CHAPTER 01

Algeraic Function

Chapter1. Algebraic Function 1/30

1.1 polynomial function

1.2 linear function and quadratic function

1.3 rational function

1.4 irrational function

1.5 engineering problem

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Numbers
System
be able to determine the size of a number be not able to determine
the size of a number

numbers represented by a fraction

numbers that can’t be expressed as a fraction

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 1.1 polynomial function

Definition and Evaluation of Monomial

Definition 1-1 monomial :

an expression consisting only of 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 x 𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 , 𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 x 𝒍𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓

monomial not monomial

example 1-1

Evaluate whether the following expression is monomial or not

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 1.1 polynomial function

Definition of Polynomial

Definition 1-2 polynomial :

An expression consisting of the sum or difference of
monomial or monomials

Definition 1-3 polynomial of degree n :

𝒏 (degree of polynomial) : natural number or 0
𝑎0, 𝑎1,······ , 𝑎𝑛 : coeffcients of polynomial

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 1.1 polynomial function

Definition of Polynomial Function

Definition 1-4 polynomial function

𝒇(𝒙) is a polynomial function of degree 𝒏 for x

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 1.2 linear function and quadratic function

Definition and Expression of Linear Function

Definition 1-5 Linear Function

𝒂, 𝒃 : constant , 𝒂≠0 , 𝒂 : slope

The expression of a linear function passing through two points

(𝒙𝟎, 𝒚𝟎) (𝒙𝟏, 𝒚𝟏) is as follows :

example 1-3

Find each of linear function passing through the folowing two points.

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 1.2 linear function and quadratic function

Graph of Linear Function

[Table 1-1] The graph and characteristics of linear function y=ax+b(a≠0)

increase

decrease

graph increase

increase

charact Straight line that increases upwards to the right. Straight line that decreases downwards to the right.

-eristics As the value of x increases, the value of y increases. As the value of x increases, the value of y decreases.

example 1-4

Draw the graph of the following function.

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 1.2 linear function and quadratic function

Definition and Expression of Quadratic Function

Definition 1-6 Quadratic Function

𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 : constant , 𝒂≠0

▪ The expression of quadratic function

general form : : constant
standard form : : constant

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 1.2 linear function and quadratic function

Expression of Quadratic Function

quadratic function : general form ⇒ standard form

step1. Bind 𝒙2 and 𝒙 by 𝑎 (coefficient of 𝒙2)

step2. Add and subtract the square of 𝒃/2𝒂 inside parentheses

step3. Express as a equation including the perfect square

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 1.2 linear function and quadratic function

Expression of Quadratic Function

example 1-5

Represent the following general form function as a standard form function.

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 1.2 linear function and quadratic function

Graph of Quadratic Function

▪ How to draw the graph , 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒙2 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄

After converting the given function to a standard quadratic function,

draw a graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙2 and move the graph parallel

[Table 1-2] The graph and characteristics of 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 (𝒂 ≠ 0)

graph

If x>0 , the value of y increases If x>0 , the value of y decreases

with the increase of the value x with the increase of the value x
Charac-
teristics
If x<0 , the value of y decreases If x<0 , the value of y increases
with the increase of the value x with the increase of the value x

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 1.2 linear function and quadratic function

Graph of Quadratic Function

▪ The graph of quadratic function 𝒚 = 𝒂 ( 𝒙 − 𝒑 ) 𝟐 + 𝒒 ( 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 )

The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒑)𝟐 + 𝒒 can be obtained by moving 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 in paralell,

by 𝒑 in the 𝒙 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 direction and by 𝒒 in the 𝒚 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 direction.

[Fig.1-2] Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂 ( 𝒙 − 𝒑 ) 𝟐 + 𝒒 ( 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 )

example 1-6
Draw the graph of the following quadratic function

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Graph of High Order Function

General graph when the coefficient of highest order term is plus .

Linear function Quadratic function Cubic function Quartic function Quintic function

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 1.3 rational function

Definition of Rational Function

Definition 1-7 Rational Function

When the 𝒇(𝒙) in 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) is a rational expression for 𝒙, we call

𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 or
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) a rational function. 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙

example 1-7

Evaluate whether the following functions are rational function or not.

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 1.3 rational function

Domain of Rational Function

Theorem 1-2 Domain of Rational Expression

(1) in case that 𝒇(𝒙) is polynomial function :

The domain is a set of whole real numbers.

(2) in case that 𝒇(𝒙) is fractional function :

The domain is a set of whole real numbers except 𝒙
that makes denominator zero

example 1-8

Find the domains of the following rational functions.

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 1.3 rational function

Graph of Rational Function

𝒌
▪ The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙 (𝒌 ≠ 𝟎)

𝑘
[Table 1-3] The characteristics of graph 𝑦 = (𝑘 ≠ 0)
𝑥

Graph

The graph in Quadrant I and III The graph in Quadrant II and IV

The value of y decreases with the increase of x The value of y increases with the increase of x
Charac-
teristics Asymptotic line : x axis, y axis
The larger the value of 𝑘 , the further away from the origin.

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 1.3 rational function

Graph of Rational Function

𝒌
▪ The graph of 𝒚 = + 𝒃
𝒙−𝒂

Domain { 𝒙 : all real numbers except 𝒙 = 𝒂 }

Range { 𝒚 : all real numbers except 𝒚 = 𝒃 }
Asymptotic line ∶ 𝒙 = 𝑎 , 𝒚 = 𝒃

𝒌
[Fig 1-4] The graph of 𝒚 = +𝒃 (𝑘 ≠ 0)
𝒙−𝒂

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 1.3 rational function

Graph of Rational Function

(example)

𝟐𝒙+𝟑 𝟏
The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙+𝟏 can be obtained by moving 𝒚 = 𝒙+𝟏 in paralell,

by -1 in the x-axis direction and by 2 in the y-axis direction.

example 1-9

Draw the graph of the following rational function.

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 1.3 rational function

Graph of Rational Function

example 1-10

Draw the graph of

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 1.4 irrational function

Definition of Irrational Function

Definition 1-8 Irrational Function

When the 𝒇(𝒙) in 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) is a irrational expression for 𝒙, we call

with the unknown in the radical

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) a irrational function.

example 1-11

Evaluate whether the following functions are irrational function or not.

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 1.4 irrational function

Domain of Irrational Function

Theorem 1-3 Domain of Irrational Function

The domain of irrational function 𝑓 𝑥 = □ can be changed

𝑛

by 𝑛 (𝑛 ≥ 2 , natural number ).

(1) if 𝒏 is a odd :
The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 is same as the domain of □ .

(2) If 𝒏 is a even :
The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 is { 𝑥 ∶ □ ≥ 0 }.

example 1-12

Find the domains of the following irrational functions.

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 1.4 irrational function

Graph of Irrational Function

When 𝑎 > 0 , the graph of irrational function can be obtained

by drawing 𝒚 = ± 𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ± −𝑎𝑥 and moving it parallel

symmetry
about x-axis

symmetry
symmetry
about y-axis
about origin

[Fig1-5] Symmetric relation of the function 𝒚 = 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎>0)

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 1.4 irrational function

Graph of Irrational Function

▪ The graph of 𝒚=± 𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒃 + 𝒄 (𝒂>0)

The graph of 𝒚=± 𝒂 𝒙 − 𝒃 + 𝒄 can be obtained by moving 𝒚=± 𝑎𝑥

in paralell, by 𝒃 in the 𝒙-axis direction and by 𝒄 in the 𝒚-axis direction.

[Fig1-6] The graph of 𝒚= 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 (𝑎 > 0)

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 1.4 irrational function

Graph of Irrational Function

example 1-13

Draw the graph of the following irrational functions.

example 1-14

Draw the graph of the following irrational functions.

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 1.5 Engineering Problem

Fahrenheit and Celsius

In the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32 degrees, and
boils at 212 degrees. Boiling and freezing point are
therefore 180 degrees apart. The Celsius scale is
nowadays set in such a way that Zero degrees C is the
temperature at which ice melts. At the other end of the
scale, 100 degrees Celsius is the boiling point of water.
The relationship between Celsius and Fahrenheit is as
follows :

[Fig1-7] Fahrenheit and Celsius

example 1-15

Answer the following questions.

(a) Find 𝑎 , 𝑏 in expression of 𝐶 = 𝑎 𝐹 + 𝑏

(b) Convert 100C to Farenheit scale.

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 1.5 Engineering Problem

Uniform Circular Motion

Uniform circular motion is the motion of body moving in uniform speed

on a circular orbit. In uniform circular motion, the speed is constant, but
the velocity changes because the direction changes.
moving
𝑣2 direction
𝑎= centripe
𝑟 tal force

𝑎 : centripetal acceleration [Fig1-8] uniform

circular motion
𝑣 : velocity
𝑟 : radius of circle

example 1-16

The car is running on the circular road. Answer the question. (𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠2)
(a) Find the maximum speed that can run safely on the circular road , when
the acceleration that can run without slipping on the circular road of
radius 100𝑚 is 0.6 𝑔 𝑚/ 𝑠2.
(a) Find the minimum radius of circular road that a car can run safely, when
the acceleration that the car can run without slipping is 0.8 𝑔 𝑚/𝑠2 and
the maximum speed that can run safely is 20𝑚/𝑠.
(Express as an approximation to two decimal places.)

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 1.5 Engineering Problem

Law of Universal Gravitation

Newton's law of universal gravitation

states that two bodies in space pull on
each other with a force proportional to
their masses and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance.
𝑚1 𝑚2 [Fig1-9] Law of Universal Gravitation
𝐹=𝐺
𝑟2
𝐹 : gravitational force , 𝐺 : universal gravitational constant
𝑚1, 𝑚2 : masses of two bodies , 𝑟 : distance between bodies

example 1-17

Two men stand at a certain distance. Answer the following question.

( gravitational constant 𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁 𝑚2/𝑘𝑔2)
(a) Find the gravitational force between a 60𝑘𝑔 man and a 56𝑘𝑔 man
separated by 2𝑚.
(b) Find the distance between two men, when the gravitational force between a
90𝑘𝑔 man and a 72𝑘𝑔 man is equal to the gravitational force obtained in (a)

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 1.5 Engineering Problem

Pendulum

A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot

so that it can swing freely.
The period of swing of a pendulum depends on
its length. The time 𝑡 for a pendulum with a length
of 𝑙 to swing once is as follows. At this time, 𝑔 is
the acceleration of gravity.

𝑙
𝑡 = 2𝜋 [Fig1-10] pendulum
𝑔

example 1-18

Answer the question. (𝑔 = 9.8 𝑚/𝑠2)

(a) Explain what the length of a pendulum must be to quadruple the time
it takes to make one cycle.
(b) When the length of the pendulum with the initial length of 2𝑙 is reduced
to 0.25𝑙, how much less time does the pendulum take one cycle compared
to the first?(Express as an approximation to two decimal places.)

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 1.5 Engineering Problem

Dip

When installing the electric wire to the support, we must design “dip(𝑑)”
considering the change in the length of wire.
When the distance between supports is 𝑥 𝑚 , the actual length of wire is
𝑦 𝑚, the dip is 𝑑 𝑚 , the following relational expression is established.

8𝑑2
𝑦=𝑥+ [Fig 1-11]
3𝑥

example 1-19

When 𝑑 = 6 𝑚, the actual length 𝑦 𝑚 of wire connecting the two points

separated by 𝑥 m is as follows :
96
𝑦=𝑥+ 𝑥

When the actual length of wire hanging down is 22 𝑚 , find the distance
between two points. (The distance between two points is over 7𝑚)

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