PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Water Injection System

PTS 16.52.16
December 2015

© 2015 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form
or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright
owner. PETRONAS Technical Standards are Company’s internal standards and meant for authorized users only.
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FOREWORD

PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing National and International
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice across
the PETRONAS group.

Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.

Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where
specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.

In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall
ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.

PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording or
otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior written
consent of PETRONAS.

The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be
kept in safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information to
PETRONAS that this requirement is met.
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ANNOUNCEMENT

Please be informed that the entire PTS inventory is currently undergoing transformation exercise from
2013 - 2015 which includes revision to numbering system, format and content. As part of this change,
the PTS numbering system has been revised to 6-digit numbers and drawings, forms and requisition
to 7-digit numbers. All newly revised PTS will adopt this new numbering system, and where required
make reference to other PTS in its revised numbering to ensure consistency. Users are requested to
refer to PTS 00.01.01 (Index to PTS) for mapping between old and revised PTS numbers for clarity. For
further inquiries, contact PTS administrator at [email protected]
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Table Of Content

1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 5

1.1 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERM ....................................................................................................... 5
1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES ................................................................................................ 6
2.0 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF A WATER INJECTION SYSTEM ...................... 7
2.1 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS................................................................................. 7
2.2 INJECTION WATER SPECIFICATION ................................................................................. 7
2.3 SOURCE WATER CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................ 8
2.4 SOURCE WATER ANALYSIS............................................................................................ 10
2.5 WATER INJECTION PROCESS FLOW CONDITION .......................................................... 11
3.0 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT ................................................................................ 14
3.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.2 WATER INTAKE ............................................................................................................. 14
3.3 SUSPENDED SOLID REMOVAL ...................................................................................... 15
3.4 DEAERATION ................................................................................................................. 15
3.5 STORAGE/ BUFFER FACILITIES ...................................................................................... 17
3.6 INJECTION PUMPS ........................................................................................................ 17
3.7 WATER DISPOSAL ......................................................................................................... 17
3.8 INJECTION WELLS ......................................................................................................... 18
3.9 PIPELINE AND FLOWLINE .............................................................................................. 18
3.10 CHEMICAL TREATMENT ................................................................................................ 19
3.11 CORROSION MANAGEMENT AND MATERIAL SELECTION ............................................ 19
4.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 20
APPENDIX 1A: EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT .................... 21
APPENDIX 1B: EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL ONSHORE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT ..................... 22
APPENDIX 1C: DESIGN PROCESS FLOWCHART FOR A TYPICAL WATER INJECTION SYSTEM 23
APPENDIX 2: EXAMPLE OF A WATER INJECTION SPECIFICATION ...................................... 25
APPENDIX 3: STANDARD SAMPLING, LABORATORIES ANALYSIS AND DESKTOP STUDIES TO
DETERMINE OPTIMUM INJECTION WATER SPECIFICATION RELATED TO
NORMAL WATER INJECTION PROJECT ........................................................ 26
APPENDIX 4: SOURCE WATER CHARACTERISTIC .............................................................. 33
APPENDIX 5: TYPICAL TREATMENT FACILITIES FOR FREQUENTLY USED WATER SOURCES 37
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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This PTS provides the minimum technical requirement for the design of water injection system
located onshore and offshore. Water Injection System are used to provide and process the
source water to the desired specification for reinjection, into the identified oil reservoir to
increase the recovery efficiency. This PTS was developed to ensure integrity of the Water
Injection System installed for upstream facilities.

1.1 SCOPE

This PTS is applicable for the design of a typical water injection system. The boundary starts
at the water intake system at the selected source water and stops at the injection facilities
prior to the X-Mas tree. The PTS scope excludes:

i. Desalination unit or ionic related removal facilities

ii. Specialised and novels treatment facilities

iii. Subsea water injection system

1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERM

1.2.1 General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations

Refer to PTS Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & Reading Guide PTS
00.01.03 for General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations.

1.2.2 Specific Definition of Terms

No Term Definition

1 Excursion Deviation from the specification

2 Microbiological type This include General Aerobic Bacteria (GAB), General

Anaerobic Bacteria (GAnB) and Sulphate Reducing
Bacteria (SRB)

3 On-site Core Flooding Activity to investigate the effects of potential

injection waters on reservoir matrix permeability by
passing water through core plugs prepared from
reservoir material and recording the changes in
measured permeability

4 Reservoir souring A process where a previously sweet oilfield (i.e. one

which contains no H2S) begins to produce fluids
containing H2S that has been generated by
microbiological activity
Table 1: Specific Definition of Terms
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1.2.3 Specific Abbreviations

No Abbreviation Description

1 FRP Fibre Reinforced Plastic

2 GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic

3 MPN Most Probable Number

4 ppm Parts per million

5 ppb Parts per billion

6 RAM Reliability and Maintainability

7 TSS Total Suspended Solid

8 TOC Total Oxygen Content

9 VFA Volatile Fatty Acid

Table 2: Specific Abbreviations

1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This is a new PTS.
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2.0 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF A WATER INJECTION SYSTEM

2.1 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.1.1 The overall development of the water injection system shall comply with the specific regional,
relevant legal and host country requirement where applicable.

2.1.2 The following critical parameters shall be available for water injection system design:

i. Injection water specification

ii. Source water characteristics

iii. Injection water process flow condition

2.1.3 Appendix 1A and 1B provide examples of typical water injection systems for field development
in PETRONAS offshore platform and onshore facilities.

2.1.4 Appendix 1C provide an example of a typical design process flowchart for a water injection
system project.

2.2 INJECTION WATER SPECIFICATION

2.2.1 The minimum specification that shall be made available prior to engineering design stage are
as follow:

i. Particle size in microns

ii. Dissolved oxygen content in ppb wt

iii. Oil in water content in ppm

Appendix 2 provides an example of a more extensive injection water specification.

2.2.2 The specification should include the tolerable excursion and the allowable excursion duration
for the specific parameters.

2.2.3 A specification management strategy shall be provided.

2.2.4 The injection water specifications shall be determined based on specific studies that looks at:

i. Injectivity Determination

ii. Scaling tendency analysis and prediction

iii. Reservoir Souring

The study shall be conducted by the subsurface team and the result shall be provided as part
of the input to develop the basis of design document.
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The Injectivity Determination studies shall include:

i. Onsite core flooding test to examine the effect on injectivity of solids in the
injection water

ii. Water susceptibility test or laboratory-based core flood test to examine the
chemical interaction between the injection water and the minerals in the rock
(clay swelling) and the erosive effect of the injection water on the rock (fines
movement)

iii. Fracturing and injectivity study to determine the maximum injection pressure for
matrix injection

iv. The study shall provide the sustainable well injectivity flowrates into a reservoir
as a function of the characteristics of the injected water

v. The study shall also provide the temperature of the injected water at the injection
well

Scaling Tendency Analysis and Prediction/Chemical Compatibility Study shall include:

i. Standard scaling assessment shall be conducted to identify scaling potential and

severity of scaling

ii. The study shall define the mitigation measure to control scaling

Reservoir souring study shall include:

i. Souring potential assessment shall be conducted to identify the possibility for the
reservoir to sour.

ii. For reservoir with potential souring, the result of the study shall include prediction
of the Hydrogen Sulphide concentration in the reservoir and the produced well
fluids as a function of time.

iii. The study shall define the mitigation measures to control the reservoir souring.

2.2.5 Appendix 3 provides an example of a detail laboratory analysis and desktop studies to
determine the optimum injection water specification.

2.3 SOURCE WATER CHARACTERISTICS

2.3.1 The source water for water injection shall be dictated by the volumetric injection
requirements and the availability of the source water.

2.3.2 The most common source waters are:

i. Seawater

ii. Produced Water, treated effluent or process water

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iii. Aquifer Water

iv. Ground water

v. Surface Water (lake and river water)

2.3.3 The volumetric injection requirement shall be defined by the subsurface team in the form of
production and injection forecasts prior to the design stage. Multiple options of source water
shall be considered if the water injection system is to be built at a location where there are
more than one source of injection water available.

2.3.4 When using Produced Water as the source water, due to the high oil-in-water content, mixing
of Produced Water with other source water should be considered to assist in achieving the
injection specification. The requirement to mix the source water shall be evaluated based on
the source water characteristic.

2.3.5 The study to analyze the property of the source water shall include samples that had
considered all possible variation including possible intake locations, water depth and seasonal
variation.

2.3.6 Table 3 below summarized the critical physical and chemical properties that should be made
available when characterizing the source water.

Physical Properties Importance

Impact on material selection as well as directly affecting

Temperature
water viscosity

Viscosity Impact on injectivity

Solids type, size and Major bearing on formation damage during water
concentration injection

Bacterial type and concentration Direct bearing on reservoir souring and/or plugging

Chemical Properties Importance

Ionic composition Provide an understanding towards inorganic scaling

Dissolved gases Direct bearing on corrosion

pH Direct bearing on corrosion

Oil in Water Can lead to oil in water emulsion blocking

Table 3: Critical Physical and Chemical Properties for Source Water Characterization

2.3.7 Typical characteristic for some of the typical source water are available in Appendix 4.
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2.4 SOURCE WATER ANALYSIS

2.4.1 Water sample acquired shall be representative of the bulk fluid being sampled.

2.4.2 Sampling program should provide the information below:

i. Sampling program, for example, grab sampling, sample over time, composite
samples.

ii. Sample point condition which include location, orientation and presence of
sampling quill

iii. Sampling collection technique including selection of sample containers

iv. Samples handling procedure including application of preservatives if required

v. Sample collection procedure

vi. Testing location

a) At site testing
b) Laboratories

2.4.3 Analyses should be carried out immediately after sample collection if possible, however in
cases where on-site analyses for more accurate results are not possible using field-based
equipment, sample preservation shall be in-place.

2.4.4 Reference shall be made to API RP 45 for analysis methods for the determination of dissolved
and dispersed components in oilfield water, available analytical methods, proper sample
collection, preservation, labelling, and reporting format.

2.4.5 For samples collected for regulatory purposes, the procedures specified by host country
requirement shall take precedence.

2.4.6 The following aspects should be considered when performing sampling of the source water:

i. Seawater
a) Location as close as possible to the intake location
b) Location not interfered by any discharges from the platform
c) Seawater depth variation
d) Local seasonal variation
ii. Produced Water (Brownfield)
a) Various locations across the topside facilities i.e. separators, produced
water treatment, injection wellheads, etc.
b) Number of samples
iii. Produced Water (Greenfield)
a) Location to take the sample
b) Number of samples
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iv. Surface water (river, lake, ground water etc.)

a) Local seasonal variation
b) Surface water depth variation
c) Location to avoid stagnant water within the water body
d) Location with respect to surrounding community activities
v. Aquifer Water
a) Aquifer depth variation
b) Intake flowrate
c) Location either at an existing aquifer well, at an injection process
(including high pressure injection lines), or at an injection well
d) Various operational scenarios i.e. steady state operation and start-up
after shutdown

2.4.7 Samples of water should be taken for analysis throughout a complete twelve-month cycle in
the case of water is subjected to biological conditions which may vary during the course of the
year, for example river, lake, sea located near to a river estuary, etc. Where applicable,
analyses of the source water should be considered to be taken over an extended time period.

2.4.8 On-site analysis should be performed on freshly acquired samples where parameters such as
dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, etc. change rapidly with time. For parameters that are not
affected by time such as viscosity, API, microbiological type, etc., samples shall be preserved
for testing offsite to protect integrity of sample.

2.4.9 Typical laboratory analysis required are listed as follow:

i. Biocide evaluation

ii. Corrosion evaluation

iii. Chemical testing

An example of a typical analysis required for source water, laboratory analysis and desktop
studies inclusive of the measured parameters can be referred in Appendix 3.

2.5 WATER INJECTION PROCESS FLOW CONDITION

2.5.1 The injection water process flow conditions are critical for surface facilities design. The
parameters that are critical to be considered are:

i. Water injection flowrate

ii. Injection pressure

iii. Injection temperature

iv. Design life and expandability

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2.5.2 Water Injection Flowrate

i. The water injection system shall be designed to include all potential water
injection flowrate.

ii. The optimum design capacity should take into consideration

a) Target Cumulative Injection rate

b) Facilities planned and unplanned downtime
c) Maximum and Minimum Allowable injection Flowrate at wellhead

iii. The target cumulative injection rate shall be based on the annual water injection
volumes. The requirements for water injection volume schedule on an annual
basis shall be defined by the subsurface group in terms of production and
injection forecasts. The requirement for a month by month schedule should be
required for early operation as new wells are completed.

iv. Allowance should be made in the capacity of installed equipment to cope with
planned and unplanned shutdowns. To establish the required capacity for the
water injection system, reference shall be made to:

a) Recommisioning and start up requirement of the total facilities

b) The required cummulative injected volume
In a complex installation for example, to design on the basis of approximately
75% stream factor may be reasonable, requiring that the total installation
(including pipelines/injection wells etc.) is designed to operate at approximately
133% of its average required capacity.

v. The optimum design capacity shall also take into consideration the maximum and
minimum allowable injection flowrate at the wellhead which shall be provided by
the subsurface team.

2.5.3 Injection Pressure

i. The injection pressure shall be defined by the injection regime and in the case of
fractured injection, by the maximum allowable fracture growth.

ii. The subsurface team shall provide the minimum and maximum allowable
injection pressure over the design life.

iii. The pressure should include bottomhole limitation, as well as the pressure at the
wellhead. For example, the pressure data can be represented in the form of:

a) Bottomhole pressure versus flowrates and temperatures

b) Wellhead pressure versus flowrate and temperatures

iv. The design pressure of the injection facilities shall be determined from the
pressure that the facilities will have to accommodate based on the allowable
range of injection pressure requirement provided by the subsurface team.
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2.5.4 Injection Temperature

i. The temperature of the injected water at the injection well shall be provided as
part of the deliverable from the Injectivity Deliverability study

ii. The information shall include:

a) The desired bottomhole temperature

b) The associated wellhead temperature (vs flowrate if applicable)
c) Lowest or highest acceptable value

2.5.5 Design life and expandability

i. The facilities shall be designed to be in operation throughout the subsequent

phases of the design life of the project.

ii. Requirement for expansion should be considered where applicable.

iii. A RAM study shall be conducted to assess the reliability and availability of the
system, taking into account specific availability issues including sparing of critical
elements.

iv. The RAM study shall use specific analogue data where available.
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3.0 FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

3.1 GENERAL

3.1.1 A typical water injection system shall consists of:

i. water intake facilities to transport water from its source into the treatment
facilities,

ii. water treatment facilities to remove suspended solids and dissolved oxygen

iii. water injection pumps and injection pipelines/flow lines to transport the treated
water from the treatment facilities to the wellhead for injection

3.1.2 Reference shall be made to Appendix 5 for the overview of the typical water treatment
facilities for the frequently used source waters for injection.

3.1.3 Application of new technologies in any areas in the water injection system shall comply with
PTS 18.53.07.

3.2 WATER INTAKE

3.2.1 Water intake for source water shall be located such that it does not interfere with other
discharge or intake points of the offshore platform and onshore facilities. Consideration shall
also be given to any seasonal water depth and properties variation.

3.2.2 Mechanism to exclude and prevent large particles, fishes, seaweed from getting into the
system as well as mechanical and/or chemical means to control proliferation of
macrobiological and microbiological organisms to prevent fouling in the system shall be
considered for surface water intake.

3.2.3 Intake pumps are required to bring water from source into the plant. PTS 12.11.01 Pump –
Type Selection and Basic Design Requirements, shall be referred to for water intake pump
type selection and design consideration. If water is sourced from aquifer or ground water, the
use of downhole pumps should be considered.

3.2.4 Sampling point shall be made available to collect representative samples at the water intake
location.
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3.3 SUSPENDED SOLID REMOVAL

3.3.1 Requirement for suspended solid removal, method of removals and system configuration shall
be evaluated and selected based on Total Suspended Solid (TSS) content and particles size
distribution of source water and the specification of the injection water.

3.3.2 Typical method is to use filtration system to remove suspended solids. For onshore facilities,
separation based on settlement, coagulation and flocculation could also be considered.

3.3.3 Filtration system should consider:

i. Sufficient redundancy to ensure filtration capacity is not affected by backwash

cycle or filter change out

ii. Providing automatic filter backwash programme to avoid unloading of previously

filtered solid due to high differential pressure across the filter

3.3.4 Water injection system should be provided with wellhead guard filter prior to injection.

3.3.5 Sampling points shall be provided at upstream and downstream of any suspended solid
removal unit to collect representative samples for performance monitoring and trouble
shooting.

3.3.6 When specifying for filtration unit, following information should be included:

i. Maximum and normal water flow rate

ii. Particle size to be removed by filtration and the percentage of removal required

iii. Solids concentration in the inlet water

iv. Solid concentration in the filtered water

v. Maximum pressure drop available for filtration

vi. Frequency of changeover or backwash

3.4 DEAERATION

3.4.1 Dissolved oxygen specification for injection water depends on specific oil reservoir. Typical
requirement is <10ppb. Deoxygenation and deaeration will be required if the dissolved oxygen
content of source water is higher than specification.

3.4.2 Deaeration can be achieved via:

i. Chemical means; using oxygen scavenger

ii. Mechanical means; typical method are:

a) Packed bed (s) in gas and/or vacuum strip modes
b) Trays in gas strip mode only
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c) Sprays in vacuum strip mode only

d) Scouring dissolved oxygen with hydrogen gas in a packed bed of catalyst
e) Oxygen stripping in a bubble contact column using Nitrogen. The used
Nitrogen is recirculated via a catalyst bed where its oxygen content is
removed by combustion with methanol.

iii. Combination of Mechanical means and Chemical means.

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3.4.3 Deaeration method to be used shall be selected based on requirements of the project.

3.4.4 Sampling points shall be provided at upstream and downstream of deaeration equipment to
collect representative samples for performance monitoring and trouble shooting.

3.5 STORAGE/ BUFFER FACILITIES

3.5.1 Storage tanks shall be provided for onshore facilities to provide buffer for contingency supply.
Storage duration should meet the reliability and availability requirement of the system.

3.5.2 Storage tanks for deaerated water shall be supplied with gas blanketing to prevent oxygen
contamination. The medium for gas blanketing shall be either fuel gas or high purity nitrogen.

3.5.3 Buffering facilities for offshore injection system are not common but can be considered based
on project requirements.

3.6 INJECTION PUMPS

3.6.1 Injection pump(s) is required to transport treated water from processing facilities to the
injection well(s) at the required pressure via distribution piping/pipeline. These pumps
discharge liquid at high pressure and require high suction head. Booster pumps may be
required to satisfy this high suction head requirement.

3.6.2 The number and location of the injection wells, with the required injection pressure is a critical
information for the design of the injection pump.

3.6.3 If booster pumps are used, provision to by-pass high pressure injection pump should be
provided so that booster pumps could be used for initial fill and flush of injection pipelines
and during early injection period where injection wells are operating in vacuum or low back-
pressure condition.

3.6.4 Water injection main pump for Water Alternate Gas Injection System should not be designed
to overcome the high wellhead back-pressure during initial switch-over operation from gas to
water injection. Hence, alternative methods for safe isolation and switch-over shall be
provided.

3.6.5 Selection of pump types for the application shall be done in accordance to PTS 12.11.01.

3.6.6 Mechanical seals that prevent/avoid air ingress across the seal into the deaerated water shall
be used. Single mechanical seals should be avoided.

3.7 WATER DISPOSAL

3.7.1 Disposal or dumping of water from the system is required for;

i. Disposal of off-specification water,

ii. Disposal of filter back-wash water

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iii. Process dumps due to equipment trip or capacity management

3.7.2 The quality of the disposal or dumping water to the receiving environment shall comply with
the specific company and regional, relevant legal and host country requirement.

3.8 INJECTION WELLS

3.8.1 Instrumentation control shall be made available to control the injected water flowrate and
pressure.

3.8.2 Each wellhead flowline shall be provided with a control valve and flowmeter for control and
monitoring of injection flow rate.

3.8.3 Each wellhead shall be provided with temperature and pressure monitoring devices.

3.8.4 Sampling point shall be provided to acquire representative samples.

3.9 PIPELINE AND FLOWLINE

3.9.1 Pipeline is used to transport injection water from treatment plant to the injection wellhead.
Pipeline sizing and material of construction shall follow PTS 11.30.07.

3.9.2 The number and location of the injection wells, with the required injection pressure is a critical
information for the design of the distribution piping network.

3.9.3 The distribution piping network shall be designed to ensure a good balance in term of volume
and pressure at the destination injection wells.

3.9.4 Pig traps shall be provided to facilitate internal cleaning and inspection of pipeline. Pig
launcher and receiver shall be designed in accordance to PTS 11.31.02.

3.9.5 Pressure surge analysis shall be performed using appropriate software such as OLGA or
Ledaflow. The use of other software shall be subjected to approval from the Technical
Authority. The analysis should consider the effect of pump trips, rapid valves closure, re-start
and vacuum conditions.
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3.10 CHEMICAL TREATMENT

3.10.1 There are several chemicals used to improve the quality of water and to maintain and improve
plant integrity and performance. The types of chemical typically employed are oxygen
scavengers, corrosion inhibitors, biocides, scale inhibitors, anti-foam and filter aids.

3.10.2 Chemical screening shall comply with PTS 18.33.01.

3.10.3 Chemical selection shall be based on screening tests and laboratory evaluations. Chemical
dosing method, dosage and dosing regime to achieve the desired water quality, compatibility
between the various type of chemicals to be used and impact on their performances shall be
studied as part of the selection process.

3.10.4 Chemicals selected for offshore application shall be in compliance to the Offshore Chemical
Notification Scheme (OCNS). For chemical not listed under OCNS, toxicology study shall be
conducted to identify the treatment requirement for the effluent prior to discharge.

3.10.5 Chemicals selected for onshore application shall comply with the specific company, regional
and local regulation. Toxicology study shall be conducted to identify the treatment
requirement for the effluent prior to discharge.

3.10.6 Monitoring, evaluation and optimisation of chemical performance should be performed

periodically, minimum once every six months.

3.10.7 Chemical injection systems design (storage tank, pump, distribution piping, injection quill,
accessories and etc.) shall be according to PTS 16.52.03.

3.11 CORROSION MANAGEMENT AND MATERIAL SELECTION

3.11.1 Corrosion Design Basis Memorandum (CDBM) and Corrosion Management Plan (CMP) shall
address the materials selection, corrosion control and monitoring requirements for
equipment included in the water injection system based on the specified design basis.

3.11.2 The use of GRP and FRP can be considered and shall be in accordance to PTS 12.34.02

3.11.3 Glass fibre reinforces epoxy and polyester vessels shall be designed in accordance with PTS
12.20.07.
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4.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

In this PTS, reference is made to the following Standards/Publications. Unless specifically

designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together with any
supplements/revisions thereto:

PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Index to PTS PTS 00.01.01
Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & PTS 00.01.03
Reading Guide
Pipeline and Riser Engineering Design PTS 11.30.07
Pipeline Pig Trap System PTS 11.31.02
Pump – Type Selection and Basic Design Requirements PTS 12.11.01
Glass-Fibre Reinforced Epoxy, Polyester And Vinyl Ester PTS 12.20.07
Vessels
Glass-Fibre Reinforced Plastic Pipeline And Piping System PTS 12.34.02
Produced Water Treatment System PTS 16.52.15
Chemical Injection Facilities PTS 16.52.03
Chemical Management Program PTS 18.33.01
Proprietary and Licenced Technology Assessment (PLTA) PTS 18.53.07

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Recommended Practice for Analysis of Oilfield Water API RP 45
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APPENDIX 1A: EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

The details mentioned in Appendix 1A are typical but not limited to; test methods, standards and best
practices in industry shall be followed in achieving the best results.

Biocide
Polyelectrolyte Antifoam

Solid Oxygen
filtration removal

Corrosion inhibitor

Scale inhibitor
O2 scavenger
Backwash Hypochlorite
disposal generation

Water
Seawater
Injection
Lift Pump
Pump

Fig. 1: Simplified Block Flow Diagram for a Typical Offshore Water Injection Facilities

Fig. 2: Process Schematic for a Typical Offshore Water Injection Facilities

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APPENDIX 1B: EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL ONSHORE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

The details mentioned in Appendix 1B are typical but not limited to; test methods, standards and best
practices in industry shall be followed in achieving the best results.

Antifoam Biocide

Solid Oxygen Storage

removal removal Tank Biocide

Flocculent Corrosion inhibitor

Biocide Scale inhibitor
Caustic soda O2 scavenger

Coagulant

Water Injection
intake Pump

Fig. 3: Simplified Block Flow Diagram for a Typical Onshore Water Injection Facilities

Filter De-aerator

Surge tank

Intake water Clarifier

Fig. 4: Process Schematic for a Typical Onshore Water Injection Facilities

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APPENDIX 1C: DESIGN PROCESS FLOWCHART FOR A TYPICAL WATER INJECTION SYSTEM
The details mentioned in Appendix 1C are typical but not limited to; test methods, standards and best
practices in industry shall be followed in achieving the best results.

The below diagram provide an example of the design process flowchart for a typical water injection
system.

Sub-surface Supplied Information:

 cumulative flow rate

 supply pressure requirement
at X-mas tree
 quality of injection water
Produced Water Vs Sea Water

Selection of water sources for Injection

Water:

 based on suitability
 based on availability

Selection of equipment:

 overview of water injection

facilities
 type and sparing availability

Selection of chemical injection packages:

 type of chemical application

 type of chemical injection
system
 estimated dosing
requirements

Selection of deaerator system:

 vacuum or minox deaeration

or O2 scavenger
 Selection and ranking for the
deaeration system

Meeting RAM?
NO
Meeting CAPEX and
OPEX?

YES

FINISH

Fig. 5: Basis of Design Flowchart

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In view of the potential variations in water source and quality and the acceptance characteristics of
the receiving formation, each water injection system project must be designed as an individual case.
This requires a multidisciplinary approach from the early stage of each project. An example of the
responsibilities, demarcation and interactions of the various functions are shown in Figure 6.

RESERVOIR
Indicates:
 Where
 How and
 How much to inject

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
PRODUCTION CHEMISTRY PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Indicates: Indicates:

 Required water quality  Maximum tolerances of

reservoir rock with
 Sources of water respect to water quality

Design and completes:

 Design criteria for  Source wells
pressure water quality  Injection wells
and rate

SURFACE
ENGINEERI
Designs and constructs;
 Plant and facilities
 Evaluate corrosion,
scale and other
chemical assessment
and dosing

OPERATION
Operate, Maintain and
Manage water injection as
required

Fig. 6: Demarcation and Execution of Water Injection Scheme

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APPENDIX 2: EXAMPLE OF A WATER INJECTION SPECIFICATION

The details mentioned in Appendix 2 are typical but not limited to; test methods, standards and best
practices in industry shall be followed in achieving the best results.

The table below is an example of a comprehensive water injection specification that is currently being
used in a water injection facilities.

Parameter Units Required Quality Specification for

injection

Total Suspended Solids mg/l <30

Particle size microns <98% than 5 microns

Total Oil in Water ppm or mg/l <40

Dissolved Oxygen Ppb <10

SRB Planktonic MPN/ml <1 on serial dilution

SRB Sessile MPN/ml <100 on serial dilution

GAB Planktonic MPN/ml <10000 on serial dilution

GAB Sessil MPN/ml <100 on serial dilution

GAnB Planktonic MPN/ml <10000 on serial dilution

GAnB Sessile MPN/ml <100 on serial dilution

Corrosion Rate <2 mpy for general corrosion

mpy
<5 for pitting corrosion

Residual Bisulphite Ppm <2

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APPENDIX 3: SAMPLING, LABORATORIES ANALYSIS AND DESKTOP STUDIES TO DETERMINE

OPTIMUM INJECTION WATER SPECIFICATION RELATED TO NORMAL WATER
INJECTION PROJECT

The details mentioned in Appendix 3 are typical but not limited to; test methods, standards and best
practices in industry shall be followed in achieving the best results.

The laboratory analysis and desktop studies listed in this Appendix consists mainly subsurface analysis.
Subsurface team shall led the execution of these studies and the results shall be the input to the
engineering design.

SAMPLING & PRESERVATION

For the sea water and river water sampling, samples shall be taken, at varying depths and locations.
Recommended depths at the chosen location are as below:
i. Shallowest – 6m below the surface
ii. Deepest – 6m above the seabed (maximum 100m depth)
iii. 2 other sampling points – equidistant above and below the mid-point
For the produced water/formation water sampling, the recommended sampling points are as below:
i. From 1st stage separator produced water sampling point
ii. From Produced water tank
iii. From another point in the Production Facilities
To ensure good samples representation, samples shall be taken during steady-state and upset
condition and the estimated frequency of sampling should be at a minimum once every month
(equivalent to twelve (12) times per year) for a period of two (2) years. Duplicate samples shall be
taken as a measure.

The samples are to be preserved and delivered to the designated laboratory to perform the more
detailed laboratory analysis

Preservation of the collected water sample with chemical(s) is conducted as per the recommendation
in Table 1: Summary of Special Sampling and Handling Requirements in API RP45 Analysis of Oil Field
Water 3rd Edition 1998 (refer to Appendix I-1) in the event that some of the onsite tests cannot be
perform onsite.

SOURCE WATER ANALYSIS

A. Seawater & River Water
For a sea water survey, the objectives are to determine the optimum winning depth for sea water
extraction and the worst quality water that the water treatment system will have to deal with.

A.1.Measured at site

The following tests will be performed at site on samples from each of the varying depths:
 General water characteristics relevant to water injection including pH, temperature,
turbidity
 Solids size, distribution and concentration
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From the above tests, the optimum depth for sea water/river extraction is determined as being the
depth with the minimum suspended solids. Extra tests, listed below, will be performed on samples
taken from the optimum depth
 Dissolved gas content (CO2, O2 and H2S)
 Salinity, from conductivity measurement
 Water temperature and pH
 Chlorine demand by dosing hypochlorite to batch samples and measuring residual
over time
 Conductivity by electrolyde
 Turbidity by turbidimeter
A.2. Measured in the laboratory
 Microbiological type and concentration including GAB, GAnB and SRB
 Sea bed solids characterization, where possible
 Particle size distribution
 General chemical composition of the water (API Analysis)
 Salinity, by summation of ions
 Total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and analysis
 Plankton characterisation
 Natural isotopes of oxygen, hydrogen and sulphur
 Microbiological nutrients including TOC, VFAs, phosphate, ammonia and nitrate

A typical source water sampling programme for sea water or river water is tabulated as below:

Test No of No of depths Frequency of Frequency of Location

locations sampling analysis

Salinity 1 4 4-6 hours 4-6 hours Onsite

Total suspended solids 1 4 4-6 hours 4-6 hours Laboratory

(TSS) concentration
and analysis

Particle size 1 4 4-6 hours 4-6 hours Onsite

distribution

SEM/EDX including 1 4 24hours Selective Laboratory

acid solubles and
insolubles

Plankton net analysis; 1 4 24hours Selective Laboratory

200micron net

100micron net 1 4 4-6 hours Selective Laboratory

25micron net 1 4 4-6 hours Selective Laboratory

Oxygen concentration 1 4 4-6 hours 4-6 hours Onsite

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Test No of No of depths Frequency of Frequency of Location

locations sampling analysis

Water temperature 1 4 4-6 hours 4-6 hours Onsite

and pH

Chlorine demand 1 4 4-6 hours 4-6 hours Onsite

Carbon dioxide 1 4 4-6 hours 4-6 hours Onsite

concentration

Turbidity 1 4 4-6 hours 4-6 hours Onsite

API analysis 1 4 24hours Selective Laboratory

Cations: Na, K, Mg, Ca,

Ba, Sr, Si, Li, Fe,Cu, Zn,
Al, Mn, P

Anions: Carbonate,
bicarbonate, sulphate,
bromide, phosphate,
chloride, nitrite

Seabed solids 1 1 Once Once Laboratory

characterization
(where possible)

GAB, GAnB, SRB 1 1 24hours Selective Onsite &

Laboratory

TOC, nutrients (VFA, P, 1 1 24hours Selective Onsite &

NH4+, NO3-) Laboratory

B. Produced Water/ Formation Water

For a produced water survey the objective is to determine the worst quality water that the water
treatment system will have to deal with.

B.1. Measured at site

 Solids’ size, distribution and concentration
 Oil-in-water content (total and soluble)
 Oil characteristics relevant to the process design
 General water characteristics including pH, temperature and turbidity
 Dissolved CO2 content by titration with standard sodium carbonate as part of
alkalinity / bicarbonate titration by titration with standard acid
 Dissolved O2 content by Chemets.
 Dissolved H2S
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 Salinity, from conductivity measurements

B.2. Measured in the laboratory
 Microbiological type and concentration including GAB, GAnB and SRB.
 Microbiological nutrients including TOC, VFAs, phosphate, ammonia and nitrate.
Volatile fatty acid anions (acetate, etc.) may also be determined but would
typically be below detection limits
 General chemical composition of the water (API Analysis)
 Salinity, by summation of ions
 Total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and analysis

C. LABORATORIES ANALYSIS AND DESKTOP STUDIES

C.1. Injectivity determination

The below analysis and studies are required to assess the level of filtration that needs to be applied
to the injection water so that unacceptable injectivity losses do not occur. The investigation consists
of four elements:
i. Onsite core flooding test to examine the effect on injectivity of solids in the
injection water
ii. Water susceptibility test or laboratory-based core flood test to examine the
chemical interaction between the injection water and the minerals in the rock
(often referred to as clay swelling) and the erosive effect of the injection water on
the rock (often referred to as fines movement)
iii. Fracturing and injectivity study to determine the maximum injection pressure for
matrix injection
iv. Upscaling
All of the above information will then be used in the techno-economic assessment of the various
possible treatment schemes.

C.1.1. Onsite Core Flooding

This test utilizes Permeability Reduction Test Rig (PRTR) to allow various grades of filters to be used
upstream of the core to simulate different water qualities.

The on-site programme of work will be set to determine the following:

 The optimum injection water quality
 Injection specification, in terms of maximum allowable TSS, oil in water and
particle counts per unit volume of injection water, at typically 2,5 and 10 micron
particles sizes
 The effect of injection water on plug characteristics
 The causes of the permeability losses and the rate of permeability reduction
 The effect of flow reversal
C.1.2. Water Susceptibility

This test will be conducted at laboratory and requires specific number of plugs (which depends on the
number of reservoir zoines and the number of water ratios that are tested)
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The laboratory programme will enable:

 Highlight the problems that may occur during well completion and water injection
due to clay swelling tendencies
 Make recommendations for further clay control tests, if appropriate
 Identify the maximum injection flow rate, and hence pressure, that should be
used (assuming that fines movement has been shown to be an issue)
C.1.3. Fracturing and Injectivity Studies
This study is conducted to determine the impact of injection rate, oil and suspended solids on
formation damage and fracture growth rates as a minimal. Injection under matrix conditions with no
formation damage and assessment of potential thermal/hydraulic fracturing at different rates and
pressure may also be reviewed/ required.
From the fracturing study, we will be able to:
 Calculate pre and post-fracture injectivity indices, including the impact of water
quality
 Estimate the time to initiation of fracturing after the start of injection
 Determine the effects of water quality on fracture propagation and length
 Calculate wellhead pressures from injectivity indices and well configurations
Geomechanics study can be conducted to assist fracturing and injectivity studies (as and when
required)

C.1.4. Upscaling
In order to determine the well injectivity decline, the onsite core flood data and other reservoir data
is combined in simulation and scaled up. Where possible, the upscaling model is calibrated against
real injection well performance thus matching the model to existing well performance
The upscaling model will provide:
 Injection well performance (rate of injectivity decline) for different grades of
water
 Conditions required for injection well fracturing
 Impact of fracturing on injection well performance (including impact of different
water quality grades)
 Estimated number of days between well work-overs for the various levels of
filtration
C.2. Other analysis

C.2.1. Scaling Tendency Analysis & Predictions

Scaling can occur due to changes in pressure or temperature (self-scaling) or when waters of different
chemical compositions are mixed (termed co-mingling scaling). The effect of scaling can be very severe
in that injection wells can be quickly, and completely, killed. It is therefore important to determine
whether scaling will occur and, if so, how severe it will be. This information can then be used to
determine an appropriate mitigation strategy.
A full evaluation of scaling requires four stages although for systems that are still in the planning stage,
the fourth stage is not possible.
1) Computer scaling prediction
This analysis is to be conducted using computer software (ScaleChem) to review the
likelihood of scaling to occur, what the scaling tendency is and what scale species will be
formed. The results of this analysis shall be confirmed with both static and dynamic
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laboratory tests. All of the observations shall be matched to the actual field observations
of scale
2) Static jar tests.
This static jar test (or bottle test) is used to confirm the results of the computer scale
predictions and to provide laboratory test results for comparison with field observations
of scale.
3) Dynamic blocking test
In cases where the scaling predictions indicate a marginal scaling tendency, static jar tests
may not provide any confirmation of the scaling predictions even though scale may be
observed in the field. Dynamic blocking tests are used to confirm the results of the
computer scale predictions and to provide laboratory test results for comparison with
field observations of scale. The dynamic test equipment allows the waters to be tested
under higher pressures and temperatures than static jar tests, to represent the desired
conditions, e.g. producing wells, desalters, pipe lines, injection system cases or reservoir
conditions.
i. Tube blocking test
This test is used to confirm the scale prediction if scale is predicted to form in pipe
lines (including production risers and injection wells)
i. Core blocking test to examine scaling in the injection zones
This test is used to confirm whether scale will form in the injection zone
Core flooding is undertaken using mildly supersaturated water. As scale builds up in the
core there is a change in permeability that can be monitored. The ability of the core to
promote scale precipitation is related to an increase in residence time, increased
tortuosity and turbulence within the core matrix and increased surface area available for
nucleation compared with conventional static procedures outlined above.
A general outline of the test is given below.
Mount core plug in Hassler type cell. Ideally actual reservoir core should be used, however
standard (Clasach sandstone) or synthetic core material may be used since the main
function of the core is to provide nucleation sites, tortuosity and turbulance.
Inject scaling brine and monitor differential pressure across core plug.
After test, examine core plug using SEM and thin section to determine types of scale.
4) Matching results to field observations
C.2.2. Reservoir Souring

A reservoir souring model has to be developed to predict the time dependant H2S levels in the
production fluids. A review of the available treatment options to mitigate reservoir souring shall also
be conducted and the impact of reduced bacteria levels on continued souring assessed.

Following studies should be conducted to assess potential reservoir souring:

 For a given set of reservoir characteristics, estimates of the likely magnitude
(ppm) and timing of H2S (relative to water breakthrough) in the production
streams are made.
 Determine the treatment options that are available with the injection fluids and
the production well-bore.
C.2.3. Biocide Evaluation

Full biocide evaluation shall include both on-site and laboratory testing/evaluation for the source
water injection. The outcome of this evaluation is recommendation of the most suitable biocide.
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As minimal, below testing should be conducted:

i. Dynamic biocide testing using a biofilm evaluation test rig (BETR)
ii. Static biocide testing
iii. Further Biocide Selection and Optimisation
iv. Biocide Compatibility Testing
v. Laboratory Evaluation
C.2.4. Corrosion Evaluation

Onsite corrosion evaluation shall be conducted to identify the corrosion mechanism and find the
optimal mitigation methods using suitable test equipment, e.g. corrosion probes, water and gas
analyses, corrosion solids analyses, bacteria counts etc.

The followings are the onsite & laboratory analysis to be performed to evaluate corrosion for water
injection system:
 Corrosion audits of production and water injection systems process / plant
inspections; evaluation of current corrosion monitoring procedures, practices and
techniques. The work will be carried out on-site and laboratory
 Microbiological audit of production and water injection facilities to determine
bacterial populations, species and types.
 Water analysis with specific reference to corrosion enhancing characteristics such
as dissolved CO2, H2S, salinity, temperature and ionics.
 Corrosion monitoring at individual locations using a single bespoke designed
corrosion monitoring sidestream with data recovery via locally mounted data
loggers. The sidestream would be fitted on-site to, 2 x 3” flanged access points in
the process separated by an appropriate pressure drop. Alternatively individual
corrosion LPR probes can be installed in a temporary sidestream flowing to a
drain. These will be interrogated by hand held monitor and individual corrosion
rates reported.
 Coupon analysis of corrosion coupons from either the sidestream above or from
inline client’s process.
 Laboratory evaluation of corrosion inhibitors using sparged beaker techniques or
dynamic pressurised autoclaves monitored by linear polarisation techniques LPR.
 Field testing of selected chemical products.
C.2.5. Chemical Testing
To undertake chemical testing study and recommend the optimum dosing rate and dosing regime with
respect to appropriate chemical selection and dosing location for water injection facilities.
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APPENDIX 4: SOURCE WATER CHARACTERISTIC

The details mentioned in Appendix 4 are typical but not limited to; test methods, standards and best
practices in industry shall be followed in achieving the best results.
This appendix provide typical characteristic for source water.

A4.1. SEAWATER

Physical Chemical

Ionic – generally constant with local variation

Temperature – variable (2°C to 30°C)
(coastal influences etc)

Oxygenated – temperature dependent

Solids – variable depending upon location,
Oil content – zero
depth, distance from shore, seasonal.
pH – typically 8.1 – 8.

Advantages Disadvantages

Widely available Corrosive (oxygen, salinity, bacteria)

Relatively clean Quality depends on exact location/depth

Uniform composition Seasonally variable

Contains waxy plankton

Self-scaling (Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3) at

High dissolved salts contents (avoids clay
about 60°C
swelling)
Requires deaeration to reduce corrosion issue
and also treatment for bacterial control

Total suspended solids vary in seawater and is dependent on geographical location, as well as
abstraction depth, and depth of water column. The time of year or season often dicates solids loading
with the influence of plankton blooms. All warm seawaters support a diverse biomassm and it is the
planktonic component which is the most likely to affect injection water quality. It is responsible to
shorten the working life of coarse and fine filter packages at the surface facilities. Dissolved gases are
principally nitrogen and oxygen, with very minor amounts of carbon dioxide.
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A4.2. PRODUCED WATER

Physical Chemical

Temperature – variable but generally high Ionic – highly variable

Solids – variable:

– Source rock type and consolidation

Dissolved gases – highly variable
– Drawdown

– Scaling / corrosion

pH – generally low to neutral

Bacteria – generally low, but may be high if well
/ vessels contaminated
Oil-in-water – variable up 1000’s ppm

Advantages Disadvantages

Available with oil production Dirty (oil, corrosion, scale)

Compatible with formation water/ rock Quantity available usually less than required

Low to nil bacteria, sometimes Quantity may vary depending on production

Solves disposal problem philosophy

There is an enormous variation in the salinity and dissolved solids concentration of produced waters
world-wide, however, in general the salinity of produced waters is typically similar to or greater than
seawater.

The total suspended solids content of the produced water may also vary considerably depending upon
the type of formation from which fluids are produced, well completion type, production rate and
surface treatment facilities.

Of all the source waters, produced water is frequently of fairly poor quality, primarily due to poor
separation and emulsion resolution characteristic. The main reasons governing this are:

i. High solids loading

ii. Neutrally buoyant particles, such as oil-coated clay fines and sulphide particles,
do not separate easily from the water
iii. High shear environments where oil droplets are sheared to a point where highly
stable emulsions are formed
iv. Certain chemical treatments may promote emulsion stability, such as corrosion
inhibitors
v. Presence of certain organic acids such as naphtenic acid can generate metallic
soaps which in turn will lead to emulsion stabilisation
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A4.3. AQUIFER WATER

Physical Chemical

Temperature – generally moderate to high Ionic – variable

Solids variable:

– Source rock type and consolidation

Dissolved gases – variable
– Drawdown

– Scaling / corrosion

pH – generally low to neutral

Bacteria – generally low
Oil-in-water – zero

Advantages Disadvantages

Corrosive (carbon dioxide, sulphide) but may

Widely available
contain formation grains

Usually clean Limited quantity (production tests)

Generally uniform composition in each aquifer

May be incompatible with formation water
Low to nil bacteria

Total suspended solids vary and dependent on the type of source rock, its morphology and degree of
consolidation. Well drawdown is an important consideration and also scaling and corrosion derived
products may present. Solids production with the aquifer water will depend on a number of factors:

i. Consolidation of producing formation

ii. Completion design

iii. Production rates

The salinity of aquifer waters can vary considerably from fresh waters to heavily saline waters. Oxygen
is generally not present, with the exception of some shallow aquifers. If this is the case, then expensive
deoxygenation should be unnecessary. Depending on depth, Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulphide
may be present in varying concentrations. Hydrocarbon gases may also present.

Most aquifer waters, taken from deeper than about 3,000 ft tend to have a low bacterial content.
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A4.4. LAKE/RIVER WATER

Physical Chemical

Temperature – variable (e.g. 0°C to +30°C) Ionic – variable but generally low (<15,000 mg/l)

Solids – variable but generally higher

than seawater; depends on:

Dissolved gases – variable
– Source rock

– Depth

pH – neutral
Bacteria – variable
Oil-in-water – zero

Advantages Disadvantages

High solids

Variable composition (rainfall)

Sometime available when sea and aquifer water
not available
Quantity variable (rainfall/legislation)

Low salinity may cause clay swelling

The suspended solids level tends to be higher than Continental Shelf deep seawater. Whilst seawater
may have less than 1 mg/L of solids, river water, depending on flood times and the bed rock through
which river flows, may have solids loading between 4 -100 mg/L.

The low salinity of these waters can cause serious problems if the zone into which the water is to be
injected contains certain types of clays which may lead to clay swelling and subsequent injectivity
losses.

Oxygen concentrations up to 12 mg/L may be expected in surface water. It is important that the
Oxygen load is accurately determined under normal and abnormal operating conditions to allow the
deoxygenation plant and chemical requirements to be optimized.

Lakes can be subject to algal blooms and during summer months these blooms can disrupt water
supplies to treatment plants.
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APPENDIX 5: TYPICAL TREATMENT FACILITIES FOR FREQUENTLY USED WATER SOURCES

The details mentioned in Appendix 5 are typical but not limited to; test methods, standards and best practices in industry shall be followed in achieving the
best results.

River Water Seawater Aquifer/Ground water Produced Water

Treatment
plant
Onshore Onshore Offshore Onshore/Offshore

Contains dissolved oxygen, Contain dissolved solid/ion, solid

Raw water Contains dissolved oxygen, dissolved Contains oil droplet, dissolved
dissolved solid/ion, solid particle. May contain dissolved
chracteristic solid/ion, solid particle solid/ion, solid particle
particle oxygen (rare case for aquifer)

Removal of large particles,

flora and fauna via screen, Removal of large particles, flora and
grit trap fauna via screen, Production separator for oil-
Pre-treatment
water separation
Biological control / anti- Biological control / anti-fouling system.
fouling system.

Removal of coarse
Removal of coarse particles
particles via; Removal of coarse refer to PTS 16.52.15 Design of
via;
Primary particles via Produced Water Treatment
treatment a) settlement filtration (coarse Facilities for Primary Produced
a) settlement tank, OR
tank, OR filter) Water Treatment options
b) coarse filter
b) coarse filter

Removal of fine particles via; refer to PTS 16.52.15 Design of

Removal of fine Removal of fine particles via
Secondary Removal of fine Produced Water Treatment
particles via filtration (fine filter, cartridge
treatment a) coagulation, particles via; Facilities for Secondary Produced
filtration (fine filter), if required
flocculation and Water Treatment options
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River Water Seawater Aquifer/Ground water Produced Water

Treatment
plant
Onshore Onshore Offshore Onshore/Offshore
further settlement, filter, cartridge
OR c) coagulation, filter)
b) fine filter, cartridge flocculation
filter and further Removal of fine particles via
settlement, filtration (fine filter, cartridge
OR filter)
d) fine filter,
cartridge
filter

Removal of dissolved oxygen Removal of dissolved oxygen via refer to PTS 16.52.15 Design of
Removal of dissolved oxygen via
via deaeration tower deaeration tower (vacuum, gas Produced Water Treatment
deaeration tower (vacuum, gas stripping)
(vacuum, gas stripping) stripping) and/or chemical Facilities for Tertiary Produced
and/or chemical injection
and/or chemical injection injection, if required Water Treatment options
Tertiary
If removal of ions and other
treatment If removal of ions and other
dissolves solid are required, If removal of ions and other dissolves If removal of ions are required,
dissolves solid are required,
reverse osmosis, ion solid are required, reverse osmosis, ion reverse osmosis, ion exchange
reverse osmosis, ion exchange
exchange resin, Nano exchange resin, Nano filtration, electro resin, Nano filtration, electro
resin, Nano filtration, electro
filtration, electro dialysis, dialysis, etc. may be used dialysis, etc. may be used
dialysis, etc. may be used
etc. may be used