sin(2 φ + α ) Using Sine Rule we have
α α
cos
2  α
cos
2 2R sinR sin θ 2R sinP sin (R − θ )
⇒2= ⇒ cos  φ +  = =
 α  2  2 sinQ sinR
cos  φ + 
 2 sinR sin ( R − θ ) sin (P + Q )
= ; = cot θ − cotR
α sinP sinQ sinR sin θ sinP sinQ
4 − cos2
 α 2 
∴ tan  φ +  = … (iii) cot Q + cotP
= cot θ − cotR or cot
= θ cotP + cot Q + cotR .
 2  α
cos
2
From (ii) and (iii) we get, Example 5: In a triangle XYZ, the median XQ and the
perpendicular XP from the vertex X to the side QR
α α divide angle X into three equal parts. Show that
sin sin2
d 2 2
= =
a+d α α
4 − cos2 4 − cos2
2 2

1 − cos α
d 2 1 − cos α
=
⇒ = =x
a+d 1 + cos α 7 − cos α
4−
2
Required ratio is a : a + d : a + 2d
d d
1−
= :1:1+ 1 − x : 1 : 1+ x
=
a+d a+d
X X 3a2
cos sin2 = .
3 3 32bc
1 9 . 2 4 | Solutions of Triangle

Sol: By using the cosine rule in ∆ XYQ and ∆PQR and Area of triangle XYZ = s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c )
then subtracting them, we’ll get the result.
X a
As given, ∠YXQ =
∠QXP =
∠PXZ = ; YQ
= ZQ
= = ( α + β + γ ) αβγ
3 2
a
QP
= PZ
=
4
[Since ∆XQP and ∆XPZ are congruent] ∆ ( α + β + γ ) αβγ
∴r = =
s α+β+ γ
XQ = XZ =b ∴ In ∆ XYQ
a2 αβγ
c2 + b2 − 2 2 2 ⇒ r2 = .
cos
X
= 4 = 4c + 4b − a ...(i)
α+β+ γ
3 2bc 8bc 
Example 7: In any triangle ABC, if
c2 + b2 − a2
In∆PQR, we have cosP = a b c
2bc cos θ
= =, cos φ =, cos ϕ
b+c a+c a+b
X X c2 + b2 − a2
4 cos3 − 3cos = …(ii) where θ, φ, ϕ lie between 0 and π ,
3 3 2bc
 θ φ ϕ A B C
prove that tan tan tan = tan tan tan .
Subtracting (ii) from (i) we get 2 2 2 2 2 2
X X X Sol: Here, by using formula
cos − 4 cos3 + 3cos
3 3 3 θ
1 − tan2
2 a
4c2 + 4b2 − a2 c2 + b2 − a2 cos θ = and = cos θ ,we can
= − 2 θ b +c
8bc 2bc 1 + tan
2
X 3a2 solve the above problem.
2 X
4 cos  1 − cos = ; θ
3 3  8bc 1 − tan2
a 2
= cos= θ
X 2X 3a2 b+c
1 + tan2 θ
cos sin = .
3 3 32bc 2
By componendo and dividendo,
Example 6: If α , β and γ are the distances of the 2 a+b+c θ 2s − 2a s − a
= ; ⇒ tan2 = =
vertices of a triangle XYZ from nearest points of contact 2 θ b + c − a 2 2s s
2 tan
of the incircle with sides of ∆ XYZ , 2
φ s −b ϕ s−c
αβγ Similarly, tan2 = and tan2 =
prove that r 2 = . 2 s 2 s
α+β+ γ
X ∴ tan
= 2 θ φ
tan2 tan2
ϕ (=
s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) ∆2
2 2 2 s3 s4
 
θ φ ϕ ∆
∴ tan tan tan = ...(i)
2 2 2 s2
L K
A B C
O Now tan tan tan
2 2 2
 

=
( s − b )( s − c )( s − c )( s − a) ( s − a)( s − b )
Y  J  Z s ( s − a) s(s − b) s (s − c)

Sol: Here, as we know, ∆ = s ( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) and

= =
( s − a)( s − b )( s − c ) ∆ ...(ii)
r= .
∆ s3 s2
s
From (i) and (ii)
Given XL = XK = α ,YL = YJ = β ,ZJ = ZK = γ
θ φ ϕ A B C
2s =XY + YZ + ZX =c + a + b = 2 α + 2 β + 2 γ tan tan tan = tan tan tan .
2 2 2 2 2 2
 M a them a ti cs | 19.25

Example 8: The bisector of angle X of triangle XYZ Sol: Here, area of cyclic quadrilateral = area of triangle
meets YZ at A. If XA=  then, prove that ABC + area of triangle BCD. Therefore by using cosine
X
rule in triangle ABD and BCD, we will be solving the
above example.
x x
2 2
Given AB=1, BD= 3
OA=OB=OD=OC=1=R (O being center of the circle),
in triangle ABD,
BD 3
=2R ⇒ =sinA ( Given circle is circumcircle
sinA 2
Z
Y A π 2π
of ∆ABD ) ⇒ A =;Hence C =
3 3
( ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral)
2bc X a 12
(i)  = cos (ii) = 1−
b+c 2 b+c bc Using cosine rule in triangle ABD,

( AB ) + ( AD ) − (BD )
2 2 2
Sol: (i) Simply by using area of triangle formula, we can
cos A =
prove the above equation. 2AB.AD

1 1 + ( AD ) − 3
2
(ii) Here, by using cosine rule, we can prove it.
= or AD2 − AD − 2 =0
(i) Area of ∆XYZ =Area of ∆XYA+ Area of ∆XAZ 2 2AD
1 1 X 1 X
= bcsinX c sin + b sin or ( AD − 2 )( AD + 1 ) =
0 ; ∴ AD =
2
2 2 2 2 2
X 2bc X Using cosine rule in triangle BCD, we have
2bc cos=  (b + c ) ; ⇒  = cos
2 b+c 2
(BC ) + ( CD ) − 3
2 2
(BC ) + ( CD ) − (BD )
2 2 2
1
cosC = ⇒ − =
YA XY c YA ZA YA + ZA a 2 (BC ) . ( CD ) 2 2 (BC ) . ( CD )
(ii) = = or = = =
AZ XZ b c b c+b c+b
or (BC ) + ( CD ) + (BC )( CD ) − 3 =
2 2
0 ... (i)
YA a 
⇒ =  … (i)
c c+b Area of cyclic quadrilateral = Area of triangle ABC +
X c +  − YA 2 2 2 Area of triangle BCD
In triangle XYA, cos =
2 2c 3 3 1 π 1 2π
= .1.2sin + .BC.CD sin
X 4 2 3 2 3
⇒ −2c  cos + c2 + 2 =YA2
2 3=2+BC.CD or BC.CD=1  … (ii)
X
Substituting value of cos from (i) we get Solving (i) and (ii), we get BC=CD=1
2
Hence length of sides of cyclic quadrilateral are
2
 (b + c ) 2 c2b − 2c 2
QA =−2c +c + = AD=2, BC=CD=1.
2bc b
( QA )
2 2
 a  Example 10: The sides of a triangle are in A.P. and
Equation (A) gives = 
c2 c+b 3
its area is th of an equilateral triangle of the same
2 5
c2b − 2c  a  2 a perimeter. Prove that the sides are in the ratio 3:5:7.
or =  or 1− = .
bc2 c+b bc c + b
Sol: Here, sides of triangle are in A.P. Hence, by
3 3 considering the sides to be a – d, a and a + d and
Example 9: A cyclic quadrilateral ABCD of area
4 then by using area of triangle formula and the given
is inscribed in a unit circle. If one of its sides AB=1 and conditions, we can prove the given ratios.

∠A is acute and the diagonal BD = 3 ,find the lengths Let the sides be a – d, a and a + d.
of the other sides.
1 9 . 2 6 | Solutions of Triangle

2s=sum of the sides = 3a Now, ∆2 = Area of the equilateral triangle

3a 3 3
= × ( side ) = a2 
2
∴s = … (ii)
2 4 4
Now, ∆1 =Area of the triangle whose sides are in A.P. ∆1 3 a2 − 4d2 3
From question,
= = = or =
3a  3a   3a   3a  ∆2 5 a 5
=  − a + d  − a  − a − d
2 2  2  2  or 25a2 − 100d2 =
9a2 or 16a2 = 100d2
a 5
3a 3a 2 ⇒ =
=
4
( a + 2d)( a − 2d) or
= ∆1
4
a − 4d2  ... (i) d 2
Ratio of the sides= a – d : a + d
Perimeter of equilateral triangle = Perimeter of the
a a a 5 5 5
given triangle = −1 : : +1 = −1 : : +1
d d d 2 2 2
∴ 3 × One side of equilateral triangle = 3a 3 5 7
= : : =3:5:7
⇒ Side of the equilateral triangle = a 2 2 2

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1 Q.10. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:7.

Find the ratio of its sides.
Q.1. If a=13, b=14, c=15, find r and R.
Q.11. In a triangle ABC, if 3a = b + c, prove that:
Q.2. In an equilateral triangle, find the relation between B C
the in radius and the circum radius. cot cot = 2.
2 2
a2 − b2 sin ( A − B ) Q.12. D is the mid point of BC in a triangle ABC. If AD is
Q.3. If in a triangle = , prove that it is
sin ( A + B )
2
a +b 2

perpendicular to AC, prove that cos A cosC =

(
2 c2 − a2 ).
either a right angled or an isosceles triangle.
3ac

4 sin2 C / 2
Q.4. If ∆ABC is scalene and cos A + cosB = Q.13. In ∆ABC , prove that:
then prove that A, B, C are in A.P. cos A cosB cosC
+ +
bcosC + ccosB ccos A + acosC acosB + bcos A
Q.5. Solve the triangle, if a = 2, b = 6,=
c 3 −1.
a2 + b2 + c2
= .
3 2abc
Q.6. If a=5, b=7 and sinA = , solve the triangle, if
possible. 4
Q. 14. Prove that
Q.7. Two sides of the triangle are of length 6 and (b + c − a){cot (B / 2) + cot ( C/ 2)} =2acot ( A / 2) .
4 and the angle opposite to smaller side is 30ο . How
many such triangles are possible? Find the length of Q.15. If p1 , p2 , p3 be the altitudes of a triangle ABC from
their third side and area. the vertices A, B, C respectively and ∆ be the area of
C
π
Q.8. If in a triangle ABC, ∠A = and AD is a median 2abcos2
the triangle ABC, prove that 1 1 1 2
3 + − =
p1 p2 p3 ∆ ( a + b + c )
then prove that 4AD2 = b2 + bc + c2 .

Q.16. The sides of a triangle are three consecutive

Q.9. If A=30o, b=8 and a=6, find c.
natural numbers and its largest angle is twice the
smallest one. Determine the sides of the triangle.
 M a them a ti cs | 19.27

Q.17. Prove that Q.28. Let ABC be a triangle having O and I as its
circumcentre and incentre respectively if R and r be the
asin (B − C ) + bsin ( C − A ) + csin ( A − B ) =
0. circumradius and the inradius respectively, then prove
that ( IO )= R 2 − 2Rr. Further show that the triangle
2

Q.18. With usual notations, if in a triangle, BIO is a right angled if and only if b is the A.M. of a
and c.
b+c c+a a+b
ABC = = then prove that
11 12 13 Q.29. If α , β and γ are the altitudes of the ∆ABC from
cos A cosB cosC the vertices A, B and C respectively then
= = .
7 19 25 1 1 1 1
show that
2
+
2
+=
2 ∆
( cot A + cotB + cot C )
α β γ
Q.19. In a triangle ABC, prove that
a b c
+ +
cosBcosC cosCcos A cos A cosB
Exercise 2
=2a tan B.tan C.sec A Single Correct Choice Type

Q.20. Prove that the radius of the circle passing through Q.1. If A is the area and 2s the sum of the 3 sides of a
the centre of the inscribed circle of the triangle ABC triangle, then
a A s2 s2
and through the end points of the base BC is sec . (A) A ≤ (B) A =
2 2 3 3 2
Q.21. In a triangle ABC, Prove that s2
(C) A > (D) None
A B C 3
(b + c − a) tan 2
= ( c + a − b ) tan 2
= ( a + b − c ) tan 2
Q.22. 3 circles of radius 3, 4, 5 touches externally. Find Q.2. In a triangle ABC, CH and CM are the lengths of
the distance from point of contact to intersection point the altitude and median to the base AB. If a=10, b=26,
of tangents. c=32 then length (HM) is
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) None
Q.23. Perpendiculars are drawn from the vertices A, B,
C of an acute angled triangle on the opposite sides, Q.3.In a triangle ABC, CD is the bisector of the angle C.
and produced to meet the circumcircle of the triangle.
C 1 1 1 
If these produced parts be α , β, γ respectively. If cos has the value and l ( CD ) = 6 , then  + 
2 3 a b
a a a has the value equal to
Show that + =
+ 2 ( tanA + tanB + tanC ) .
α β γ 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) None
2 2 2 2 9 12 6
Q.24. If in a triangle 8R = a + b + c , prove that the
triangle is right angled.
Q.4. With usual notations in a triangle ABC,
Q.25. If ∆ is the area of a triangle with side length a, b, ( I I1 ) . ( I I2 ) . ( I I3 ) has the value equal to
1
c then show that ∆ ≤
4
( a + b + c ) abc. (A) R 2 r (B) 2R 2 r (C) 4R 2 r (D) 16R 2 r

Q.26. In any triangle ABC, prove that

Q.5.With usual notation in a ∆ABC
A B C A B C
cot + cot + cot =cot cot cot 1 1 1 1 1 1 KR 3
2 2 2 2 2 2  +   +   +  =
 r1 r2   r2 r3   r3 r1  a b c
2 2 2

Q.27. In a triangle of base a, the ratio of the other two

Where K has the value equal to
sides is r(<1). Show that the altitude of the triangle is
a (A)1 (B)16 (C) 64 (D) 128
less than or equal to .
1 − r2
1 9 . 2 8 | Solutions of Triangle

Q.6. If the incircle of the ∆ABC touches its sides Q.2. If in a triangle PQR, sinP,sinQ,sinR are in AP, then
respectively at L, M and N and if x,y,z be the circumradii  (1998)
of the triangles MIN, NIL and LIM where I is the incentre
(A) The altitudes are in AP.
then the product xyz is equal to
1 1 (B) The altitudes are in HP.
(A) Rr 2 (B) rR 2 (C) Rr 2 (D) rR 2
2 2 (C) The medians are in GP.
Q.7. The product of the distances of the incentre from (D) The medians are in AP.
the angular points of a ∆ABC is
P  Q
(A) 4R 2r (B) 4Rr 2 (C)
( abc ) R (D)
( abc ) s π
Q.3. In a triangle PQR, ∠R = , if tan   and tan  
2 2
  2
s R
are the roots of the equation ax + bx + c= 0 ( a ≠ 0 ) ,
2

Q.8. If x,y and z are the distances of incentre from the then  (1999)
abc
vertices of the triangle ABC respectively then is
equal to xyz (A) a + b = c (B) b + c = a

A A (C) a + c = b (D) b = c
(A) ∏ tan (B) ∑ cot
2 2
1
A
(C) ∑ tan (D) ∑ sin
A Q.4. In a triangle ABC, 2acsin
2
( A − B + C) = (2000)

2 2
(A) a2 + b2 − c2 (B) c2 + a2 − b2
Q.9. For each natural number k, let Ck denotes the (C) b2 − c2 − a2 (D) c2 − a2 − b2
circle with radius k centimeters and centre at the
origin. On the circle Ck , a particle moves k centimeters Q.5. In a triangle ABC, let ∠C =π / 2 , if r is the inradius
in the counter-clockwise direction. After completing and R is the circumradius of the triangle, then 2(r + R)
its motion on Ck , the particle moves to Ck +1 in the is equal to (2000)
radial direction. The motion of the particle continues
in this manner. The particle starts at (1,0). If the particle (A) a + b (B) b + c
crosses the positive direction of the x-axis for the first (C) c + a (D) a + b + c
time on the circle Cn then n equal to
(A)6 (B)7 (C)8 (D)9 Q.6. The number of integral points (integral point
means both the coordinates should be integers) exactly
2cos A cosB 2cosC a b in the interior of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 21)
Q.10. If in a triangle ABC + + = +
a b c bc ca and (21, 0) is (2003)
then the value of the angle is
(A) 133 (B) 190 (C) 233 (D) 105
π π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 4 3 2 Q.7. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 2 ,
then the angles of the triangle are in the ratio  (2004)
(A) 1:3:5 (B) 2:3:2 (C) 3:2:1 (D) 1:2:3
Previous Years’ Questions
π π Q.8. There exists a triangle ABC satisfying the conditions
Q.1. In a triangle ABC, =
∠B and= ∠C . Let D
3 4  (1986)
sin ∠BAD π π
divides BC internally in the ratio 1:3, then (A) bsinA
= a, A < (B) bsinA > a, A >
sin ∠CAD 2 2
is equal to (1995) π π
(C) bsinA > a, A < (D) bsinA < a, A < , b>a
1 1 2 2
1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 3 3
 M a them a ti cs | 19.29

Q.9. A polygon of nine sides, each of length 2, is Q.18. Prove that a triangle ABC is equilateral if and only
inscribed in a circle. The radius of the circle is ….. if tanA + tanB + tanC =
3 3. (1998)
 (1987)
Q.19. In is the area of n sided regular polygon inscribed
Q.10. The sides of a triangle inscribed in a given in a circle of unit radius and On be the area of the
circle subtend angles α , β and γ at the centre. polygon circumscribing the given circle,
The minimum value of the arithmetic mean of  2 
 π  π  π On   21n  
cos  α +  , cos  β +  and cos  γ +  is equal to …… prove that I= 1 + 1 −    (2003)
 2  2  2
n
2   n  
 
 (1987)
Q.20. Circle with radii 3,4 and 5 touch each other
Q.11. If the angles of a triangle are 30ο and 45ο and externally, if P is the point of intersection of tangents to

the included side is ( )

3 + 1 cm, then the area of the
these circles at their points of contact. Find the distance
of P from the point of contact.  (2005)
triangle is…….  (1988)
Q.21 Consider a ∆ABC and let a, b and c denote
Q.12. If in a triangle ABC the lengths of the sides opposite to vertices A,B,C
respectively. Suppose a = 6, b = 10 and the area of the
2cos A cosB 2cosC a b
+ + = + then the value of the triangles is 15 3 . If ∠ACB is obtuse and if r denotes
a b c bc ca
angle A is …….. degree.  (1993) the radius of the incircle of the triangle, then r 2 is equal
to……… (2010)

Q.13. If p1 , p2 , p3 are the perpendiculars from the Q.22 In a ∆ PQR , if 3 sin P + 4 cos Q = 6 and 4 sin Q +
vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides, 3 cos P = 1, then the angle R is equal to  (2012)
a2b2c2 6π π π 3π
prove that p1p2p3 = (1978) (A) (B) (C) (D)
8R 3  6 6 4 4

Q.14. If p1 , p2 , p3 are the altitudes of a triangle from Q.23 ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are
the vertices A, B, C and ∆ the area of the triangle, then parallel and BC ⊥ CD. If ∠ ABD = θ , BC = p and CD =
q then AB is equal to :  (2013)
1 1 1 2ab C
prove that + − = cos2 (1978)
p1 p2 p3 ( a + b + c ) ∆ 2 (p2 + q2 )sin θ p2 + q2 cos θ
 (A) (B)
p cos θ + qsin θ p cos θ + qsin θ

Q.15. If in a triangle ABC, a= 1 + 3 cm, b=2cm and p2 + q2 (p2 + q2 )sin θ

(C) (D)
∠C = 60ο , then find the other two angles and the third p2 cos θ + q2 sin θ (pcos θ + q sin θ)2
side.  (1978)
Q.24 If the angles of elevation of the top of lower from
Q.16. The ex-radii r1 , r2 , r3 of ∆ ABC are in HP, show three collinear points A, B and C, on a line leading to
that its sides a,b,c are in AP. (1983) the foot of the lower, are 30o, 45o and 60o respectively,
then the ratio, AB : BC, is  (2015)
Q.17. The sides of a triangle are three consecutive (A) 3 :1 (B) 3: 2
natural numbers and its largest angle is twice the
smallest one. Determine the sides of the triangle. (C) 1 : 3 (D) 2 : 3
 (1991)
 1 9 . 3 0 | Solutions of Triangle

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 2: ( )
3 + 2 . Find the acute angles B & C. Also find

Q.1 Given a triangle ABC with AB=2 and AC=1. Internal the ratio of the two sides of the triangle other than the
Bisector of ∠BAC intersects BC at D. If AD=BD and ∆ hypotenuse.
is the area of triangle ABC, then find the value of 12 ∆2 .
Q.12 If a, b, c are the sides of triangle ABC satisfying
Q.2 In a triangle ABC, let angles A, B, C are in G.P. with  c
log  1 +  + loga − logb − log2 .
common ratio 2. If circumradius of triangle ABC is 2,  a

(
then find the value of b−1 + c−1 − a−1 ) ( ) (
Also a 1 − x2 + 2bx + c 1 + x2 =)
0 has two equal roots.

Find the value of sinA + sinB + sinC .

Q.3 In a triangle ABC, BD is a median.

3 π
If l (BD )
= .l ( AB ) and=
∠ DBC . Q.13 Given a triangle ABC with sides a= 7, b = 8 and c =
4 2
( ∑ sinA ) /  ∑ cot A2 
Determine the ∠ ABC .  
5. If the value of the expression
 
P p
Q.4 In an isosceles ∆ ABC, if the altitudes intersect on can be expressed in the form where p, q ∈ N and
the inscribed circle then find the secant of the vertical q q
angle ‘A’. is in its lowest form find the value of (p + q).

Q.5 ABCD is a rhombus. The circumradii of ∆ ABD and Q.14 If r1 =r + r2 + r3 , then prove that the triangle is a
∆ ACD are 12.5 and 25 respectively. Find the area of right angled triangle.
rhombus.
Q.15 If two times the square of the diameter of the
Q.6 In a triangle ABC if a2 + b2 =
101c2 then find the circumcircle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
cotC squares of its sides then prove that the triangle is right
value of . angled.
cot A + cotB
Q.7 The two adjacent sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are Q.16 In acute angled triangle ABC, a semicircle with
2 & 5 and the angle between them is 60ο . If the area of radius ra is constructed with its base on BC and tangent
the quadrilateral is 4 3 , find the remaining two sides. to the other two sides rb and rc are defined similarly. If
r is the radius of the incircle of triangle ABC, then prove
Q.8 If in a ∆ABC , a = 6, b = 3 and cos(A-B) = 4/5 then 2 1 1 1
find its area. that, = + +
r ra rb rc

Q.9 The triangle ABC (with side lengths a,b,c as usual) Q.17 In a right angled triangle ABC, ∠C = 90ο and sides
satisfies loga2 = logb2 + logc2 − log ( 2bc cos A ) . What AC, AB are roots of the equation 2 + y 2 = 3y. If the
internal angle bisector of angle A intersects BC at D
can you say about this triangle? such that BD : CD= x2 + 1 : 2x , then find the sum of all
A
Q.10 The sides of a triangle are consecutive integers n, possible values of tan .
2
n+1 and n+2 and the largest angle is twice the smallest
angle. Find n. Q.18 Given a right triangle with ∠ A = 90ο . Let M be
the mid-point of BC. If the inradii of the triangle ABM
Q.11 The triangle ABC is a right angled triangle, r
and ACM are r1 and r2 then find the range of 1 .
right angle at A. The ratio of the radius of the circle r2
circumscribed to the radius of the circle escribed to
the radius of the circle escribed to the hypotenuse is, Q.19 If the length of the perpendiculars from the
vertices of a triangle A,B,C on the opposite sides are
 M a them a ti cs | 19.31

p1, p2, p3, then prove that

1
+
1
+
1 1 1 1 1
= = + + . abc R3 4∆ ∆
(A) (B) (C) (D)
p1 p2 p3 r r1 r2 r3 2R 2 abc R 2
4R 2

Q.20 Tangents parallel to the three sides of ∆ABC are Q.7 In a ∆ ABC, a semicircle is inscribed, whose diameter
drawn to its incircle. If x, y, z be the lengths of the parts lies on the side C. Then the radius of the semicircle is
of the tangents within the triangle (with respect to the
2∆ 2∆ 2∆ c
x y z (A) (B) (C) (D)
sides a, b, c) then find the value of + + . a+b a+b−c s 2
a b c
Where ∆ is the area of the triangle ABC.
Exercise 2
cos A cosB cosC
Q.8 If in a ∆ ABC, = = then the
Single Correct Choice Type triangle is a b c

(A) Right angled (B) Isosceles

Q.1 If the median of a triangle ABC through A is
tanA (C) Equilateral (D) Obtuse
perpendicular to AB then has the value equal to
tanB
Q.9 If cosA + cosB + 2cosC = 2 then the sides of the ∆
1 1
(A) (B) 2 (C) −2 (D) − ABC are in
2 2
(A) A.P. (B)G.P. (C) H.P. (D)None
acosA + bcosB + ccosC
Q.2 In a ∆ABC , the value of is
a+b+c Q.10 The product of the arithmetic mean of the lengths
equal to
of the sides of a triangle and harmonic mean of the
r R R 2r lengths of the altitudes of the triangle is equal to:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
R 2r r R
(A) ∆ (B) 2 ∆ (C) 3 ∆ (D) 4 ∆
Q.3 With usual notation in a ∆ABC , if R=K [where ∆ is the area of the triangle ABC]
(r1 + r2 )(r2 + r3 )(r3 + r1 ) where k has the value equal to
r1r2 + r2r3 + r3r1 Q.11 If in a triangle sinA : sinC = sin(A−B) : sin(B−C) then

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C)1/4 (D)4 a2 : b2 : c2

(A) Are in A.P. (B) Are in G.P.
Q.4 In a right angled triangle the hypotenuse is 2 2 (C) Are in H.P. (D) None of these
times the perpendicular drawn from the opposite
vertex. Then the other acute angles of the triangle are Q.12 The sines of two angles of a triangle are equal to
π π π 3π π π π 3π 5 99
(A) & (B) & (C) & (D) & & . The cosine of the third angle is
3 6 8 8 4 4 5 10 13 101
(A) 245/1313 (B) 255/1313
Q.5 Let f, g, h be the lengths of the perpendiculars from
the circumcentre of the ∆ABC on the sides a, b and c (C) 735/1313 (D) 765/1313
respectively.
a b c abc Multiple correct choice type
If + + =λ then the value of λ is
f g h fgh
Q.13 If the side of a right angled triangle are
(A)1/4 (B)1/2 (C)1 (D)2
{cos2α + cos2β + 2cos ( α + β)} and
Q.6 If ‘O’ is the circumcentre of the ∆ABC and
{sin2α + sin2β + 2sin ( α + β)} , then the length of the
R1 ,R 2 andR3 are the radii of the circumcircles of triangle hypotenuse is
a b c
OBC, OCA and OAB respectively then + + has (A) 2 1 + cos ( α − β )  (B) 2 1 + cos ( α + β ) 
R1 R 2 R 3
the value equal to α −β α+β
(C) 4 cos2 (D) 4 sin2
2 2
1 9 . 3 2 | Solutions of Triangle

Match the Columns Q.3 Orthocentre of triangle with vertices (0,0), (3,4) and
(4,0) is  (2003)
Q.14 Let P be an interior point of ∆ABC . Match the
 5
correct entries for the ratios of the Area of ∆PBC : Area (A)  3,  (B) ( 3,12 )
of ∆ PCA: Area of ∆ PAB depending on the position of  4
the point P w.r.t. ∆ ABC.  3
(C)  3,  (D) ( 3,9 )
Column I Column II  4
(A) If P is centroid (G) (p) tanA:tanB:tanC
(B) If P is incentre (I) (q) sin2A:sin2B:sin2C Q.4 In a ∆ ABC, among the following which one is true?
(C) If P is orthocenter (r) sinA:sinB:sinC
 (2005)
(H)
A B + C 
(D) If P is circumcentre (s) 1:1:1 (A) (b + c ) cos asin 
= 
2  2 
(S)
(t) cosA:cosB:cosC B + C  A
(B) (b + c ) cos  =asin
 2  2
Q.15 In a ∆ ABC, BC=2, CA= 1 + 3 and ∠ C = 60ο . Feet
of the perpendicular from A, B and C on the opposite B − C  A
sides BC, CA and AB are D, E and F respectively and are (C) (b − c ) cos  =acos  
 2  2
concurrent at P. Now match the entries of Column I with
respective entries of Column II.
A B − C 
(D) (b − c ) cos   =
asin  
Column I Column II 2
   2 
(A) Radius of the circle (p)
6− 2 Q.5 In radius of a circle which is inscribed in a isosceles
circumscribing the
∆DEF , is 4 triangle one of whose angle is 2π / 3, is 3 , then area
of triangle is  (2006)
(B) (q)
Area of the ∆ 1
DEF, is 2 (A) 4 3 (B) 12 − 7 3

(C) Radius of the circle (r) (C) 12 + 7 3 (D)None of these

3
inscribed in the ∆
DEF, is 4 Q.6 If the angles A,B and C of a triangle are in an
arithmetic progression and if a,b and c denote the
(s)
6+ 2 lengths of the sides opposite to A,B and C respectively,
4 a c
then the value of the expression sin2C + sin2A is
c a
 (2010)
Previous Years’ Questions 1 3
(A) (B) (C)1 (D) 3
2 2
Q.1 Which of the following pieces of data does not
uniquely determine an acute-angled triangle ABC (R Paragraph (Q.7 to Q.9):
being the radius of the circumcircle)?  (2002)
Read the following Paragraph and answer the questions.
(A) a, sinA, sinB (B) a, b, c
Consider the circle x2 + y 2 = 9 and the parabola
(C) a, sinB, R (D) a, sinA, R y 2 = 8x . They intersect at P and Q in the first and the
fourth quadrants, respectively. Tangents to the circle at
Q.2 If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4:1:1, then P and Q intersect the x-axis at R and tangents to the
the ratio of the longest side to the perimeter is (2003) parabola at P and Q intersect the x-axis at S. (2007)

(
(a) 3 : 2 + 3 ) (b)1:3: Q.7 The ratio of the areas of the triangle PQS and PQR
is
(c) 1 : 2 + 3 (d)2:3
(A) 1 : 2 (B)1:2 (C)1:4 (D)1:8
 M a them a ti cs | 19.33

Q.8 The radius of the circumcircle of the triangle PRS is Q.16 For atriangle ABC it is given that
3
(A)5 (B) 3 3 (C) 3 2 (D) 2 3 cos A + cosB + cosC = . Prove that the triangle is
2
equilateral.  (1984)
Q.9 The radius of the incircle of the triangle PQR is
4 8 Q.17 With usual notation, if in a triangle ABC
(A) (B)3 (C) (D)2
8 3 b+c c+a a+b
= = , then
11 12 13
Q.10 Internal bisector of ∠A of triangle ABC meets cosA cosB cosC
side BC at D. A line drawn through D perpendicular to prove that = = . (1984)
7 19 25
AD intersects the side AC at E and side AB at F. If a,b,c
represent sides of ∆ ABC, then (2006) Q.18 In a triangle ABC, the median to the side BC is
2bc A
(A) AE is HM of b and c (B) AD = cos 1
b+c 2 of length and it divides the angle A into
4bc A 11 − 6 3
(C) EF = sin (D)The ∆ AEF is isosceles
b+c 2 angles 30ο and 45ο . Find the length of the side BC.
 (1985)
Q.11 A straight line through the vertex P of a triangle
PQR intersects the side QR at the point S and the Q.19 If in a triangle ABC cos A cosB + sinA sinB sinC =
l,
circumcircle of the triangle PQR at the point T. If S is
show that a: b : c = 1 : 1 : 2 . (1986)
not the centre of the circumcircle, then  (2008)

1 1 2 1 1 2 Q.20 In a triangle of base a, the ratio of the other two

(A) + < (B) + >
PS ST QS × SR PS ST QS × SR sides is r ( < 1 ) . Show that the altitude of the triangle is
ar
1 1 4 1 1 4 less than or equal to . (1991)
(C) + < (D) + > 1 − r2
PS ST QR PS ST QR
Q.21 Let A1 , A2 , ……….. An be the vertices of an n-sided
π
Q.12 Let ABC be a triangle such that ∠ACB = and 1 1 1
6 regular polygon such that = + . Find
A1 A2 A1 A3 A1 A 4
let a,b and c denote the lengths of the sides opposite
the value of n. (1994).
to A,B and C respectively. The value(s) of x for which
a = x2 + x + l, b = x2 − 1 and =
c 2x + 1 is (are)  (2010)
Q.22 Consider the following statements concerning a
(
(A) − 2 + 3 ) (B) 1 + 3 triangle ABC
(i) The sides a, b, c and area of ∆ are rational
(C) 2 + 3 (D) 4 3
B C
(ii) a, tan , tan are rational
2 2
Q.13 In a triangle ABC, AD is the altitude from A. Given
(iii) a, sinA, sinB, sinC are rational.
abc
b>c, ∠C = 23ο and AD = , then ∠B = ……… Prove that (i) ⇒ (ii) ⇒ (iii) ⇒ (i) (1994)
b − c2
2
π
 (1994) Q.23 Let A, B, C be three angles such that A = and
4
Q.14 In a triangle ABC, a:b:c = 4:5:6. The ration of the tanB tanC = p . Find all positive values of P such that A,
radius of the circumcircle to that of the incircle is ………… B, C are the angles of triangle. (1997)
 (1996)
Q.24 Let ABC be a triangle having O and I as its
Q.15 ABC is a triangle, D is the middle point of BC. If AD circumcentre and incentre, respectively. If R and r are
is perpendicular to AC, then prove that the circumradius and the inradius, respectively, then
prove that ( IO )= R 2 − 2Rr. Further show that the
2

cos A cosC =
(
2 c2 − a2 ) (1980)
triangle BIO is a right angled triangle if and only if b is
3ac the arithmetic mean of a and c. (1999)
1 9 . 3 4 | Solutions of Triangle

Q.25 Let ABC be a triangle with incentre I and radius r. Q.30 Equation of the sides QR, RP are
Let D, E, F be the feet of the perpendiculars from I to the 2 2
sides BC, CA and AB respectively. If r1 , r2 and r3 are (A) y =x + 1, y =− x −1
the radii of circles inscribed in the quadrilaterals AFIE, 3 3
BDIF and CEID respectively, 1
(B) y =
= x, y 0
r r r rrr 3
prove that: 1 + 2 + 3 = 1 2 3 .
r − r1 r − r2 r − r3 (r − r1 )(r − r2 )(r − r3 ) 3
(C) y = x + 1, y =
−
3
x −1
(2000) 2 2

(D) y
= 3x, y 0
=
Q.26 If ∆ is the area of a triangle with side lengths a, b,
1 Q.31 z cos θ + i sin θ .
Let = Then the value of
c then show that ∆ ≤
4
( a + b + c ) abc . 15
Also show that the equality occurs in the above ∑ Im (z2m−1 ) at θ =2o is  (2009)
inequality if and only if a=b=c.  (2001) m=1
1 1
(A) (B)
o
Q.27 Let ABCD be a quadrilateral with area 18, with side sin 2 3sin 2o
AB parallel to the side CD and AB = 2CD. Let AD be
1 1
perpendicular to AB and CD. If a circle is drawn inside (C) (D)
o
the quadrilateral ABCD touching all the sides, then its 2sin 2 4 sin 2o
radius is  (2007)
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 3/2 (D) 1 Q.32 In a triangle ABC with fixed base BC, the vertex A
A
moves such that cosB + cosC = 4 sin2 . If a, b and c
2
Paragraph (Q.28 to 30) denote the length of the sides of the triangle opposite
A circle C of radius 1 is inscribed in an equilateral triangle to the angles A, B and C, respectively, then  (2009)
PQR. The points of contact of C with the sides PQ, QR, (A) b + c = 4a
RP are D, E, F. respectively. The line PQ is given by the
(B) b + c = 2a
3 3 3
equation 3x + y − 6 = 0 and the point D is  , . (C) Locus of point A is an ellipse
 2 2
 
Further, it is given that the origin and the centre of C are (D) Locus of point A is a pair of straight lines
on the same side of the line PQ.  (2008)
π
Q.33 For 0 < θ < , the solution(s) of
Q.28 The equation of circle C is 2
6
 (m − 1)π   mx 
2
(A) (x − 2 3) + (y − 1) =
1 2 ∑ cosec  θ +
4
 cosec  θ +  =4 2
4 
m=1   
2
 1 is (are)  (2009)
(B) (x − 2 3)2 +  y +  =
1
 2
π π π 5π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2
(C) (x − 3) + (y + 1) =
1 2 4 6 12 12

(D) (x − 3)2 + (y − 1)2 =

1 Q.34 The centres of two circles C1 and C2 each of unit
radius are at a distance of 6 units from each other. Let P
be the mid point of the line segment joining the centres
Q.29 Points E and F are given by of C1 and C2 and C be a circle touching circles C1 and
C2 externally. If a common tangent to C1 and C passing
 3 3  3 1
(A)  , ,
 2 2
 
( 3,0 ) (B)  , ,
 2 2
 
( 3,0 ) through P is also a common tangent to C2 and C, then
the radius of the circle C is  (2009)

 3 3  3 1 3 3  3 1 Q.35 Let ABC and ABC’ be two non-congruent triangles

(C)  , ,  ,  (D)  , ,  , 
 2 2  2 2 2 2   2 2 with sides AB = 4, AC = AC’ = 2 2 and angle B = 30o.
       
The absolute value of the difference between the areas
 M a them a ti cs | 19.35

of these triangles is  (2009) Q.41 Let P and Q be distinct points on the parabola
y2 = 2x such that a circle with PQ as diameter passes
π through the vertex O of the parabola. If P lies in the first
Q.36 Let ABC be a rectangle such that ∠ACB = and
6 quadrant and the area of the triangles ∆OPQ is 3 2 ,
let a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides opposite then which of the following is (are) the coordinates of
to A, B and C respectively. The value(s) of x for which P?  (2015)
a =x2 + 1, b =x2 − 1 and c = 2x + 1 is (are)  (2010)
(A) (4, 2 2) (B) (9, 3 2)
(A) −(2 + 3) (B) 1 + 3
1 1 
(C)  ,  (D) (1, 2)
(C) 2 + 3 (D) 4 3 4 2

Q.37 Let θ, ϕ ∈ [0, 2π] be such that Q.42 The circle C1 : x2 + y2 = 3, with centre at O, intersects
the parabola x2 = 2y at the point P in the first quadrant.
 θ θ
ϕ) sin2 θ  tan + cot  cos ϕ − 1 ,
2cos θ(1 − sin = Let the tangent to the circle C1 at P touches other two
 2 2 circles C2 and C3 at R2 and R3, respectively. Suppose C2
3
tan(2π − θ) > 0 and −1 < sin θ < − . and C3 have equal radii 2 3 and centres Q2 and Q3,
2
respectively. If Q2 and Q3 lie on the y-axis, then (2016)
Then ϕ cannot satisfy  (2012)
π π 4π (A) Q2Q3 = 12
(A) 0 < ϕ < (B) <ϕ<
2 2 3 (B) R 2R3 = 44 46
4π 3π 3π (C) Area of the triangle OR 2 R 3 is 6 2
(C) <ϕ < (D) < ϕ < 2π
3 2 2
(D) Area of the triangle PQ 2Q 3 is 4 2
7
Q.38 Let PQR be a triangle of area ∆ with
= a 2,=b Q.43 In a triangle XYZ, let x, y, z be the length of sides
2
5
and c = , where a, b and c are lengths of the sides opposite to the angle X, Y, Z, respectively, and 2s = x
2
of the triangle opposite to the angle at P, Q and R s−x s−y s−z
+ y + z. If = = and area of incircle of
4 3 2
2sin P − sin2 P 8π
respectively. Then equals  (2012) triangle XYZ is , then  (2016)
2sinP + sin 2 P 3
2 2
3 45  3   45  (A) Area of the triangle XYZ is 6 6
(A) (B) (C)   (D)  
4∆ 4∆  4∆   4∆ 
(B) The radius of circumcircle of the triangle XYZ is
Q.39 In a triangle PQR, P is the largest angle and 35
6
1 6
cos P = . Further the incircle of the triangle touches
3 X Y Z 4
the sides PQ, QR and RP at N, L and M respectively, (C) sin sin sin =
2 2 2 35
such that the length of PN, QL and RM are consecutive
 X + Y  3
even integer. Then possible length(s) of the side(s) of (D) sin2  =
the triangle is (are)  (2013)  2  5

(A) 16 (B) 18 (C) 24 (D) 22 Q.44 The orthocenter of the triangle F1MN is  (2016)

Q.40 In a triangle the sum of two sides is x and the  9  2 

(A)  − , 0  (B)  , 0 
product of the same two sides is y. If x2 – c2 = y, where  10  3 
c is the third side of the triangle, then the ratio of the
in-radius to the circumradius of the triangle is  (2014)  9  2 
(C)  , 0  (D)  , 6 
3y 3y 3y 3y  10  3 
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2x(x + c) 2c(x + c) 4x(x + c) 4c(x + c)
1 9 . 3 6 | Solutions of Triangle

PlancEssential Questions
JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Exercise 1

Q.10 Q.13 Q.15 Q.22 Q.8 Q.13 Q.17 Q.20

Q.24 Q.29 Q.27

Exercise 2 Exercise 2

Q.3 Q.4 Q.6 Q.9 Q.3 Q.6 Q.13 Q.14

Previous Years’ Questions Previous Years’ Questions

Q.5 Q.12 Q.14 Q.19 Q.4 Q.6 Q.11 Q.12

Q.22 Q.13 Q.22 Q.25

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1
65 π π 5π
Q.1
= r 4,R
= Q.2 2r=R A
Q.5= = ,B = ,C
8 4 3 12
Q.6 No triangle can be formed Q.7 sides: 2 3 ± 2 ; Area: 2 3 − 2 , 2 3 ± 2

Q.9
= c 4 3 ± 2 5 Q.10 2 : 2 : 3 +1 Q.16 4,5 and 6 Q.22. 5

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 A Q.4 D Q.5 C Q.6 C

Q.7 B Q.8 B Q.9 B Q.10 D

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 A Q.2 B Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 B
3 1+ 3
Q.7 D Q.8. (A, D) Q.9. cosec20ο Q.10. − Q.11. sq. unit
2 2
ο
Q.12. 90 Q.15 c= 6 , ∠B= 45ο and ∠A= 75ο Q.17 4, 5, 6 unit
 M a them a ti cs | 19.37

Q.20 5 Q.21 3 Q.22 B Q.23 A Q.24 A

JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1
1
Q.1 9 Q.2 Q.3 120ο
4 sinA
A B C
Q.4 1/(1 – 8 sin sin sin ) Q.5 400 Q.6 50
2 2 2
Q.6 3 cms & 2 cms ( ) ( )( ) (
Q.7 two triangles: 2 3 − 2 & 2 3 + 2 ; 2 3 − 2 & 2 3 + 2 sq. units )
5π π b
Q.9 Isosceles Q.10 4, 5, 6 Q.11 B= ; C= ; = 2+ 3
12 12 c
12
Q.12 Q.13 10 Q.14 90o
5
2
Q.15 right angled triangle Q.16 Q.17 8
r
 sinC sinB  1 1 1
Q.18 bc   Q.19 + + Q.20 1
 (1 + sinC)(1 + sinB)  r1 r2 r3

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 C

Q.7 A Q.8 C Q.9 A Q.10 B Q.11 A Q.12 B

Multiple correct choice type

Q.13 A,C

Match the Columns

Q.14 A → s; B → r; C → p; D → q Q.15 A → q; B → r;C → p

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 D Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 C Q.6 D

Q.7 C Q.8 B Q.9 D Q.10 A,B,C,D Q.11 B,D Q.12 B

2 2
16 2(c − a )
Q.13. 113ο Q.14. Q.15 Q.16 Equilateral Q.17 7 : 19 : 25 Q.18. 2
7 3ac
1
2
:
1
2
:Q.19
1 = 1:1: 2 Q.20 p ≤
ar
1 − r2
Q.21. 7 Q.22 (iii) ⇒ (i). ( ) (
Q.23. p ∈ −∞ ,0 ∪ 3 + 2 2, ∞ )
r1r2r3
Q.24 2b = a + c Q.25 Q.26 Equilateral Q.27 B Q.28 D
(r − r1 ) (r − r2 ) (r − r3 )

Q.29 A Q.30 D Q.31 D Q.32 B, C Q.33 C, D Q.34 8

Q.35 4 Q.36 A, B Q.37 A, C, D Q.38 C Q.39 B, D Q.40 B

Q.41 A, D Q.42 A, B, C Q.43 A, C, D Q.44 A

1 9 . 3 8 | Solutions of Triangle

Solutions

JEE Main/Boards sinA + sinB a+b

⇒ =2 ⇒ =2
sinC c
Exercise 1
b2 + c2 − a2
Sol 5: cosA =
∆ abc 2bc
Sol 1: r = ; R=
S 4∆ Using cosine formula, we get
π π 5π
∆= s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = 21(8)(7)(6) = 84 A= ,B= ,C=
4 3 12
abc (13)(14)(15) 65
R= = = 4
4∆ 4 × 84 8 Sol 6: a = 5, b = 7, sin A =
3
84
r= =4 a b
21 =
sinA sinB
3 2 28
a sin B = >1
∆ 4 a 15
Sol 2: r = = × a2 =
S 3a 2 3 no triangle can be formed.
abc a3 a
a b
R= = = Sol 7: =
4∆ 3 2 3 sinA sinB 
4 a
4
2r = R 6 4
=
sin30º sinB 4
2 2
a −b sinA cosB − cos A sinB 2 2
Sol 3: = sinB = =
2
a +b 2 sinA cosB + cos A sinB 6 3

a2 sinA cosB sinA cosB 2 1

= = . sinB = cosB = ±
b 2 cos A sinB sinB cos A 3 3
a cosB 1 3
⇒ = ⇒ a cosA = b cosB sinA = cosA =
b cos A 2 2
⇒ either cosA = 0 or cosB or a = b a2 + b2 − c2
cosC = = cos(180 – (A + B))
2ab
Sol 4: ∆ABC = –cosA cosB + sinA sinB
C
cosA + cosB = 4 sin 2
22 − c2 2± 3
2 ⇒ = ; we get c = 2 3 ± 2
8 6 2 3
A +B A −B C
2cos cos = 4sin2 1
2 2 2 Area = ab sinC= 2 3 – 2 or 2 3 + 2
2
C A −B C
2 sin cos = 4 sin2
2 2 2 π
Sol 8: ∠ A = A
A −B 3 
cos
A −B C 2 =2 Length of median
cos = 2 sin ⇒ 30
o

2 2 C
sin AD2 = AC2+CD2 – 2AC×CD×C
2
A +B A −B 1
C
2cos cos
A −B
2sin cos AD2 = 2b2 + 2c2 − a2
2 2 = 2 2 =2 2 B C
⇒ D
C C sinC
2cos sin
2 2
 M a them a ti cs | 19.39

4AD2 = 2b2 + 2c2 – a2

a4 6b2 + 2c2 − a2
=
4AD2 = (b2 + c2 + bc)+(b2 + c2 – a2 – ac) 4 4
b2 + c2 − a2 1 a2– c2 = 3b2
cos A = =
2bc 2
(b2 + c2 − a2 )(a2 + b2 − c2 )
cos A cos C =
b2 + c2 – a2 – bc = 0 4b2ac
6 8 c ( −2b2 )(4b2 ) −2b2 2 ( −3b2 ) 2(c2 − a2 )
Sol 9: = = = = = =
sin30º sinB sinC 4b2ac ac 3 ac 3ac
2 ± 5
sin B = ⇒ cos B = Sol 13: From projection formula
3 3
1 a cos B + b cos A = C
sin 30º =
2 b2 + c2 − a2
⇒ sin C = sin(180 – 30 – B) = sin(150 – B) cos A =
2bc
= sin 150 cos B – cos 150 sin B
b2 + c2 − a2 c2 + a2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2
So L.H.S. = + +
5 3 2 ± 5 +2 3 abc abc abc
=± + × =
6 2 3 6
6 (a2 + b2 + c2 )
C= .sin C= 4 3 ± 2 5 =
sin30 abc

Sol 10: ∠A = 2x; ∠B = 3x; ∠C = 7x B (s − c)(s − a)

Sol 14: tan =
2 s(s − b)
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180⇒12x = 180⇒x = 15º
⇒ ∠A = 30°; ∠B = 45º; ∠C = 105º B C s(s − b) s(s − c)
cot + cot = +
2 2 (s − a)(s − c) (s − a)(s − b)
a b c
= =
sinA sinB sinC
(s − b) s + (s − c) s a s
=
a : b : c = sin A : sin B : sin C (s − a)(s − b)(s − c) (s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
1 1 3 +1
= : : = 2 :2: 3 +1 a s
2 2 2 2 L.H.S. = (b+c−a)
(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
b+c
Sol 11: a = , S = 2a 2a s(s − a) s(s − a)
3 = = 2a
(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) (s − b)(s − c)
B C S 2a
cot cot = = =2 A
2 2 S−a 2a − a = 2a cot = R.H.S.
2

1
Sol 12: AD = 2b2 + 2c2 − a2 ; AC = b Sol 15: Length of CD = (a sin B)
2
sin C = sin(180 – (A + B) = sinA cosB
A C

B C B A
D a cos B D

a 2b2 + 2c2 − a2 1 1 1
CD = = b2 + L.H.S. = + –
2 4 asinB c sinB c sinA
1 9 . 4 0 | Solutions of Triangle

2R 2R 2R (a + b − c) a2 + b2 − c2 49 + 36 − 25 5
= + – = 2R cosC = = =
bc ca ab abc 2ab 2(6)(7) 7
2(s − c) 4R(s − c) s−c 35cosB 75cosB
= 2R = = 5 cosA = =
abc abc ∆ 19 75
C C cos A cosB cosC
abcos2 2ab cos2 = =
2 = 2 7 19 25
=
4 ∆S (a + b + c)∆
acos A + b cosB + c cosC
Sol 19:
a a+1 a+2 cos A cosBcosC
Sol 16: = =
sinA sin(180 − A − 2A) sin2A = 2a tanB tanC secA
A < 180 – A – 2A < 2A ⇒ a cosA + b cosB + c cosC = 2a sinB sinC
A < 180 – 3A < 2A ⇒ a cosA + b cosB + cosC = 2(2R sinA) sinB sinC
4A < 180 < 5A ⇒ a cosA + b cosB + c cosC = 4R sinA sinB sinC
180 L.H.S. = a cosA + b cosB + c cosC
A < 45º; A > ⇒ A > 36º
5 = (2R sinA) cosA + 2RsinBcosB + 2RsinCcosC
a+1 a+2
a= = = R(sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)
2
3 − 4 sin A 2cos A
from property of a triangle
a+1 a+2
a= = sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
2
4 cos A − 1 2cos A
(we can prove this property using basic trigonometric
a+1 (a + 1)a2
a= = formulas)
a+2
2 4 + 4a
  −1 = 4R sinA sinB sinC
 a 
⇒ 4 + 4a = (a + 1)a Sol 20:
⇒a=4 A

Sol 17: L.H.S. = a sin(B – C) + b sin(C – A) + c sin(A – B)

D
= a sinB cosC – a cosB sinC + b sinC cosA – b cosC sinA
+ C sinA cosB – C cosA sinB B E C

= cosC (a sin B – b sin A) + cos B(C sin A – a sinC) + cos

C(a sin B – b sinA) O
= 0 = R.H.S..(as a sin B = b cosA)
Hence Proved.
F
b+c c+a a+b BE = EC = a/2
Sol 18: = =
11 12 13
∠BOE = ∠EOC
b=
+ c 11x=
 a 7x
 ∠DBE = ∠B/2
c=
+ a 12x=
 b 6x
 c 5x ∠DCE = ∠C/2
a=
+ b 13x=

B + C   180 − A  A
b2 + c2 − a2 36 + 25 − 49 1 ∠BDC = 180° –   = 180° –   = 90° +
cosA = = =  2   2  2
2bc 2(6)(5) 5
 A A
a2 + c2 − b2 49 + 25 − 36 38 19 ∠BFC = 180° –  90 +  = 90° –
cosB = = = =  2  2
2ac 2(7)(5) 70 35
 M a them a ti cs | 19.41

 A Sol 24: 8R2 = a2 + b2 + c2

∠BOC = 2  90 −  = 180° – A
 2 a2 = 4R2 sin2A

A So, 2 = sin2A + sin2B + sin2C

∠BOE = 90° –
2 1 − cos2A 1 − cos2B 1 − cos2C
2= + +
 A A 2 2 2
∠EBO = 90° –  90 −  =
 2 2 4 = 3 – cos2A – cos2B – cos2C
a a A cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1
⇒ BE = ⇒ BO = sec
2 2 2
2cos(A + B) cos(A – B) + 2 cos2C – 1= 1

A B 2cosC[cosC – cos(A – B)] = 0

Sol 21: (b + c – a) tan = (c + a – b)tan
2 2 cosC [cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)] = 0
C cosA cosB cosC = 0
= (a + b – c)tan
2
So one angle should be 90º.
b + c – a = 2(s – a)
c + a – b = 2(s – b) 1
Sol 25: ∆≤ (a + b + c)abc
a + b – c = 2(s – c) 4

A 1 (abc)
r = (s – a) tan   R.H.S. = (a + b + c)abc = S
4 8
2
Hence proved. S  abc   S   abc  ∆2 R
=  ∆ =    = ∆
2  4∆   ∆   4∆  2 2r
Sol 22: C1C3 = 3 + 5 = 8  C3

C 3C 2 = 5 + 4 = 9 1
=∆
C 1C 2 = 3 + 4 = 7 B A B C
A 8 sin sin sin
2 2 2
OA = OB = OC = k(let’s say)
C1 C2
since C3C is angle bisector of A B C A B C
angle ∠C1C3C2. C Sol 26: cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
So OA is radius of incircle of triangle ∆C1C2C3.
B C C A A B
tan tan +tan tan + tan tan
∆ 12(12 − 7)(12 − 8)(12 − 9) 2 2 2 2 2 2
OA = r = =
S 12
A (s − b)(s − c)
= 5 tan =
2 s(s − a)

Sol 23: DO1 = a, EO2 = b, FO3 = g s − a s − b s − c 3s − (a + b + c)

L.H.S. = + + = =1
s s s s
A
O2 a
Sol 27: b cos B ≤
O3  1 − r2

F E A
O
D
B  C
br b
O1

∠BOA = 2C
∠A B a
C
1 9 . 4 2 | Solutions of Triangle

 a2 + b2r 2 − b2  a s
3/2
b  ≤   ≥ [(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)]1/2
 2abr  1 − r2
  3
a2 + b2 (r 2 − 1) 1 5(s)3/2
≤ ≥ [s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)]1/2
2a2r 1 − r2 3 3
s2
A≤
Sol 28: 3 3
A

Sol 2: (C) CH =b sin C = 2R sin B sin C

C

B C
a D

let’s say B lie on center and BC lies on x-axis B(0, 0),

A B
C(a, 0) 16
H M
32
A(c cosB, csinB )

 c  AM = 16, AC = b = 26, CB = 10 = a
BD =  a
b +c  b2 + c2 − a2 
AH = b cos A= b  
 2bc 
 
Sol 29: AD = α = C sinB = b sinC = (2R) sinB sinC
(26)2 + (32)2 − (10)2
= = 25
A 2(32)
HM = 25 – 16 = 9

 b 
F E Sol 3: (A) AB = C; AD =  C
b +a
C
B C
D
1 1
R.H.S. = ∑ ∆ ( cot A ) = ∑ ∆ 2 ∆ cot A
1 1 cos A 1 1
=
∆ 2 ∑ 2 bc sinA =
sinA ∆2
∑ 2 bc cos A
A B
D
2 2 2
1 b +c −a 1 length of angle bisector = 6
=
2∆ 2 ∑ 2
=
4 ∆2
∑ a2
c
2ab cos
1
2
2 ⇒ 1 + 1 = 1
= ∑ a  = ∑
  =
 2∆  α2 a+b a b 9

A
Exercise 2 Sol 4: (D) II1 = 4R sin
2
1 A B C
Sol 1: (A) Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = ab sinC (II1)(II2)(II3) = 64R3 sin sin sin
2 2 2 2

(s − a) + (s − b) + (s − c)  A B C
≥ [(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)]1/3 = 16R2  4R sin sin sin  = 16 R2r
3  2 2 2
 M a them a ti cs | 19.43

∆ A
Sol 5: (C) r1 =
s−a

1 1 s −a+ s −b c
+ = = O
r1 r2 ∆ ∆
B C
abc a3b3c3 64 64R 2
L.H.S. = = = a
∆3 64∆3 a2b2c2 a2b2c2 R=
2sinA
K = 64
 2A B C
 sin sin sin 
xyz = abc  2 2 2
Sol 6: (C) ON = r = OL = OM  sinA sinB sinC 
 
∠NOL = 180 – B  
 A B C
A xyz = abc  tan tan tan 
 2 2 2

abc A B C A
= cot cot cot = Scot
N M xyz 2 2 2 2
O
Sol 9: (B) arc length = k

B C radius of circle = k
L
C
180 − (180 − B) B
∠ONL =
2
=
2 
14 ,0
r k(θ) = k ⇒ θ = 1 radius
R of DNOL =
2sin ∠ONL
Particle moves to next circle after completing arc length
r 3 = k.
xyz =
A B C To cross positive x-axis
8 sin sin sin
2 2 2
n(θ) > 2p
A B C
r = 4R sin sin sin n(θ) > 6.28
2 2 2
θ = 1 radian
r 2R
xyz =
2 n > 6.28

A n=7
Sol 7: (B) ∠ABO = ∠B/2 
r 2cos A 2cosB 2cosC
OF = r; OB = E Sol 10: (D) L.H.S. = + +
B F a b c
sin O
2 by cosine rule
4r3R B D
C
(OB)(OC)(OA) = 2b2 + 2c2 − 2a2 + 2a2 + 2c2 − 2b2 + 2a2 + 2b2 − 2c2
A B C =
4R sin sin sin 2abc
2 2 2
4r3R a2 + b2 + c2 a b c a b
= = 4r2R = = + + = +
r abc bc ca ab bc ca
c
then we can conclude that there should nor term in
r ab
Sol 8: (B) OB = x = L.H.S.. It is possible only if cosA = 0
B
sin
2 π
A=
A B C 2
r = 4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
1 9 . 4 4 | Solutions of Triangle

Previous Years’ Questions P + Q 

⇒ tan   = tan 45º
 2 
Sol 1: (A) In ∆ ABD, applying sine rule, we get A

AD x
=  
sin π / 3 sin α

3
⇒ AD = x sin α ... (i) P
2 3 4

B x D 3x C
And in ∆ ACD, applying sine rule, we get

AD x tan(P / 2) + tan(Q / 2)
= ⇒ =1
sin π / 4 sin β 1 − tan(P / 2)tan(Q / 2)
3 −b / a
⇒ AD = x sin β ... (ii) −b / a −b
⇒ =1 ⇒ =1 ⇒ =1
2  1−c /a a−c a−c
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) a

3x 3x sin α 1 ⇒ –b = a – c ⇒ a + b = c
= ⇒ =
2sin α 2 sin β sin β 6
Sol 4: (B) We know than, A + B + C = 180º
Sol 2: (B) By the law of sine rule ⇒ A + C – B = 180 – 2B.

P 1 
Now, 2ac sin  (A − B + C) = 2ac sin (90º – B)
2 
2ac·(a2 + c2 − b2 )
c b =2ac cos B = = a2 + c2 − b2
2ac
p2 p3
p1
Sol 5: (A) y
Q a R

a b c A
= = = k (say)
sinP sinQ sinR M(a/2, b/2)
b
1 2∆ 2∆
Also, ap1 = ∆ ⇒ = p1 ⇒ p1 =
2 a k sinP x
C a B
2∆ 2∆
Similarly, p2
= = and p3 1 2
k sinQ k sinR Here, R2 = MC2 = (a + b2 ) (by distance from origin)
4
Since, sin P, sin Q, sin R are in AP, we get that p1, p2, p3
1 2
are in HP. c (Pythagorus theorem)
4
c
Sol 3: (A) It is given that tan (P/2) and tan (Q/2) are the ⇒R=
roots of the quadratic equation 2
Next, r = (s – c) tan (C/2) = (s – c) tan π /4 = s – c
π
ax2 + bx + c = 0 and ∠R =
2 ∴ 2(r+R) = 2r + 2R = 2s – 2c + c = a + b + c – c = a + b
∴ tan (P/2) + tan (Q/2) = –b/a
Sol 6: (B)
and tan (P/2) tan (Q/2) = c/a B(0,21)

Since, P + Q + R = 180º
b
P+Q
⇒ P + Q = 90º ⇒ = 45º
2 x’ x
O (0,0) A(21,0)
y’
 M a them a ti cs | 19.45

The given vertices of triangle are (0, 0) (0, 21) and (21, ∴ Radius of circle = cosec 20º
0). To find number of integral points inside the ∆ AOB,
A
then Sol 10:
x > 0, y > 0 and x + y < 21
∴Number of points exactly in the interior of the triangle
 
20 × 20 − 20 
= = 190
2
B C

Sol 7: (D) B
Since, sides of a triangle subtends α , β, γ at the center.

c ∴ α +β+ γ = 2π ... (i)

a
∴ Arithmetic mean
π  π  π 
cos  + α  + cos  + β  + cos  + γ 
C
b A
= 2  2  2 
3
Let a : b : c = 1 : 3 : 2 ⇒ c2 = a2 + b2 The value is minimum when the three angles are equal.
∴ Triangle is right angled at C 3
The minimum value of the AM is − .
2
a 1
or ∠ C =
90º and =
b 3 Sol 11: A
a 1
In ∆ BAC, tan A = = 105
o

b 3
c b
⇒ A = 30º and B = 60º (A + B = 90º)
∴ Ratio of angles, A : B : C = 30º : 60º : 90º 30
o
45
o

B C
⇒A:B:C=1:2:3 a=( 3+1)

a b c
Sol 8: (A, D) The sine formula is By sine rule, = =
sinA sinB sinC
a b
= ⇒ a sin B = b sin A 3 +1 b ( 3 + 1)sin30º
sinA sinB ⇒ = ⇒ b=
sin(105º ) sin30º sin105º
π
(a) b sin A = a ⇒ a sin B = a ⇒ B = ∴ Area of triangle
2
π 1 1 ( 3 + 1)sin30º sin 45º
Since, ∠ A < therefore, the triangle is possible = ab sin=
45º ( 3 + 1)
2 2 2 sin105º
(b) and (c) : b sin A > a ⇒ a sin B > a ⇒ sin B > 1
1 ( 3 + 1)2 1 1
= · · ·
∴ ∆ ABC is not possible 2 (sin 45º cos60º + cos 45º sin60º ) 2 2
(d): b sin A < a ⇒ a sin B < a
1 (3 + 1 + 2 3) (4 + 2 3)
⇒ sinB < 1 ⇒ ∠B exists = = ·2 2
4 2  1 1 1 3 4 2(1 + 3)
π  · + · 
Now, b > a ⇒ B > A since A <  2 2 2 2 
2 
∴ The triangle is possible. (1 + 3)2 1+ 3
= = sq unit
2(1 + 3) 2
360º
Sol 9: Here, central angle = = 40º
9
1 2cos A cosB 2cosC a b
In ∆ ACM, = sin20º ⇒ r = cosec 20º Sol 12: Given, + + = +  ... (i)
r a b c bc ca
 1 9 . 4 6 | Solutions of Triangle

b2 + c2 − a2 ⇒ c2 = 6 ⇒ c = 6
We know that, cos A =
2bc Using sine rule,
c2 + a2 − b2 a b c
cos B = = =
2ac sinA sinB sinC
a2 + b2 − c2 1+ 3 2 6
and cos C = ⇒ = =
2ab sinA sinB sin60º
On putting these values in Eq. (i), we get 3
2×
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2sin60º 2 1
2(b + c − a ) c + a − b 2(a + b − c ) ∴sin B = = =
+ + 6 6 2
2abc 2abc 2abc
a b ∴ ∠B = 45º
= +
bc ca
⇒ ∠A = 180º – (60º + 45º) = 75º
2(b2 + c2 − a2 ) + c2 + a2 − b2 + 2(a2 + b2 − c2 )
⇒
2abc
Sol 16: Since, r1, r2, r3 are ex-radii of ∆ ABC are in HP.
a2 + b2
= ⇒ 3b2 + c2 + a2 = 2a2 + 2b2 1 1 1
abc ∴ , , are in AP
r1 r2 r3
⇒ b2 + c2 = a2
s −a s −b s −c
Hence, the angle A is 90º ⇒ , , are in AP
∆ ∆ ∆
8 ∆3
Sol 13: p1p2p3 = ⇒ s – a, s – b, s – c are in AP
abc
⇒ – a, – b, – c are in AP
abc
Since, ∆ = ⇒ a, b, c are in AP.
4R
8 (abc)3 (abc)2
∴ p1p2p3 = · = Sol 17: Let ABC be the triangle such that the lengths of
abc 64R 3 8R 3 its sides CA, AB and BC are x – 1, x and x + 1 respectively
where x ∈ N and x > 1. Let ∠ B = α be the smallest
1 1 a angle and ∠A =2 α be the largest angle.
Sol 14: Since, ∆ = ap1 ⇒ =
2 p1 2∆
A
1 b 1 c
Similarly,
= = , 2
p2 2∆ p3 2∆
x x-1
1 1 1 1
∴ + − = (a + b − c)
p1 p2 p3 2∆

2(s − c) s − c s(s − c) ab B C
= = = · x+1
2∆ ∆ ab s ∆
Then, by sine rule, we have
ab C 2ab C
= · cos2 = cos2 sin α sin2α
a+b+c 2 (a + b + c)∆ 2 =
 ∆ x −1 x +1
 2 
sin2α x + 1 x +1
⇒ = ⇒ 2cos α =
Sol 15: Given that, sin α x −1 x −1
a = 1 + 3 , b = 2and ∠C =60º
x +1
∴cos α = ... (i)
We have, c2 = a2 + b2 – 2 ab cos C 2(x − 1) 
⇒ c2 = (1+ 3 )2 + 4 – 2(1+ 3 ) · 2 cos60º x2 + (x + 1)2 − (x − 1)2
Also, cos α = , using cosine law
⇒ c2 = 1+2 3 + 3 + 4 – 2 – 2 3 2x(x + 1)
 M a them a ti cs | 19.47

x+4 On π
⇒ cos α =  ... (ii) = tan ,  … (ii)
2(x − 1) n n
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2π 2π
2In I sin 1 + cos
n ∴ n 2 π n
∴ = = cos
=
x +1 x+4 On π On n 2
= tan
2(x − 1) 2(x + 1) n
⇒ (x+1)2 = (x+4) (x–1) 1 + 1 − (2In / n)2
In
= [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ x2 + 2x + 1 = x2+ 3x – 4 ⇒ x = 5 On 2
Hence, the lengths of the sides of the triangle are 4, 5 On  2 
and 6 unit. I=
n  1 + 1 − (2In / n) 
2  

Sol 18: If the triangle is equilateral, then

Sol 20: Since, the circles with radii 3, 4 and 5 touch
A = B = C = 60º each other externally and P is the point of intersection
⇒ tanA + tanB + tanC = 3tan60º = 3 3 of tangents

Conversely assume that

tanA + tanB + tanC = 3 3
But in triangle ABC, A + B = 180º – C C2 4 5 C1
Taking tan on both sides, we get 4 P 5
tan(A+B) = tan (180º–C) 3 3
tanA + tanB
⇒ = − tanC C3
1 − tanA tanB
⇒ tanA + tanB = – tanC + tanA tanB tanC
⇒ P is incentre of ∆ C1C2C3
⇒ tanA + tanB + tanC + tanA tanB tanC = 3 3
Thus, distance of point P from the points of contact
⇒ none of the tanA, tanB, tanC can be negative
= In radius (r) of ∆ C1C2C3
⇒ ∆ ABC cannot be obtuse angle triangle
Also, AM ≥ GM ∆ s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
ie, r = =
1 s s
[tanA + tanB + tanC ] ≥ [tanA tanB tanC ]1/3
3 where 2s = 7 + 8 + 9
1 ∴s = 12
⇒ ( 3 3 ) ≥ ( 3 3 )1/3 ⇒ 3 ≥ 3
3
(12 − 7)(12 − 8)(12 − 9) 5· 4 ·3
So, the equality can hold if and only if Hence, r = = = 5
12 12
tanA = tanB = tanC or A = B = C or when the triangle
is equilateral.
1 2∆ 2 × 15 3 3
Sol 21: =
∆ absinCsinC
= = = =C 120o
n 2π 2 ab 6 × 10 2
Sol 19: We know, In = r 2 sin (I is area of regular
polygon) 2 n n
⇒ c= a2 + b2 − 2abcosC
2In 2π = 62 + 102 − 2 × 6 × 10 × cos120o= 14
⇒ = sin (r=1)...(i)
n n
∆ 225 × 3
π r= ⇒ r2 = = 3
and On = nr tan {On is area of
2
s  6 + 10 + 14 
2  
 2 
circumscribing polygon}
 1 9 . 4 8 | Solutions of Triangle

Sol 22 : (B) C

3 sinP + 4 cosQ = 6  … (i)

4 sinQ + 3 cosP = 1 … (ii) D
From (1) and (2) ∠ P is obtuse,
(3sinP + 4 cosQ)2 + (4 sinQ + 3cosP)2 =
37 A B
⇒ 9 + 16 + 24(sinP cosQ + cosP sinQ) =
37
A
⇒ 24 sin(P + Q) =
12 2(2)cos
⇒ 2 = 2a ⇒ cos A = a
1 5π π 3 3 2 2
⇒ sin(P + Q) = ⇒ P + Q= ⇒ R=
2 6 6 a2 b2 + c2 − a2 5 − a2
⇒ cosA = - 1= =
2 2bc 4
Sol 23: (A) Let AB = x
⇒ a2 = 3
p p
tan( π − θ −=
α) ⇒ tan(θ +=
α) 1
x−q q−x ∴ 12∆2 = 12 × bcsinA = 9
2
⇒ q=
− x p cot(θ + α )
 cot θ cot θ − 1  Sol 2: A = x, B = 2x, C = 4x
⇒ x= q − p cot(θ + α ) = q − p  
 cot α + cot θ  ⇒ 7x = 180
q  180
 cot θ − 1   qcot θ − p  x= ; C is obtuse angle
p 7
q − p
= =q − p 
 q   q + pcot θ  a b c
 p + cot θ  2R = 4 = = = ;
  sinA sinB sinC
 q cos θ − p sin θ  sinC = sin3A
= q − p 
 q sin θ + p cos θ  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
– + + =  + − 
a b c 4  sinB sinC sinA 
h
Sol 24: (A) tan 30o = ⇒ AD = h 3 1 1 1 1  1
AD =  + − =
4  3A − 4 sin A sin A sinA 
3 2 4 sinA
h
=BD h=
; CD
3
3
Sol 3: Length of median BD = (AB)
AB AD − BD 3 −1 3− 3 4
= = = = 3
BC BD − CD 1 3 −1
1− B
3

JEE Advanced/Boards D

Exercise 1 A
D b/2
C

Sol 1: AB = 2, AC = 1, BC = a
3 1
BD = c= 2a2 + 2c2 − b2
1 a 2a 2a 4 2
CD = (a) = , DB = , AD =
1+2 3 3 3 3
A c= 2a2 + 2c2 − b2
2bccos 2
Length of angle bisector = 2 = 2a
b+c 3 3 2 5
c = 2a2 + 2c2 – b2 ⇒ b2 = 2a2 + c2
4 4
 M a them a ti cs | 19.49

⇒ 4b2 = 8a2 + 5c2 ... (i)

A
3 b2 AC = 2a cos
BD = c= − a2 2
4 4 A
2asin
3 2 b 2
2 = 2a a
⇒ c = – a2 ⇒ 3c2 = 4b2 – 16a2 R1(of ∆ABD) =
16 4 2sinA A
A a 2cos
cos = 2
4b2 = 3c2 + 16a2 ... (ii) 2 25
From (1) & (2)
R2 (of ∆ACB) = 25
2c2 = 8a2; c = 2a A
2acos
⇒ 4b2 = 12a2 + 16a2 ⇒ b = 7a 2= a
=
2sinA A
a2 + c2 − b2 a2 + 4a2 − 7a2 −3 2sin
cos∠ABC = = = 2
2ac 2a(2a) 4 A A
sin =
2 50
⇒ ∠ABC = 120º
 1 1 
a2  +  =1
Sol 4: OD = 2r  A  (25)
2
(50)2 
secA = ? = we need to find 4
F E a2 = (25)2 = 500
OA = 2R cosA 5
O Area of rhombus = 2(Area ∆ABD)
a A
OA + OD = AD = cot
2 2  A 
1 2  2 tan 
a A
B D C
= 2 a sinA= a sinA= 500 
2 2  = 400
2r + 2R cosA = cot a/2
2 2
2  1 + tan2 A 
 
 2
 A B C 2R sinA A
2  R sin sin sin  +2RcosA = cot cosC
 2 2 2 2 2
cot C sinC
A Sol 6: =
cos cot A + cotB cos A sinB + sinA cosB
A B C A A 2
8 sin sin sin +2cosA = 2sin cos sinA sinB
2 2 2 2 2 A
sin cosC sinA sinB cosC sinA sinB
2 = . = .
sin(A + B) sinC sinC sinC
A B C A
8 sin sin sin +2cosA = 2cos2 -1+1
2 2 2 2
Applying sine & cosine rule
A B C
8 sin sin sin + 2 cos A = cos A + 1  a2 + b2 − c2  1 a.b 100c2  ab 
2 2 2 =   =   = 50
 2ab c c 2ab  c2 
 
A B C
cosA = 1 – 8 sin sin sin
2 2 2 Sol 7: We know that in cyclic quadrilateral, sum of
opposite angle is 180º
A B C
∴ sec A = 1/(1 – 8 sin sin sin )
2 2 2 A a D
Sol 5: ∠DAB = A A o
2 120
A b
∠DAC = a a
2 60
o

A B C
DB = 2a sin D B 5
2
∠BAC = 180 – A a a ∠ABC = 60º, AD = a, CD = b
C
1 9 . 5 0 | Solutions of Triangle

∠ADC = 120º A
1 5 3
Area (∠ABC) = (2)(5) sin60º = 
2 2
n+2 n+1
Total area = 4 3

5 3
Area (∆ADC) = 4 3 – 2
2 B C
n
3 3 1 Let the smallest, angle ∠A = θ then the greatest ∠C =
= = ab sin120º
2 2 2θ. In ∆ABC by applying Sine Law we get,
⇒ ab = 6 ... (i) Sin θ/n = sin 2 θ/n + 2
2 2 2
(5) + (2) − (AC) ⇒ sin θ/n = 2 sin θ cos θ/ n + 2
cos ∠ABC =
2(5)(2)
⇒ 1/n = 2 cos θ/n + 2 (as sin θ ≠ 0)
(AC)2 = 19
⇒ cos θ = n + 2/2n  ... (i)
2 2
a + b − 19
cos ∠ADC = In ∆ ABC by Cosine Law, we get
2(a)(b)
Cos θ = (n + 1)2 + (n + 2)2 – n2/2(n + 1) (n + 2) ... (ii)
1 a2 + b2 − 19
– = Comparing the values of cos θ from (i) and (ii), we get
2 2(6)
(n + 1)2 + (n + 2)2 – n2/2(n + 1) (n + 2) = n + 2/2n
a2 + b2 = 13  ... (ii)
⇒ (n + 2)2 (n + 1) = n(n + 2)2 + n(n + 1)2 – n2
From (1) & (2)
⇒ n (n + 2)2 (n + 2)2 = n(n + 2)2 + n(n + 1)2 – n3
a = 3cm, b = 2cm
⇒ n2 + 4n + 4 = n3 + 2n2 + n – n3
2 2
(4) + c − 6 3
Sol 8: cos30º = = ⇒ n2 – 3n – 4 = 0 ⇒ (n + 1) (n – 4) = 0
2(4)(c) 2
⇒ n = 4 (as n ≠ - 1)
10 + c2
= 3 ∴ Sides of ∆ are 4, 4 + 1, 4 + 2, i.e. 4, 5, 6.
4c
48 − 40
c2 – 4 3 c + 10 = 0 ⇒ c = 2 3 ±
2 A B C
Sol 11: r1 = 4R sin cos cos
⇒c= 2 3± 2 2 2 2
Two triangles are possible. R 2 B
=
r1 3+ 2
b2 c2
Sol 9: a2 =
2b cos A

bc b2 + c2 − a2
cosA = =
2a2 2bc A C
⇒bc =ab +ac –a
2 2 2 2 2 2 4

⇒ b2(c2 – a2) – a2(c2 – a2) = 0 A B C 3+ 2

4 sin sin sin =
2 2 2 2
⇒ (c2 – a2)(b2 – a2) = 0
⇒ either c = a or a = b 1 B  B 3+ 2
⇒ 4 sin sin  45 −  =
Hence triangle is isosceles. 2 2  2 2

1 B B B 3+ 2
Sol 10: Let the sides of ∆be n, n + 1, n + 2 where n ∈ N. ⇒ sin cos − sin  =
2 2 2 2 4
Let a = n, b = n + 1, c = n + 2
 M a them a ti cs | 19.51

Sol 14: r1 – r = r2 + r3
B B B 6 +2
⇒ sin cos – sin2 =
2 2 2 4 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
– = +
s−a s s −b s −c
6 +2
⇒ sinB – 1 + cosB = ∆a ∆a
2 ⇒ =
s(s − a) (s − b)(s − c)
6+4
⇒ sinB + cosB = A (s − b)(s − c)
2 ⇒ s(s – a) = (s – b)(s – c) ⇒ tan = =1
2 s(s − a)
6+4
⇒ sin(B + 45º) = ⇒ A = 90º
2 2
5π π Sol 15: 2(2R)2 = a2 + b2 + c2
⇒B= ,C=
12 12 2 2 2
 a   b   c 
b sinB 2=   +   +  
⇒ = =2+ 3  2R   2R   2R 
c sinC
⇒ sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2
a+c a
Sol 12:     =2 ⇒ 3 – cos2A – cos2B – cos2C = 4
 a  b
a + c = 2b ... (i) ⇒ cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = –1

⇒ a(1 – x2)+ 2bx + c(1 + x2) = 0 ⇒ 2cos(A + B)[cos(A – B) + 1] = –1

x2(c – a) + 2bx + c + a = 0 ⇒ cosC cosA cosB = 0

for equal roots b2 – c2 + a2 = 0 Hence it is right angled triangle.

a2 + b2 = c2 ... (ii)

3 1 1 1 1
Sol 16: – = + +
Hence it is right angle at ∠C r r ra rb rc
Putting value in equation (2) from equation (1)
A
⇒ a + b = (2b – a) ⇒ a + b = 4b + a – 4ab
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 5 5 P
⇒ 3b2 = 4ab ⇒ b = a; c = b ⇒c = a
3 4 3 E
Hence a = 3k, b = 4k, c = 5k
3 4 12
sinA + sinB + sinC = + +1= B C
5 5 5 x D
Sol 13: a = 7, b = 8, c = 5
A
2∆ 2∆ 2∆ 2bccos
+ + r 2
sinA + sinB + sinC OD = ; AD =
= = bc ac ab A b+c
A B C s c c sin
cot + cot + cot cot + cot 2
2 2 2 s−c 2 2 A A
 AD  2bc cos sin r
ra = DE =  2 2 = ∆
2∆ (2)s(s − c)  OP=
=  OD  (b + c)r b+c
abc s(s − c)
(a + b) 2 1 1 1
(s − a)(s − b) = + +
r ra rb rc

4 ∆ s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) 1 1 1  1 1  1 1  s

= =  −  + − + −  =
abc (a + b)2 r r r  r r  r r  ∆
 a   b   c 

4 ∆2 1 b+c
= =
(a + b)abc ra ∆

Calculating value p + q = 10 b + c + c + a + a + b 2s 2
R.H.S. = = =
∆ ∆ r
1 9 . 5 2 | Solutions of Triangle

Sol 17 : y2 + 2= 3y  A bc bc
r1r2 =
y = 1, 2 a+c a+b
2
AC = 1, AB = 2 1  
r1  1 1   sinC sinB 
BD x2 + 1 = bc  .  = bc  
= B
r2 a a
 + 1 + 1  (1 + sinC)(1 + sinB) 
CD 2x C
D  c b 
3
BD + CD x2 + 1 + 2x
=
CD 2x Sol 19: AD = (AB) sinB = C sinB

3 (x + 1)2 P1 = AD = 2R sinC sinB

=
CD 2x A
2 3x b
CD = = ( 3)
(x + 1) 2 c+b

3(x2 + 1)
Similarly BD =
(x + 1)2 B C
D
2 3x 1
=
2 1 (sinA + sinB + sinC)
(x + 1) 3 ∑A =
2R sinA sinBsinC
6x = (x + 1)2 ⇒ x2 + 1 – 4x = 0
A B C
⇒ x1 + x2 = 4 4 cos
cos cos
= 2 2 2
A1 A2 2x1 2x2  A A   B B 
 C C
tan +tan = + =8 2R  2sin cos   2sin cos   2sin cos 
2 2 1 1  2 2  2 2  2 2

Sol 18: Area (∆AMC) = Area(∆AMB) 1 1

= = = R.H.S.
A B C r
(BC) a 4R sin sin sin
= AM = MB = 2 2 2
2 2
a 1 ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ 1 1 1
AC = 2(AE) = b, AD = DB = = = = + + = + +
2 r s s − a s − b s − c r1 r2 r3
∆
In radii of ∆AMB =
s
Sol 20: Area of ∆ABC = Area of ABGF + Area of ∆GFC
1 Area ( ∆ABC) Area ( ∆ABC) bc
= = =
2 a+c a+c a+c A
 
 2 
C E
D
F
O P
E M
B C
D G
1 z+c 1
cP3= (2r)+ z(P3 – 2r)
A B 2 2 2
D
z 2r
1 Area ( ∆ABC) ⇒ zP3 + 2cr = cP3 ⇒ = 1−
In radius of ∆AMC = c P3
2 a+b
  x y z 1 1 1
 2  ∴ + + = 3 – 2r  + + 
a b c  P1 P2 P3 
Area ( ∆ABC) bc
= =
a+b a+b = 3 – 2=1
 M a them a ti cs | 19.53

Exercise 2 R.H.S. =
C  A +B  B A + C  A B + C
64R 3 cos  sin   cos sin   cos sin
Single Correct Choice Type 2 2  2 2  2 2 
A B C A B C
Sol 1: (C) BD =
1
BC ∑ 16R2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 cos 2 
2  
A B C
A 4R cos cos cos
C
= 2 2 2
3
A B C
D
∑ sin 2 sin 2 cos 2
i=1

B s s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)

4R
A s(s − a) abc
Pythagoras theorem in ∆BAD cos = =
2 bc s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
c2 + (AD)2 = (BD)2 ∑ abc
(s − c)

1 a2
c2 + (2b2 + 2c2 – a2) =
4 4  4RS 
 ∆
⇒ a2 = b2 + 3c2 =  abc  = 4R ⇒ k =
1
∆ 4
tanA sinA cosB (s − c) + (s − b) + (s − a)
= abc
tanB sinB cos A

a  a2 + c2 − b2   2bc  a2 + c2 − b2 x x
=   = = –2 Sol 4: (B) AC = =
 2 2  sin ∠ACD sinC
b  2ac 

2
b +c −a  b2 + c2 − a2
x
AB =
Sol 2: (A) Put a = 2R sin A sinB

2(sinA cos A + cosBsinB + sinCcosC  1 1 

= x2  +  = 8x
2

2(sinA + sinB + sinC)  sin C sin2 B 

2

sin2A + sin2B + sin2C sin2B + sin2C = 8 sin2C sin2B

=
2(sinA + sinB + sinC)
C
2sin(A + B)cos(A − B) + 2sinCcosC
=
2(sinA + sinB + sinC) D
2 2x
sinC[cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)]
= x
(sinA + sinB + sinC)
A B
2sinA sinBsinC
=
sinA + sinB + sinC 1 = 8 sin2C cos2C

1 π 3π
2sinA sinBsinC (sin2C) = ⇒C = ⇒B =
= 8 8
 A +B  A −B  C C 2
2sin   cos   + 2sin cos
 2   2  2 2
Sol 5: (A) OB = R
2sinA sinB sinC
= ∠AOC = 2A, ∠BOD = A
C A −B A +B
2cos cos + cos f = OD = R cos A
2 2 2 
A
A B C r
= 4 sin sin sin =
2 2 2 R F E
O
A B C C
Sol 3: (C) r1 = 4R sin cos cos B D
2 2 2
1 9 . 5 4 | Solutions of Triangle

a b c a b c a b c
L.H.S. = + + = + + Sol 8: (C) From sine rule = = =2R
f g h R cos A R cosB R cosC sinA sinB sinC
a Given situation
Put R = = 2(tanA+tanB+tanC) = 2tanA tanB tanC
2sinA a b c
= = =k
abc cos A cosB cosB
R.H.S. = λ
3
R cos A cosBcosB 2R sinA = k cosA
a tanA = tanB = tanC
Put R = = 8λ tanA tanB tanC
2sinA
Hence it is equilateral triangle.
1
⇒λ=
4
Sol 9: (A) cosA + cosB = 2(1 – cosC)
Sol 6: (C) ∠AOB = 2∠C = 2C A  A +B  A −B  C
cos   cos   = 2sin
2

OA = OB = R  2   2  2
AB  A −B  C  A +B
= 2R1 ⇒ cos 
sin ∠AOB
O  = 2sin = 2cos  
 2  2  2 
C
R1 = B C  A −B 
2sin2C cos  
 2 
L.H.S. = 2[sin2A + sin2B + sin2C] ⇒ =2
 A +B
= 2[2 sin(A + B) cos(A – B) + 2 sin C cos C] cos  
 2 
= 4 sin C[cos(A – B) ± cos(A + B)] = 8 sinA sinB sinC
 A −B   A +B
cos   + cos  
1  1  1 
= 8  absinC   bc sinA   casinB   2   2  2+1
⇒ =
2  2  2   A −B 
cos 
 A +B 2 −1
 − cos  
 2   2 
8a 64 ∆3 4∆
= = =
2 2 2
ab c abc2 2 2
R2 A B 5
⇒ cot cot = 3 =
2 2 5−c
r
Sol 7: (A) DF = ?; OE = r; OD =
A a + b + c = 3a + 3b – 3c⇒2c = a + b
sin
2
a+b+c
Sol 10: (B) Arithmetic mean =
A 3
2R
= (sinA + sinB + sinC)
E 3
O
F O Length of altitude = b sinC = 2R sinBsinC
r
3
B
PD
C Harmonic mean =
1
∑ 2R sinB sinC
A
2bc cos
AD = 2 6R sinA sinB sinC
b+c =
sinA + sinB + sinC
 AD   2R 
FD =   Product = (6R)   (sinA sinBsinC)
 OD   3 
A = 4R2 sinA sin B sinC
2bc cos
FD = 2 r sin A = bc sinA = 2∆
r(b + c) 2 b+c b+c  a  b 
=    sinA sinBsinC = 2∆
2∆  sinA   sinB 
If C is the base =
a+b
 M a them a ti cs | 19.55

sinA sin(B − C) Match the columns type

Sol 11: (A) =1
sinC sin(A − B) Sol 14: A → s; B → r; C → p; D → q
sin(B + C)sin(B − C) cos2B − cos2C (A) Centroid divides the
L.H.S.= = =1 A
sin(A + B)sin(A − B) cos2A − cos2B triangle into three equal
⇒ 2sin2B = sin2A + sin2C⇒2b2 = a2 + c2 part so 1 : 1 : 1
P
(B) P is incentre
5
Sol 12: (B) sinA = A = acute angle PD = r
13 B
D
C
99 BC = a
sinB = ~1
101 Area (DPBC) = ar
B ~ 90 hence ratio = a : b : c = sinA : sinB : sinC
C will be acute angle. (C) P is orthocentre
cos C > 0 1 a
Area of (DPBC) = × PD × BC = × (AD + AP)
2 2
cos C = 1 − sin2 C = 1 − sin2 (A + B)
a
= (2R sinB sinC – 2R cosA)
2
= 1 − [sinA cosB + cos A sinB]2
= aR(sinB sinC – cosA) = aR[sinB sinC + cos(B + C)
2
 99  20 = 2R cosB cos C = 2R sinA cosB cosC
⇒ cosB = 1−  =
 101  101
Hence ratio tanA : tanB: tanC
12 (D) If P is circumcentre 
⇒ cosA = A
13 PB = R
2
 5  20  12  99   255 a
⇒ cosC = 1−  +   = BD = P
 12  101  13  101   1313 2
a2
PD = R2 − B
D
C
Multiple correct choice type 4
1
Sol 13: (A, C) Hypotenuse Area DPBC = ×PD × BC
2

[(cos2α + cos2β + 2cos(α + β)]2 a 2 a2 a a2 a2

= = R − = −
2 4 2 4 sin2A 4
+ [sin2α + sin2β + 2sin(α + β)]2
cos2α + cos2β + 2cos(α + β) a4 cos A
= = (2R)2 sin2A
4 sinB
= cos2α – sin2α + cos2β – sin2b + 2cosacosβ – 2sinasinb
Ratio = sin2A : sin2B : sin2C
= (cosα + cosβ)2 – (sinα + sinβ)2
sin2α + sin2β + 2sin(α + β)
Sol 15: A → q; B → r; C → p; D → q
= 2sinacosα + 2 sinbcosβ + 2sinacosb + 2cosasinb
CA = b = 1 + 3
= 2sina[cosα + cosb] + 2sinb[cosβ + cosa]
1
= 2(cosα + cosβ)(sinα + sinβ) BC = a = 2, cos C =
2
Hypotenuse B
= (cosα + cosβ) + (sinα + sinβ)
2 2
D F
= 2 + 2cos2acosβ + 2sinbcosb
α −β P
= 2 + 2 cos(α – β)= 4cos2
2 C A
E
1 9 . 5 6 | Solutions of Triangle

(c)If a, sin B, R are given, then we can determine b = 2R

(AB) = 6 =C
a sinB
sinB, sinA = . So, sin C can be determined.
b
a2 + c2 − b2 (2)2 + (6) − ( 3 + 1)2
⇒ cosB = =
2ac 2(2)( 6) Hence, side c can also be uniquely determined.

6−2 3 3− 3 3 −1 (d) If a, sin A, R are given, then

⇒ cos B = = =
4 6 2 3 2 b c
= = 2R
B = 75º sinB sinC

A = 45º But this could not determine the exact values of b and
c.
 3
⇒ (BE) = a sinC = 2  = 3
 2 
  Sol 2: (A)
⇒ DA = C sinB = 6 (sin 75º) C
o
1 30
⇒ CF = b sinA = ( 3 + 1) a
2 b
∆DEF is pedal triangle of ∆ABC
120o o
30
π
∠DEB = – A ⇒ ∠DEF = π – 2A A c B
2
EF Given, ratio of angles are 4 : 1 : 1
(A) Circum scribing circle =
sin(EDF) ⇒ 4x + x + x = 180º
acos A R a 1 ⇒ x = 30º
= = = =
2sin( π − 2a) 2 ∆ sinA 2
∴ ∠A =120º, ∠B = ∠C =30º
1 a
(B) Area = × (DE)(DF) × sin(EDF) Thus, the ratio of longest side to perimeter =
2 a+b+c
1 Let b = c = x
= (c cosC × b cosB) × sin(π – 2A)
2 ⇒ a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA
= bc sinA cosA cosB cosC ⇒ a2 = 2x2 – 2x2 cosA = 2x2(1–cos)

1  3 − 1  1  2 6 ⇒ a2 = 4x2 sin2 A/2 ⇒ a = 2xsin A/2

= ( 3 +1 ) 6 

2 2
  =
 2
  8
=
4
3

y
∆ 3/4 6− 2
(C) r = = =
s Σacos A 4 B(3,4)

Previous Years’ Questions

Sol 1: (D) Here, for

(a) If a, sinA, sinB are given, then we can determine b
a a
= sinB, c = sinC. So, all the three sides are ⇒ a = 2xsin 60º = 3x
sinA sinA
unique. Thus, required ratio is
So, option (A) is incorrect. a 3 3
= =
(b)The three sides can uniquely make an acute angled a + b + c x + x + 3x 2 + 3
triangle. So, option (B) is incorrect.
Sol 3: (C) To find orthocentre of the triangle formed by
 M a them a ti cs | 19.57

(0, 0), (3, 4) and (4, 0). = 2k (b) = 2sinB [using, b = a cosC + c cosA] = 3
Let H be the orthocentre of ∆OAB
Sol 7: (C) y
∴ (Slope of OP ie, OH) · (slope of BA) = –1

y −0 4−0 4 3
⇒  · −1 ⇒ y =
 = −1 ⇒ − y =
P
(1,2 2)
3−0 3−4 3 4
 3 S (1,0) R
∴Required orthocentre = (3, y) =  3,  x’
O
x
 4
(-3,0) (-1,0)
(9,0)

Sol 4: (D) Let a, b, c are the sides of triangle ABC. Q

(1,-2 2)
B + C  B − C 
2sin   cos   y’
b + c k(sinB + sinC)  2   2 
Now, = =
a k sinA A A Coordinates of P and Q are (1, 2 2 ) and (1, –2 2 )
2sin cos
2 2
Now, PQ = (4 2)2 + 02 = 4 2
B − C  B − C 
cos   sin  
⇒
b+c
=  2  Also,
b−c
=  2  1
Area of ∆ PQR = · 4 2 ·8 = 16 2
a A a A 2
sin cos
2 2 1
Area of ∆ PQS = · 4 2 ·2 = 4 2
2
Sol 5: (C) A Ratio of area of triangle PQS and PQR is 1 : 4
D 60o o
a 60 a
Sol 8: (B) Equation of circumcircle of ∆ PRS is
3
O (x + 1) (x + 9) + y2 + λy = 0
15o
15o It will pass through (1, 2 2 ), then
B C
–16 + 8 + λ · 2 2 = 0
Let AB = AC = a and ∠A =120º
8
⇒ λ = =2 2
1 2 2 2
∴ Area of triangle = a sin120º
2
∴Equation of circumcircle is
where, a = AD = BD
x2 + y2 – 8x + 2 2 y – 9 = 0
= 3 tan30º + 3 cot15º Hence, its radius is 3 3 .
3  1 + tan 45º tan30º 
=1+ =1+ 3 
tan(45º −15º )  tan 45º − tan30º  Alternate Solution
2 2 PR
 3 +1 Let ∠PSR =
θ ⇒ sin θ = ∴ sin θ =
= 1 + 3  ∴a=4+2 3 2 3 2R
 3 −1
 
 3 ⇒ PR = 6 2 = 2R · sin θ ⇒ R = 3 3
1
⇒ Area of triangle = (4 + 2 3)2  =12 + 7 3
2  2 
  ∆
Sol 9: (D) Radius of incircle is, r =
Sol 6: (D) Since, A, B, C are in AP s
⇒ 2B = A + C ie, ∠B = 60º Since, ∆ = 16 2
a a 6 2 +6 2 +4 2
∴ (2sinC cosC)+ (2sinA cosA) = 2k (a cosC + c=
cosA) Now, s = 8 2
c c 2
using
 a b c 1  16 2
Using,  = = =  ∴r = 2
=
 sinA sinB sinC k  8 2
1 9 . 5 8 | Solutions of Triangle

Sol 10: (A, B, C, D) Since, ∆ ABC = ∆ ABD + ∆ ACD a2 + b2 − c2

Using, cosC =
1 1 A 1 A 2ab
⇒ bc sin A = c AD sin + b AD sin
2 2 2 2 2 3 (x2 + x + 1)2 + (x2 − 1)2 − (2x + 1)2
⇒ =
2bc A 2 2(x2 + x + 1)(x2 − 1)
⇒ AD = cos
b+c 2 3 (x2+x+1)(x2–1)
⇒ (x+2)(x+1)(x–1)x + (x2 – 1)2 =
A 2bc
Again, AE = AD sec = ⇒ AE is HM of b and c. ⇒ x2 +2x +(x2 –1) = 3 (x2+x+1)
2 b+c
A ⇒ (2 – 3 )x2 +(2 – 3 )x– ( 3 +1) = 0
EF = ED + DF = 2DE = 2AD tan
2
⇒ x = –(2 + 3 ) and x = 1 + 3
2bc A A 4bc A
= 2 cos tan = sin
b+c 2 2 b+c 2 But,x = –(2 + 3 ) ⇒ c is negative

Since, AD ⊥ EF and DE = DF and AD is bisector. ∴x = 1+ 3 is the only solution.

⇒ ∆ AEF is isosceles.
AD
Sol 13: In ∆ ADC, = sin23º
P b
Sol 11: (B, D)
⇒ AD = b sin 23º
abc
But AD = (given)
b − c2
2

abc a sin23º
Q
S R ⇒ = bsin23º ⇒ = ...(i)
2
b −c 2 2
b −c 2 c 
T
Again, in ∆ ABC,
Let a straight line through the vertex P of a given ∆
sinA sin23º
PQR intersects the side QR at the point S and the =
circumcircle of ∆ PQR at the point T. a c
sinA a
Points P, Q, R, T are concyclic, then PS · ST = QS · SR ⇒ = [from Eq. (i)]
a b − c2
2
PS + ST
Now, > PS·ST (AM > GM) a2 k 2 sin2 A
2 ⇒ sin A = ⇒ sin A =
b2 − c2 k 2 sin2 B − k 2 sin2 C
1 1 2 2
and + >
PS ST PS·ST QS·SR sin2 A
⇒ sin A =
sin2 B − sin2 C
SQ + QR
Also, > SQ ·SR
2 sin2 A
⇒ sin A =
QR 1 2 2 4 sin(B + C)sin(B − C)
⇒ > SQ ·SR ⇒ > ⇒ >
2 SQ ·SR QR SQ ·SR QR sin2 A
⇒ sin A =
1 1 2 4 sinA ·sin(B − C)
Hence, + > >
PS ST QS·SR QR ⇒ sin (B – C) = 1 (sin A ≠ 0)
⇒ sin (B – 23º) = sin90º ⇒ B – 23º = 90º
Sol 12: (B) A
⇒ B = 113º

abc ∆
Sol 14: We have, R = and r =
2
b=x -1 c=2x+1 4∆ s
R abc s abc·s abc
= = · =
r 4∆ ∆ 4∆ 2 4(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
C B
2 But a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6(given)
a=x +x+1
 M a them a ti cs | 19.59

a b c (c – a)2 = 0
⇒ = = = k(let)
4 5 6
(as we know, a+b–c > 0, b+c–a > 0, c+a–b > 0)
⇒ a = 4k, b = 5k, c = 6k
∴ Each term on the left of equation has positive
1 1 15k coefficient multiplied by perfect square, each term
Now, s = (a+ b + c) = (4k + 5k + 6x) =
2 2 2 must be separately zero.
R (4k) (5k) (6k) ⇒a=b=c
∴ =
r  15k   15k   15k  ∴Triangle is an equilateral.
4 − 4k   − 5k   − 6k 
 2  2  2 
b+c c+a a+b
30k 3 30·8 16 Sol 17: Let = = = λ
= = = 11 12 13
 15 − 8  15 − 10  15 − 12  7·5·3 7
k3     ⇒ (b+ c ) = 11 λ , c + a = 12 λ , a + b = 13 λ  ... (i)
 2  2  2 
⇒ 2(a+ b + c) = 36 λ
AC
Sol 15: In ∆ ADC, we have cos C = ⇒ a + b +c = 18 λ  ... (ii)
CD
2b On solving the Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
cos C = ... (i)
a 
a=7 λ , b=6 λ and c=5 λ
Applying cosine formula in ∆ ABC, we have
b2 + c2 − a2 b2 + c2 − a2 36λ2 + 25λ2 − 49λ2 1
∴ cos A
= = =
cos A = 2bc 2(30)λ 2 5
2bc
a2 + b2 − c2 a2 + c2 − b2
and cos C = ... (ii) cosB =
2ab 2ac

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 49λ2 + 25λ2 − 36λ2 19
= =
70λ 2 35
a2 + b2 − c2 2b
=
2ab a a2 + b2 − c2 49λ2 + 36λ2 − 25λ2 5
=cosC = =
⇒ a2 + b2 – c2 = 4b2 2ab 84λ2 7

⇒ a2 – c2 = 3b2 ... (iii) 1 19 5

∴ cosA : cosB : cosC = : : = 7 : 19 : 25
5 35 7
b2 + c2 − a2 2b b2 + c2 − a2
Now, cos A cos C = · =
2bc a ac A
Sol 18:
2 2 2
3b + 3(c − a )
= o
30 45
o

3ac
(a2 − c2 ) + 3(c2 − a2 ) 2(c2 − a2 )
= =
3ac 3ac

Sol 16: Let a, b, c are the sides of a ∆ ABC. 

B C
D
3 a/2 a/2
Given, cos A + cos B + cos C =
2
Let AD be the median to the base BC = a of ∆ ABC, and
b2 + c2 − a2 a2 + c2 − b2 a2 + b2 − c2 3
⇒ + + = let ∠ADC = θ , then
2bc 2ac 2ab 2
a a a a 3 −1
⇒ ab2 + ac2 – a3 + ba2+ bc2 – b3+ ca2+ cb2 – c3 = 3abc  +=  cot θ cot30º − cot 45º ⇒ cot θ =
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ a(b – c)2 + b(c – a)2 + c(a – b)2
Applying sine rule in ∆ ADC, we get
(a + b + c)
= [(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a)2 ] AD DC
2 =
sin( π − θ − 45º ) sin 45º
⇒ (a + b – c) (a – b)2 + (b + c – a) (b – c)2+ (c + a – b)
1 9 . 6 0 | Solutions of Triangle

A
a Sol 20:
AD 2
⇒ =
sin(θ + 45º ) 1
c b
2
p
a
⇒ AD = ( sin 45º cos θ + cos 45º sin θ )
2
a  cos θ + sin θ  a B
D C
⇒ AD =  =  (cos θ + sin θ) a
2  2)  2 Let ABC be a triangle with base BC=a and altitude AD =P

1 a  3 − 1 2 
 then, Area of ∆ABC =
1
bc sinA
⇒= + 2
11 − 6 3 2 8−2 3 8−2 3 
 
1
Also, area of ∆ABC = ap
2 8−2 3 8−2 3 2
⇒a= =2 =2
1 1
44 − 24 3 + 22 3 − 36 8−2 3 ∴ ap = bc sinA
2 2
Sol 19: Given, bc sinA abc sinA
⇒p= ⇒p=
a a2
cosA cosB + sinA sinB sinC = 1
abc sinA · (sin2 B − sin2 C)
1 − cos A cosB ⇒p=
⇒ sinC = ... (i) a2 (sin2 B − sin2 C)
sinA sinB 
abc sinA · sin(B + C) sin(B − C)
1 − cos A cosB ⇒p=
⇒ ≤1 (sin C ≤ 1) (b2 sin2 A − c2 sin2 A)
sinA sinB 
 a b c 
⇒ 1–cosA cosB ≤ sinA sinB  sin rule : = = 
 sinA sinB sinC 
⇒ 1 ≤ cos(A – B)
⇒ cos(A – B) ≥ 1 abc sin2 A·sin(B − C) abc sin(B − C)
= =
2 2 2
(b − c )·sin A b2 − c2
⇒ cos(A – B) = 1 [as cos( θ )≤1)
⇒ A–B=0 ab2r sin(B − C) ar sin(B − C)
= =
2
b −b r 2 2
1 − r2
On putting A = B in Eq. (i), we get
1 − cos2 A ar
sinC= ⇒p≤ [sin(B–C) ≤1]
sin2 A 1 − r2 
π
⇒ sinC=1 ⇒ C= Sol 21:
2
O
Now,A + B + C = π
2
π n
⇒A+B=
2 r r
π  π
 A B=
⇒ A == and C 
4  2
A1 A2
∴ sinA : sinB : sinC
Let O be the centre and r be the radius of the circle
π π π passing
= sin : sin : sin
4 4 2 through the vertices A1, A2, ..., An
1 1 2π
⇒a:b:c= : :1 = 1:1: 2 Then, ∠A1 OA2 = , also OA1 = OA2 = r
2 2 n
 M a them a ti cs | 19.61

Again by cos formula we know that,  4π   3π 

⇒ sin   = sin  
2 2 2  n   n 
 2π  OA1 + OA2 − A1 A2
cos   = 4π 3π 7π
 n  2(OA1 )(OA2 ) ⇒ =π – ⇒ =π ⇒ n =7
n n n
 2π  r 2 + r 2 − A1 A22
⇒ cos   =
 n  2 (r) (r) Sol 22 : It is given that a, b, c and area of ∆ are rational.
 2π  2 B (s − c)(s − a)
⇒ 2r2 cos   = 2r – A1 A2
2
We have, tan =
n
  2 s(s − b)
 2π 
⇒ A1 A22 = 2r2 – 2r2 cos   s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) ∆
 n  = =
s(s − b) s(s − b)
  2π   a+b+c
⇒ A1 A22 = 2r2  1 − cos   Again, a, b, c are rational given, s = are rational,
  n  2
π Also, (s – b) is rational since, ∆ is rational, therefore, we
⇒ A1 A22 = 2r2·2sin2   get
n
π B  ∆
π tan   = is rational.
⇒ A1 A22 = 4r2sin2   ⇒ A1 A2 = 2rsin   2 s(s − b)
n  
n
 2π  C ∆
Similarly, A1 A3 = 2rsin   Similarly, tan   = is rational,
2
  s(s − c)
 n 
 3π  B C
and A1 A 4 = 2rsin   Therefore a, tan , tan are rational.
2 2
 n 
1 1 1 Which shows that (i) ⇒ (ii)
Since, = + (given)
A1 A2 A1 A3 A1 A 4 Again, it is given that

1 1 1 B C
⇒= + a, tan , tan are rational, then
2r sin( π / n) 2r sin(2π / n) 2r sin(3π / n) 2 2

1 1 1 A π B+C
⇒= + tan = tan  − 
sin( π / n) sin(2π / n) sin(3π / n) 2 2 2 
B  C
1 − tan   · tan  
 3π   2π  B + C  1 2 2
sin   + sin   ⇒ cot  =
1  n   n  =
⇒ =  2  tan  B + C  B  C
tan   + tan  
sin( π / n) sin(2π / n) sin(3π / n)  
2 2 2
  2
 2π   3π   π   3π  π  2π  Since, tan (B/2) and tan(C/2) are rational numbers, we
⇒ sin =  · sin   sin   sin   + sin   · sin   get tan (A/2) is a rational number.
n
  n
  n
    n n
   n 

 2π    3π   π  π  3π  2 tanA/2
⇒ sin  
Now, sin A = as tan (A/2) is a rational
sin   − sin    =sin   · sin   1 + tan2 A/2
 n     n n
  n
   n 
number, sinA is a rational number. Similarly, sinB and
 2π     3π + π   3π − π   sinC are rational numbers. Thus, a, sinA, sinB, sinC are
⇒ sin    2cos   sin    rational numbers therefore (ii) ⇒ (iii)
 n     2n   2n  
Now again, a, sinA, sinB, sinC are rational.
π  3π 
= sin   · sin  
n  n  a b c
By the sine rule = =
sinA sinB sinC
 2π   2π  π  π   3π 
⇒ 2sin   · cos   · sin   =
sin   sin   a sinB a sinC
⇒ b = and c
 n   n  n  n   n = sinA sinA
 2π   2π   3π  since a, sin A, sin B and sin C are rational numbers,
⇒ 2sin   cos   = sin  
 n   n   n  ⇒ b and c are also rational.
1 9 . 6 2 | Solutions of Triangle

1 Combing above expressions;

Also, ∆ = bcsinA
2
p< 0 or p ≥ ( 2 +1)2
As b, c and sinA are rational numbers, ∆ is a rational
numbers. ie, P ∈ (– ∞ , 0) ∪ [( 2 +1)2, ∞ )

Therefore, a, b, c and ∆ are rational numbers. or P ∈ (– ∞ , 0) ∪ [3+2 2 , ∞ )

Therefore (iii) ⇒ (i).
Sol 24 : A
o
90 -B
Sol 23: Since, A + B + C = π
A/2
⇒ B + C = π – π /4 = 3 π /4 ...(i) (A= π /4, given) F G
R
∴0 < B, C< 3 π /4.
o
90
I
Also, given tanB · tanC = p r O
sinB·sinC p
⇒ =  ... (i)
cosB·cosC 1 B C
sinB·sinC + cosBcosC p + 1 It is clear from figure that OA = R.
⇒ =
sinB·sinC − cosB·cosC p − 1 IF
AI =
cos(B − C) 1 + p sin(A / 2)
⇒ =
cos(B + C) 1 − p r
∴ ∆ AIF is right angled triangle =
sin(A / 2)
(1 + p)
⇒ cos(B – C) = − ... (ii) (B+C = 3 π /4) Butr = 4R sin (A/2) sin (B/2) sin(C/2)
2(1 − p)

Since, B or C can vary from 0 to 3 π /4 ∴ AI = 4R sin (B/2) sin(C/2)

0 ≤ B – C < 3 π /4 Again, ∠ GOA = B ⇒ OAG = 90º – B

1 Therefore, ∠ IAO = ∠ IAC – ∠ OAC
− < cos(B − C) ≤ 1 ... (iii)
2  1
= A/2 – (90º – B) = (A+2B–180º)
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get 2
1 1
1 1+p = (A + 2B – A – B – C) = (B – C)
− < ≤1 2 2
2 2(p − 1)
In ∆OAI, OI2 = OA2 + AI2 – 2(OA)(AI)cos ( ∠ IAO)
1 1+p 1+p
⇒ − < and ≤1
2 2(p − 1) 2(p − 1) = R2 + [4R sin (B/2)sin (C/2)]2 – 2R· [4Rsin(B/2) sin(C/2)]
B − C 
cos  
1+p 1 + p − 2p + 2  2 
⇒ + 1 ≥ 0 and ≤0
p −1 2(p − 1)
= [R2+16R2 sin2(B/2) sin2(C/2) – 8R2 sin(B/2) sin(C/2)] cos
 1+ 2  B − C 
(1 − 2)  p −   
2p  1 − 2   2 
≥ 0 and  ≤0
⇒
p −1 2(p − 1)
= R2 [1+16 sin2(B/2) sin2(C/2) – 8sin(B/2) sin(C/2)] cos
2p (p − ( 2 + 1)2 )  B − C 
⇒ > 0 and ≥0  
p −1 (p − 1)  2 
+ – + + – +
= R2 [1+8 sin(B/2)
0 1 1 ( 2 + 1)
2
  B − C  
sin(C/2) 2sin (B / 2 ) sin ( C / 2 ) cos   
⇒ (p< 0 or p > 1   2  

and( p < 1 or p>( 2 + 1)2 ) = R2 [1+8 sin(B/2)

 M a them a ti cs | 19.63

 B − C  B + C   B − C  
sin(C/2) cos   +cos   – cos    Sol 25: A
  2   2   2  
  B + C 
= R 2 1 − 8 sin(B/2)sin(C/2)cos 
A/2 A/2

  2 
r1 K

2  π A  o
= R 1 − 8 sin(B/2)sin(C/2)cos  −   J 90
  2 2  F o E
r1 90 r1
 A B C π
 + + = H
 2 2 2 2

= R2 [1–8 sin(A/2) sin(B/2) sin(C/2)]

  r 
= R2 1 − 8    = R – 2Rr
2
B C
  4R  D o
90
Now, in right ∆BIO
The quadrilateral HEKJ is a square because all four
⇒ OB2 = BI2 + IO2 angles are right angle and JK = JH.
⇒ R2 = BI2 + R2 – 2Rr Therefore, HE = JK = r1 and IE = r(given)
⇒ 2Rr = BI2 ⇒ IH = r – r1
⇒ 2Rr = r /sin (B/2)
2 2
Now, in right angled triangle IHJ,
⇒ 2R = r/sin (B/2) 2
∠JIH = π/2 − A/2
⇒ 2R sin B/2 = r
2
[ ∠ IEA = 90º, ∠ IAE = A/2 and ∠ JIH = ∠ AIE ] in triangle
JIH
⇒ R (1–cosB) = r
π A r A r
tan  −  = 1 ⇒ cot = 1
 2 2  r − r1 2 r − r1
abc ∆
⇒ (1–cosB) =
4∆ s B r C r
Similarly, cot = 2 and cot = 3
2 r − r2 2 r − r3
4 ∆2
⇒ abc (1–cosB) =
s On adding above results, we get

 a2 + c2 − b2  4 ∆2 cot A/2 + cot B/2 + cot C/2 = cot A/2 cot B/2 cot C/2
⇒ abc 1 − =
 2ac  s r1 r2 r3 r1r2r3
⇒ + + =
 2ac − a2 − c2 + b2  4 ∆2 r − r1 r − r2 r − r3 (r − r1 ) (r − r2 ) (r − r3 )
⇒ abc  =
 2ac  s
1
4 ∆2 Sol 26: Given ∆ ≤ (a + b + c)abc
⇒ b[b2 – (a – c)2] = 4
s
1
⇒ b[b2 – (a – c)2] = 8(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) ⇒ (a + b + c)abc ≥ 1
4∆
⇒ b[{b – (a – c)} {b + (a – c)}] = 8(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
(a + b + c)abc 2s abc
⇒ b[(b + c – a)(b + a – c)] = 8(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) ⇒ ≥1 ⇒ ≥1
2
16∆ 16∆2
⇒ b[(2s – 2a)(2s – 2c)] = 8(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
s abc
⇒ ≥1
⇒ b[(2·2 (s – a)(s – c)] = 8(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) 8·s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
⇒ b = 2s – 2b
abc
⇒ ≥1
⇒ 2b = a + c 8(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
Which shows that b is arithmetic mean between a abc
and c. ⇒ ≥ (s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
8
 1 9 . 6 4 | Solutions of Triangle

Now, puts – a = x ≥ 0, s – b = y ≥ 0, s – c = z ≥ 0
3 3 3
x− y−
s–a+s–b=x+y 2 = 2 = −1 ⇒ C ≡ ( 3, 1)
Equation of CD is
3 1
2s – a – b = x + y
2 2
c=x+y Equation of the circle is (x − 3)2 + (y − 1)2 =
1
Similarly,a = y + z, b = x + z

(x + y) (y + z) (x + z) Sol 29: (A) Since the radius of the circle is 1 and C

⇒ · · ≥ xyz
2 2 2 ( 3,1) , coordinates of F ≡ ( 3,0)

which it true x − 3 y −1  3 3
Equation of CE is = = 1 ⇒ E≡ , 
3 1  2 2
Now quality will hold if −  
2 2
x = y = z ⇒ a = b = c ⇒ triangle is equilateral.
Sol 30: (D) Equation of QR is y −=
3 3(x − 3)
Sol 27: (B)
C ( ,2r) ⇒ y=3x
(0, 2r) D
Equation of RP is y = 0.

(r, r) Sol 31: (D) X

= sin θ + sin 3θ + .... + sin 29 θ
(0, 0) A B (2 ,0) 2(sin θ)X = 1 − cos 2θ + cos 2θ − cos 4θ + ... +
cos 28θ − cos 30θ
1
18
= (3α )(2r) ⇒ α=
r 6
2 1 − cos 30 θ 1
=X =
2r 2 sin θ 4 sin 2o
Line y =− (x − 2α ) is tangent to
α
Sol 32: (B, C)
(x − r)2 + (y − r)2 =
r2
2α 3r and
= = αr 6 B + C  B − C  2 A
2cos   cos   = 4 sin
 2   2  2
r = 2.
B − C 
cos   = 2sin (A / 2)
Sol 28: (D)  2 
2 2 B − C 
(x - 2 3) + (y - 1) = 1 cos  
 2 = sinB + sinC
⇒ 2 ⇒ 2
=
sin A / 2 sin A
 3, 3
Q
⇒ b+c =2a (constant)

 3 3
,
2 2  3 3 3
,
2 2  Sol 33: (C, D) Given solutions
E D
1
sin( π / 4)
C
 sin(θ + π / 4 − θ) sin(θ + π / 2 − (θ + π / 4)) 
 + 
R 60o 60
o
P  sin θ ⋅ sin(θ + π / 4) sin(θ + π / 4) ⋅ sin(θ + π / 2) 
 sin((θ + 3π / 2) − (θ + 5π / 4)) 
F  3, 0 3x + y - 6 -0
 +.... +
 sin( θ + 3ο / 2) ⋅ sin( θ + 5 π / 4)


x- 3
x- 3 =4 2

⇒ 2[cos θ − cot(θ + π / 4) + cot(θ + π / 4)

− cot(θ + π / 2) + .... + cot(θ + 5π / 4) − cot(θ + 3π / 2)] = 4 2
 M a them a ti cs | 19.65

2 2 1 2 2 ⇒ 3(x2 + x + 1)= 2x2 + 2x − 1

Sol 34: cos α = , sin α = , tan α =
3 3 R
⇒ ( 3 − 2)x2 + ( 3 − 2)x + ( 3 + 1) =
0
2 2
⇒ R
= = 8 units
tan θ On solving
C1 ⇒ x2 + x − (3 3 + 5) =0

2 2 C2 x= 3 + 1, − (2 + 3)
A 1
P 

3 B
Sol 37: (A, C, D)

2sin2 θ
2cos θ(1 − sin=
ϕ) cos ϕ −
= 1 2sin θ ϕ − 1
R  sin θ
2cos θ − 2cos θ sin
= ϕ 2 sin θ cos ϕ − 1
A
C 2 cos θ=
+ 1 2 sin (θ + ϕ)
3
tan(2π − θ) > 0 ⇒ tan θ < 0 and −1 < sin θ < −
2
 3π 5π 
30
o ⇒ θ∈ , 
B C  2 3 
Sol 35: 1
< sin (θ + ϕ) < 1
2 π 5π
a2 + 16 − 8 3 a2 + 8 ⇒ 2π + < θ + ϕ < + 2π
cos β = ⇒ = 6 6
2× a× 4 2 8a
π 5π
⇒ a2 + 4 3 a + 8 =0 2π + − θmax < ϕ < 2π + − θmin
6 6
⇒ a= π 4π
1 + a2 4 3,=
a1a2 8 <ϕ<
2 3
⇒ | a1 − a2 |= 4
1
⇒ | ∆1 − ∆2 =| × 4 sin 30o × 4= 4 Sol 38: (C)
2

Sol 36: (A, B) A a = 2 = QR, b= 7= PR , c= 5= PQ

2 2
a+b+c 8
s
= = = 4
2 4
2
2x+1 x -1
2 sin P − 2sinP cos P 2 sin P(1 − cosP)
=
2 sin P + 2sin P cos P 2sin P(1 + cosP)
/6 P
B C 2 sin2
1 − cosP 2 tan2 P
= = =
2
x +x+1
1 + cosP P 2
2cos2
π (x2 − 1)2 + (x2 + x + 1)2 − (2x + 1)2 2
cos =
6 2(x2 + x + 1)(x2 − 1) (s − b)(s − c) (s − b)2 (s − c)2
= =
3 (x2 − 1)2 + (x2 + 3x + 2)(x2 − x) s(s − a) ∆2
=
2 2(x2 + x + 1)(x2 − 1) 2 2
 7  5
4 −  4 −  2
3 (x2 − 1)2 + (x + 1)(x + 2)x(x − 1)  2  2  3 
= = =  
2 2(x2 + x + 1)(x2 − 1) ∆2  4∆ 
x2 − 1 + x(x + 2)
⇒ 3=
x2 + x + 1
1 9 . 6 6 | Solutions of Triangle

Sol 39: (B, D) P P(at2, 2at)

s-a
M  16a 8a 
Q ,− 
N
 t2 t 
s-c
1
∆OPQ = OP ⋅ OQ
2
Q s-b L R
1 a( −4) 16
⇒ at t2 + 4 ⋅ +4 =
3 2
Let s – a = 2k – 2, s – b = 2k, s – c = 2k + 2, k ∈ I, k > 1 2 t t2
Adding we get,
⇒ t2 − 3 2t + 4 =
0 ⇒ t = 2, 2 2
s = 6k
 t2 
So, a = 4k + 2, b = 4k, c = 4k – 2 P(at2 , 2at) = P  ,t 
2 
 
1
Now, cosP =
3 =t 2 ⇒ P(1, 2)

b2 + c2 − a2 1 =t 2 2 ⇒ P(4, 2 2)
⇒ =
2bc 3
⇒ 3[(4k)2 + (4k − 2)2 − (4k + 2)2 ] =2 × 4k(4k − 2)
Sol 42: (A, B, C)
2
⇒ 3[16k − 4 (4k) ×=
2] 8k (4k − 2)
Q2
⇒ 48k 2 − 96k = 32k 2 − 16k ⇒ 16k 2= 80k ⇒ k= 5
So, sides are 22, 20, 18
R2

Sol 40: (B) x = a + b, y = ab

x2 – c2= y T

2 2 2
a +b −c 1 ( 2, 1 (
⇒ =− =cos(120o )
2ab 2 0
2π 0
⇒ ∠C =
3
abc ∆
R
⇒ = ,=
r
4∆ s R3
2
1  2π  
4  absin    Q3
r 4∆  22
 3 
⇒= = x2 + y 2 =
3
R s(abc) x+c
⋅ y ⋅c
2 x2 = 2y
r 3y
=
R 2c(x + c) Intersection point is P ≡ ( 2,1)

Equation of tangent is 2x + y =
3
Sol 41: (A, D) y 2
P(at , 2at)
tan(θ) =− 2
1
tan(α ) = tan(θ − 90) = − cot θ =
0
x 2
1 2 3
sin(α=
) =
3 Q3 T

 
Q
16a 8a ⇒ Q3 T =
6
,-
t
2 t
 M a them a ti cs | 19.67

∴ Q 2 Q3 =
2Q3 T =
12 5s 2s 7s
⋅ ⋅
xyz 9 3 = 9 35
R =
= 6
1 2 3 4∆ 4×6 6 24
tan(α=
) = ⇒ R3 =
T 2 6
2 R3 T 8
x y z r 3 = 4
∴ R 2R 3 =2R3 T =4 6 sin   sin   sin  =  =
2 2
      2 4R 35 6 35
4×
3 24
⊥ distance of o from R2 R3 is = 3
( 2)2 + 12 x+y 2z 1 + cos(z) 3
sin2=
  cos
=   =
 z  2
  2 5
1
∴ Area (OR 2R 3 ) = × 3 × 4 6 =6 2 square units
2
1 Sol 44: (A)
Similarly, Area (PQ2Q3 ) = × 2 × 12 =6 2 square
units 2
M

Sol 43: (A, C, D)

s − X s − y s − z 3s − (x + y + z) s
= = = = F1 F2
4 3 2 9 9
(1, 0)
5s 2s 7s (-1,0)
∴ x= , y= , z=
9 3 9
8π
A=πr 2 = N
3

∆ 8 2 8s2 a=3
⇒ = ⇒ ∆
=
s 3 3 1
e=
3
4s s 2s 8 2
⇒ s⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =s ∴ F1 ≡ ( −1, 0)
9 3 9 3
F2 ≡ (1,0)
⇒ s=
9
So, equation of parabola is y2 = 4x
8
∴ =
∆ 9 6 6 square units
×= 3 
3 Solving simultaneously, we get  , ± 6 
 2 
 −9 
∴ Orthocentre is  , 0
 10 