Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018)

IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7

Stability and Fault Analysis in a power network

considering IEEE 14 bus system
Piyush Prakash Pattanaik , Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi
School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar-751024 (Odisha)
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract—In this paper the comparison of fault and stability called a fault[5].It may also be caused by either short-circuits
analysis in the paper network for a IEEE 14 bus is considered. In between live conductor or to earth, or may be caused by
power system due to sudden changes of load or line switching broken conductors in one or more phases. Sometimes
there is sudden disturbance occurs in the network which is simultaneous faults may occur involving both short-circuit and
harmful in power system as well as consumer side. Sometimes
broken conductor faults (also known as open-circuit
due to failure of insulation at one or more point fault occurs.
Therefore fault analysis is more important for stability analysis. faults)[7].Fault can be symmetrical or unsymmetrical, when
Here we have taken three phase capacitor to improve the power the fault occurs at all the three phases at a time, it is said to be
factor and to maintain the stability in the power system network symmetrical fault and where one or more phases may be
for different disturbance situation. involved is unsymmetrical fault[4]. Though the symmetric
fault is rare, but this type of faults shows most severe effects
Keywords—Fault analysis, Stability analysis, power factor to our power systems [8]. Unsymmetrical fault can be treated
improvement, Stability improvement as a regular problem of the power system and has to be
analyzed more preciously thus the system can remain in its
I. INTRODUCTION stable condition and can lead its operation without breaking
Now a days electrical power demand is increasing continuity[5].Therefore, during fault condition it is important
continuously within worldwide. The extra high voltage to determine the values of system voltage and current so that
transmission line are widely used for satisfying the ever the protective devices may be set to detect the fault and isolate
increasing demand[1,3].Furthermore the Extra high voltage the faulty portion of the system[6].Selection of switch gear,
transmission system have the exciting power capability as well setting of relays and stability of system operation can be
as supplying power to their thermal and stability limits. determined by the information of the fault analysis of a power
Therefore this condition leads to an unstable power system. In recent days, Trustworthy and efficient algorithms
system[1].Generally Power network works in balanced normal and techniques that can provide a correct and accurate analysis
condition but due to happening of fault it becomes of faults on overhead power transmission lines have become
unbalanced[2,4]. Any certain abnormal behavior of voltage necessary in order to implement a modern transmission line
and current in the normal power system represents disturbance protection system [9]. Transmission line protection systems
in the system termed as fault [9,10].Fault occurs at different usually operate by identifying the fault and separate only the
location at any time on a transmission line with different fault faulty zone [8].
impedance. The point at which the fault occurs behaves as
sink point and the voltage at that point tends to become zero
II. ANALYSIS OF FAULT AND STABILITY
[2,3].Thus all the points have potential higher than faulty point
starts to send current to these faulty point and thus the fault In power system operation stability is the one of the most
level rises to very higher magnitude than normal operating important issues because due to instability severe wide-spread
level[3,6].Fault current were recorded with their transformed blackout will occur by which serious damages occurs in the
modal components like aerial mode and ground mode[5,12]. society, economics, and daily lives of people. The power
Significance of ground mode only in ground fault case where system is said to be stable when there is no fault occurs in it, if
as aerial mode signifies in all types of fault. Normally, Fault a fault occurs in power system then we can cure the fault and
occurs in a power system due to abnormal behavior of make the system stable. In an equilibrium stability is the two
parameters, flashover, insulation failure, human error or opposing forces and resultant is the instability, which come
physical damage [10,11]. Fault may arise due to various when a disturbance leads when a disturbance leads to a
factors such as trees falling on line because of high wind, ice sustained imbalance between the opposing forces. The power
loading, lightening stroke and other unpredictable events like system stability involves the study of the dynamics of the
from phase wire to ground or an accidental connection power system under disturbances. By taking following
between the phase wires of the transmission line which is consideration the classification of power system stability is
given below.

978-1-5386-0807-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 1134

 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018)
IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7

and load”. It depends on the ability to restore equilibrium

1.Instability can be observed in the physical nature of the between system generation and load, with minimum loss of
resulting mode of instability which is indicated by the main load. Frequency instability may lead to sustained frequency
system. swings leading to tripping of generating units or loads.
2. For the calculation and prediction of stability the distance of
disturbance is considered. Voltage stability
3.For the stability access the devices, process, and the time
span must be taken into consideration.
“It is the ability of the system to maintain steady state voltages
at all the system buses when subjected to a disturbance. If the
Power System disturbance is large then it is called as large-disturbance
Stability voltage stability and if the disturbance is small it is called as
small-disturbance voltage stability”. The voltage stability can
also be a long term phenomenon, unlike angle stability.
Rotor Angle Frequency
Voltage Stability
Stability Stability
III. IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM

Small-
Disturbance
Transient
Large-
Disturbance
Small-
Disturbance This paper we considered a IEEE 14 bus system. In this
Stability Voltage Stability Voltage Stability
Angle Stability
model there are two three phase fault occurs in the sub system
1 and sub system 2.When the fault occurs in transmission line
Short Term Short Term Long Term the blackout will occur. A circuit breaker is connected to bring
the system into stable condition. In poly phase system when the
Short Term Long Term fault occurs equally in all phases is called symmetrical fault.
When some phases affected then it is called asymmetrical fault.
In power system each bus is associated with 4 quantities, such
Fig.1 Classification of power system stability as magnitude of voltage, phase angle of voltage, active and
reactive power. Two out these four are defined and remaining
Rotor angle stability two are required to be determined. The load bus is a bus in
which the generator is not connected and in this bus only the
“It is the ability of the system to remain in synchronism when real and reactive power are specified. The generator bus is a
bus where the generator is connected and in this bus the voltage
subjected to a disturbance”. Because of output of generator
magnitude of generator and real power are specified. The slack
electrical power and mechanical power due to the input
bus is a bus in which the magnitude of voltage and phase angel
mechanical power through a prime mover the rotor angle of a are known. The objective of this paper is to find the fault in
generator depends on the balance between the electromagnetic transmission line and cure that fault and stable the system. In
torques. this model we are considering different types of fault i.e. line to
ground, double line to ground and phase to phase. For
Small-disturbance or small-signal angle stability improving the voltage stability and power factor a 3-phase
capacitor of rating of 100 leading VAR is connected in
“It is the ability of the system to remain in synchronism when 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 number subsystem. There are two
subjected to small disturbances”. We can say a particular numbers of RL of 100 watt active power and 100 lagging VAR
system is in small disturbance angel stability if that system is reactive power are connected in 12th and 13th number
approximated by a linear system due to small disturbance subsystem. For analyzing the represented power network .The
occurs in it. three phase sources are connected with two winding
transformer.
Large-disturbance or transient angle stability

“It is the ability of the system to remain in synchronism when

subjected to large disturbances”. When a power system leads a
large excursions of generator rotor angels then we will say the
power system is subjected to a large disturbances like faults,
switching on or off of large loads, large generators tripping
etc. .

Frequency stability

“It refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady

frequency following a severe disturbance between generation

978-1-5386-0807-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 1135

 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018)
IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7

voltage(v)

current(A)
2
I1
I2
0 I3

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time(s) -6
x 10

Fig.2 IEEE 14 BUS SYSTEM Fig 3

In Fig.4 we are showing that the system is stable i.e. no fault is

IV. SIMULATION RESULT occurred till now. This graph is the output result of a three
phase series capacitor circuit.
There are 14 number of subsystems are considered in this
paper. Each subsystem consists of two numbers of individual
system. One programmable 3 phase source of 11000 RMS line voltage(v)
voltage, one 3 phase RLC line and one 3 phase RLC load of v1
100 watt active power and 100 lagging VAR and 100 leading v2

VAR and a 3 phase VI measurement block are connected in v3

each system. The three phase RLC line is connected in each

system. For improving the voltage stability and power factor a
3-phase capacitor of rating of 100 leading VAR is connected in current(A)

3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 number subsystem. There are two I1

numbers of RL of 100 watt active power and 100 lagging VAR I2
I3
reactive power are connected in 12th and 13th number
subsystem. For analyzing the represented power network the
three phase sources are connected with two winding
transformer. In each system of subsystem number 1 and 2 there Time(s)
is a three phase fault is occurred in the intermediate line
between the two 3 phase lines. In between 3 phase RLC load Fig.4
and line a circuit breaker is connected in each block. For
measurement of output result, in between the circuit breaker B.Simulation After Fault
and 3 phase RLC load a VI measurement block is connected.
The following graphs are the output of the fault system. In this
A.Simulation Before Fault: also we are considering subsystem 1 and subsystem 10.Here
also we are taking the 3 phase RLC series component in
subsystem 1 and three phase series capacitor in subsystem
The below simulations result are shown which are before fault. 10.Both voltage and current are shown in following graphs.
In this we are considering subsystem 1 and subsystem 10. In Here we are taking two types of fault. One is phase to ground
subsystem 1 we are considering a three phase series RLC and and another is double phase to ground. In fig. 5 we are showing
in subsystem 10 we are considering a series 3 phase capacitor. that a fault occurs in phase 1.This means it is the case of phase
Both voltage and current output are shown in the graph. The to ground fault. This is the graph of a three phase RLC series
voltage graph is plotted between voltage verses time and the circuit.
current graph is plotted between the current verses time. The
simulation result based in these two components. In Fig. 3 we
are showing that the system is stable i.e. no fault is occurred till
now. This graph is the output result of 3 phase RLC series
circuit.

978-1-5386-0807-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 1136

 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018)
IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7

4000
voltage(v)
v1
2000
v2
0 v3
-2000

-4000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-6
x 10
2
I1
current(s) I2
0 I3

-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time(s) -6
x 10

Fig.7
Time(s) The following graph shows the output of three phase capacitor
series circuit of subsystem 10 after double line to earth fault
Fig.5 occurs in the transmission line.
In fig 6 the fault is occurred in a single phase. It means it is a voltage(v)
2000
single line to ground fault. The graph is the output of the three
phase series capacitor circuit of subsystem 10. 1000 v1
v2
0
v3
-1000

-2000
current(A)
1

0.5 I1
I2
0
I3
-0.5

current(s) -1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1 Time(s) -6
x 10
I1
0.5 Fig.8
I2
0 I3 In fig.8 the stability considers before creation of the fault in
the power network. Here we have created the LLG fault on the
-0.5 bus 10 at which no impact on the network due to 3 phase
-1
capacitor.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time(s) -6
V. CONCLUSION
x 10
Fig.6 We have concluded from the above simulation result of 14 bus
system that when a fault occurs in transmission line the
voltage and current value will be change from its rated value.
The following graphs shows the double phase to ground fault. By using different types of disturbances occurs in the system
In fig.7 the fault occurs in two phases. This graph is the output through which severe accidents will occur in transmission
of three phase RLC series circuit of subsystem 1. system avoided easily. So we have to detect the fault and
make the system stable by disconnect faulty part from the
healthy part by using suitable protective devices. The effect of
different faults in bus 1 and bus 10 has analyzed properly with
simulation using different impedance. The 3 phase capacitor
connected in buses except bus 1 and bus 2 improves the power
factor as well as the power transfer capability in the system.

978-1-5386-0807-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 1137

 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC 2018)
IEEE Xplore Compliant - Part Number:CFP18J06-ART, ISBN:978-1-5386-0807-4; DVD Part Number:CFP18J06DVD, ISBN:978-1-5386-0806-7

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