ON-THE-JOB TRAINING AT ATI- INTERNATIONAL TRAINING CENTER ON PIG

HUSBANDRY (ATI-ITCPH), MARAWOY, LIPA CITY, BATANGAS

An On-the-Job Training Proposal

Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Agriculture and Allied Fields
MINDORO STATE UNIVERSITY
Main Campus
Alcate, Victoria, Oriental Mindoro

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
Major in Animal Science

by

Pamonag, Althea Juliera O.

Matutina, Daleth Aln L.
Semeniano, Richell P.
Amido, Millionita S.
Bonquin, Shiena B.
Gamboa, Joshua D.
Sara, Enacencia P.
Javier, Clester D.

January 2024
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Nature and Importance of On-The-Job Training at ATI-ITCPH

On-the-job training (OJT) is a training that enable students to have hands-on learning in

the work field. It provides help through practical experiences about the real world of working

during the training period. This will be able to connect the gap between theoretical knowledge

gained from school or institution and the real-world application (Repancol, 2023). Taking OJT

will serve as the preparation to be highly competitive with appropriate work knowledge,

employable skills, and attitude once graduated. With this, to ensure student-trainees to have

personal and professional development, a close cooperation with the fully equipped partner

institution must be present.

In compliance to the On-the-Job training requirement for the graduating students of

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, major in Animal Science, student-trainees will be assigned to

the ATI-International Training Center on Pig Husbandry at Marawoy, Lipa City, Batangas.

Agricultural Training Institute - International Training Center on Pig Husbandry (ATI-

ITCPH), is a government-training center that is Asia's only specialized training center on pig

husbandry. They are dedicated in helping farmers and entrepreneurs to achieve goals of

productivity and profitability through their principle of "learning by doing". They have well-

equipped facilities providing different resources on pig husbandry and livestock, and the highly

competent technical staffs with local and international trainings that can provide intensive

guidance to the clienteles. The student-trainees believed that on-the-job training in this center
will get them completely involved in the actual duties in pig husbandry and will strengthen their

desire as aspiring animal scientists in the making.

Furthermore, completion of On-The-Job training in ATI-ITCPH will prepare and expose

student-trainees to the different working conditions helping them to enhance their knowledge and

skills on different aspects of pig husbandry and related disciplines. Experiences will give them

benefits in their chosen field as it can contribute to their potential for future employment. Also,

the training will give them the idea to the option of putting up a business related to the field they

are in.

Objectives of On-the-Job Training

Generally, the on-the-job training (OJT) aims to broaden the trainee’s knowledge and

develop skills in swine husbandry and related disciplines through practical application of

different care and management methods.

Specifically, this training seeks for the trainees to:

1. strengthen the theoretical knowledge and practices gained from school through

application in actual work setting;

2. obtain and improve skills in swine management such as artificial insemination

(AI), animal waste management, biosecurity measures, feeding, vaccination,

cleaning, and other husbandry practices;

3. equip with values of professionalism and work appreciation in handling different

clientele in work field; and

 4. enrich personal development such as communication skills, self-confidence, self-

esteem, emotional stability, and tough mindedness on work field setting.

Location and Duration of Field Practice

The on-the-job training will be conducted at the Agricultural Training Institute-

International Training Center on Pig Husbandry (ATI-ITCPH), Marawoy, Lipa City, Batangas

from April to May 2023.

Expected Output

Within the thirty-day of on-the-job training, the student-trainees have the following

expected outputs:

1. Artificial Insemination

1.1. Training of Boars

1.2. Semen Collection

1.3. Semen Storage

1.4. Semen Dilution

1.5. Semen Evaluation

1.6. Bacterial Isolation and Culture

2. Animal Waste Management

2.1. Biogas Production

2.2. Bio-organic Fertilizer and Composting

3. Biosecurity Measures
4. Care and Management of Dry Sow/Gilt

4.1. Heat Detection

4.2. Health Management

4.3. Feeding management

5. Care and Management of Sows During Pregnancy

5.1. Health Management

5.2. Ultrasound

5.3. Feeding management

6. Care and Management of Growing Pigs

6.1. Cleaning and Bathing

6.2. Feeding Management

6.3. Health Management

7. Care and Management of Newly Born Piglets

7.1. Feeding Management

7.2. Ear Notching

7.3. Ear Tagging

7.4. Castration

7.5. Iron Administration

7.6. Vaccination
Activities to be performed Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6

Artificial Insemination
Training of boars
Semen collection
Semen storage
Semen dilution
Semen evaluation
Bacterial isolation and culture

Animal Waste Management

Biogas Production
Bi-organic fertilizer and
composting
Biosecurity Measures
Care and Management of Dry Sow/Gilt
Heat Detection
Health Management
Care and Management of Sows during Pregnancy
Health Management
Ultrasound
Care and Management of Growing Pigs
Cleaning and Bathing
Feeding Management
Health Management
Care and Management of Newly Born Piglets
Feeding Management
Ear Notching
Ear Tagging
Castration
Iron Administration
Vaccination
Proposed Schedule of Activities
2 Person per group: blue- group 1, orange- group 2, green- group 3, brown- group 4

Definition of Terms

The following terminologies that will be used in the training are conceptually defined.

Artificial Insemination- This is a reproductive technique in pigs that consists of the deposition

of diluted refrigerated or fresh semen inside the sow, through a cannula or catheter. It

reduces the risk of transmission of several diseases, and it increases in the number of

piglets produced from a high-quality parent (Sáenz, 2020).

Biogas – This pertains to naturally occurring gas that is generated by the breakdown of organic

matter by anaerobic bacteria and is used in energy production. Primarily composed of

methane gas, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon

monoxide (Badurek, 2023).

Bio-organic Fertilizer – Those are natural fertilizers from agro-industrial wastes produced by

farm and industry activities. Crop residues and agro-industrial by-products such as

coconut coir dust, mud press, animal manure, other similar materials and process them

into refined inoculated compost or bio-organic fertilizers (NIMBB, 2023).

Castration - Castrating a piglet is an essential management practice for male piglets intended for

slaughter and is also done to prevent boar taint. The most suitable time for the procedure

is when the piglet is between four and fourteen days old, as they are easier to handle and

have natural antibody protection (Reese et al., 2015).

Ear notching - The researchers found that the success rate of ear notching was high, indicating

its effectiveness in distinguishing individual piglets within a litter (Jensen and Moustsen,

2012).

Ear tagging - It is a widely used method for identification and management of newly born

piglets in the livestock industry. It involves attaching a unique tag to the ear of a piglet for

individual identification and tracking purposes. Ear tags serve as unique identifiers that

allow farmers to maintain accurate records related to each piglet's birth date, health

status, and parentage (Tummaruk et al., 2015).

Estrus – This is a physical expression of the female’s release of oxytocin, increased levels of

estrogen, state of ovulation and receptivity to mating. The display of estrus typically lasts

no more than 48 hours in gilts, and 38 to 64 hours in sows, although there is variation

between farms and individual females (Johnson, 2015).

Iron Injection - This is the process of giving iron dextran by intramuscular or subcutaneous

injections to piglets between one and seven days of age. This is due to correct the

development of iron deficiency that leads to anemia (Hougton, 2018).

Semen Dilution - The use of a diluent will extend its shelf-life in which the semen is diluted on a

commercial extender to obtain an adequate concentration for preparing artificial

insemination seminal doses and to be refrigerated for several days in optimal condition

(Lopez et al., 2017).

Ultrasound - It can be done in sow management during pregnancy has to improve reproductive

performance, reduce neonatal mortality rates and significantly reduced stillbirths and

increased the number of live-born piglets (Almeida et al., 2020).

Vaccination - Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting people against

harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them (World HeathHealth

Organization, 2024).
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter provides related literature and studies providing an in-depth information in

each practice about swine industry which can be an additional aid to the on-the-job training at

ATI- International Training Center on Pig Husbandry.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

Training Of Boars

Young boars, being generally easy to train, should be handled with care to avoid injuries

or falls that could discourage them and hinder the training process. To encourage boars during

training, it is essential to have an adjustable dummy so that meets specific criteria. Firstly, the

dummy sow should be set at the correct height for the trainee boar. It should also be stable,

comfortable, and free from sharp projections that might cause discomfort or injury. Furthermore,

the training area should be familiar to the boar, such as his pen or the mating pen. Additional

encouragement may be necessary to prompt the boar to mount and thrust. This can be achieved

by ensuring the presence of the smell of semen or saliva from another boar or urine from a sow

on the adjustable dummy sow (Fisheries, 2023).

Semen Collection

The swine industry heavily relies on artificial insemination (AI) in commercial farms,

making boar semen collection a critical step. However, this widespread practice also poses a

significant risk of spreading pathogenic bacteria and viruses if the semen is contaminated.
Therefore, maintaining optimal boar health and managing the potential adverse effects, like

infertility and reduced sperm production, is crucial for commercial boar studs. Optimizing semen

collection techniques plays a vital role in ensuring high-quality sperm with optimal

concentration, motility, and morphology. Recent advancements in boar semen collection,

including computer-assisted sperm sorting, sperm selection technologies, and the use of boar

stimulation aids. It highlights the potential of these methods for improving sperm quality and

collection efficiency (Smith, 2023). Maes et al. (2008) emphasized the importance of

understanding the potential risks of disease transmission through AI and implementing

comprehensive biosecurity measures to ensure safe and sustainable breeding practices in the

swine industry.

Moreover, influence to the collection success such as age, breed, health, and nutritional

status directly impact semen quantity and quality. Maintaining optimal conditions and addressing

any underlying health issues are crucial. Providing a calm and stress-free environment with

appropriate temperature, lighting, and minimal noise encourages successful collection and

minimizes boar discomfort. Strict adherence to hygiene protocols during collection avoids

bacterial contamination, protecting both the boar and sperm viability. Mastering the chosen

method, including proper stimulation procedures and semen handling techniques, ensures

efficient and high-quality ejaculate collection. Boar health, environmental factors, hygiene, and

proper collection technique all play crucial roles. Influence of environmental temperature and

humidity on boar semen quality during collection using both manual and artificial vagina

methods (Smith, 2023).

This, in turn, directly impacts breeding success and overall farm productivity. By

studying and refining collection methods, we can not only minimize health risks but also
maximize the efficiency and productivity of boar studs in the swine industry. The most common

method, utilizing an artificial vagina or "dummy sow" for manual stimulation and ejaculate

capture. Requires skilled personnel and a calm environment to minimize stress and maximize

volume (Jones, 2023).

Furthermore, a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing semen collection

success, diverse collection techniques, and existing challenges paves the way for innovative

solutions and improved breeding outcomes. By focusing on boar welfare, optimizing techniques,

and embracing emerging technologies, the swine industry can enhance sperm quality, increase

breeding efficiency, and ultimately achieve sustainable productivity. A specialized technique

employing electrical stimulation of the boar's genitalia to induce ejaculation. Primarily used in

cases where manual collection is difficult due to age, injury, or temperament (Brown, 2023).

Boar semen collection techniques, including manual collection, artificial vagina methods, and

boar stimulation techniques. It discusses factors influencing collection success, proper handling

and hygiene, and potential challenges. Ensuring the high quality of semen consistent collection

practices and high-quality semen contributes to successful insemination and reduced

insemination failures, ultimately increasing conception rates and piglet production (Rodríguez-

Martinez et al., 2020)

Semen Storage

Boar semen storage forms the backbone of artificial insemination in swine breeding,

directly impacting farm productivity and genetic dissemination. Optimizing storage techniques

demands a multifaceted approach, considering storage methods, extender components, and

emerging technologies. Traditionally, boar semen is stored in liquid form at refrigerator

temperatures (15-17°C). This method offers short-term viability (few days) and is cost-effective

for immediate insemination. However, motility and fertility decline gradually (Jones, 2023).

Allows for long-term storage, but requires cryoprotectants and specific protocols. While post-

thaw sperm motility is lower than with liquid storage, cryopreservation enables broader genetic

distribution and semen banking (Brown, 2023). Seminal plasma provides natural energy sources

for sperm, but depletes during storage. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can damage

sperm during storage while antioxidants (vitamin E, catalase) in extenders helps scavenge

ROS, protecting sperm membrane integrity and preserving motility (Qamar et al., 2022).

Semen Dilution

Dominiek et al. (2011) stated that after semen collection, the filter with gel should be

discarded, and the collection container must be placed in warm water. The semen should be

extended within 15 minutes after collection. The ejaculation typically lasts for 5 to 8 minutes but

may continue for up to 15 minutes. Approximately 100 to 300 ml of semen is collected during

this process. Semen collection from boars in AI-centers is performed approximately twice a

week. The extension process should be conducted in a warm room using clean and sterile

equipment. The extender is added to the semen, and cold shock should be avoided by gradually

reducing the temperature.

Semen Evaluation

Good quality boar semen is essential to obtaining satisfactory fertility rates. Standard tests

currently used to evaluate boar semen quality include sperm motility, morphology, and

concentration. When used individually, these standard tests have limited usefulness in actually
determining the fertilizing potential of an ejaculate. These tests do, however, have the ability to

identify ejaculates of overtly poor quality (Levis et al., 2015).

Most commercial studies evaluate all ejaculates processed through their facilities. For

some on farm AI laboratories, these same routine semen evaluations tend to be impractical

because of limitations of equipment, skilled labor, or time. At a minimum, it is recommended

that initial ejaculates on all new herd AI boars be examined by a trained individual to critically

assess the boar’s semen quality. Subsequently, a monthly screening of semen quality from all AI

boars should be done during their use. Routine examination of AI boar semen quality is very

important because it’s impact on herd reproductive efficiency is increased many folds when

compared to natural mating. This examination is insurance against a reproductive catastrophe.

The costs of using poor quality semen become quite high when considering its effect on herd

farrowing rate, litter size, nonproductive days, and inventory of sows and gilts (Levis et al.,

2015).

For a long time, semen evaluation was believed to be the single most important

laboratory test for assessing male fertility, however, it still remains complex and difficult to

standardize. Several confounders have made the goal of one-test evaluation quite difficult to

accomplish, such as the inability to strictly control quality to obtain meaningful results,

variability among laboratories, and inability to comply with standard procedures to accomplish

correct interpretations from results The structural evaluation of sperm is based on its appearance,

morphology, concentration, plasma membrane integrity, and chromatin integrity, whereas

functional evaluation is based on its motility, capacitation, and acrosomal reaction. Advances in

technologies enable the assessment of sperm structure and function, such as plasma membrane
and genomic constituents, and enable better determination of sperm fertility potential (Qamar et

al., 2021).

Bacterial Isolation and Culture

Bacterial isolation is a crucial step in the culture of swine during artificial insemination

(AI). This process involves obtaining pure bacterial strains, known as colonies, to identify

pathogenic bacteria. Aseptic conditions are essential to prevent contamination during isolation,

with careful disinfection of all culture-related elements (Vuong, 2019). In AI, the hygienic

conditions at different control points significantly impact bacterial contamination in semen

samples. Critical points include the dripping of preputial fluid, collection time exceeding seven

minutes, and the presence of long preputial hair. Laboratory areas such as sinks and drains show

high bacterial contamination rates, emphasizing the importance of hygiene management

throughout the collection and insemination processes. Efforts to reduce bacterial contamination

involve minimizing exposure to antibiotics, as their overuse can lead to resistance. Swine AI

centers are adopting methods where antibiotic concentrations depend on the dilution factor of the

ejaculate. However, studies reveal antibiotic resistance, such as E. coli against chloramphenicol

and Neisseria meningitides against spectinomycin. Costinar et al., (2022) revealed that

indiscriminate use of antibiotic use, contributes to resistance, with significant proportions of

isolates showing resistance to gentamicin and penicillin. Moreover, researchers explore

alternatives to antibiotics for controlling bacterial growth in chilled boar semen samples, aiming

to mitigate the emergence of antibiotic resistance in swine AI practices (Contreras et al., 2022).
ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Biogas Production

Animal waste management plays a crucial role in biogas production, as it not only helps

in the efficient disposal of animal waste but also contributes to the generation of renewable

energy. Biogas production from animal waste has gained significant attention due to its potential

to address both environmental and energy challenges.

Animal waste, such as manure and slurry, is a significant source of organic matter and

nutrients. Improper management of animal waste can lead to various environmental issues,

including water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and foul odors. However, by utilizing

anaerobic digestion, animal waste can be converted into biogas, which primarily consists of

methane and carbon dioxide. Biogas can be used as a renewable energy source for electricity

generation, heating, and cooking, thus reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

Li et al. (2019) revealed that the biogas production potential of pig manure and found that

anaerobic digestion could effectively convert the organic matter into biogas. In addition, it

emphasized the importance of optimizing the anaerobic digestion process to maximize biogas

yield. Moreover, Zhang et al. (2018) the co-digestion of dairy manure and corn stover for biogas

production revealed that the addition of corn stover improved the biogas production rate and

methane content. It emphasized the importance of feedstock composition and process

optimization in enhancing biogas production efficiency. Therefore, the potential cost savings and

greenhouse gas emission reductions associated with biogas production compared to traditional

waste management practices (Khanal et al. 2019).

Furthermore, policy and regulatory frameworks play a crucial role in promoting animal

waste management for biogas production. Borjesson and Mattiasson (2008) analyzed the policy
instruments and incentives that can facilitate the implementation of biogas production from

animal waste, wherein it emphasized the need for supportive policies, financial incentives, and

awareness campaigns to promote the adoption of biogas technology.

Bio-Organic Fertilizer and Composting

Liu et al., (2017) stated that animal waste, such as manure and slurry, is a valuable source

of organic matter and nutrients. However, if not properly managed, it can lead to environmental

pollution and health hazards. In utilizing animal waste in the production of bio-organic fertilizer

and composting can effectively recycle the nutrients and organic matter, while also reducing the

environmental impact. Bio-organic fertilizer production involves the conversion of animal waste

into a nutrient-rich fertilizer through a series of biological processes. It was revealed that the

production of bio-organic fertilizer from pig manure had higher nutrient content and improved

soil fertility compared to chemical fertilizers. It emphasized the importance of proper

composting and fermentation processes in enhancing the quality of bio-organic fertilizer.

Composting is another important aspect of animal waste management, where the waste is

decomposed under controlled conditions to produce compost not only helps in the efficient

disposal of animal waste but also produces a nutrient-rich organic amendment for soil. Zhang et

al., (2019) stated that composting of dairy manure and crop residues had higher organic matter

content and improved soil structure. The importance of optimizing the composting process,

including the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and moisture content, to achieve high-quality compost. In

addition, Chen et al., (2018) conducted a life cycle assessment of bio-organic fertilizer

production from pig manure had lower environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas
emissions and energy consumption, compared to chemical fertilizer production. Therefore, bio-

organic fertilizer production has potential as a sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers.

Furthermore, the adoption of biogas organic fertilizer production is recommended,

however, it must have supportive policies, financial incentives, and technical guidance.

Moreover, the importance of public awareness and education should be considered to encourage

farmers to adopt sustainable waste management practices (Wang et al., 2020).

BIOSECURITY MEASURES

Biosecurity of pigs involves practical steps to prevent infection and limit transmission

within a farm. It aims to prevent uninfected infections and reduce the impact of endemic

pathogens. Pig farm security aims to improve pig health and production. Establishing and

managing a cost-effective biosecurity program involves several aspects, and it is not practical for

every farm to implement all steps. Each biosecurity plan should be farm-specific and working

with a swine veterinarian or veterinary consultant familiar with the farm, staff, and local risk

factors yields the best plans. This emphasizes the significance of collaborating with a swine

veterinarians, consultants, and technicians to develop a precise biosecurity plan customized to

the farm's individual needs. The plan should take into account elements such as the number of

pigs, proximity to other pig farms, epidemiological situation, kind of swine operation, and level

of production technology (Baker and Levis, 2011).

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF DRY SOW/GILT

Heat Detection of dry sow/gilt

 Estrous is defined as period of sexual receptivity and ovulation during which the female

will accept the male and is capable of conceiving. The pubertal or first estrous usually occurs at

about 170 to 210 days of age in gilts that boar receive boar stimulation. In mature sows, estrus

normally begins within three to five days postweaning. Estrus generally lasts 40 hours in gilts

andgilts and 55 hours in sows, but variation among individuals can be substantial (range 12 to 84

hours). Ovulation typically occurs about two-thirds into an individual gilt or sow’s estrus

(usually 30 to 40 hours after onset of estrus). The estrous cycle, or interval from estrus to estrus,

typically averages 21 days and can also vary (18 to 24 days) (Belstra et al., 2007).

Whereas estrus in dry sows can be pinpointed more easily than in the gilt. Normally a

sow is in estrus 3–10 days after the litter has been weaned. The sow becomes restless and

frequently sniffs the genitals of her pen mates. She will attempt to mount other sows or be

mounted. There may be some swelling of the vulva, although only 75% of sows may exhibit this.

There is, however, a clear vaginal discharge at this time. As in the gilt, the sow may not stand to

the boar or the back pressure test at this stage. This usually occurs 12–24 hours later and the

mucous changes from being thin and watery to becoming the consistency of light oil. Sows will

normally accept the boar for some 50 hours during the heat period. It is of interest that the

individual duration of heat in sows is highly repeatable. It is important when conducting estrus

checks that gilts or sows are taken close to a mature boar so that the important stimuli of smell

and sound are most intense (Taylor, 2020).

Standing heat

The display of standing heat (“estrus”) is a physical expression of the female’s release of

oxytocin, increased levels of estrogen, state of ovulation and receptivity to mating. Oxytocin is a
naturally occurring hormone which when released causes strong pulsing contractions of the

uterus which aid in the transport of the semen. The wavelike pulsations also cause strong rigidity

of the muscles, a response commonly known as “standing heat.” This standing response allows

the female to withstand the boar’s weight during breeding. The expression and duration of estrus

is affected by many factors, including age/parity, season/temperature, genetic composition, body

condition, nutrition and previous exposure to a boar. The display of estrus typically lasts no more

than 48 hours in gilts, and 38 to 64 hours in sows, although there is variation between farms and

individual females. The “locked up” periods of standing heat last 5 to 15 minutes, depending on

the level of stimulation received, the energy reserves of the female, and the time elapsed since

the last standing heat and the subsequent refractory period. Ovulation will occur from 36 to 42

hours after the onset of estrus- sooner in gilts than sows (Johnson, 2015).

To determine standing heat, farmers should observe various signs. In the back end, the

vulva appears normal (swelling and redness subsides), accompanied by a sticky discharge. The

clitoris becomes red and protrudes, and the tail is upright with a noticeable flicking motion.

Behavioral indicators include a poor appetite, pricked ears, standing with an arched back, glazed

eyes, trembling, attraction to the stockperson, and seeking contact with a boar if allowed. When

mounted, the sow may stand rigidly. Additionally, vocalizations play a role, with repeated grunts

or long growls being characteristic sounds during standing heat. Monitoring and recognizing

these signs help farmers pinpoint the optimal time for insemination, enhancing the chances of

successful reproduction in swine farming (Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board,

2024).

Health Management of dry sow/gilt

Gilt development and management

The average sow replacement rate was 45% in 2012. This high rate is due to failure of

postpartum sows to return to estrus and conceive, poor reproductive performance, poor feet and

leg soundness, and introduction of new genetic lines (Foxcroft et al., 2015).

Breeding and selection of maternal line gilts is generally conducted by breeding stock

suppliers based on growth rate, body composition, disease status, sexual development and dam’s

reproductive history. The ability to express estrus and continue to cycle should be the key

reproductive trait for selection of replacement gilts. Reported that heritability of the ability to

display estrus at puberty and ovulate within 10 days after weaning a litter is 0.31. Gilts not

displaying estrus at puberty also had a higher incidence of ovulation without estrus within 10

days after weaning their first litter (Kraeling, 2015).

Gilt nutrition

Modern maternal line genotypes are more sensitive to nutritional management because their

appetite is lower, and they have exceptional lean growth potential compared to females of 20

years ago. Replacement gilts are typically fed ad lib a diet lower in energy than diets fed to

slaughter pigs in order to avoid excessive body fat. This also allows for slightly slower growth,

which limits mature body size, thereby preventing feet and leg problems and excessive fat gain.

An estimate of their genetic potential for growth can be made at this time. Subsequently, diets for

replacement gilts should contain higher concentrations of vitamin A and E, calcium, phosphorus,

selenium, chromium and zinc than the typical finishing diet because highly prolific gilts reach

puberty with limited reserves of protein and body fat, and they continue to grow during their first

gestation. Concentrations of Ca and P must be high enough for maximum bone mineralization,
which is mobilized for fetal growth and lactation. Also, protein and amino acid deficiencies lead

to delayed puberty. Older literature indicates that selected replacement gilts should be limit fed

energy from 100 to 104 kg BW or until 2 weeks prior to mating so they will not become too fat.

However, Foxcroft and coworkers, presented evidence that fatness is not an issue with modern

lean maternal line genotype females, which deposit and mobilize lean tissue with little impact on

fat tissue depots. Therefore, lean tissue mass is a key consideration for correct management of

the gilt. Proposed that a nutrition program should result in a body condition score of 3 at first

service. Moreover, it is essential to have good quality water. Water quality should be checked

annually. Lack of water limits milk production. Water available at time of feeding is important

with a flow rate of 1.0 liter/minute. High performing sows have a water intake of up to 40

liters/day when milk production is at its highest three weeks after farrowing (Foxcroft et al.,

2015).

Nutrition plays a very important role, as it can affect all the basic requirements for

achieving satisfactory gilt performance. Selecting the most effective rearing strategy can be

difficult because there are many factors affecting performance and longevity (Belkova et al.,

2022).

In gilt development diets, a minimum digestible Ca:P ratio of 1:1 is needed, and it varies

depending on the P level. For example, it may be 1.25:1 if P meets the recommendations for 50

to 80 kg of live weight. Also, Ca recommendations to maximize bone mineralization are greater

than for growth (less than 1.35:1 if the concentration of P is at the requirement). Even though

growing gilts are generally provided ad libitum access to feed, the rapid growth rates in current

genetic lines and high incidence of leg problems can lead to lameness. Lameness disorders

account for 22.5% of sow culling, and lameness are one of the most important causes of reduced
longevity and poor welfare in replacement gilts. The problem is exacerbated by inappropriate

housing and diet during the rearing period. Attempts to improve skeletal integrity by reducing

growth rate through energy restriction have not been successful. The application of management

tools that are consistent with physiological processes is therefore required to reduce lameness

issues (Belkova and Rozkot, 2021).

Supplemented the basic diet of growing gilts with organic microminerals (copper,

manganese, and zinc at 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg, respectively) and observed this to enhance bone

strength and bone density. Another diet with additional methionine (at a 102% methionine: lysine

ratio) increased the proportion of highly dense bone (as measured by Hounsfield values). The

combination of these two dietary treatments reduced OCD lesion scores compared to the basal

diet (Faba,2021)

Reported improved locomotion scores, higher bone mineral density, and lower cartilage

lesion scores in gilts fed a restricted diet formulated for fat rather than lean deposition (with

higher energy content and lower lysine content than a finisher diet) and with increased levels of

copper, zinc, and manganese. The used of manganese, zinc, and copper at 206%, 122%, and

179%, respectively, of National Research Council recommendations for gestating and lactating

sows. The benefits of supplementing these minerals could lead to potential improvements in the

lifetime performance of replacement gilts and the longevity of sows. There is clear indication

that replacement gilts can benefit in terms of limb health and their overall welfare from being

reared in female-only pens (as gilts reared with intact male finisher pigs are exposed to high

levels of sexual mounting and aggression, which may cause physical damage) and a mineral-

supplemented diet (Faba, 2019).

Feeding Management of Dry Sow/Gilt

The feeding program for dry sows provides essential guidelines for maintaining their

health and optimizing reproductive performance. Upon weaning, it's crucial to immediately

reintroduce feed to prevent stress and facilitate a swift return to estrus, promoting reproductive

efficiency. During the period leading up to service, typically within a maximum of 10 days, sows

are advised to consume 3.5 to 4 kilograms of feed daily. This allowance aims to allow the sow to

gain weight, aiding in a quick return to estrus and enhancing the likelihood of successful

breeding. However, exceeding the 10-day mark may lead to excessive feed costs without

significant additional benefits, making it economically unfavorable. Hence, adhering to these

feed allowances not only supports the sow's health and reproductive cycle but also ensures cost-

effective management practices (International Training Center on Pig Husbandry, 2016).

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF SOWS DURING PREGNANCY

One of the most important factors in a sustainable swine production program is that of the

management aspects relating to sow. Sows should be looked after with particular care so that the

piglets are delivered normally and nursed properly. Successful conception is characterized by

failure to return to estrus 3 weeks following mating. The time period between breeding and

farrowing is known as Pregnancy period. The gestation period is 114 day (3 months, 3 weeks and

3 days). The following factors need special attention during pregnancy consists of housing,

feeding, and health. Pregnant sows should be housed separately in special pens with sufficient

floor space. If space is available exercise is strongly recommended. Slippery floors may lead to

falling causing accidental abortions. Feeding is of particular importance and conversion of food
into body weight is efficient and nutrient retention is very high. Nevertheless, it is not

recommended that should gain excessive weight during pregnancy otherwise following

parturition they will be heavy and clumsy, and piglets will be easily crushed. Moreover, high

levels of feed intake are associated with proper embryonic development. The litter size is

increased if the feeding of sows is restricted. A normal sow feeding regime can be maintained for

the first 3 months of gestation period. Following this, sows are placed in farrowing pens and fed

ad libitum. Fetuses grow rapidly towards the end of gestation and nutrient requirements increase.

Finally, it is necessary to promote appetite in sows as they have considerable nutrient

requirements during lactation (Folutile, 2022).

Health Management

A number of management issues can be used as drivers for change to improve animal

welfare and nursing capacity of the hyper prolific sow. Group housing of sows during gestation

is a recommended practice from the perspective of animal welfare. Related health issues include

reproductive health and the locomotor system. It appears that management of pregnant sows in

groups is challenging for a producer and considerable skill is required. The researchers explored

the benefits and challenges of group housing, including feeding issues. Increasing litter size

requires additional attention to the mammary gland and its ability to provide sufficient nursing

for the growing litter. However, it appears that the old-fashioned farrowing crate is not only

outdated in terms of welfare from the public's perspective, but also fails to provide the

environment that the sow needs to support her physiology of farrowing, nursing, and maternal

behavior. Moreover, providing the sow with a loose housing system adequate in space and

nesting material, along with reasonable chance for isolation, can be considered as fundamental
for the successful farrowing of the hyper prolific sow. It has also been shown that management

strategies, such as split suckling and cross fostering, are necessary to ensure proper colostrum

intake for all piglets born alive in a large litter. They thus conclude that welfare and nursing

capacity of the sow can be improved by management (Peltoniemi et al., 2021).

Feeding Management of Sows During Pregnancy

During pregnancy, feeding must be aimed at bringing the sow to the right body condition

for her to be able to start a very demanding lactation period after pregnancy. It also aims at

enabling the fetuses, which the sow carry; to grow to a good birth weight (average 1,400 grams).

A high birth weight is important for survival, light-weight piglets hashave poor viability.

For stage 1, give 2 kg feed/day, not more, even if the sow is thin. This is to avoid

embryonic death. Stage 2, this is the stage when the sow must be brought to the right body

condition. If she is thin, give 2.5 or even 3 kg/day until the sow achieves the correct body

condition. If the sow is fat, give her as little as 1.5 kg to slim her down. In this case, the sow

should be given 1/ 2 - 1 kg roughage, enough to satisfy her appetite. Roughage contains vitamins

and gives the sow a satisfied feeling and it increases her capacity to eat a lot of feed. This is an

advantage later in the lactation period. Stage 3, during this period, provide extra feed for the very

fast growingfast-growing fetuses. For that reason, give the sow 1/2 kg more daily. A sow that is

somewhat thin might still need 1 kg. of feed daily. At this stage, roughage can also be given as in

stage 2 and for stage 4, three days before farrowing, give less feed to prevent constipation and

help make farrowing easier for the sow. Withhold feed on farrowing day, the last stage of
pregnancy. The sow usually has no appetite and digestion comes to a near-standstill during

farrowing. A sow “asking for feed" after farrowing can be given a handful to keep her quiet.

Water must be available at all times during all the stages. Especially on the farrowing day, a

clean, ample supply of drinking water is essential (International Training Center on Pig

Husbandry, 2016).

Ultrasound

Ultrasonography is one of the most widely used diagnostic methods in porcine

reproduction to evaluate the gestation of sows. In addition, confirming or discarding gestation, it

allows counting the number of piglets expected in childbirth. Reproductive ultrasonography is

recommended to be performed at day 35 of gestation, which is the time when the embryo

becomes a fetus. Once the fetus has been consolidated in this period, it begins its process of bone

formation where ultrasonography becomes important. The equipment provides images

compatible with the bones of the piglets which allows to check its health status (Saenz, 2021).

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF GROWING PIGS

Cleaning and Bathing

. Regular cleaning and disinfection of the pigsty reduces the amount of germs and

prevents illnesses from spreading from animal to animal. Pig farming hygiene is an important

step towards preventing animal diseases like African Swine Fever. It affects wild and domestic
animal and is fatal. Footh and Mouth Disease is also very infectious. Causes severe economic

consequences in an event of an outbreak. To avoid an outbreak pigsties, as well as equipment and

machine that come into contact with the animals must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected

(Cleaning and Hygiene in Pig Farming, n.d.).

Daily removal of solid waste and thorough cleaning and disinfection of pens at least

weekly. On the other hand, bathing growing pigs isn't routinely necessary, occasional baths or

showers could be beneficial in hot climates to control heat stress (Johnson, 2021). However,

improper bathing techniques can stress pigs and potentially worsen skin conditions, highlighting

the need for careful consideration and proper methods. Cleaning frequency depends on several

factors like climate, housing type, and pig age. Generally, daily removal of manure and weekly

thorough cleaning are practices to prevent occurrences and spread of disease, reduce odor, and

promote pig welfare (Zhang et al., 2018). Manure can be removed with shovels or scraping

systems. Pens and equipment can be cleaned with water, disinfectants, and pressure washing.

Bathing frequency is debated, but occasional bathing can be beneficial in hot climates (Bokkers

et al., 2010). Therefore, maintaining clean living conditions, including proper waste management

and regular bathing, is crucial for preventing diseases and ensuring optimal growth (Anderson

and Thomspon, 2018).

Feeding Management

Growing pigs have specific nutritional needs for optimal growth and development.

Nutrition plays a critical role in pig growth and performance. Balanced diets provide adequate

energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals for optimal growth and development on the nutritional

requirements of pigs at different life stages. Young pigs require higher protein levels for proper
growth and muscle development compared to older pigs. Heavier pigs need lower protein levels

as their growth rate slows down and protein requirements decrease. Matching protein intake to

specific needs improved pigs' growth performance, body composition, and carcass quality

compared to a one-size-fits-all approach (Li et al., 2019). Landrace pigs, known for slower

growth and lower fat deposition, benefited from higher energy density diets for optimal growth

and feed efficiency. Duroc pigs, with faster growth and higher fat deposition, performed better on

lower energy density diets to avoid excessive fat accumulation. Tailoring energy intake to breed-

specific needs maximized growth performance and minimized feed waste compared to a generic

diet (Mason et al., 2005).

Furthermore, growing pigs have specific nutritional needs for optimal growth and

development. Balanced diets provide adequate energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins. Common

feed types include grains, legumes, oilseeds, and protein supplements. Formulations can vary

depending on pig age, growth stage, and production goals. Several feeding strategies exist, such

as ad libitum feeding (constant access), restricted feeding, and phase feeding (adjusting diet with

growth). Restricted feeding can improve feed efficiency but may affect pig welfare (Blavi et al.,

2021)

Health Management

Proactive health management is crucial for minimizing disease outbreaks and ensuring

pig welfare. Regular vaccinations and parasite control programs are essential to prevent the

occurrences and spread of diseases and maintaining pig health. Optimal vaccination strategies

based on local disease prevalence and cost-benefit analysis wherein regular vet checkups,

vaccination programs tailored to regional disease challenges, and biosecurity measures to prevent
pathogen introduction. Implementing biosecurity measures like hygiene protocols, quarantine

procedures, and visitor restrictions helps control the spread of disease. Regular health checks and

monitoring of pig behavior and feed intake can help detect potential health issues early.

Recognizing the importance of the five freedoms – freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom

from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury, and disease, freedom to express normal behavior,

and freedom from fear and distress – is essential for ethical pig production. Providing

opportunities for rooting, foraging, and social interaction promotes natural behaviors and

improves pig welfare. Saying informed about current research and best practices, pig farmers can

ensure their animals thrive in a healthy, sustainable, and ethically responsible environment.

Therefore, strong biosecurity practices significantly reduce disease outbreaks and improve pig

health and productivity. Providing adequate space ensures comfort and reduces stress.

Furthermore, the benefits of environmental enrichment with straw and manipulable objects for

improved well-being and disease resistance. Maintaining optimal temperature and proper

ventilation helps prevent heat stress and respiratory issues. Minimizing stress through good

handling practices, environmental enrichment, and calm music, can positively impact immune

function and overall health (Taylor et al., 2020).

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF NEWLY BORN PIGLETS

Feeding Management

The first few hours of a piglet's life are critical for its survival. This feature gives some tips

for ensuring newborn piglet health, aiming at reducing early piglet mortality and increasing

weaning weights. Piglets are also born with no immunity and can only get this from colostrum

soon after birth. A minimum of 100 ml of colostrum per kilogram of birthweight within the first
16 hours is crucial to provide the energy, nutrients, and antibodies needed for survival (Towers,

2015). However, colostrum intake is the main determinant of piglet survival through the

provision of energy and immune protection and has potential long-term effects on piglet growth

and immunity (Devillers et al., 2011).

In Creep feeding, piglets take dry feed at 2-3 weeks. Provision of additional nutrients at

this time is essential to have maximum growth and development. Creep feed is also called a pig

starter for vigorous growth thriftiness, and sowssows’ milk alone.is not sufficient for piglets.

Creep feed contains 25-30% CP. Creep is a device by which piglets are allowed access to the

concentrate mixture. It may be arranged in the corner of farrowing pen. Creep feed is' fed from

14-56 days. The composition is as follows. Moreover, young pigs go through different stages,

starting as pre-starter pigs (2-5 kg), progressing to starter pigs (5-11 kg), then grower pigs (11-23

kg), and finally, transitioning from weaning to market pigs; afterward, they become growing and

finishing hogs (23-57 kg) and ultimately finishing hogs (57-91 kg) (Animal Husbandry, 2009).

Ear Notching

Ear notching is a widely used method for individual identification of piglets in various

pig management practices and this is agreed with the assessment of Jensen and Moustsen (2012)

in the accuracy and reliability of ear notching as an identification method. In addition, ear

notching is a practical and dependable technique for individual identification in piglets.

Consequently, this method provides a cost-effective and permanent means of identification,

allowing for efficient record-keeping and monitoring of pig performance and health. Moreover,

ear notching on piglet growth and performance, it is said that ear notching had no significant

adverse effects on piglet growth or performance (Guo et al., 2015). Therefore, the success rate of
ear notching was high, indicating its effectiveness in distinguishing individual piglets within a

litter.

Ear Tagging

Ear tagging in piglets can cause a significant increase in cortisol levels, indicating

distress. It is important to investigate the potential long-term effects of tissue destruction caused

by ear tagging. Additionally, further research is needed to confirm these results and explore ways

to minimize distress during the procedure. On the practical side, ear tagging allows for easy

identification of pigs, especially if you plan to keep them as breeders. It helps in keeping records

of important information such as farrowing dates and the number of piglets born.

Castration

Castration as the surgical removal of the two testicles and, is a routine management

practice for male pigs destined for slaughter. The testicles produce sperm and the male hormone,

testosterone. Pork from boars, or uncastrated male pigs at slaughter weight, may have an odor

during cooking that is very offensive to many people. This is called a ``boar odor'' or a ``tainted''

odor. Various techniques are used for castration. The position of the animal during surgery and

the method and degree of restraint are dictated by the age and size of the animal. The best time

to castrate a pig is between 1 and 21 days of age. Young pigs are easier to hold or restrain. They

bleed less from surgery and may have antibody protection from the sow's colostrum. Pigs can be

successfully castrated on day one (Animal Genome, n.d.)

Iron Administration
 Iron is crucial for preventing anemia in piglets due to their low iron reserves, the limited

iron content in sow's colostrum and milk, the absence of contact with iron in the soil, and the

rapid growth rate of piglets. Without access to soil, iron deficiency anemia can develop within 7-

10 days after birth. To address this, iron can be administered either through injection or orally.

Injection is the preferred method as orally administered iron is not as well absorbed by piglets,

resulting in reduced iron reaching critical tissues. The antibodies in colostrum can pass through

the intestinal wall of newborn piglets and enter the bloodstream within the first 24 hours,

reducing the risk of illness. Sow's milk should be made available to piglets for the first three

weeks to ensure proper nutrition and growth (Kirianova, 2022).

Vaccination

The basic principles of vaccinating pigs are the same as in other species. ThusThus, for

diseases that are threats to growing piglets, injectable vaccines should be administered as soon as

titers have waned. This is generally considered to be around three to six weeks of age. these

piglets may have then need to be boosted two to four weeks later depending on the

manufacturer’s recommendations. Because maternal antibodies do not interfere with mucosal

immunity, oral or intranasal vaccines may be administered much earlier. These are controlled by

vaccinating pregnant sows and thus promoting the production of colostral antibodies. It is

noticeable that many pig vaccine appear to take a long time to induce protective immunity.

Furthermore, vaccination against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)

in neonatal piglets is important. The efficacy of early-age vaccination is significantly reduced the

incidence and severity of PRRSV infection. Therefore, vaccination at an early age induced a
robust immune response, reduced clinical signs, and decreased viral shedding, emphasizing the

significance of timely vaccination in preventing SIV infections (Tizard, 2020).

 Chapter III

DESCRIPTION AND SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES

This chapter provides the activities and management that will be utilized on the farm

during the two-hundred-forty-hour (240) off-campus on-the-job training, providing an in-depth

description of each practice and the primary rationale behind them at International Training

Center on Pig Husbandry.

ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

Training of Boars

In modern commercial breeding programs, most boars of high genetic merit are housed

in boar studs, where they are managed for the production of semen doses for use with artificial

insemination. Boar studs are typically managed to ensure the highest levels of health and

biosecurity. Problems become evident when boars show a lack of libido or inability to

copulate, or if an increased number of females bred by the boar return to estrus 3 weeks later.

The student- trainees will be assisted on the proper training of boar without causing

injury. Trainees will be knowledgeable enough to adjust the dummy sows and to give a stable

and comfortable place in the area that is familiar to encourage the boars. Additionally, trainees

will perform encouragement to mount and trust the trainee boar by ensuring the smell of semen

or saliva from another boar, using estrus sow to arouse the boar, then collecting a little semen

and removing the sows, and implementing sound workplace health and safety procedures.
Semen Collection

Student-trainees will acquire skills in boar semen collection for artificial insemination,

encompassing tasks like handling and restraining boars, executing semen collection procedures,

and upholding hygiene standards. They will receive instruction on utilizing tools like the

artificial vagina or gloved hand technique. Under experienced supervision, trainees will actively

participate in semen collection sessions, assisting in preparing boars, maintaining equipment

cleanliness, and accurately collecting and labeling semen samples. Additionally, they will learn

to assess semen quality and quantity by observing key parameters like volume, motility, and

morphology.

Semen Storage

Ensuring the viability of sperm cells for artificial insemination relies significantly on

proper semen storage. Student trainees will be introduced to various methods, encompassing

both short-term and long-term preservation techniques. Their training will cover crucial aspects

such as temperature control, the use of specialized semen extenders, and the selection of suitable

storage containers.

Student trainees will take on responsibilities in preparing and managing semen storage

facilities. They will learn the correct procedures for handling and storing semen samples,

including labeling and organizing them for convenient retrieval. Additionally, student -trainees

will gain knowledge on monitoring and maintaining the optimal storage temperature and

conducting regular quality control checks to uphold semen viability and fertility.
Semen Dilution

Semen dilution is a process used in artificial insemination in which the concentration of

sperm in the ejaculate is reduced by adding a diluent. This is done to increase the volume of the

ejaculate and to improve the distribution of the sperm during the insemination process.

During on-the-job training for semen dilution in artificial insemination, student trainees

will learn the proper techniques for diluting semen, including the use of specific diluents and the

correct ratios for dilution. They will also learn about the importance of maintaining the viability

of the sperm throughout the dilution process and how to properly handle and store diluted semen.

Training in semen dilution will also cover the importance of maintaining proper hygiene and

sanitation practices to prevent contamination and ensure the quality of the diluted semen.

Additionally, students will be trained on the documentation and record-keeping procedures

necessary for tracking the dilution process and ensuring accurate insemination procedures.

Semen Evaluation

Evaluating semen quality is crucial for successful artificial insemination, and student

trainees will be instructed in the techniques and procedures involved. This encompasses

measuring semen volume, assessing sperm motility, evaluating sperm concentration, and

identifying abnormalities in sperm morphology. Student-trainees will actively participate in the

entire semen evaluation process, learning to handle samples, prepare slides for microscopic

examination, and use specialized equipment for assessing sperm motility and concentration.

They will gain experience in analyzing semen parameters, interpreting results, and accurately
recording data and will also be engaged in discussions with supervising staff to understand the

implications of artificial insemination based on the outcomes.

Bacterial Isolation and Culture

In artificial insemination, meticulous attention to bacterial isolation and culture is

paramount for safeguarding the quality and efficacy of semen used in breeding endeavors.

Student-trainees will perform aseptic collection of semen from the boar, using AI collection

devices. A thorough visual examination of the semen will be conducted to identify any

abnormalities or signs of contamination. Trainees will do bacterial isolation through a small

sample of semen where sterile swabs will be employed and carefully labeled and transported to

the laboratory without delay, ensuring the preservation of bacterial viability.

In the laboratory, together with veterinarians or reproductive specialists, student-trainees

will streak onto selective and differential media, creating an environment conducive to the

bacterial growth of the collected samples. Biochemical tests and molecular techniques will be

performed to give special attention to potential pathogenic strains that compromise semen

quality. If pathogenic bacteria are identified, cultures will be maintained for ongoing monitoring

and, if necessary, treated with appropriate antimicrobial agents.

ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Bio-gas Production

Training for biogas production involves hands-on instruction and experience in the process

of converting organic materials into biogas. As biogas production is a sustainable and eco-

friendly method of managing animal waste.

 This training will include learning about the different types of feed stock that can be used,

such as agricultural waste, manure, or food scraps, and how to prepare and load the feedstock

into the bio-gas digester where microorganisms break down the organic matter to produce

biogas, which can be used as a renewable energy source.

Student-trainees will learn about the anaerobic digestion process and how to monitor and

maintain the temperature, pH, and agitation levels inside the digester to optimize biogas

production. They will be trained on how to collect and store the bio-gas, as well as how to purify

and compress it for use as a renewable energy source. In addition, trainees will be instructed on

the proper maintenance and troubleshooting of the biogas production system. Training will be

covered safety protocols, troubleshooting issues, and understanding the environmental and

economic benefits of biogas production.

Bio-organic Fertilizer and Composting

For bio-organic fertilizer and composting, student-trainees will learn the process of

converting organic waste, such as animal manure and other agricultural residue into bio-organic

fertilizer and high-quality compost. The training will cover the operation and maintenance of

bio-organic digesters and composting systems, including the collection, handling, and processing

of organic materials.

Bio-organic fertilizer from animal waste, such as manure, is an important aspect of

managing organic residues. This fertilizer is enriched with essential nutrients including nitrogen,

phosphorus, and potassium, serving as a valuable resource for crop production. Through the

training, trainees will gain hands-on experience in the process of transforming animal waste into

bio-organic fertilizer. Composting is a fundamental technique in animal waste management,

ensuring proper breakdown of organic matter from animal waste along with other ingredients

like straw and bedding materials. Student trainees will learn about the intricacies of composting,

including the optimal ratio of carbon and nitrogen, managing moisture levels, and the role of

microorganisms in decomposition. Employing this knowledge, trainees will be able to apply

composting techniques to transform animal waste into nutrient-rich organic matter that can be

utilized as fertilizer in agricultural settings.

BIOSECURITY MEASURES

The student-trainees will be allowed to know the comprehensive biosecurity measures for

swine operations to minimize the risk of disease introduction and spread. This includes

establishing controlled access points, implementing visitor protocols, and monitoring animal

movements to limit potential disease carriers. Regular cleaning, disinfection, and waste

management practices will be enforced, along with health monitoring and disease surveillance

protocols. As trainees, we will be expected to follow the training precautionary measures as well

as implement vaccination and medication procedures to prevent disease outbreaks. Physical

barriers and limited access points will be used to reduce the risk of disease transmission.

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF DRY SOW/GILT

Heat Detection

The student-trainees will observe the condition of dry sow/gilt and it can do this by

watching the sows closely and correctly identifying those which are in heat. Heat detection

should be done on a routine basis. For best results, observe the dry sows and gilts twice a day

preferably early in the morning and late in the afternoon.

 There are some techniques in heat detection as a guide for the trainees including a haunch

pressure test by approaching the animal from behind and applying pressure on her sides with

both hands. If it is receptive, it will just stand firm and rigid, ready to be served. Next, the riding-

the-back test where to ride on or press the back or loin of the female. Also, the semen-on the-

snout which squeeze old semen samples in a squeezed bottle on the snout of the female. With the

boar’s smell in the semen, she will just stand firm and remain rigid if she is sexually receptive.

Lastly, the teaser method can be done by the trainees to allow the boar to mount the sow. If the

sow does not run away but stands firm and remains rigid with cocked ears and willingly submits

herself to the caprices of the male, she is sexually receptive.

Feeding Management of Dry Sow/Gilt

The student-trainees will be introduced to the feeding management of dry sows, starting

with the implementation of the Suggested Feeding Scheme for Dry Sows. Initially, they will

learn the importance of withholding feed immediately after weaning to alleviate stress and

facilitate a swift return to estrus. Subsequently, they will gradually introduce daily feed intake

ranging from 3.5 to 4.0 kilograms until service, focusing on enabling sows to regain weight

efficiently while avoiding excessive feed costs. Throughout this process, the student trainees will

understand the positive influence of this feeding regimen on the release egg cell, contributing to

the overall reproductive success of the herd.

Regarding the feeding management of gilts, student trainees will be involved in various

tasks and apply essential skills to ensure optimal care and nutrition. They will learn to monitor

feed intake and behavior patterns, adjusting diets as needed to support gilt growth and

reproductive health. These trainees will also develop proficiency in recognizing signs of
nutritional deficiencies or digestive issues, implementing corrective measures under supervision

of experts. Student trainees will gain hands-on experience in handling and administering feed

accurately, adhering to feeding schedules, and maintaining hygiene standards in feeding areas.

Health Management

When it comes to the health management of dry sows and gilts, close monitoring of their

records is an essential task undertaken by both technicians and student trainees. This includes

keeping a vigilant eye on the status of dry sows and gilts by regularly reviewing their health

records. Moreover, the veterinarians, technicians and trainees play an active role in administering

vaccines and medications to ensure the well-being of these animals. By closely monitoring the

health records and diligently administering appropriate vaccines and medicines, the team aimed

to maintain optimal health and mitigate potential health risks for dry sows and gilts.

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF SOWS DURING PREGNANCY

Health Management

The technician and student-trainees will be consistently conducted visitation to monitor

and maintain accurate records concerning the sows' condition. Their primary objective is to

ensure early detection and timely treatment of any potential health issues that may arise.

Additionally, they were responsible for administering vaccines and medicines to promote the

well-being and overall health of the sows. This diligent approach allowed for comprehensive

care and support throughout the farrowing process, ensuring optimal health outcomes for the

sows and their offspring.

Feeding Management of Sows During Pregnancy

During their on-the-job training (OJT), the student trainee will focus on acquiring

expertise in the feeding management of pregnant sows to ensure optimal body condition for

successful reproduction. Their tasks will include preventing both underfeeding and overfeeding,

as improper nutrient levels can adversely affect reproductive performance. The trainee will be

involved in implementing a structured feeding scheme throughout pregnancy, with a special

emphasis on the post-mating period to avoid excessive fat accumulation in sows, which can lead

to farrowing complications and negatively impact piglet health. The student trainees will also

learn about controlling energy intake, considering methods such as self-feeding with a bulky

ration or, more effectively, hand-feeding with equal distribution to ensure each sow receives the

necessary nutrition for a healthy pregnancy.

Ultrasound

The technician will perform ultrasound examinations on sows during the pregnancy

process while the student-trainees will observe. This proactive approach aids in the early

detection and subsequent management of any potential complications, thereby enhancing the

overall outcomes for both the sow and her piglets. Utilizing ultrasound technology, coupled with

the application of baby oil, enables the technician to effectively carry out these examinations.

Applying baby oil to the sow's abdomen, the oil acts as a coupling agent, helping to transmit the

ultrasound waves and ensure good contact between the ultrasound probe and the sow's skin. This

ensures clear and accurate imaging.

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF GROWING PIGS

Cleaning and Bathing

One of the primary tasks involves cleaning and bathing. In cleaning, student trainees will

be responsible for regular sweeping, disinfection, and waste management contributing to

preventing the spread of diseases and parasites, creating a comfortable and sanitary habitat for

the growing pigs. Cleaning typically occurs regularly, with a schedule emphasizing daily tasks to

prevent the accumulation of waste and ensure a clean environment for growing pigs. In the

disposal of waste student trainees will adapt to manage waste efficiently, adhering to established

protocols. This includes timely removal of waste to designated disposal areas, reducing the risk

of contamination, and promoting a healthy living space for the pigs.

In terms of bathing, student trainees will learn and perform proper bathing methods for

growing pigs. Student-trainees will handle pigs during the bathing process, ensuring thorough

cleaning while minimizing stress to the animals. Additionally, they will be responsible for

selecting and applying suitable disinfectants under the guidance of practitioners, contributing to

overall pig health and hygiene.

Feeding Management

In feeding management, student-trainees will be tasked with the crucial responsibility of

understanding and studying the appropriate nutrients and quantities required for the optimal

nourishment of the animals under their care. This encompasses a comprehensive understanding

of the nutritional needs of the livestock, considering factors such as age, weight, and specific

dietary requirements. The student-trainees will be assigned specific feeding schedules, where
they must meticulously adhere to allocated feeding times. This hands-on experience in feeding

management equips student-trainees with the practical knowledge and skills necessary to address

the diverse dietary needs of the livestock under their care.

Health Management

Student-trainees will be engaged in the health management of growing pigs and will

undertake a multifaceted task that involves a comprehensive understanding of various aspects.

They will be required to analyze and apply appropriate health protocols, demonstrating their

proficiency in disease prevention and control measures. In health management, student-trainees

will be conducting regular health assessments, identifying potential signs of illness, and

implementing timely interventions. Student trainees, with the guidance of experienced

practitioners, will also be tasked with formulating and executing vaccination schedules, ensuring

that growing pigs receive the necessary immunizations for their well-being. They will actively

participate in monitoring environmental conditions, such as maintaining proper ventilation and

cleanliness to mitigate health risks. Collaborating with practitioners, students-trainees will

engage in the development and execution of dietary plans, carefully considering nutritional

requirements for optimal growth and health. Hands-on experiences will be integral, as students-

trainees will be responsible for administering medications, if necessary, and closely observing

the pigs for any adverse reactions.

CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF NEWLY BORN PIGLETS

Feeding Management
 Students undergoing training will actively participate in gaining practical experience by

directly handling and managing feeding routines specifically for newborn pigs. The primary

focus will revolve around the pivotal role of colostrum, the initial milk produced by the mother,

which contains a high concentration of disease-fighting antibodies. This training aims to

familiarize student-trainees with the critical nature of colostrum as the primary nutritional source

for piglets in their initial weeks, promoting their health and immunity. Moreover, student-trainees

will actively partake in the process of introducing solid food to piglets between 2 to 3 weeks old,

supplementing their diet alongside the mother’s milk.

Ear Notching

Student-trainees will actively participate in learning the practical skill of ear notching, a

widely used method for uniquely identifying pigs. This hands-on learning opportunity intends to

impart knowledge about the significance of ear notching in proficient monitoring and managing

pig populations. Throughout the on-the-job training (OJT), student-trainees will be provided

with supervision and instruction regarding the accurate protocols for notching, considering

essential elements such as litter sizes and individual identification. The OJT program will

include practical sessions and demonstrations to ensure that the student-trainees acquire a

comprehensive understanding and expertise in the exact methods necessary for effective pig

identification using ear notching.

Ear Tagging

As part of the training program, students will learn how to tag newborn pigs’ ears, a vital

process in maintaining accurate records and effective pig farming practices. Throughout the
training, student trainees will be taught the precise method of tagging ears and informed about

various tag options designed specifically for pig identification. They will understand the

importance of each tag type, suitable for different pig breeds and farming methods, emphasizing

the need for accurate and compassionate tagging techniques. Trainees will learn to tag pigs in a

way that minimizes discomfort and potential problems for the animals. Moreover, student

trainees will also learn about the rules and standards that must be followed when tagging pigs in

the farming industry. Knowing and following these guidelines is crucial to make sure the tagging

process meets legal requirements and follows the best practices in the industry.

Castration

During On-the-Job Training (OJT), student-trainees will perform the hands-on task of

castrating 1-2 weeks old piglets. Guided by practitioners, student-trainees will be engaged in the

method of castration involving the removal of the testicles to prevent unwanted breeding,

enhance meat quality, and manage behavior. Student-trainees will learn and perform the

appropriate techniques for this procedure, with an emphasis on precision, safety, and ethical

considerations to minimize stress and ensure the welfare of the piglets.

Iron Administration

Student-trainees assigned to pig farming will be involved in administering iron to piglets.

This practice holds significant importance in preventing iron deficiency or anemia, a common

condition observed in young piglets. The correct and recommended method for this

administration is through an intramuscular injection, where the iron is introduced directly into

the muscles. Student-trainees will receive comprehensive instruction on the appropriate

techniques for performing this injection, ensuring that the iron is absorbed effectively, and

consequently, addressing the nutritional requirements essential for the optimal health of the

piglets.

Vaccination

Vaccination emerges as a crucial task for student trainees in pig farming. This important

task aims to help student- trainees understand how crucial vaccinations are in preventing

common diseases in pigs. Student-trainees will be taught the best ways to give vaccinations,

often through intramuscular or subcutaneous. As student-trainees go through the training, they

will become skilled at giving vaccinations precisely, making sure they use the right amounts to

avoid any problems. Besides learning how to administer vaccinations, student trainees will also

learn about the different types of vaccines, when to use them, and why vaccinations are so

important for keeping pigs healthy. The practical part of the training will involve preparing and

giving vaccines to piglets, with a strong emphasis on maintaining cleanliness throughout the

entire process.
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