R

R
f (x) = x2 x=1
R
n
1
[0, 1] n [0, n
] [ n1 , n2 ] . . . [ nn 1 , 1]
R
k = 1, 2, . . . , n k
1 k 1 2
n
mı́n{f (x) : x 2 [ k n 1 , nk ]} = n
1 k 2
n
máx{f (x) : x 2 [ k n 1 , nk ]} = n

Xn ✓ ◆2
1 k 1
sn = ·
k=1
n n

Xn ✓ ◆2
1 k
Sn = ·
k=1
n n
sn Sn
R

sn  area(R)  Sn

n
{sn }n {Sn }n
n2N
Sn sn
n n
1 1 X 2 1 X 2
Sn = · 2 k = 3· k
n n k=1 n k=1

n n
1 1 X 1 X
sn = · 2 (k 1)2 = (k 1)2
n n k=1 n3 k=1
 Sn sn n n 1
3
n
n
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
k2 =
k=1
6

n(n + 1)(2n + 1) (n + 1)(2n + 1)

Sn = 3
=
6n 6n2
{Sn }n
1
lı́m Sn =
n 3
{sn }n

(n 1)(2n 1)
sn =
6n2

1
lı́m sn =
n 3
{sn }n {Sn }n 1/3 n

sn  area(R)  Sn

area(R) = 1/3.

[a, b]
[a, b]
f
[a, b]
f x x=a x=b
 [a, b]

P = {a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xn 1 < xn = b}.

kPk = máx {xk xk 1 : k = 1, 2, . . . , n} .

[0, 1] n
1 2 n 1
Pn = {0 < n
< n
< ··· < n
< 1} k P k = 1/n

Sn sn

f [a, b] P =
{a = x0 < x1 < · · · < xn 1 < xn = b} [a, b] k = 1, . . . , n

mk = inf {f (x) : x 2 [xk 1 , xk ]}

Mk = sup {f (x) : x 2 [xk 1 , xk ]} .

f P
n
X
s(f, P) = mk (xk xk 1 ).
k=1

f P
n
X
S(f, P) = Mk (xk xk 1 ).
k=1

P [a, b]

s(f, P)  S(f, P).

[a, b]

f
 f [a, b]
f
Z b
f = inf {S(f, P) : P [a, b]} .
a

f
Z b
f = sup {s(f, P) : P [a, b]} .
a

Z b Z b
f f.
a a

f [a, b]
Z b Z b
f= f.
a a

f
Z b Z b
f, f (x)dx.
a a

Rb
f a
f
Z b
s(f, P)  f  S(f, P)
a
P

c f (x) = c
[a, b]
Z b
f (x)dx = c(b a).
a
 P = {a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn = b} [a, b]
k = 1, 2, . . . , n m k = Mk = c
n
X n
X
s(f, P) = mk (xk xk 1 ) = c(xk xk 1 ) = c(b a)
k=1 k=1

n
X n
X
S(f, P) = Mk (xk xk 1 ) = c(xk xk 1 ) = c(b a).
k=1 k=1

f
c(b a)
Z b Z b
f= f = c(b a).
a a

f : R !R
(
1 x 2 Q;
f (x) =
0 x 62 Q.

f [a, b] ⇢ R P = {a = x0 <
x1 < . . . < xn = b} [a, b]
k = 1, 2, . . . , n mk = 0
Mk = 1
s(f, P) = 0 S(f, P) = b a.

f [a, b]
0 b a
Z b Z b
f (x)dx = 0 f (x)dx = b a.
a a

f [a, b]
 f [a, b]

{P n }n [a, b] lı́m k P n k = 0
n

Z b
lı́m S(f, P) = lı́m s(f, P n ) = f.
n n a

f [a, b]

a>0 Z a
a2
xdx = .
0 2
n2N P n = {0, na , 2a
n
, . . . , (n n1)a , a} Pn
a a
[0, a] xk xk 1 = n
k Pn k = n
ka
lı́m k P n k = 0 k = 1, 2, . . . , n Mk = n
n

n
X n n
a X ka a2 X
S(f, P n ) = Mk (xk xk 1 ) = · = 2 k.
k=1
n k=1 n n k=1

n(n+1)
n 2

a2 (n + 1)
S(f, P n ) = .
2n

Z a
a2 (n + 1) a2
xdx = lı́m = .
0 n 2n 2

a>0 Z a
ex dx = ea 1.
0

n2N P n = {0, na , 2a
n
, . . . , (n n1)a , a}
(k 1)a
a
n
k = 1, 2, . . . , n mk = e n

n
X Xn n
1 (k 1)a 1X a k 1
s(f, P n ) = mk (xk xk 1 ) = ·e n = en .
k=1 k=1
n n k=1
 a
en
n

a ea 1
s(f, P n ) = · a .
n en 1
lı́m xx =1
x!0 e 1
a
a n
lı́m a = lı́m a = 1,
n n en 1 n en 1

lı́m s(f, P n ) = ea 1.
n
lı́m k P n k = 0
n

f [a, b] P = {a = x0 < x1 <

. . . < xn = b} [a, b] k = 1, . . . , n tk
[xk 1 , xk ] T = {t1 , t2 , . . . , tn } T
P f
P T
n
X
(f, P, T ) = f (tk )(xk xk 1 ).
k=1

mk  f (tk )  Mk k = 1, 2, . . . , n

s(f, P)  (f, P, T )  S(f, P).

f
(f, P, T )
 f [a, b] n2N
Pn [a, b] Tn Pn lı́mn k P n k = 0
Z b
f = lı́m (f, P n , Tn ).
a n

f g [a, b] ↵, 2 R
↵f + g
Z b Z b Z b
(↵f + g) = ↵ f+ g
a a a

f g [a, b]
x 2 [a, b] f (x)  g(x)
Z b Z b
f g
a a

f
[a, b] |f |
Z b Z b
f  |f |
a a

f [a, c]
[c, b] [a, b]
Z b Z c Z b
f= f+ f
a a c

Z 1
x2 dx
0
 f (x) = x2

f (1/n) + f (2/n) + · · · + f (n/n)

n

(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6n

f (1/n) + · · · + f (n/n) 1
!
n 3
p
f (x) = x2 + 1

Rb
f a
f
F : [a, b] ! R F =f 0

f : [a, b] ! R
c 2 [a, b]
Z b
f = f (c) · (b a)
a

[a, b] f
M m

m  f (x)  M, 8x 2 [a, b]
Rb Rb
a
m = m(b a) a
M = M (b a)
Z b
m(b a)  f  M (b a)
a

b a
Rb
f a
m M
b a
 c 2 [a, b]
Rb
a
f
f (c) =
b a
Z b
f = (b a)f (c)
a

f
b a
f f [a, b]

f
[a, b] F : [a, b] ! R
Z x
F (x) = f
a

F0 = f
F (x+h) F (x)
x 2 [a, b] lı́mh ! 0 h
f (x) x 2 [a, b) h>0
R x+h Rx R x+h Ra R x+h
F (x + h) F (x) a
f a
f a
f+ x
f x
f
= = =
h h h h
f [x, x + h]
ch 2 [x, x + h]
Z x+h
f = f (ch ) · h
x

R x+h
F (x + h) F (x) x
f f (ch ) · h
= = = f (ch )
h h h
 ch 2 [x, x + h] ch ! x h ! 0+ f
lı́mh ! 0+ f (ch ) = lı́mh ! 0+ f (x + h) = f (x)

F (x + h) F (x)
lı́m+ = lı́m+ f (ch ) = f (x)
h!0 h h!0

F x F+0 (x) = f (x)

x 2 (a, b] f (x)
F F x 2 [a, b] F 0 (x) = f (x)

f : [a, b] ! R F : [a, b] ! R
f( [a, b]) x 2 [a, b] F 0 (x) = f (x)
Z
F (x) = f (x)dx

f
Z x
F (x) = f
a
f [a, b]
F G
f C

G(x) = F (x) + C, x 2 [a, b].

f [a, b] G
f [a, b]
Z b
f = G(b) G(a).
a
Rx
F (x) = a
f f
[a, b] G f C2R

F (x) G(x) = C, x 2 [a, b].

Ra
x = a C = F (a) G(a) F (a) = a
f = 0 C =
0 G(a) = G(a) F (b) G(b) = G(a)

F (b) = G(b) G(a),

 Rb
F (b) = a
f
Z b
f = G(b) G(a)
a

G(b) G(a) [G(x)]ba

n2N Z 1
1
xn dx =
0 n+1
xn+1
G(x) = n+1
f (x) = xn

Z 1
1 0 1
xn dx = G(1) G(0) = =
0 n+1 n+1 n+1

Rb
a
f F [a, b]
F0 = f f

sen x 1 x2
x log x
e
cos x2
 Z
kdx = kx + C
Z
n xn+1
x dx = + C, n 6= 1
n+1
Z
dx
= log x
x
Z
ax
ax dx = +C
log a
Z
cos xdx = sen x + C
Z
sen xdx = cos x + C
Z
dx
= tan x + C
cos2 x
Z
dx
p = arcsin x + C
Z 1 x2
dx
= arctan x + C
1 + x2

Z Z Z
(↵f (x) + g(x))dx = ↵ f (x)dx + g(x)dx

Z
af (x)
f 0 (x)af (x) dx =
log a
Z
f 0 (x)
dx = arctan f (x)
1 + (f (x))2
 R
p x dx f (x) = 3+x2
3+x2
1/2 f 2
Z Z
x 1
p dx = 2x(3 + x2 ) 1/2
dx = (3 + x2 )1/2 + C
3+x 2 2
R
cos 7xdx 7

Z Z
1 sen x
cos 7xdx = 7 cos 7xdx = +C
7 7
R x2
1+x6
dx
Z Z
x2 1 3x2 1
6
dx = 3 2
dx = arctan x3 + C
1+x 3 1 + (x ) 3

u v
Z Z
0
u(x)v (x)dx = u(x)v(x) v(x)u0 (x)dx

uv

(uv)0 (x) = u0 (x)v(x) + u(x)v 0 (x)

Z Z
0
u(x)v(x) = u (x)v(x)dx + v 0 (x)u(x)dx

Z Z
0
u(x)v (x)dx = u(x)v(x) u0 (x)v(x)

R
xex dx u=x v 0 = ex u0 = 1 v = ex

Z Z
x x
xe = xe ex dx = xex ex
 I = e x
sen 2xdx u = e x
v 0 = cos 2x
sen 2x
u0 = e x
v= 2
Z Z
1 0 x 1 x
I = uv vu = e sen 2x + e sen 2xdx
2 2
R x x
e sen 2xdx u=e
cos 2x
v 0 = sen 2x u0 = e x
v= 2
Z Z
x 1 x 1 x 1 x I
e sen 2xdx = e cos 2x e cos 2xdx = e cos 2x
2 2 2 2

✓ ◆ x
✓ ◆
1 x 1 1 x 1 e 1 I
I= e sen 2x + e cos 2x I = sen 2x cos 2x
2 2 2 2 2 2 4

✓ ◆
I e x 1
I+ = sen 2x cos 2x
4 2 2
✓ ◆
5I e x 1
= sen 2x cos 2x
4 2 2
✓ ◆
2 x 1
I= e sen 2x cos 2x + C
5 2

f (x) '(t)
Z
F (t) := f ('(t))'0 (t)dt

Z
f (x)dx = F (' 1 (t)) + C
R
x = '(t) f ('(t))'0 (t)dt
t
t x f
 Rp
1 x2 dx x = sen t '(t) =
sen t x0 = cos t
Z p Z p Z
2
1 x dx = 1 sen2 t cos tdt = cos2 tdt
R
cos2 tdt
1+cos 2t
u = cos t v 0 = cos t cos2 t = 2

Z
t sen 2t t 2 sen t cos t t + sen t cos t
cos2 tdt = + = + =
2 4 2 4 2
t = arcsin x
Z p Z p
arcsin x + x 1
2 x2
1 x2 dx = cos t = +C
2

f : [a, b] ! R ' : [c, d] ! R

1
C [a, b]
Z b Z d
f (x)dx = f ('(t))'0 (t)dt
a c

' [c, d]

Z 1 p
1 x2 dx
0

x = cos t
 '(t) = sen t
[0, ⇡/2] '(0) = 0 '(⇡/2) = 1
' [0, ⇡2 ] [0, 1]

Z 1 p Z ⇡
p Z ⇡/2
2
1 x2 dx = 1 sen2 t cos tdt = cos2 tdt
0 0 0

Z
t + sen t cos t
cos2 tdt =
2

Z ⇡/2  ⇡/2
2 t + sen t cos t ⇡
cos tdt = =
0 2 0 4

Z 1 p ⇡
1 x2 dx =
0 4

Z
P (x)
dx
Q(x)

P Q grado(P ) grado(Q)
D R grado(R)  grado(Q) P (x) = D(x)Q(x) + R(x)
P (x) R(x)
Q(x)
= D(x) + Q(x) Z Z Z
P (x) R(x)
dx = D(x)dx + dx.
Q(x) Q(x)
grado(P ) < grado(Q)

a1 , . . . , a n Q x2 + ↵1 x + 1, . . . , x
2
+ ↵m x + m

Q
u + iv Q
(x (u + iv))(x (u iv)) = x2 2ux + u2 + v 2 pi
ai Q qi
x2 + ↵i x + i

n ✓ ◆
P (x) X Ai,1 Ai,2 Ai,n
= + + · · · +
Q(x) i=1
x ai (x ai )2 (x ai )pi
Xm ✓ ◆
Bi,1 x + Ci,1 Bi,m x + Ci,m
+ 2+↵ x+b
+ ··· + 2 qi
,
i=1
x i i (x + ↵ i x + i )

Ai,1 , . . . , Ai,pi Bi,1 , Ci,1 , . . . , Bi,qi , . . . , Ci,qi

a Q p a

A1 A2 Ap
+ 2
+ ··· + .
x a (x a) (x a)p
Q x2 + ↵x +
q
B1 x + C1 B2 x + C2 Bq x + Cq
+ + · · · + .
x2 + ↵x + (x2 + ↵x + )2 (x2 + ↵x + )q

Z
dx
.
x a

Z
dx
, k .
(x a)k

Z
Bx + C
dx, ↵2 4 < 0.
x2 + ↵x +

Z
Bx + C
dx, k 2 ↵2 4 < 0.
(x2 + ↵x + )k
 k=1
Z
dx
= log |x a|.
x a
k 2 Z Z
dx (x a)1 k
= (x a) k dx = .
(x a)k 1 k
B=0
2
x + ↵x + = (x u) + v 2 2

Z Z Z
Cdx dx C dx
=C = 2 ,
2
x + ↵x + (x 2
u) + v 2 v x u 2
v
+ 1
x u
t= v
Z Z ✓ ◆
Cdx C v C x u
2
= 2 2
dt = arctan .
x + ↵x + v 1+t v v

B 6= 0

Z Z C Z
Bx + C x+ B B 2x + 2C
B
2
dx = B dx = dx
x + ↵x + x2 + ↵x + 2 x2 + ↵x +
Z Z !
2C
B 2x + ↵ B
↵
= dx + dx
2 x2 + ↵x + x2 + ↵x +
✓ ◆ Z
2 2C dx
= log(x + ↵x + ) + ↵ · 2
.
B x + ↵x +

x2 + ↵x + x2 + ↵x + = (x u)2 + v 2
x u
t= v
Z Z
Bx + C 1 B(tv + u) + C
dx = · dt.
(x2 + ↵x + )k v 2k (t2 + 1)k

Z Z
t dt
dt .
(t + 1)k
2 (t2 + 1)k
 2
Z Z Z
t 1 2t 1 (1 + t2 )1 k
2 k
dt = 2 k
dt = 2t(1 + t2 ) k dt = .
(t + 1) 2 (t + 1) 2 2(1 k)

Z
dt
Ik 1 = .
(t2 + 1)k 1

1
u= (t2 +1)k 1
0
v =1
Z Z
t 2(k 1)t2 t t2 dt
Ik 1 = 2 dt = 2 + 2(k 1) .
(t + 1)k 1 2
(t + 1) k (t + 1)k 1 (t2 + 1)k

Z Z Z
t2 dt t2 + 1 1 dt
= = Ik 1 .
(t2 + 1)k (t2 + 1)k (t2 + 1)k
Z
t dt
Ik 1 = 2 + 2(k 1)Ik 1 2(k 1) ,
(t + 1)k 1 (t2 + 1)k

Z 
dt 1 t
= (2k 3)Ik 1 + .
(t2 + 1)k 2(k 1) (t2 + 1)k 1

R dt
R dt
(t2 +1)k (t2 +1)k 1

k k 1 k 1 k 2
R dt
t2 +1
arctan t

Z
2x5 8x4 + 18x3 23x2 + 20x 8
I= dx.
x2 (x2 2x + 2)2

1+i 1 i

2x5 8x4 + 18x3 23x2 + 20x 8 A B Cx + D Ex + F

= + 2+ 2 + 2 .
x2 (x2 2x + 2)2 x x x 2x + 2 (x 2x + 2)2
Ax(x2 2x + 2)2 + B(x2 2x + 2)2 + (Cx + D)x2 (x2 2x + 2) + (Ex + F )x2

8
>
> A+C =2
>
>
>
>
>
> 4A + B 2C + D = 8
>
>
>
< 8A 4B + 2C 2D + E = 18
>
> 8A + 8B + 2D + F = 23
>
>
>
>
>
> 4A 8B = 20
>
>
>
:
4B = 8

A = 1, B = 2, C = 1, D = 0, E = 0, F = 1

2x5 8x4 + 18x3 23x2 + 20x 8 1 2 x 1

= + + .
x2 (x2 + x + 1)2 x x2 x2 2x + 2 (x2 2x + 2)2

Z
1
dx = log |x|,
x
Z
2 2
dx = .
x2 x

Z Z
x 1 2x
dx = dx
x2 2x + 2 2 x 2 2x + 2
Z Z
1 2x 2 1 2dx
= 2
dx + 2
2 x 2x + 2 2 x 2x + 2
Z
dx
= log(x2 2x + 2) + .
x2 2x + 2

x2 2x + 2 = (x 1)2 + 1
Z Z
dx dx
= = arctan(x 1),
x2 2x + 1 (x 1)2 + 1
 Z
x 1
dx = log(x2 2x + 2) + arctan(x 1).
x2 2x + 2 2
Z
dx
.
(x2 2x + 2)2
x2 2x + 2 = (x 1)2 + 1 t=x 1
Z Z
dx dt
= .
(x2 2x + 2)2 (t2 + 1)2

k=2
Z  Z
dt 1 t dt t
2 2
= 2
2 + (4 3) 2
= 2
+ arctan t.
(t + 1) 2 t +1 1+t 2(t + 1)

Z
dx x 1
= + arctan(x 1).
(x2 2x + 2) 2 2(x 2 2x + 2)

2 3 1 x 1
I = log |x| + + arctan(x 1) + log(x2 2x + 2) + .
x 2 2 2(x2 2x + 2)

sen x cos x
R
R(cos x, sen x)dx R

Z Z Z
dx 3 1 tan x
dx, cos xdx dx
1 + cos x + sen x 1 + tan x

x
t = tan
2

x = 2 arctan t

Z
R(cos x, sen x)dx
 x
1 tan2 2 1 t2 2 tan x2 2t
cos x = x = sen x = x =
1 + tan2 2
1 + t2 1 + tan2 2
1 + t2

2
x0 =
1 + t2
Z Z ✓ ◆
1 t2 2t 2
R(cos x, sen x)dx = R , · dt
1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2

R dx
t 1+cos x+sen x
dx

Z Z 2 Z
dx 1+t2 dt
dx = 1 t2 2t
dt = = log |1 + t|
1 + cos x + sen x 1+ 1+t2
+ 1+t 2
1+t

Z
dx x
dx = log 1 + tan + C
1 + cos x + sen x 2
t = tan x2

R
cos3 xdx

R(cos x, sen x) cos x

cos x cos x

t = sen x

x = arcsin t
R
R(cos x, sen x)dx t
R
cos3 xdx t = sen x

cos3 x = (1 sen2 x)3/2 = (1 t2 )3/2

 1
x0 =
(1 t2 )1/2

Z Z Z
3 (1 t2 )3/2 t3
cos xdx = dt = (1 t2 )dt = t
(1 t2 )1/2 3
Z
sen3 x
cos3 xdx = sen x +C
3

R(cos x, sen x) sen x

t = cos x
R
R(cos x, sen x)dx

R(cos x, sen x) cos x sen x

cos x cos x sen x sen x

x = tan t

t = arctan x

cos x sen x
2 1 2
t 1 + tan x = cos2 x
sen x = 1 cos2 x

Z
1 tan x
dx
1 + tan x

Z
1 t
dt
(1 + t)(1 + t2 )
 ax+b q1 ax+b qr
x cx+d
,..., cx+d
q1 , . . . , q r 2 Q

q1 = m1 /n1 , . . . , qr = mr /nr

n = m.c.m.(n1 , n2 , . . . , nr )

ax + b
tn =
cx + d
t
Z p
x
p3
dx.
1 + x2
1/2 2/3 6

t6 = x
p
3 p
x0 = 6t5 x2 = t4 x = t3
Z p Z
x 6t9
p dx = dt.
1 + x2
3
1 + t3
p
x Ax2 + Bx + C
p
Ax2 + Bx + C

p
a2 (bx + c)2
p
a2 + (bx + c)2
p
(bx + c)2 a2

bx + c = a sen t

(ii)
bx + c = a tan t

bx + c = a sec t
cos t sen t
 Z p
x2 + 4x + 6dx

x2 + 4x + 6 = (x + 2)2 + 2
p
x+2= 2 tan t

p
2
x0 =
cos2 t

Z p Z p Z p
2 p Z
2 tan2 t + 2 cos t dt
x2 + 4x + 6dx = dt = 2dt =2
cos2 t cos2 t cos3 t

p
x+2= 2 senh t

f [a, b] ⌦
f ⌦
Z b
V (⌦) = ⇡ f 2 (t)dt
a

P = {a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn = b}

[a, b] ⇡f 2 P
 C = {c1 , . . . , cn }
n
X
2
(⇡f , P, C) = ⇡f 2 (ci )(xi xi 1 )
i=1

i = 1, . . . , n ⇡f 2 (ci )(xi xi 1 )
xi xi 1 f (ci )
⌦ [xi 1 , xi ]
2
(⇡f , P, C) ⌦
(⇡f 2 , P, C)
Rb
⇡ a
f 2 (t)dt ⌦

( ) R
4
V = ⇡R3
3
R
Ox
p
f (x) = R2 x2

x 2 [ R, R]
Z R Z R  R
2 2 x3 4
V =⇡ f (x)dx = (R x )dx = ⇡ R2 x
2
= ⇡R3
R R 3 R 3

Ox f [a, b]
x 2 [a, b]
f (x) A(x) ⇡f (x)2
Rb
a
A(x)dx

⌦
r
 r Ox
r
a b a, 0, 0) (b, 0, 0)

r x 2 [a, b] A(x)
Z b
V (⌦) = A(x)dx
a

h a
1
V = a2 h
3
Ox
h
x 2 [0, h]
xa/h
a2 x2
A(x) = h2

Z h Z h Z h
a2 x 2 a2 a2 h3 a2 h
V = A(x)dx = dx = x2 dx = · =
0 0 h2 h2 0 h2 3 3
h
A

f [a, b]
f P = {a = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn = b}
[a, b] i = 0, . . . , n Pi = (xi , f (xi ))
P0 , P1 , . . . , Pn
n 1q
X
l(P) = (xi xi 1 )2 + (f (xi ) f (xi 1 ))2
i=1

i 2 {1, . . . , n} f
[xi 1 , xi ] ci

f (xi ) f (xi 1 ) = f 0 (ci ) · (xi xi 1 )

 p p
(xi xi 1 )2 + (f 0 (ci ))2 (xi xi 1 )2 = 1 + (f 0 (ci ))2 (xi xi 1 )

n 1
X p
l(P) = 1 + (f 0 (ci ))2 (xi xi 1 )
i=1

P l(P)
Rbp
a
1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx
f Z bp
L= 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx
a

y = cosh x

x=0 x=a senh a

0 2
y (x) = senh x 1 + senh x = cosh x
Z ap Z ap Z a
2
L= 1 + (y 0 (x))2 dx = 1 + senh xdx = cosh x = senh a
0 0 0

f
[a, b] ⌦ f

⌦ P = {x0 = a < x1 < . . . < xn = b} [a, b]

i = 0, 1, . . . , n Pi = (xi , f (xi )) P0 P 1 P1 P2 Pn 1 Pn
Ox i = 1, 2, . . . , n
p
i (xi xi 1 )2 + (f (xi ) f (xi 1 ))2
f (xi 1 ) f (xi )
s R r

⇡(R + r)s

i
p
Ai = ⇡ (f (xi ) + f (xi 1 )) · (xi xi 1 )2 + (f (xi ) f (xi 1 ))2
 ci

f (xi ) f( xi 1 ) = f 0 (ci )(xi xi 1 )

p
Ai = ⇡ (f (xi ) + f (xi 1 )) · 1 + f 0 (ci )2 · (xi xi 1 )

n P
n
X p
A(P) = ⇡ (f (xi ) + f (xi 1 )) · 1 + f 0 (ci )2 · (xi xi 1 )
i=1

P A(P)
Rb p
⌦ 2⇡ a
f (x) 1 + f 0 (x)2 dx
Z b p
A(⌦) = 2⇡ f (x) 1 + f 0 (x)2 dx
a

A = 4⇡R2

p x
f (x) = R2 x2 f 0 (x) = p
R 2 x2
r
p x2 R
1 + f 0 (x)2 = 1+ =
R x2 R2 x2

p
f (x) 1 + f 0 (x)2 = R

Z R p Z R
A = 2⇡ 0 2
f (x) 1 + f (x) = 2⇡ Rdx = 4⇡R2 .
R R

x2
f (x) = e
 Z 1
dt
.
0 t3 +t+1

f [a, b] [a, b] n
h = (b a)/n [a, b]
xk = a + kh k = 0, 1, . . . , n k = 1, 2, . . . , n pk
1 f xk 1 xk pk
(xk 1 , f (xk 1 )) (xk , f (xk ))
Rb
a
f
n Z
X xk
pk (x)dx.
k=1 xk 1

pk x = xk 1

x = xk f (xk 1 ) f (xk ) xk xk 1

Z xk
f (xk 1 + f (xk ))
pk (x)dx = h,
xk 1
2
Rb
a
f
n n 1
" #
hX f (a) X f (b)
In = (f (xk 1 + f (xk )) = h · + f (xk ) + .
2 k=1 2 k=1
2
 Rb
a
f

f [a, b] M
Rb
máx{|f 00 (x)| : x 2 [a, b]} a
f
[a, b] n

M (b a)3
.
12n2

Z n n Z xk
b
hX X
In f= (f (a + (k 1)h + f (a + kh)) f
a 2 k=1 k=1 x k 1

n
" Z xk #
X h
= (f (a + (k 1)h + f (a + kh)) f .
k=1
2 x k 1

k = 1, 2, . . . , n Fk : [0, h] ! R
Z xk 1 +t
t
Fk (t) = (f (xk 1 + f (xk 1 + t)) f.
2 xk 1

t 2 [0, h]
f [xk 1 , xk 1 + t]
(xk 1 , f (xk 1 ) (xk 1 + t, f (xk 1 + t)
Fk t=h

1 tf 0 (xk 1 + t)
Fk0 (t) = (f (xk 1 ) + f (xk 1 + t)) + f (xk 1 + t).
2 2

tf 00 (xk 1 + t)
Fk00 (t) = .
2
t 2 [0, h]
Z t
Fk00 (x)dx = Fk0 (t) Fk0 (0).
0

Fk0 (0) = 0 Z t
Fk0 (t) = Fk00 (x)dx.
0
 máx |f 00 |  M
Z t Z Z
0 00 1 t M t
M t2
|Fk (t)|  |Fk (x)| dx = |xf 00 (xk 1 + x)| dx  xdx = .
0 2 0 2 0 4
Fk (0) = 0
Z h
Fk (h) = Fk0 (t)dt,
0

Z h Z h
M t2 M h3
|Fk (h)|  |Fk0 (t)|dt  = .
0 0 4 12

Z b n
X nM h3 nM (b a)3 M (b a)3
In f  |Fk (h)|  = = .
a k=1
12 n3 n2

Z 1
x2
e dx
0
2
10
n
[0, 1] f
x2
f 00 (x) = 2(2x2 1)e .
x2
|e |1

|f 00 (x)|  2|2x2 1|.

|2x2 1|  1 x 2 [0, 1]

|f 00 (x)|  2 x 2 [0, 1].

2 50
< 10 2 , n2 > .
12n2 3
n=5

Z 1 ✓ ◆
x2 1 e0 0,22 0,42 0,62 0,82 e 1
e dx ⇡ · +e +e +e +e + = 0,744.
0 5 2 2
 f [a, b] [a, b] n
b a
h= n
x0 = a, x1 =
n
a + h, . . . , xn = a + nh = b k = 1, . . . , 2
pk
2 f x2k 2 , x2k 1 x2k
pk f k
Rb
a
f

n Z
X x2k
pk (x)dx.
k=1 x2k 1

k 2 {1, . . . , n2 } ↵ = x2k 2 = x2k

= x2k 1 ↵= h = +h f

p(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C,

A, B C f ↵

R
↵
p(x)dx
x=t+
Z Z h Z h
p(x)dx = p(t + )dt = A(t + )2 + B(t + ) + C =
↵ h h
Z h
= At2 + (2A + B)t + A 2
+ B + C dt =
h
2Ah3 2 2Ah3
= + 2h(A + B + C) = + p( ).
3 3
p( ) = f ( )
Z
2Ah3
p(x)dx = + f ( ).
↵ 3
A f (↵) = p(↵) = p( h)

f (↵) = A( h)2 + B( h) + C = Ah2 2A h Bh + A 2

+B +C =
= Ah2 2A h Bh + f ( ).

f (↵) f ( ) = Ah2 2A h Bh.

 f ( ) = p( ) = p( + h)

f( ) f ( ) = Ah2 + 2B h + Bh.

2Ah2 = f (↵) + ( ) 2f ( ),

Z
h
p(x)dx = [f (↵) + 4f ( ) + f ( )] .
↵ 3
Rb
a
f
n/2
X h
In = [f (x2k 2 ) + 4f (x2k 1 ) + f (x2k )] .
k=1
3

f [a, b] M
(iv)
Rb
máx{|f (x)| : x 2 [a, b]} a
f
[a, b] n
M (b a)5
.
180n4

Z 1
f
a
 f
f Ox x=a
Rx
a
f x a
Rx
lı́mx ! 1 a f

f [a, 1)
R1 Rx
a
f lı́mx ! 1 a
f (t)dt
Z 1 Z x
f (t)dt = lı́m f (t)dt
a x ! +1 a
Rx Rx
lı́mx ! 1 a
f (t)dt = +1 ( lı́mx ! 1 a f (t)dt = 1)
R1 R1 R1
a
f +1 ( 1) a
f (t)dt = +1 ( a
f (t)dt = 1)

f ( 1, a]
Ra Ra
1
f lı́mx ! 1 x f (t)dt
Z a Z a
f (t)dt = lı́m f (t)dt
1 x! 1 x

p>0 Z p
dt
1 tp
p>1 p1
p 6= 1 p=1 p 6= 1
x 1 Z Z
x x
dt x1 p 1
= t p dt =
1 tp 1 1 p
p>1 1 p<0 lı́mx ! 1 x1 p
=0

x1 p 1 1 1
lı́m = =
x!1 1 p 1 p p 1
 Z 1
dt 1
p
=
1 t 1 p

p<1 1 p>0 lı́mx ! 1 x1 p

= +1 +1
p=1 x 1
Z x Z x
dt dt
p
= = log x log 1 = log x
1 t 1 t
Rx dt
lı́mx ! +1 1 t
+1

Z 1
cos tdt
0

Rx
x 0 0
cos tdt = sen x sen 0 = sen x
lı́mx ! 1 sen x

f : [a, 1) ! R b 2 [a, 1)
R1 R1
a
f b
f
Z 1 Z b Z 1
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt
a a b
R1
a
f
Rx Rx Rb
x b b
f= f f
R a1 a
x ! +1 b
f
R1 R1 Rb
a
f= a
f+ af
R1
a
f
R1
b
f
R1 R1
a
f b
( 1, a]
 R1
f : R !R 1
f
R1 Ra
a a
f 1
f
Z +1 Z a Z 1
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt
1 1 a

a
R1
1
f

R1 Ra
a
f 1
f b
R1
b>a b
f
Z 1 Z 1 Z b
f (t)dt = f (t)dt f (t)dt
b a a
Rb
1
f (t)dt
Z b Z a Z b
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt
1 1 a

Z a Z 1 Z b Z 1
f (t)dt + f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt
1 a 1 b
R1
1
f (t)dt
a
R1 dt
1 1+t2

Z 1
t2
e dt
0

Z 1
cos t2 dt
0
 Z 1
dt
0 (t2 + t + 1)10

R1
a
f (t)dt
f
f 0 f 0 f
R1
0
f (t)dt
R1
0
f (t)dt f
Z x
F (x) = f (t)dt
a

f : [a, +1) ! R
R1 Rx
a
f (t)dt F (x) = a
f (t)dt

R1
F (x) = a
f (t)dt
F lı́mx ! 1 F (x)
F
lı́mx ! +1 F (x)

(
+1)
 f g
[a, 1)

f (t)  g(t), 8t 2 [a, 1)

R1 R1
a
g(t)dt a
f (t)dt
R1 R1
a
f (t)dt a
f (t)dt
Rx Rx
F (x) = a
f G(x) = a
g x 2 [a, +1) f g

F (x)  G(x), 8x a
R1
a
g(t)dt G
F  G F
R1
a
f (t)dt
R1 R1
a
f (t)dt a
g(t)dt
R1
a
g(t)dt

f g [a, 1)

f (t) R1 R1
lı́mt ! +1 g(t)
0 a
f a
g

f (t) R1
lı́mt ! +1 g(t)
= 0 a
g(t)dt
R1
a
f (t)dt
f (t) R1
lı́mt ! +1 g(t)
= +1 a
f (t)dt
R1
a
g(t)dt
 (1)
L= lı́mt ! +1 fg(t)
(t)
f g L 0 L 6= 0
L > 0 ✏ > 0 L ✏
h x h
f (x)
L ✏< g(x)
<L+✏ g(x)

(L ✏)g(x)  f (x)  (L + ✏)g(x), 8x h

Z 1
t+1
dt
2 t4 + t2 + 2

t+1
t4 +t2 +2
lı́m 1 =1
t!1
t3
R1 dt
2 t3

Z 1
t2
e dt
0

2
t 7! t
t2
e t2
lı́m 2
= lı́m 2 = 0
t!1 t t ! 1 et
R1 R1 t2
1
t 2 dt 1
e dt
t2
t!e [0, 1)

Z 1
dt
2 log t
 R1 dt
2 t

1
log t t
lı́m = lı́m = +1
t!1 1 t ! +1 log t
t

(3)

Ra
1
f (t)dt

R0 t
1 et4
dt

R1
a
|f (t)|dt
R1 Ra R1
a
f (t)dt 1
f (t)dt 1
f (t)dt

g(t) = |f (t)| f (t)

0  g(t)  |f (t)| + |f (t)| = 2|f (t)|, 8t a

R1
|f (t)| g |f |
R 1a
a
g(t)dt

f (t) = (f (t) |f (t)|) + |f (t)| = g(t) + |f (t)|

R1 R1
a
|f (t)|dt a
g(t)dt
R1
a
f (t)dt

Z 1
sen t
dt
1 t2
 t 1
sen t 1
2
 2
t t
R1 dt
1 t2
R1 sen t 1
1 t2
 t2
R1 sen t
1 t2
dt
R1 Ra R1
f (t)dt f (t)dt f (t)dt
Ra1 R1
a
1
R1
a
|f (t)|dt 1
|f (t)|dt 1
|f (t)|dt

Z 1
cos x2 dx
1

Z x
F (x) = cos t2 dt
1

t ! +1 s = t2
Z x2 Z x2
cos s 1 1/2
F (x) = p ds = s cos sds
1 2 s 2 0

v 0 = cos s
1/2
u=s
Z x2 Z x2
1/2 1 1 sen s
s cos sds = sen x2 sen 1 ds
1 x 2 0 s3/2

Z x2
sen x2 sen 1 1 sen s
F (x) = ds
2x 2 4 1 s3/2
R1 sen s
1 s3/2
ds
R x2 sen s sen x2
lı́mx ! +1 ds lı́mx ! +1 =0
⇣ 2
⌘ 1 s3/2 2x
sen x sen 1 sen 1
lı́mx ! +1 2x 2
= 2
 lı́mx ! +1 F (x)

Z 2
dt
p
1 t 1

(1, 2] ✏>0
Z 2
dt
p
1+✏ t 1
✏ 0

Z 2
dt ⇥ p ⇤2 p
p = 2 t 1 1+✏ = 2(1 ✏)
1+✏ t 1

Z 2
dt
lı́m+ p =2
✏!0 1+✏ t 1
R2
pdt 2
1 t 1

f (a, b]
Rb Rb
a
f lı́m✏ ! 0+ a+✏
f (t)dt
Z b Z b
f (t)dt = lı́m+ f (t)dt
a ✏!0 a+✏
+1 ( 1) +1 (
Rb Rb
1) a
f (t)dt = +1 ( a
f (t)dt = 1)

[a, b)
Rb
f a
f
Rb ✏
lı́m✏ ! 0+ a f (t)dt
Z b Z b ✏
f (t)dt = lı́m+ f (t)dt
a ✏!0 a
p>0
Z b
dt
a (t a)p

p<1 p 1

f g
(a, b]

f (t)  g(t), 8t 2 (a, b)

Rb Rb
a
g(t)dt a
f (t)dt
Rb Rb
a
f (t)dt a
f (t)dt

[a, b)

f g (a, b]

f (t) Rb Rb
lı́mt ! a+ g(t)
0 a
f a
g

f (t) Rb Rb
lı́mt ! a+ g(t)
=0 a
g(t)dt a
f (t)dt
f (t) Rb Rb
lı́mt ! a+ g(t)
= +1 a
f (t)dt a
g(t)dt
 Z ⇡
2 dt
dt
0 1 cos t

0
1
1 cos t
lı́m+ 1 = 2 6= 0
t!0
t2
R ⇡/2 dt
0 t2
+1

Z 1
cos 1t
p dt
0 t

cos 1t 1
p  p , 8t 2 (0, 1]
t t
R1 dt
p
0 t
R 1 cos 1t
0
p
t
dt

Z 3
dt
p
1 (t 1)(3 t)

Z 1
dt
0 t2
 f (a, b)
Rb
1  a < b  1 a
f (t)dt
Rc Rb
c 2 (a, b) a
f (t)dt c
f (t)dt
Z b Z c Z b
f (t)dt = f (t)dt + f (t)dt
a a c

2
R2 dt
R3 dt
1
p 2
p
(t 1)(3 t) (t 1)(3 t)
R1 dt
R1dt
0 t2
+1 0 t2

Z a Z a
2
x dx; x3 dx.
0 0

Rb
f [a, b] a
f (x)dx =
0 f (x) = 0 x 2 [a, b] f

f [ a, a]
Ra
a
f =0 f

f g
[a, b] g c 2 [a, b]
Z b Z b
f (x)g(x)dx = f (c) g(x)dx.
a a

F x2R
Z x2
t2
F (x) = e dt.
0

F0 F 00
 F

F (x)
lı́m .
x!0 x

R R x2
R
x cos x2 dx dx p x dx
1+x6 2+x2
R ex R R dx
1+e2x
dx sen x cos xdx p
x 1 log2 x
R R log5 x
R dx
tan xdx x
dx x log x

R R R
x cos xdx x2 cos xdx log xdx
R R R x
x log xdx arctan xdx e cos xdx

R x
R dx
R 3x+2
x2 3x+2
dx (x2 1)2 x2 +4x+6
dx
R x7 +x3
R dx
R 2x2 +3
x4 1
dx x5 +2x3 +x
dx (x2 +x+1)2
dx

R dx
R dx
2 sen x cos x
R dx
R dx
cos3 x sen x+cos x
.

R p
3x R p
1 p3x+2
Rp
p dx
x+ x 1+ 3x+2
dx 4 + x2 dx
Rp Rp R
12x x2 dx 3x2 4dt (4x2 24x + 27) 3/2
dx

n2N Z
In = senn xdx.

n 2

senn 1
x cos x n 1
In = + In 2 .
n n
 y 2 = 4x y = 2x 4

y2 x2 = 9
x= 3 x=3

x2 + y 2 = 4 x2 + y 2 = 4x

a b

y = x2 y = x3

x2 + (y a)2 = r2 (a > r)

h R h<R x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R 2
z=h

h
a b

y = x2 0  x  1

y = log x 1  x  e

y 0 + P (x)y = Q(x),

P Q I
y I

P y I
R R
(e P (x)dx
y)0 = e P (x)dx
(y 0 + P (x)y).
 y C

R
P (x)dx
y=e Q(x) + C.

y0 3y = 5; y0 xy = x; (sen x)y 0 + (cos x)y = 1.

Z 1
2
ex dx
0

4
10

Z 2
cos x2 dx
1

4
10

2
log 2 10
Z 2
dx
log 2 = .
1 x
2
⇡ 10
Z 1
⇡ dx
= .
4 0 1 + x2

R1 x
R1 x
R1
dx dx p dx dx
3 x2 3x+2 2 x2 3x+2 0 1+x4
R⇡ R⇡ R1
2 p dx dx 2 dx x
dx
0 sen x 0 1 cos x 1 cosh x
 p>0
Z +1
e x xp 1 dx
0

p> 1
Z +1
(p) = e x xp 1 dx.
0

p>0

(p + 1) = p (p).

(1)
n 2 N

(n) = (n 1)!.

f [0, 1)

f Z +1
sx
F (s) = e f (x)dx,
0

L(f )

f (x) = k k
f (x) = e x
2R
f (x) = xn n 2 N
f (x) = sen(!x) ! 2 R
f (x) = cos(!x) ! 2 R