Electronic Records

What are Electronic Records?

• Informational files or data created, received,

maintained, and stored in digitized form through the
use of computers and applications software.
• Always machine dependent formats.
• Accessible and readable only with the assistance of
digital processors.
• Computer programs and software are not considered
electronic records.
 Storage

• Optical discs (floppies, CDs, DVDs)

• Magnetic tape
• Hard drives
• Servers
• Grid computing
• Cloud
 Formats

• Electronic messages, including email, voicemail, and

instant messaging.
• Word processing documents and spreadsheets
• Databases
• Webpages
• Digital images
• Video and audio files
 Management of Electronic Records

• University retention guidelines apply to all electronic

records regardless of their digital form.
• Failure to properly maintain electronic records may
expose the University to legal risks.
• Include a plan for migrating records when operating
systems and/or software applications are changed or
upgraded).
 Who Is responsible for Electronic Records
Maintenance?
• University employees are responsible for maintaining
the integrity of electronic records.
– Includes administration, control, preservation,
access and security of records within their
custody.
• Compliance with Federal, State, and University policy
and retention/disposal of electronic records is the
responsibility of the Departments.
 Records are defined as…

• Contemporaneous evidence of a business

transaction.
– Must be accurate and complete capture and
preservation of content, context and structure
through time.
– Authentic, reliable, and trustworthy
 Characteristics of Trustworthy Electronic
Records
• Reliability – trusted as a full and accurate
representation of the transactions, activities, or facts
to which it attests.
• Authenticity – proven to be what it purports to be
and created or sent by the person who purports to
have created and sent it.
• Integrity – has all the information necessary to
ensure its usefulness.
• Accessibility – can be located, retrieved, presented,
and interpreted.
 Records as Evidence

• Federal Rules of Evidence, Article VIII, Rule 803 (6)-

Hearsay exceptions says that a record…
– Should be dated to prove that it was made near
the time of the event
– Sent or transmitted by someone with knowledge
– For legal admissibility, records creation must be
undertaken in the regular conduct of business
– Methods of record preparation must be
trustworthy.
 What is Metadata?

• Evidence, typically stored electronically that

describes the characteristics, origins, usage and
validity of other electronic evidence.
• System or embedded metadata includes…
– Author
– Date
– Time of creation
– Date document was modified
 Challenges of Electronic Records

• Proliferation of electronic records

• Ease of duplication and dissemination raises
concerns of authenticity.
• Greater risk for potential security breaches and virus
attacks
• Lack of a “physical” presence can make it easy to lose
track of records disposition.
• Perceived irrelevance of records managers and
archivist
Challenges of Electronic Records cont.
• “Born-digital” materials are much more complicated
and costly to preserve than anticipated
• Software applications can combine graphics, text,
and sound into a single record
• Networked systems allow multiple authors to work
on a single document.
• There are no permanent storage media.
 Impediments to Access

• Records depend on technology to interpret them.

– Obsolescence (media & hardware)
– Bit Rot: Deterioration thru compression,
conversion, transmission
– Storage and ability to retrieve information
– Proprietary nature of software
– Increasingly dynamic content
– Lack of planning
 Organizing Your Electronic Records

An effective approach is to have a filing system that

mirrors your paper files (Hybrid Files).
• Create a series of electronic folder and subfolders
records
– Group like files together
• Arrange hierarchically from the general to the
specific in a series of directories.
• Standardize file names.
 Challenges in File Naming

• Version Control - which is the “official record” and

which are drafts
• Uniqueness
• Persistence over time
• Access and retrieval
• Determining what metadata to collect
• Scalability
 File Naming

• Develop naming conventions that are:

– Logical
– Consistent
– Allow sensible sorting
• Example: Board Minutes
– Minutes 2005_07
– Record series, year, month
– Files sort in chronological sequence
 Standardize Terminology

The benefits of standardizing the terminology:

– Access files easily and rapidly
– Train new employees in less time
– Avoid the loss of information
– Name files quickly and easily
– Share files more easily
– Identifies the groups of files eligible for disposition at the
same time
 Compressing Electronic Files

• Pros: Saves storage space easily transmited.

• Cons: May result in data loss. Introduces an
additional layer of software dependency.
• Three types of loss depending on your course of
action:
– Data (image “lossy” or “lossless”)
– Appearance (loss of structure, page layout)
– Relationships (spreadsheet cell formulas, database
file fields)
 Long Term Preservation of Files

• Most records are created using specific, proprietary

software applications, but there is a risk.
– Over time, these applications may not be able to
read files created with previous version (backward
compatibility)
• Non-proprietary formats are ideal for long-term
preservation of files, but each has its limitations
– ASCII or plain text will capture data in the lowest
common denominator of formats – loses structure
and functions in the process.
 Preservation cont.

• Magnetic tape can develop read-errors.

• Optical storage media can fail completely after only a
few years, especially if they are not stored in the
proper environment.
• Migrate data periodically to a new software version
or system – labor intensive.