Science 10

Unit A: Energy and Matter in

Chemical Change
This book belongs to:
_______________________

Teacher: Dr. Eckel

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 Table of Contents
Science 10.................................................................................................................................... 1
Atomic Models......................................................................................................................................4
Practice Questions: Atomic Models....................................................................................................... 7
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System............................................................................ 9
Practice Questions: WHMIS.................................................................................................................10
Atomic Theory.................................................................................................................................... 11
Practice Questions: Atomic Theory......................................................................................................13
Ions.....................................................................................................................................................14
Practice Questions: Ions...................................................................................................................... 16
Ionic Compounds................................................................................................................................ 18
Naming and Writing Formulas of Binary Ionic Compounds.................................................................. 19
Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas of Binary Ionic Compounds................................... 21
Naming and Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions.................................. 22
Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions... 24
Naming and Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds Containing Multivalent Elements......................... 25
Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds Containing Multivalent
Elements.............................................................................................................................................27
Naming and Writing Formulas of Molecular Substances...................................................................... 28
Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas of Molecular Substances....................................... 31
Naming and Writing Formulas of Acids and Bases............................................................................... 32
Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas of Acids and Bases.................................................35
Practice Questions: Putting it all Together—Naming and Writing Chemical Formulas.......................... 36
Properties of Ionic Compounds, Molecular Substances, Acids, and Bases............................................ 39
Practice Questions: Properties of Ionic Compounds, Molecular Substances, Acids, and Bases............. 42
Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water...............................................................................................43
Practice Questions: Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water................................................................45
Chemical Reactions............................................................................................................................. 46
Practice Questions: Chemical Reaction Equations................................................................................49
Chemical Reactions—Simple Formation Reactions.............................................................................. 50
Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Simple Formation Reactions............................................... 51
Chemical Reactions—Simple Decomposition Reactions.......................................................................53
Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Simple Decomposition Reactions........................................ 55
Chemical Reactions—Single Replacement Reactions........................................................................... 57
Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Single Replacement Reactions.............................................59
Chemical Reactions—Double Replacement Reactions......................................................................... 61
Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Double Replacement Reactions...........................................63
Chemical Reactions—Hydrocarbon Combustion Reactions.................................................................. 65
Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Hydrocarbon Combustion Reactions................................... 67

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Practice Questions: Putting it all Together—Chemical Reaction Equations........................................... 68
The Mole............................................................................................................................................ 71
Practice Questions: The Mole..............................................................................................................73
Molar Mass.........................................................................................................................................74
Practice Questions: Molar Mass.......................................................................................................... 76
Converting Between Mass and Chemical Amount............................................................................... 77
Practice Questions: Converting Between Mass and Chemical Amount.................................................79
Answer Key......................................................................................................................................... 81

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 Atomic Models
Learning Outcomes
Describe the basic particles that make up the underlying structure of matter, and investigate related
technologies
● outline the role of evidence in the development of the atomic model consisting of protons and
neutrons (nucleons) and electrons; i.e., Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences
● apply and assess alternative theoretical models for interpreting knowledge in a given field

John Dalton
John Dalton (1766–1844) was an English scholar and teacher who published a comprehensive atomic
theory in 1808.

The key components of Dalton’s atomic model were:

● All matter is made of small, indivisible particles called
atoms.
● All the atoms of an element are identical in properties
such as size and mass.
● Atoms of different elements have different properties.
● Atoms of different elements can combine in specific
fixed ratios to form new substances.

J.J. Thomson
Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940) was an English physicist who discovered the electron.

In the 1890s, Thomson was experimenting with beams of particles produced in a vacuum tube.
● Thomson’s experiments showed that the beam was made of negative charges and that many
different elements all produced the same type of beam.
● This suggested that atoms of different elements contained smaller particles that were identical.
● Thomson used his experimental evidence to develop a new model of the atom.

The key components of Thomson’s atomic model were:

● All atoms are made of smaller subatomic particles put
together in different combinations to make the different
elements.
● An atom was a sphere of positive charge in which
negatively charged particles, called electrons, were
embedded.

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Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937) began working with radioactive substances in England with J. J.
Thomson.

Later, Rutherford did research at McGill University in Montreal, where he performed an experiment that
led to the discovery of the nucleus of the atom.
● He had a radioactive material encased in lead with one small opening.
● This material released positively charged particles which he aimed at a thin sheet of gold foil.
● Using Thomson’s model of the atom, he predicted that all the high-speed particles would pass right
through the foil; the gold atoms would either have no effect on the particles or would deflect them
slightly.
● This happened to most of the particles, however, a few—about 1 in 10 000—bounced back, and a
few others were sharply deflected.

● He suggested that an atom is mainly empty space through which the positive particles could pass,
but that each atom had a tiny, positively charged core that deflected positively charged particles.

Rutherford also proposed that there was a third subatomic particle in the atom.
● Rutherford hypothesized that because hydrogen is the least massive atom, hydrogen would have the
simplest possible atom: one proton and one electron.
● It seemed logical that helium, the next lightest element, would have two protons and two electrons.
That would make a helium atom twice as massive as a hydrogen atom.
● According to experimental evidence, however, helium atoms are four times more massive than
hydrogen atoms.
● Later, James Chadwick identified and named the third subatomic particle as a neutron.
○ A neutron has the same mass as the proton, but no electrical charge.
● A helium atom, then, would contain two protons and two neutrons (as well as two electrons),
making it four times as massive as a hydrogen atom.

The key components of Rutherford’s atomic model were:

● An atom is mostly empty space.
● An atom contains a small, dense, positively charged core called
the nucleus.
● The nucleus contains protons and neutrons.
● Electrons move through the rest of the atom’s volume.

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Neils Bohr
Neils Bohr (1885–1962) was a Danish physicist who worked under Rutherford in England who proposed
that electrons surrounded the nucleus in specific energy levels.

Neils Bohr observed that in a gas discharge tube, gases emit light when electrical energy is supplied to
them.
● Each element emitted a specific colour of light that is different for each element.
● The colours of light correspond to specific wavelengths with different energies.
● He hypothesized that electrons in an atom have certain allowed energies that enable the atom to
remain stable.
● These allowed energies could be thought of as electron shells or energy levels.
● Electrons would be associated with specific energy levels.
● In addition, electrons could move only from one allowed energy level to another, but they could not
exist between the energy levels.
● By absorbing a specific quantity of energy, an electron could move to a higher energy level and by
emitting the same quantity of energy, the electron could move back to its original energy level.

The key components of Bohr’s atomic model were:

● The nucleus of an atom is composed of nucleons—protons and
neutrons.
● Electrons orbit the nucleus at specific energy levels, or orbitals.
○ The first energy level holds up to 2 electrons and the second
and third energy levels hold up to 8 electrons each.

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 Practice Questions: Atomic Models
1. Complete the following table to summarize the key components of each atomic model.

Atomic Model Drawing of Model Key Components of Model

John Dalton

J.J. Thomson

Ernst Rutherford

Niels Bohr

2. Summarize the evidence that led to the development of J.J. Thomson’s atomic model.

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3. Summarize the evidence that led to the development of Ernest Rutherford’s atomic model.

4. Summarize the evidence that led to the development of Neils Bohr’s atomic model.

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 Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● illustrate an awareness of WHMIS guidelines, and demonstrate safe practices in the handling,
storage and disposal of chemicals in the laboratory and at home

The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) is a comprehensive system for
providing health and safety information for hazardous chemicals in the workplace.

Pictograms are graphic images that are assigned to specific hazard classes or categories.
● Most pictograms have a distinctive red "square set on one of its points" border.
● Inside this border is a symbol that represents the potential hazard (e.g., fire, health hazard,
corrosive, etc.).
● Together, the symbol and the border are referred to as a pictogram.
● The graphic below shows hazard pictograms.
○ The bold type is the name given to the pictogram; the words in the brackets describe the hazard.

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 Practice Questions: WHMIS
1. Complete the following table to summarize WHMIS symbols and precautions that should be taken
when working with each class of hazard.

WHMIS Pictogram Name Hazard Precautions

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 Atomic Theory
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● explain, using the periodic table, how and why elements combine to form compounds in specific
ratios

Atomic Structure
An atom is the smallest part of an element that still has the properties of the element
An atom is composed of three types of subatomic particles:
● The protons (p+) and neutrons (n0) in the nucleus are approximately equal in mass and comprise
99.9% of the mass of an atom.
● Electrons (e-) surround the nucleus at specific energy levels and comprise 99.9% of the volume of an
atom.
○ Electrons in energy levels closest to the nucleus have the least energy and are more tightly held
in the atom.
○ The first energy level holds up to 2 electrons and the second and third energy levels hold up to 8
electrons each.
○ The electrons in the outermost energy level are called valence electrons.

Using Information from the Periodic Table

Each element box on the periodic table communicates information about atoms of that element.

number of protons = atomic number

number of electrons = number of protons
number of neutrons = rounded atomic mass number - number of protons

The groups/families on the periodic table are the vertical columns numbered 1-18.
● Elements in the same group usually have the same number of valence electrons.
● This is why members of a group tend to have similar physical and chemical properties.

The number of valence electrons in an is determined by:

● Determining the total number of electrons for the atom.
● Placing electrons into appropriate energy levels, starting with the first energy level.
● When the first energy level is full, begin placing electrons in the next energy level and so on.

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● The number of electrons in the last energy level is the number of valence electrons.
● Helpful hint: for groups 1 and 2, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number and
for groups 13-18, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number minus 10.

Why Elements Combine to Form Compounds

Elements combine to form compounds in specific ratios so that each atom has a complete valence shell
of electrons and is more stable.
● E.g., magnesium chloride, MgCl2(s), has a ratio of 1 magnesium atom to every 2 chlorine atoms.
○ Magnesium has 2 valence electrons and chlorine has 7 valence electrons.
○ When magnesium loses two electrons, each chlorine atom gains one electron to achieve a
complete valence shell of 8 electrons.
● For elements that form ions, the common ion charges communicate how many electrons must be
gained or lost for the atom to complete its valence shell.
○ E.g., a common ion charge of 3+ indicates that the atom must lose 3 valence electrons to
become stable.
○ E.g., a common ion charge of 2- indicates that the atom must gain 2 electrons to become stable.
○ Metals (to the left of the staircase) tend to lose electrons and nonmetals (to the right of the
staircase and hydrogen) tend to gain electrons.

Example Problem
Determine the number of valence electrons in a chlorine atom. How many electrons must chlorine gain
or lose to become more stable?

Try It!
Determine the number of valence electrons in a potassium atom. How many electrons must potassium
gain or lose to become more stable?

Try It!
Determine the number of valence electrons in a sulfur atom. How many electrons must sulfur gain or
lose to become more stable?

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 Practice Questions: Atomic Theory
1. Complete the following table to summarize the features of subatomic particles.

Subatomic Particle Location Relative Mass Electrical Charge

Electron

Proton

Neutron

2. Determine the number of valence electrons for each of the following atoms and state how many
electrons the atom must gain or lose to complete its valence shell.
a. sodium f. oxygen

b. phosphorus g. calcium

c. lithium h. fluorine

d. neon i. helium

e. hydrogen j. beryllium

3. Why are all atoms electrically neutral?

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 Ions
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● explain, using the periodic table, how and why elements combine to form compounds in specific
ratios

Ions
Ionization is the process by which an atom gains or loses electrons to form a charged particle called an
ion.
● Ions may be positively charged or negatively charged.

Cations
A cation is a positively charged ion that forms when an atom, usually a metal, loses one or more
electrons.
● E.g., a sodium atom loses an electron, giving it a 1+ charge. It is now called a sodium ion and is
written as Na+.

● If the ion has more than one possible charge, the charge is indicated in roman numerals after the
name.
○ E.g., Ni2+ is called a nickel(II) ion.

Anions
An anion is a negatively charged ion that forms when an atom, usually a nonmetal, gains one or more
electrons.
● E.g., a chlorine atom gains one electron, giving it a 1- charge. It is now called a chloride ion and is
written as Cl-.

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Example Problem
What is the symbol for a magnesium ion? How many electrons are gained or lost in the formation of a
magnesium ion?

Example Problem
What is the name of N3-? How many electrons are gained or lost in the formation of N3-?

Try It!
What is the name of Co3+? How many electrons are gained or lost in the formation of Co3+?

Try It!
What is the symbol for a bromide ion? How many electrons are gained or lost in the formation of a
bromide ion?

Try It!
What is the symbol for a zinc ion? How many electrons are gained or lost in the formation of a zinc ion?

Try It!
Provide the name for an entity that has 15 protons and a 3- charge.

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 Practice Questions: Ions
1. Complete the following table of atoms and ions.

Name Symbol Number of Number of Number of Electrical

Protons Electrons Electrons Charge
Gained or
Lost

Li+

carbon atom

9 1-

12 10

19 19

sulfide ion

2 0

O2-

chlorine atom 0

18 2+

11 11

26 Lost 3

26 24

Na+

18 0

2. Distinguish between a cation and an anion.

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3. Does the number of protons ever change for a particular element? Explain your answer.

4. How is an atom and an ion of a particular element similar? How are they different?

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 Ionic Compounds
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● explain the importance of and need for the IUPAC system of naming compounds, in terms of the
work that scientists do and the need to communicate clearly and precisely
● explain, using the periodic table, how and why elements combine to form compounds in specific
ratios

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is the body responsible for naming
compounds.
● It is important to have a universal system for naming compounds for scientists to be able to
communicate clearly and precisely in their work.

Ionic compounds form when valence electrons transfer from one atom to another so that each atom has
a complete valence energy level, also called a stable octet because atoms are more stable when their
valence shells are complete.
● The transfer of electrons results in the formation of a cation (usually a metal) and an anion (usually a
nonmetal).
● The cation and anion are attracted to one another by charge, forming a neutral ionic compound
joined by an ionic bond.
● An ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between the ions.
● E.g., sodium and chlorine combine to form sodium chloride.
○ One sodium ion and one chloride ion joined by an ionic bond represents one formula unit of
sodium chloride.

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 Naming and Writing Formulas of Binary Ionic
Compounds
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● explain, using the periodic table, how and why elements combine to form compounds in specific
ratios
● predict formulas and write names for ionic and molecular compounds and common acids using a
periodic table, a table of ions and IUPAC rules

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results

Binary ionic compounds are ionic compounds composed of two different elements.

The following steps outline the process for naming binary ionic compounds:
1. Name the cation first by using the element’s name.
2. Name the anion second by using the first part of the element’s name and changing the ending to
“–ide”.

Example Problem
What is the name for MgO(s)?

Example Problem
What is the name for CaCl2(s)?

Try It!
What is the name for K2S(s)?

Try It!
What is the name for LiF(s)?

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The following steps outline the process for writing chemical formulas for binary ionic compounds:
1. Write the symbol for the cation followed by the symbol for the anion.
2. Determine the total number of each ion required to balance the charges so that the compound is
neutral.
3. Use subscripts to indicate the ratio of cations to anions.
● No subscript is needed for a single atom.
4. Indicate the state of matter with a lowercase letter in brackets after the chemical formula.
● All ionic compounds are solid at room temperature and pressure.

Example Problem
Write the chemical formula for calcium bromide.

Example Problem
Write the chemical formula for magnesium phosphide.

Try It!
Write the chemical formula for sodium sulfide.

Try It!
Write the chemical formula for scandium oxide.

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 Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas
of Binary Ionic Compounds
1. What is an ionic bond and how does it form?

2. Complete the following table with the missing IUPAC names and chemical formulas.

IUPAC Name Chemical Formula

silver iodide

MgO(s)

calcium nitride

CsF(s)

aluminium chloride

ZnSe(s)

magnesium chloride

Na2S(s)

silver oxide

KCl(s)

barium phosphide

Ga2O3(s)

potassium sulfide

ZnCl2(s)

sodium bromide

CaI2(s)

zirconium oxide

Na3N(s)

lithium sulfide

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Naming and Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Containing Polyatomic Ions
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● explain, using the periodic table, how and why elements combine to form compounds in specific
ratios
● predict formulas and write names for ionic and molecular compounds and common acids using a
periodic table, a table of ions and IUPAC rules

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results

Polyatomic ions are ions made up of several atoms joined together by covalent bonds.

A table of polyatomic ions lists names and formulas of the polyatomic ions.

When naming and writing formulas for ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions, follow the rules for
naming and writing formulas for binary ionic compounds, with the following modifications:
● The ending of the polyatomic ion name is NOT changed.
● Brackets are used around polyatomic ions when a subscript is needed in the formula.

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Example Problem
What is the name for Mg(CH3COO)2(s)?

Example Problem
What is the chemical formula for ammonium nitrate?

Try It!
What is the chemical formula for magnesium phosphate?

Try It!
What is the name for Na2S2O3(s)?

Try It!
What is the chemical formula barium hypochlorite?

Try It!
What is the name for NaOH(s)?

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 Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas
of Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions
1. Complete the following table with the missing IUPAC names and chemical formulas.

IUPAC Name Chemical Formula

sodium sulfate

Al(NO3)3(s)

magnesium carbonate

Zn(HCO3)2(s)

ammonium nitrite

AgOH(s)

aluminium hydroxide

KCH3COO(s)

lithium oxalate

ZnS2O3(s)

calcium silicate

K2CO3(s)

magnesium thiocyanate

Ga(MnO4)3(s)

barium dichromate

Na2CrO4(s)

zirconium phosphate

(NH4)2S(s)

calcium hydrogen sulfite

Ba(IO3)2(s)

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Naming and Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Containing Multivalent Elements
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● explain, using the periodic table, how and why elements combine to form compounds in specific
ratios
● predict formulas and write names for ionic and molecular compounds and common acids using a
periodic table, a table of ions and IUPAC rules

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results

Multivalent elements are elements that have more than one stable ion charge.
● The first charge listed on the periodic table is the most common charge.

Naming and writing chemical formulas for ionic compounds containing multivalent elements involves the
same rules as binary ionic compounds and ionic compounds with polyatomic ions, with the following
additions.
● Roman numerals in brackets after the element name are used to indicate the charge of the ion.
○ E.g., FeBr2(s) is named iron(II) bromide.
● When given only the chemical formula, use the anion charge to find the cation charge.
○ E.g., FeBr2(s)must be iron(II) bromide because the charge on a bromide ion is 1- and there are
two bromide ions in the compound, thus the charge on iron must be 2+ for the compound to be
neutral.

Example Problem
Write the chemical formula for copper(II) chloride.

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Example Problem
What is the chemical name for Mn3(PO4)2(s)?

Try It!
Write the chemical formula for copper(I) oxide.

Try It!
What is the chemical name for SnO2(s)?

Try It!
Write the chemical formula for lead(IV) oxide.

Try It!
What is the chemical name for Au2S(s)?

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 Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas
of Ionic Compounds Containing Multivalent
Elements
1. Complete the following table with the missing IUPAC names and chemical formulas.

IUPAC Name Chemical Formula

iron(III) sulfide

CrBr2(s)

copper(I) oxide

MnF4(s)

tin(IV) oxide

Au3N(s)

lead(II) nitrite

SbCl3(s)

mercury(II) iodide

Co(NO3)2(s)

platinum(IV) phosphate

TlBr3(s)

vanadium(V) silicate

Cu2SO3(s)

titanium(III) oxide

Ni(H2PO4)2(s)

mercury(II) fluoride

FeI3(s)

chromium(III) oxide

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 Naming and Writing Formulas of Molecular
Substances
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● explain, using the periodic table, how and why elements combine to form compounds in specific
ratios
● predict formulas and write names for ionic and molecular compounds and common acids using a
periodic table, a table of ions and IUPAC rules

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results

Molecular Substances
A molecule is an independent unit made up of fixed numbers of nonmetallic atoms held together by
covalent bonds.
● E.g., H2(g), CO2(g), CH4(g), PO43-(aq).

A covalent bond is the simultaneous attraction of nuclei for one or more shared pairs of electrons.
● A covalent bond forms when atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons so that each atom
has a complete valence shell.

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Molecular Elements
Molecular elements do not exist naturally as single atoms; they consist of two or more nonmetallic
atoms of the same element joined by a covalent bond.
● Diatomic elements are composed of two atoms of the same element joined by a covalent bond.
○ The diatomic elements are hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2),
bromine (Br2), and iodine (I2).

● Polyatomic elements are composed of many atoms of the same element joined by covalent bonds.
○ The polyatomic elements are phosphorus (P4), sulfur (S8), and ozone (O3).

The image below shows where the diatomic and polyatomic elements are on the periodic table.

Molecular Compounds
Molecular compounds are composed of two or more nonmetallic atoms of different
elements joined by covalent bonds.

The following steps outline the process for naming binary molecular compounds:
1. Name the first element.
2. Name the second element and change the ending to “-ide”.
3. Add prefixes to each element name to indicate the number of atoms.
● The “mono” prefix is not used on the first element.
● If the name of the element begins with a vowel, the “a” on the end of the
prefix is dropped.

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The following steps outline the process for writing chemical formulas for binary molecular compounds:
1. Write the symbol for the first element.
2. Write the symbol for the second element.
3. Use the prefixes to determine the subscripts and add subscripts to elements with more than one
atom.
4. Write the state of matter, if known, using a lowercase letter in brackets after the chemical formula.
● Molecular compounds may be solid, liquid, or gas. You are not expected to predict the state of
matter for most molecular compounds at this level of chemistry.

Example Problem
Write the chemical formula for carbon monoxide gas.

Example Problem
What is the name of N2O3(g)

Try It!
Write the chemical formula for solid tetraphosphorus decoxide.

Try It!
What is the name of SO2(g)?

Some molecular compounds containing hydrogen have common names that must be memorized.
Name Chemical Formula
water H2O(l)
hydrogen peroxide H2O2(l)
ammonia NH3(g)
glucose C6H12O6(s)
sucrose C12H22O11(s)
methane CH4(g)
ethane C2H6(g)
propane C3H8(g)
methanol CH3OH(l)
ethanol C2H5OH(l)

31
 Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas
of Molecular Substances
1. Complete the following table with the missing IUPAC names and chemical formulas.

IUPAC Name Chemical Formula

water

NO(g)

tetraphosphorus decoxide

PBr5(s)

nitrogen gas

O3(g)

disulfur dichloride

ClBr2(l)

methanol

CS2(l)

dinitrogen hexabromide

CCl4(l)

glucose

N2O4(g)

sulfur hexafluoride

H2(g)

hydrogen peroxide

C12H22O11(s)

phosphorous

SiS2(s)

iodine

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 Naming and Writing Formulas of Acids and Bases
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● explain, using the periodic table, how and why elements combine to form compounds in specific
ratios
● predict formulas and write names for ionic and molecular compounds and common acids using a
periodic table, a table of ions and IUPAC rules

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results

Acids
Acids are molecular compounds that ionize in water to release hydrogen ions.
● An acid is composed of hydrogen bonded to a substance that can form an anion.
● To recognize an acid from the chemical formula, look for the hydrogen symbol on the left paired with
an anion on the right or –COOH on the right.
● Compounds only have acidic properties when they are in an aqueous (water) environment due to
the presence of hydrogen ions.

When naming and writing formulas of acids in their pure/molecular form (i.e., solid, liquid, or gas),
follow the same rules as naming and writing formulas of ionic compounds.
● E.g., the molecular name of HCl(g) is hydrogen chloride.
● E.g., the molecular name of H2SO3(l) is hydrogen sulfite.
● E.g., the molecular name of CH3COOH(l) is hydrogen acetate.
○ Note that hydrogen is always the first part of the name, even though it is the last part of the
chemical formula in this case.

When acids are dissolved in water, they are given an acid name and their state of matter becomes
aqueous (aq) to indicate that it is dissolved in water.
● The IUPAC acid name is given by adding “aqueous” to the beginning of the name.
○ E.g., when hydrogen chloride, HCl(g), is dissolved in water, it is called aqueous hydrogen chloride,
HCl(aq).
● Acids are also commonly given a classical acid name.
○ E.g., aqueous hydrogen chloride is also called hydrochloric acid.

33
 The following table outlines the rules for assigning IUPAC and classical acid names.
Pure Substance Name Classical Acid Name IUPAC Acid Name

hydrogen _____ide hydro_____ic acid aqueous hydrogen _____ide

E.g., hydrogen sulfide, H2S(g) E.g., hydrosulfuric acid, H2S(aq) E.g., aqueous hydrogen sulfide
H2S(aq)

hydrogen _____ate _____ic acid aqueous hydrogen _____ate

E.g., hydrogen sulfate, H2SO4(l) E.g., sulfuric acid, H2SO4(aq) E.g., aqueous hydrogen sulfate,
H2SO4(aq)

hydrogen _____ite _____ous acid aqueous hydrogen _____ite

E.g., hydrogen sulfite, H2SO3(l) E.g., sulfurous acid, H2SO3(aq) E.g., aqueous hydrogen sulfite,
H2SO3(aq)

Example Problem
Write the chemical formula for chlorous acid.

Example Problem
Provide the IUPAC name and the classical acid name for HI(aq).

Try It!
Write the chemical formula for phosphoric acid.

Try It!
Provide the IUPAC name and the classical acid name for C6H5COOH(aq)

34
Bases
Bases are usually ionic hydroxides that dissociate in water to release hydroxide ions.
● The presence of a hydroxide ion (OH-) with a metal ion or an ammonium ion indicates that a
substance is basic.
● Compounds only have basic properties in an aqueous environment due to the presence of hydroxide
ions.

The rules for naming and writing formulas for bases are the same as the rules for ionic compounds.
● E.g., NaOH(aq) is called sodium hydroxide.

Example Problem
Write the chemical formula for magnesium hydroxide.

Example Problem
What is the name for LiOH(aq)?

Try It!
Write the chemical formula for potassium hydroxide.

Try It!
What is the name for Ba(OH)2(aq)?

35
 Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas
of Acids and Bases
1. Complete the following table with the missing chemical formulas, IUPAC names, and classical acid
names (if applicable). Classify each substance as an acid or a base.

Chemical Formula IUPAC Name Classical Acid Name (If Acid or Base
Applicable)

HClO4(aq)

magnesium hydroxide

HIO3(aq)

aqueous hydrogen benzoate

NH4OH(aq)

aqueous hydrogen sulfide

HCN(aq)

aqueous hydrogen carbonate

Ba(OH)2(aq)

chloric acid

CH3COOH(aq)

chromic acid

CsOH(aq)

hydrofluoric acid

Ca(OH)2(s)

nitrous acid

HMnO4(aq)

aqueous hydrogen oxalate

H2SO3(aq)

aqueous hydrogen
hypochlorite

36
Practice Questions: Putting it all Together—Naming
and Writing Chemical Formulas
1. Complete the following table with the chemical names and chemical formulas. Classify each
substance as ionic, molecular, acid, or base.

Chemical Name Chemical Formula Ionic, Molecular,

Acid, or Base

PbI2(s)

ethanol

NaOH(aq)

aluminium sulfate

(NH4)2CrO4(s)

sulfurous acid

H2O2(l)

sulfur trioxide gas

KMnO4(s)

calcium oxide

XeF2(s)

carbon disulfide

Ti(OH)4(s)

benzoic acid

H2CO3(aq)

dinitrogen tetroxide gas

CH3OH(l)

oxalic acid

Ba(OH)2(aq)

37
38
39
 Properties of Ionic Compounds, Molecular
Substances, Acids, and Bases
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● classify ionic and molecular compounds, acids and bases on the basis of their properties; i.e.,
conductivity, pH, solubility, state
● relate the molecular structure of simple substances to their properties

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Properties of Ionic Compounds

Ionic compounds share many unique properties that can help to distinguish them from molecular
compounds.
1. Ionic compounds have a crystal lattice structure.
● Ions are arranged in such a way that every cation is completely
surrounded by anions and every anion is completely surrounded by
cations.
● Ionic compounds retain their crystalline structure, even when ground
into a fine powder.
2. Ionic compounds have relatively high melting and boiling points.
● Ionic bonds are strong, continuous bonds that require large amounts of energy to break.
● Ionic bonds must be broken to change the state of matter from solid to liquid to gas.
3. Most ionic compounds are soluble in water to some extent.
● Cations are strongly attracted to the partial negative end of water
molecules and anions are strongly attracted to the partial positive
end of water molecules.
● These attractions pull ions apart from each other in a process called
dissociation.
4. Ionic compounds form electrolytic solutions.
● Ionic compounds dissociate in water to form ions.
● The presence of moving charges allows the solution to conduct
electricity.
● The greater the concentration of ions, the greater the conductivity
of the solution.

40
Properties of Molecular Substances
Molecular substances share many unique properties that can help to distinguish them from ionic
compounds.
1. Molecular substances form non-electrolytic solutions.
● Molecular compounds, with the exception of acids, do not form ions in solution.
2. Molecular substances tend to have low solubility in water.
● Since they do not form ions, most molecular substances are not highly attracted to water
molecules.
3. Molecular substances have relatively low melting and boiling points.
● This is because the forces between molecules, called intermolecular forces, are relatively weak
and do not require large amounts of energy to overcome.
4. Molecular substances require large amounts of energy to decompose into their individual elements.
● This is because the covalent bonds holding the atoms of a molecule together, called
intramolecular forces, are relatively strong and require large amounts of energy to overcome.
5. Some molecular substances can form crystals like ionic compounds, but the crystals crumble easily.
● This is because the intermolecular forces are relatively weak and easy to break.

The properties of molecular substances are related to the molecular structure of the substance.
● For example, water is considered to be a polar molecule because electrons are shared unequally,
resulting in the molecule having a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end.
○ The positive and negative ends of neighboring water molecules are attracted to one another.
○ In water, this is a special type of attraction called hydrogen bonding.

○ The strength and nature of the hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the unique
properties of water.
■ Water has a relatively high melting point and boiling point compared to molecular
substances of a similar size due to the energy required to break hydrogen bonds.
■ Water has the ability to absorb and release large amounts of thermal energy with only slight
temperature changes due to the energy required to break hydrogen bonds.
■ Ice floats on liquid water because solid water forms a six-sided crystal that is less dense than
liquid water.
■ Water has a high surface tension due to the attractive force between surface molecules.
■ Water is the universal solvent because positive and negative ends of water molecules are
attracted to many other substances.

41
Properties of Acids and Bases
Acids and bases have unique properties that can help distinguish them from other substances and from
each other. The properties of acids and bases are outlined in the table below.

Property Acids Bases

Taste Taste sour Taste bitter

Touch Not slippery Slippery

Reaction with Metals React with active metals to No reaction

produce hydrogen gas

pH of Solution pH less than 7 pH greater than 7

Electrical Conductivity Form electrolytic solutions Form electrolytic solutions

Reaction with Litmus Indicator Turn blue litmus red; no effect Turn red litmus blue; have no
on red litmus effect on blue litmus

Reaction with Acids or Bases Neutralized by bases Neutralized by acids

42
Practice Questions: Properties of Ionic Compounds,
Molecular Substances, Acids, and Bases
1. Identify which of the following substances are molecular. Explain your reasoning.
● Compound 1: melting point: 48°C, low solubility in water, flammable, mild odour, colourless
solid, easily crushed.
● Compound 2: melting point: 800°C, highly soluble, solution is highly conductive, hard, white
crystals.
● Compound 3: melting point: 185°C, decomposes at 190°C, highly soluble, solution is not
conductive, hard, white crystals.
● Compound 4: sublimates (goes from solid to gas) at –56°C, moderately soluble in water,
colourless, odourless.
● Compound 5: highly flammable liquid at room temperature, does not mix with water, less dense
than water.

2. Describe two diagnostic tests that you could perform to distinguish between an acid and a base.

3. Identify two unique properties of water and explain how the molecular structure of water is
responsible for these properties.

4. Identify and explain two properties of ionic compounds.

43
 Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water
Learning Outcomes
Explain, using the periodic table, how elements combine to form compounds, and follow IUPAC
guidelines for naming ionic compounds and simple molecular compounds
● predict whether an ionic compound is relatively soluble in water, using a solubility chart

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Most ionic compounds are soluble in water, however, they differ in the extent to which they are soluble
in water.
● A substance that dissolves well in water (> 0.1 mol/L) is considered highly soluble and its state of
matter in water is aqueous (aq).
● A substance that does not dissolve as well in water (< 0.1 mol/L) is considered to be slightly soluble
and its state of matter is solid (s).

Using a Solubility Table

The solubility of an ionic compound in water can be determined using a solubility table.
● Solubility tables contain common ions so you may not be able to determine the solubility of every
ionic compound using a solubility table.
● To use the table, locate one of the ions, usually the anion, from the compound across the top of the
table, then locate the other ion in one of the two rows below.
○ If the other ion is in the first row, then the compound is very soluble in water.
○ If the other ion is in the second row, then the compound is only slightly soluble in water.

44
Example Problem
Is silver sulfate highly soluble or slightly soluble in water? Write the formula with the correct state of
matter.

Example Problem
Is sodium carbonate highly soluble or slightly soluble in water? Write the formula with the correct state
of matter.

Try It!
Is copper(II) chloride highly soluble or slightly soluble in water? Write the formula with the correct state
of matter.

Try It!
Is magnesium hydroxide highly soluble or slightly soluble in water? Write the formula with the correct
state of matter.

45
 Practice Questions: Solubility of Ionic Compounds
in Water
1. What is the state of matter for ionic compounds at room temperature and pressure?

2. Explain why ionic compounds with a solubility less than 0.1 mol/L are considered to be slightly
soluble instead of insoluble.

3. Predict the solubility and and write the formula with the state of matter for each of the following
ionic compounds if they are placed in an aqueous environment.

Compound Solubility (High or Low) Formula with State of Matter

calcium fluoride

sodium hydroxide

ammonium sulfate

barium chlorate

calcium carbonate

sodium carbonate

gold(III) sulfate

sodium chloride

lead(II) chloride

barium sulfate

cobalt(II) iodate

lead(IV) chloride

potassium carbonate

silver acetate

46
 Chemical Reactions
Learning Outcomes
Identify and classify chemical changes, and write word and balanced chemical equations for significant
chemical reactions, as applications of Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass
● provide examples of household, commercial and industrial processes that use chemical reactions
to produce useful substances and energy
● identify chemical reactions that are significant in societies
● describe the evidence for chemical changes; i.e., energy change, formation of a gas or precipitate,
colour or odour change, change in temperature
● differentiate between endothermic and exothermic chemical reactions
● translate word equations to balanced chemical equations and vice versa for chemical reactions
that occur in living and nonliving systems

Characteristics of Chemical Change

Chemical change occurs when a substance or substances react in a chemical reaction to create a new
substance or substances with new properties.
● The substances that react are called reactants.
● The substances produced are called products.

All chemical reactions are consistent with Antoine Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass.
● Mass is not created or destroyed in chemical reactions, so the mass of the reactants is equal to the
mass of the products

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Endothermic reactions have a net absorption of energy.
● Examples include photosynthesis and the reactions that take place
in instant cold packs.

Exothermic reactions have a net release of energy.

● Examples include cellular respiration, combustion of fossil fuels, and
the reactions that take place in instant hot packs.

Evidence for Chemical Change

The following evidence can help you determine if a chemical change has taken place:
1. Change in odour
2. Change in colour
3. Change in energy (e.g., temperature, light)
4. Formation of a precipitate (solid)
5. Formation of a gas (bubbles)

47
States of Matter in Chemical Reaction Equations
Recall how to predict states of matter for elements and compounds.
● The states of matter for elements are communicated in the element box on the periodic table.
● All ionic compounds in their pure form are solid at room temperature and pressure.
● For ionic compounds in an aqueous solution, refer to the solubility table.
○ If the compound is highly soluble in water, then the state of matter is aqueous.
○ If the compound is slightly soluble in water, then the state of matter is solid.
● The state of matter for molecular compounds is more difficult to predict.
○ You are expected to know the states of matter for the common molecular compounds.

Types of Chemical Reaction Equations

Word equations can be used to represent chemical reactions, as shown below.

A skeleton equation shows the formulas and states of matter for all reactants and products.
● E.g., H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l)

A balanced formula equation is the skeleton equation with coefficients to show that there is the same
number of atoms of each type of element on the reactants and products side.
● This is required to illustrate that the chemical reaction is consistent with the law of conservation of
mass.
● E.g., 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l).

The following steps outline the process for writing balanced formula equations:
1. Write the correct formulas for the reactants, including states of matter.
2. Write the correct formulas for the products, including states of matter.
3. Use coefficients to balance the equation – DO NOT CHANGE SUBSCRIPTS!!
4. Ensure that the coefficients represent the lowest whole number ratio of substances.

48
Example Problem
Balance the following chemical reaction equation.
___ Ca(NO3)2(aq) + ___ NaOH(aq) → ___ Ca(OH)2(s) + ___ NaNO3(aq)

Example Problem
Write a word equation, a skeleton equation, and a balanced formula equation for the reaction of sodium
and chlorine to produce sodium chloride.

Try It!
Balance the following chemical reaction equation.
___ Li(s) + ___ O2(g) → ___ Li2O(s)

Try It!
Balance the following chemical reaction equation.
___ S8(s) + ___ O2(g) → ___ SO2(g)

Try It!
Write a word equation, a skeleton equation, and a balanced formula equation for the reaction of
copper(II) chloride solution with silver nitrate solution to produce silver chloride and copper(II) nitrate.

Main Types of Chemical Reactions

There are five main types of chemical reactions:
1. Simple formation
2. Simple decomposition
3. Single replacement
4. Double replacement
5. Hydrocarbon combustion

Classifying chemical reactions as one of the five main types will help you to predict the products of the
chemical reaction.

49
 Practice Questions: Chemical Reaction Equations
1. Balance the following chemical equation:

____ Ca(s) + ____ H3PO4(aq) → ____ Ca3(PO4)2(s) + ____ H2(g)

2. Write the balanced reaction equation for the reaction of iron metal with oxygen gas to produce
iron(III) oxide.

3. Translate the following chemical reaction equation into a word equation:

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

4. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation for the reaction that occurs when solutions of sodium
iodide and silver chlorate are mixed and produce a silver iodide precipitate and sodium chlorate
solution.

5. Candle wax, C25H52(s), is burned by reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas and water
vapour. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation for this reaction.

6. Translate the chemical reaction equation below into a word equation.

Mgl2(aq) + Cu2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + 2 CuI(s)

7. Explain how a balanced chemical equation is consistent with the law of conservation of mass.

8. If 4.6 g of magnesium reacts with oxygen gas to produce 7.6 g of magnesium oxide, what mass of
oxygen reacts?

50
 Chemical Reactions—Simple Formation Reactions
Learning Outcomes
Identify and classify chemical changes, and write word and balanced chemical equations for significant
chemical reactions, as applications of Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass
● classify and identify categories of chemical reactions; i.e., formation (synthesis), decomposition,
hydrocarbon combustion, single replacement, double replacement
● translate word equations to balanced chemical equations and vice versa for chemical reactions
that occur in living and nonliving systems
● predict the products of formation (synthesis) and decomposition, single and double replacement,
and hydrocarbon combustion chemical reactions, when given the reactants

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results

In a simple formation reaction, also known as a synthesis reaction, two elements combine to form a
compound.
● The product of a formation reaction will be a compound containing the two reacting elements.
● If the charge on a multivalent metal is unknown, use the most common charge (first charge listed).

element + element → compound

A + B → AB

Example Problem
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of magnesium with sulfur.

Example Problem
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of iron with oxygen.

Try It!
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of potassium with chlorine.

Try It!
Write a balanced chemical reaction equation for the reaction of calcium with nitrogen.

51
 Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Simple
Formation Reactions
1. Balance the following reactions by writing the coefficients. Remember that the absence of a
subscript or coefficient indicates a number 1.

a. ____ K(s) + ____ O2(g) → ____ K2O(s)

b. ____ P4(s) + ____ Cl2(g) → ____ PCl5(l)

c. ____ Cu(s) + ____ S8(s) → ____ CuS(s)

d. ____ Fe(s) + ____ O2(g) → ____ Fe2O3(s)

e. ____ P4(s) + ____ S8(s) → ____ P2S5(s)

f. ____ C(s) + ____ O2(g) → ____ CO(g)

g. ____ Li (s) + ____ N2(g) → ____ Li3N(s)

h. ____ S8(s) + ____ O2(g) → ____ SO2(g)

2. Write in the formula and state of matter for the product in the following reactions and then balance
the equation.

a. ____ Al(s) + ____ Br2(l) →

b. ____ H2(g) + ____ O2(g) →

c. ____ Al(s) + ____ O2(g) →

d. ____ Ca(s) + ____ Cl2(g) →

e. ____ Zn(s) + ____ S8(s) →

3. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including states of matter, for each of the reactions
below.
a. Aluminum metal reacts with fluorine gas.

b. Lithium metal reacts with solid phosphorus.

52
c. Calcium metal reacts with liquid bromine.

d. Magnesium metal reacts with solid sulfur.

e. Hydrogen peroxide is formed from its elements.

f. Sodium combines with oxygen gas.

53
 Chemical Reactions—Simple Decomposition
Reactions
Learning Outcomes
Identify and classify chemical changes, and write word and balanced chemical equations for significant
chemical reactions, as applications of Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass
● classify and identify categories of chemical reactions; i.e., formation (synthesis), decomposition,
hydrocarbon combustion, single replacement, double replacement
● translate word equations to balanced chemical equations and vice versa for chemical reactions
that occur in living and nonliving systems
● predict the products of formation (synthesis) and decomposition, single and double replacement,
and hydrocarbon combustion chemical reactions, when given the reactants

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results

In a simple decomposition reaction, a compound breaks down into its individual elements.
● The products of a decomposition reaction will be the individual elements that made up the
compound.
compound → element + element
AB → A + B

Example Problem
Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of water.

Example Problem
Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of ammonia.

54
Try It!
Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of carbon dioxide.

Try It!
Write a balanced chemical reaction equation for the decomposition of sodium chloride.

55
 Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Simple
Decomposition Reactions
1. Balance the following chemical reaction equations.

a. ____ NaCl(s) → ____ Na(s) + ____ Cl2(g)

b. ____ CCl4(l) → ____ C(s) + ____ Cl2(g)

c. ____ P4O10(s) → ____ P4(s) + ____ O2(g)

d. ____ HCl(aq)→ ____ H2(g) + ____ Cl2(g)

e. ____ AlCl3(s) → ____ Al(s) + ____ Cl2(g)

f. ____Al2O3(s) → ____ Al(s) +____ O2(g)

2. Write in the formulas and states of matter for the products in the following reactions and then
balance the equation.

a. ____ NF3(g) → ___________ + ___________

b. ____ NiO(s) → ___________ + ___________

c. ____ LiCl(s) → ___________ + ___________

d. ____ H2S(g) → ___________ + ___________

e. ____ Ca3P2(s) → ___________ + ___________

3. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including states of matter, for each of the reactions
below.

a. Nickel(III) chloride decomposes into its elements.

b. Cobalt(III) chloride decomposes into its elements.

56
c. Manganese(IV) oxide decomposes into its elements.

d. Calcium phosphate decomposes into its elements.

e. Aluminum sulfate decomposes into its elements.

57
 Chemical Reactions—Single Replacement
Reactions
Learning Outcomes
Identify and classify chemical changes, and write word and balanced chemical equations for significant
chemical reactions, as applications of Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass
● classify and identify categories of chemical reactions; i.e., formation (synthesis), decomposition,
hydrocarbon combustion, single replacement, double replacement
● translate word equations to balanced chemical equations and vice versa for chemical reactions
that occur in living and nonliving systems
● predict the products of formation (synthesis) and decomposition, single and double replacement,
and hydrocarbon combustion chemical reactions, when given the reactants

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results

In a single replacement reaction, an element reacts with a compound.

● The products of a single replacement reaction will be a new compound and an element that was a
part of the original compound.
● The anion or cation of the compound is “replaced” with a new anion or cation.

element + compound → element + compound

A + BC → B + AC
A + BC → C + BA

Example Problem
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of cobalt with silver nitrate solution.

Example Problem
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of chlorine gas and aqueous nickel(II) bromide.

58
Try It!
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of aluminium with copper(II) chloride solution.

Try It!
Write a balanced chemical reaction equation for the reaction of sulfur with iron(III) iodide solution.

59
 Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Single
Replacement Reactions
1. Balance the following chemical reaction equations.

a. ____ K(s) + ____ H3PO4(aq) → ____ H2(g) + ____ K3PO4(aq)

b. ____ Fe(s) + ____ H2S(aq) → ____ H2(g) + ____ Fe2S3(s)

c. ____ Cl2(g) + ____ MgBr2(aq) → ____ Br2(l) + ____ MgCl2(aq)

d. ____ Cu(s) + ____ Fe(NO3)3(aq) → ____ Fe(s) + ____ Cu(NO3)2(s)

e. ____ Br2(l) + ____ KI(aq) → ____ I2(s) + ____ KBr(aq)

f. ____ Al(s) + ____ Na3PO4(aq) → ____Na(s) + ____ AlPO4(s)

2. Write in the formulas and states of matter for the products in the following reactions and then
balance the equation.

a. _____ Mg(s) + _____ Zn(NO3)2(aq) → ______________ + ______________

b. _____ K(s) + _____ Al(NO3)3(aq) → ______________ + ______________

c. _____ Na(s) + ____ H2SO4(aq) → ______________ + ______________

d. _____ K(s) + _____ HOH(l) → ______________ + ______________

e. _____ Al(s) + _____ Pb(NO3)2(aq) → ______________ + ______________

3. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including states of matter, for each of the reactions
below.

a. Chlorine reacts with sodium bromide in an aqueous solution.

b. A reaction occurs when a zinc strip is placed in an aqueous solution of lead(II) nitrate.

c. A single replacement reaction occurs when manganese is mixed with hot copper(I) iodide.

60
d. Magnesium metal reacts with an iron(III) phosphate solution.

e. Chlorine gas reacts with a potassium phosphide solution.

f. Sodium metal reacts with a lead(II) hypochlorite solution.

g. Fluorine gas reacts with an iron(III) bromide solution.

h. Zinc metal is placed in a solution of sulfuric acid and a reaction occurs.

61
 Chemical Reactions—Double Replacement
Reactions
Learning Outcomes
Identify and classify chemical changes, and write word and balanced chemical equations for significant
chemical reactions, as applications of Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass
● classify and identify categories of chemical reactions; i.e., formation (synthesis), decomposition,
hydrocarbon combustion, single replacement, double replacement
● translate word equations to balanced chemical equations and vice versa for chemical reactions
that occur in living and nonliving systems
● predict the products of formation (synthesis) and decomposition, single and double replacement,
and hydrocarbon combustion chemical reactions, when given the reactants

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results

In a double replacement reaction, two compounds react.

● The products of a double replacement reaction will be two new compounds.
● The anions (or cations) replace each other in the original compounds.
● These reactions typically involve ionic compounds and must take place in solution.

compound + compound → compound + compound

AB + CD → AD + CB

Example Problem
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of aqueous lead(II) nitrate and aqueous sodium
iodide.

Example Problem
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of aqueous copper(I) nitrate and aqueous calcium
bromide.

62
Try It!
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide.

Try It!
Write a balanced chemical reaction equation for the reaction of nickel(III) nitrite solution and sodium
sulfite solution.

63
 Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Double
Replacement Reactions
1. Balance the following chemical reaction equations.

a. ____ Na2SO4(aq) + ____ BaCl2(aq) → ____ BaSO4(s) + ____NaCl(aq)

b. ____ HNO3(aq) + ____ Ba(OH)2(aq) → ____ HOH(l) + ____ Ba(NO3)2(aq)

c. ____ Na2CO3(aq) + ____ Fe(NO3)3(aq) → ____ Fe2(CO3)3(s) + ____ NaNO3(aq)

d. ____ CaCl2(aq) + ____ K3PO4 (aq) → ____Ca3(PO4)2(s) + ____ KCl(aq)

e. ____ Al2(SO4)3(aq) + ____ Ba(OH)2(aq) → ____ Al(OH)3(s) + ____ BaSO4(s)

2. Write in the formulas and states of matter for the products in the following reactions and then
balance the equation.

a. ____ NaOH(aq) + ____ H2SO3(aq) → _____________ + _____________

b. ____ NaClO4(aq) + ____ Cu(NO3)2(aq) → _____________ + _____________

c. ____ Na2CO3(aq) + ____ HNO3(aq) → _____________ + _____________

3. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including states of matter, for each of the reactions
below.

a. The presence of the chloride ion in a sample is detected by the formation of a white precipitate
when lead(II) nitrate solution is added to the sodium chloride solution. The toxic precipitate is
placed in a waste container for disposal.

b. An analytical chemist uses sodium oxalate solution to precipitate calcium ions by reacting it with
calcium nitrate solution.

c. A yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide forms when hydroiodic acid is added to a toxic aqueous
lead(II) nitrate solution. The toxic precipitate is placed in a waste container for disposal.

64
d. Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is used to determine the concentration of acetic acid in a
commercial vinegar sample.

e. An environmental chemist determines the concentration of sulfurous acid in an acid rain sample
by reacting it with aqueous potassium hydroxide.

f. Solid calcium sulfate reacts with aqueous aluminium bromide.

65
 Chemical Reactions—Hydrocarbon Combustion
Reactions
Learning Outcomes
Identify and classify chemical changes, and write word and balanced chemical equations for significant
chemical reactions, as applications of Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass
● classify and identify categories of chemical reactions; i.e., formation (synthesis), decomposition,
hydrocarbon combustion, single replacement, double replacement
● translate word equations to balanced chemical equations and vice versa for chemical reactions
that occur in living and nonliving systems
● predict the products of formation (synthesis) and decomposition, single and double replacement,
and hydrocarbon combustion chemical reactions, when given the reactants

Analyzing and Interpreting: Analyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop
and assess possible solutions
● describe and apply classification systems and nomenclature used in the sciences

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results

In a hydrocarbon combustion reaction, a compound containing hydrogen and carbon reacts with oxygen
to produce carbon dioxide gas and water vapour.
● Note that water is a gas in most hydrocarbon combustion reactions because the products are at
temperatures over 100°C.

CxHY + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

● Some hydrocarbons also contain oxygen - e.g., CH3OH(l).

● When balancing hydrocarbon combustion equations, start with carbon, then hydrogen, and oxygen
last.

Example Problem
Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of ethylene, C2H4(g).

66
Example Problem
Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of hexane, C6H14(g).

Try It!
Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of propane, C3H8(g).

Try It!
Write a balanced chemical reaction equation for the burning of propanol, C3H8O(l).

67
 Practice Questions: Chemical
Reactions—Hydrocarbon Combustion Reactions
1. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including states of matter, for each of the following
reactions.
a. Butane, C4H10(g), in a barbeque lighter is combusted.

b. Propane, C3H8(g), is burned in air and the energy released can be used to operate automobiles,
barbecues, and furnaces in campers.

c. Gasoline, C8H18(l), is mixed with air in a carburetor and then exploded by a spark in the cylinder
of a car motor.

d. Sucrose, C12H22O11(s), burns.

e. In cellular respiration, oxygen combines with glucose in the mitochondria of cells.

f. Ethanol is burned in an alcohol burner.

g. Methane, a major component of natural gas, is combusted in a furnace.

h. Methanol is a biofuel that reacts with oxygen in internal combustion engines.

68
 Practice Questions: Putting it all
Together—Chemical Reaction Equations
For each of the following chemical reactions, write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including
states of matter, and classify the reaction as one of the five main types.

1. Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas.

2. A potassium carbonate solution reacts with a sodium chloride solution.

3. Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce liquid water.

4. Aqueous copper(II) chloride reacts with nickel metal.

5. Fluorine gas reacts with aqueous lead(IV) iodide.

6. Combustion of methane.

7. Aqueous gold(III) bromide reacts with silver metal.

8. Aqueous sodium sulfate reacts with solid strontium hydroxide.

9. Aqueous cobalt(III) nitrate reacts with zinc metal.

10. Aqueous thallium(I) hydroxide reacts with aqueous magnesium bromide.

11. Mercury(II) sulfide breaks into its elements.

69
12. Silver nitride is formed from its elements.

13. Magnesium metal reacts with bromine.

14. Lead(II) nitrate solution reacts with sodium chloride solution.

15. Solid sulfur and hydrogen gas react.

16. Aqueous barium chlorate reacts with aqueous cesium sulfate.

17. Sucrose burns.

18. Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.

19. Sulfuric acid reacts with solid aluminium hydroxide.

20. Aluminium oxide decomposes.

21. Silver nitrate solution reacts with potassium chloride solution.

22. Iron metal reacts with oxygen.

23. Solid calcium sulfate reacts with aqueous aluminium bromide.

24. Chlorous acid reacts with magnesium hydroxide.

70
71
 The Mole
Learning Outcomes
Identify and classify chemical changes, and write word and balanced chemical equations for significant
chemical reactions, as applications of Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass
● define the mole as the amount of an element containing 6.02 × 1023 atoms (Avogadro’s number)
and apply the concept to calculate quantities of substances made of other chemical species
● interpret balanced chemical equations in terms of moles of chemical species, and relate the mole
concept to the law of conservation of mass

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results
● represent large and small numbers using appropriate scientific notation

The mole (mol) is a quantity that chemists use to measure amounts of elements and compounds.
● The number of entities (atoms, molecules, formula units, or ions) in one mole is called Avogadro’s
number (NA).
● Avogadro’s number = 6.02 x 1023 or 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000.

The coefficients of a balanced chemical equation represent the molar ratio of the reactants and products
in the reaction, illustrating the law of conservation of mass.
● E.g., 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l) may be read as two molecules of hydrogen gas react with one
molecule of oxygen gas to produce two molecules of water OR two moles of hydrogen gas react with
one mole of oxygen gas to produce two moles of water.

Example Problem
How many moles of sodium are required for every mole of chlorine in the formation of sodium chloride?

Example Problem
How many molecules of carbon dioxide are in a 3.5 mol sample?

72
Try It!
If 5 moles of methane gas combusts, how many moles of water will be produced?

Try It!
How many moles of water are in a sample containing 7.25 x 1024 molecules?

73
 Practice Questions: The Mole
1. Propane can be burned in a camp stove to heat food, as shown in the reaction below.
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

Describe the reaction in words, including the molar ratio.

2. How many molecules are in 0.018 mol of glucose?

3. How many atoms are in 0.500 mol of copper metal?

4. Write the balanced equation for the combustion reaction involving methane. Assume 15 moles of
methane burned in the reaction. Predict how many moles of water would be produced.

5. How many moles of nitrogen gas are in a sample containing 3.76 x 1024 molecules?

6. How many moles of oxygen will be consumed in the combustion of two moles of ethane gas?

74
 Molar Mass
Learning Outcomes
Identify and classify chemical changes, and write word and balanced chemical equations for significant
chemical reactions, as applications of Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass
● define the mole as the amount of an element containing 6.02 × 1023 atoms (Avogadro’s number)
and apply the concept to calculate quantities of substances made of other chemical species
● interpret balanced chemical equations in terms of moles of chemical species, and relate the mole
concept to the law of conservation of mass

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results
● represent large and small numbers using appropriate scientific notation

Molar mass (M) is the mass in grams of one mole of a substance.

● Molar mass is measured in grams per mole (g/mol).
● The molar mass of each element is listed in its element box on the periodic table.
● The molar mass of compounds and molecular elements is determined using the chemical formula of
the substance and the molar mass value of each element.
○ The molar mass of each element is multiplied by the number of atoms of that element present.
○ The masses of the different elements in a compound are then added together to get the molar
mass.
● Molar mass is typically communicated to a precision of two decimal places.

Example Problem
Determine the molar mass of a solid phosphorus.

Example Problem
Find the molar mass of glucose.

75
Try It!
Determine the molar mass of magnesium nitrate.

Try It!
What is the molar mass of chlorine gas?

76
 Practice Questions: Molar Mass
1. Determine the molar mass of each of the following elements/compounds.
a. sulfur

b. methanol

c. sodium sulfate

d. carbon dioxide

e. sucrose

f. ammonium phosphate

g. sodium chloride

77
 Converting Between Mass and Chemical Amount
Learning Outcomes
Identify and classify chemical changes, and write word and balanced chemical equations for significant
chemical reactions, as applications of Lavoisier’s law of conservation of mass
● define the mole as the amount of an element containing 6.02 × 1023 atoms (Avogadro’s number)
and apply the concept to calculate quantities of substances made of other chemical species
● interpret balanced chemical equations in terms of moles of chemical species, and relate the mole
concept to the law of conservation of mass

Communication and Teamwork: Work as members of a team in addressing problems, and apply the
skills and conventions of science in communicating information and ideas and in assessing results
● select and use appropriate numeric, symbolic, graphical and linguistic modes of representation to
communicate ideas, plans and results
● represent large and small numbers using appropriate scientific notation

The relationship between the mass, number of moles, and molar mass of a substance is shown by the
following equation:
𝑚
𝑛= 𝑀

where n = quantity of matter or chemical amount (mol)

m = mass (g)
M = molar mass (g/mol)

Example Problem
Calculate the mass of 3.00 mol of carbon.

Example Problem
How many moles of barium nitrate are in a 56.18 g sample?

78
Try It!
What is the mass of 5.9 mol of sodium hydroxide?

Try It!
How many moles are in 360 g of methanol?

79
 Practice Questions: Converting Between Mass and
Chemical Amount
1. Complete the following mass-mole conversions.
a. What is the mass of 5.00 mol of NaOH(s)?

b. How many moles are in 360.0 g of glucose?

c. What is the mass of 4.00 mol of ammonia gas?

d. How many moles are in a 20.0 g sample of magnesium nitrate?

e. Calculate the mass of 5.70 mol of phosphorus.

f. What chemical amount of ethanol is present in a 54.5 g sample?

80
2. What is the mass of 3.01 x 1023 atoms of copper?

3. How many oxygen atoms are in 64 g of oxygen gas?

4. Which contains more atoms: one mole of oxygen gas or one mole of iron metal? Explain your
answer.

5. 2.55 mol of an unknown element has a mass of 101.9 g. Determine the identity of the unknown
element.

81
 Answer Key
Practice Questions: Atomic Models
1. Complete the following table to summarize the key components of each atomic model.

Atomic Model Drawing of Model Key Components of Model

John Dalton ● All matter is made of small, indivisible

particles called atoms.
● Atoms of an element are identical in
properties such as size and mass.
● Atoms of different elements have different
properties.
● Atoms of different elements combine in
specific fixed ratios to form new
substances.

J.J. Thomson ● All atoms are made of smaller subatomic

particles put together in different
combinations to make the different
elements.
● An atom was a sphere of positive charge in
which negatively charged particles, called
electrons, were embedded.

Ernest Rutherford ● An atom is mostly empty space.

● An atom contains a small, dense, positively
charged core called the nucleus.
● The nucleus contains protons and
neutrons.
● Electrons move through the rest of the
atom’s volume.

Neils Bohr ● The nucleus of an atom is composed of

nucleons—protons and neutrons.
● Electrons orbit the nucleus at specific
energy levels, or orbitals.
○ The first energy level holds up to 2
electrons and the second and third
energy levels hold up to 8 electrons
each.

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2. Summarize the evidence that led to the development of J.J. Thomson’s atomic model.
Thomson experimented with beams of particles produced in a vacuum tube and showed that the
beams were made of negative charges. Many different elements all produced the same type of
beam, which suggested that all atoms have small, identical negatively charged particles.

3. Summarize the evidence that led to the development of Ernest Rutherford’s atomic model.
Rutherford directed positively charged particles at a sheet of gold foil. He found that most particles
went through the foil, providing evidence that the atom is mostly empty space. Some particles
bounced back, which provided evidence that there is a small, positively charged core in each atom.
Rutherford also experimented with masses of atoms and discovered the third subatomic particle, the
neutron.

4. Summarize the evidence that led to the development of Neils Bohr’s atomic model.
Bohr observed that in a gas discharge tube, gases emit light when electrical energy is supplied to
them. By absorbing a specific quantity of energy, an electron could move to a higher energy level and
by emitting the same quantity of energy, the electron could move back to its original energy level.
This provided evidence that electrons exist in specific energy levels surrounding the nucleus.

Practice Questions: WHMIS

1. Complete the following table to summarize WHMIS symbols and precautions that should be taken
when working with each class of hazard.

WHMIS Pictogram Name Hazard Precautions

Flame Over Circle Oxidizing hazards ● Keep away from heat and
sources of ignition.
● Use in a well-ventilated area.

Exploding Bomb Explosion or reactivity ● Keep away from heat and

hazards sources of ignition.

Health Hazard May cause or suspected of ● Do not ingest.

causing serious health ● Be careful not to get on skin.
effects ● Use proper PPE.
● Dispose of waste as directed.

Biohazardous Infectious Organisms or toxins that ● Do not ingest.

Materials can cause disease in people ● Be careful not to get on skin.
or animals ● Use proper PPE.
● Dispose of waste as directed.
● Limit exposure

83
 Gas Cylinder Gases under pressure ● Do not drop.
● Keep away from extreme
temperatures.

Skull and Crossbones Can cause death or toxicity ● Do not ingest.

with short exposure to ● Be careful not to get on skin.
small amounts ● Use proper PPE.
● Dispose of waste as directed.
● Limit exposure.

Environment May cause damage to the ● Dispose of waste as directed.

aquatic environment ● Limit exposure.

Corrosion Corrosive damage to ● Do not ingest.

metals, as well as skin, eyes ● Be careful not to get on skin.
● Use proper PPE.
● Dispose of waste as directed.

Flame Fire hazards ● Keep away from heat and

sources of ignition.

Exclamation Mark May cause less serious ● Do not ingest.

health effects or damage to ● Be careful not to get on skin.
the ozone layer ● Use proper PPE.
● Dispose of waste as directed.
● Limit exposure.

Practice Questions: Atomic Theory

1. Complete the following table to summarize the features of subatomic particles.

Subatomic Particle Location Relative Mass Electrical Charge

Electron Orbitals surrounding Negligible 1-

the nucleus

Proton Nucleus Same as a neutron 1+

Neutron Nucleus Same as a proton 0

84
2. Determine the number of valence electrons for each of the following atoms and state how many
electrons the atom must gain or lose to complete its valence shell.
a. sodium f. oxygen
1 valence electron 6 valence electrons
Must lose 1 electron Must gain 2 electron

b. Phosphorus g. calcium
5 valence electrons 2 valence electrons
Must gain 3 electron Must lose 2 electrons

c. lithium h. fluorine
1 valence electron 7 valence electrons
Must lose 1 electron Must gain 1 electron

d. neon i. helium
8 valence electrons 2 valence electrons
Will not gain or lose electrons Will not gain or lose electrons

e. hydrogen j. beryllium
1 valence electron 2 valence electrons
Must lose 1 electron Must lose 2 electrons

3. Why are all atoms electrically neutral?

Atoms are electrically neutral because they have equal numbers of positively charged protons
and negatively charged electrons.

Practice Questions: Ions

1. Complete the following table of atoms and ions.

Name Symbol Number of Number of Number of Electrical

Protons Electrons Electrons Charge
Gained or
Lost

lithium ion Li+ 3 2 Lost 1 1+

carbon atom C 6 6 0 0

fluoride ion F- 9 10 Gained 1 1-

magnesium ion Mg2+ 12 10 Lost 2 2+

85
 potassium atom K 19 19 0 0

sulfide ion S2- 16 18 Gained 2 2-

helium atom He 2 2 0 0

oxide ion O2- 8 10 Gained 2 2-

chlorine atom Cl 17 17 0 0

calcium ion Ca2+ 20 18 Lost 2 2+

sodium atom Na 11 11 0 0

iron(III) ion Fe3+ 26 23 Lost 3 3+

iron(II) ion Fe2+ 26 24 Lost 2 2+

sodium ion Na+ 11 10 Lost 1 1+

argon atom Ar 18 18 0 0

2. Distinguish between a cation and an anion.

A cation is a positively charged ion, usually a metal, that forms when an atom loses one or more
electrons. An anion is a negatively charged ion that forms when an atom, usually a nonmetal, gains
one or more electrons.

3. Does the number of protons ever change for a particular element? Explain your answer.
No; the number of protons that an atom has determines the identity of the element.

4. How is an atom and an ion of a particular element similar? How are they different?
An atom and an ion of a particular element will have the same number of protons and neutrons, but
different numbers of electrons.

Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas of Binary Ionic Compounds

1. What is an ionic bond and how does it form?
An ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between a cation and an ion. An ionic bond forms when
an atom loses one or more electrons that are gained by another atom, forming a cation and an
anion, each with a complete valence shell.

86
2. Complete the following table with the missing IUPAC names and chemical formulas.

IUPAC Name Chemical Formula

silver iodide AgI(s)

magnesium oxide MgO(s)

calcium nitride Ca3N2(s)

cesium fluoride CsF(s)

aluminium chloride AlCl3(s)

zinc selenide ZnSe(s)

magnesium chloride MgCl2(s)

sodium sulfide Na2S(s)

silver oxide Ag2O(s)

potassium chloride KCl(s)

barium phosphide Ba3P2(s)

gallium oxide Ga2O3(s)

potassium sulfide K2S(s)

zinc chloride ZnCl2(s)

sodium bromide NaBr(s)

calcium iodide CaI2(s)

zirconium oxide ZrO2(s)

sodium nitride Na3N(s)

lithium sulfide Li2S(s)

87
Practice Questions: Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds Containing
Polyatomic Ions
1. Complete the following table with the missing IUPAC names and chemical formulas.

IUPAC Name Chemical Formula

sodium sulfate Na2SO4(s)

aluminium nitrate Al(NO3)3(s)

magnesium carbonate MgCO3(s)

zinc hydrogen carbonate Zn(HCO3)2(s)

ammonium nitrite NH4NO2(s)

silver hydroxide AgOH(s)

aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)3(s)

potassium acetate KCH3COO(s)

lithium oxalate Li2OOCCOO(s)

zinc thiosulfate ZnS2O3(s)

calcium silicate CaSiO3(s)

potassium carbonate K2CO3(s)

magnesium thiocyanate Mg(SCN)2(s)

gallium permanganate Ga(MnO4)3(s)

barium dichromate BaCr2O7(s)

sodium chromate Na2CrO4(s)

zirconium phosphate Zr3(PO4)4(s)

ammonium sulfide (NH4)2S(s)

calcium hydrogen sulfite Ca(HSO3)2(s)

barium iodate Ba(IO3)2(s)

88
Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Containing Multivalent Elements
1. Complete the following table with the missing IUPAC names and chemical formulas.

IUPAC Name Chemical Formula

iron(III) sulfide Fe2S3(s)

chromium(II) bromide CrBr2(s)

copper(I) oxide Cu2O(s)

manganese(IV) fluoride MnF4(s)

tin(IV) oxide SnO2(s)

gold(I) nitride Au3N(s)

lead(II) nitrite Pb(NO2)2(s)

antimony(III) chloride SbCl3(s)

mercury(II) iodide HgI2(s)

cobalt(II) nitrate Co(NO3)2(s)

platinum(IV) phosphate Pt3(PO4)4(s)

thallium(III) bromide TlBr3(s)

vanadium(V) silicate V2(SiO3)5(s)

copper(I) sulfite Cu2SO3(s)

titanium(III) oxide Ti2O3(s)

nickel(II) dihydrogen phosphate Ni(H2PO4)2(s)

mercury(II) fluoride HgF2(s)

iron(III) iodide FeI3(s)

chromium(III) oxide Cr2O3(s)

89
Practice Questions: Naming and Writing of Molecular Substances
1. Complete the following table with the missing IUPAC names and chemical formulas.

IUPAC Name Chemical Formula

water H2O(l)

nitrogen monoxide NO(g)

tetraphosphorus decoxide P4O10(s)

phosphorus pentabromide PBr5(s)

nitrogen gas N2(g)

ozone O3(g)

disulfur dichloride S2Cl2(l)

chlorine dibromide ClBr2(l)

methanol CH3OH(l)

carbon disulfide CS2(l)

dinitrogen hexabromide N2Br6(s)

carbon tetrachloride CCl4(l)

glucose C6H12O6(s)

dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4(g)

sulfur hexafluoride SF6(s)

hydrogen gas H2(g)

hydrogen peroxide H2O2(l)

sucrose C12H22O11(s)

phosphorous P4(s)

silicon disulfide SiS2(s)

iodine I2(s)

90
Practice Questions: Naming and Writing Formulas of Acids and Bases
1. Complete the following table with the missing chemical formulas, IUPAC names, and classical acid
names (if applicable). Classify each substance as an acid or a base.

Chemical Formula IUPAC Name Classical Acid Name (If Acid or Base
Applicable)

HClO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen perchlorate perchloric acid Acid

Mg(OH)2(s) magnesium hydroxide N/A Base

HIO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen iodate iodic acid Acid

C6H5COOH(aq) aqueous hydrogen benzoate benzoic acid Acid

NH4OH(aq) ammonium hydroxide N/A Base

H2S(aq) aqueous hydrogen sulfide hydrosulfuric acid Acid

HCN(aq) aqueous hydrogen cyanide hydrocyanic acid Acid

H2CO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen carbonate carbonic acid Acid

Ba(OH)2(aq) barium hydroxide N/A Base

HClO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen chlorate chloric acid Acid

CH3COOH(aq) aqueous hydrogen acetate acetic acid Acid

H2CrO4(aq) aqueous hydrogen chromate chromic acid Acid

CsOH(aq) cesium hydroxide N/A Base

HF(aq) aqueous hydrogen fluoride hydrofluoric acid Acid

Ca(OH)2(s) calcium hydroxide N/A Base

HNO2(aq) aqueous hydrogen nitrite nitrous acid Acid

aqueous hydrogen
HMnO4(aq) permanganic acid Acid
permanganate

HOOCCOOH(aq) aqueous hydrogen oxalate oxalic acid Acid

H2SO3(aq) aqueous hydrogen sulfite sulfurous acid Acid

aqueous hydrogen
HClO(aq) hypochlorous acid Acid
hypochlorite

91
Practice Questions: Putting it all Together—Naming and Writing Chemical
Formulas
1. Complete the following table with the chemical names and chemical formulas. Classify each
substance as ionic, molecular, acid, or base.

Chemical Name Chemical Formula Ionic, Molecular,

Acid, or Base

lead(II) iodide PbI2(s) Ionic

ethanol C2H5OH(l) Molecular

sodium hydroxide NaOH(aq) Base

aluminium sulfate Al2(SO4)3(s) Ionic

ammonium chromate (NH4)2CrO4(s) Ionic

sulfurous acid H2SO3(aq) Acid

hydrogen peroxide H2O2(l) Molecular

sulfur trioxide gas SO3(g) Molecular

potassium permanganate KMnO4(s) Ionic

calcium oxide CaO(s) Ionic

xenon difluoride XeF2(s) Molecular

liquid carbon disulfide CS2(l) Molecular

titanium(IV) hydroxide Ti(OH)4(s) Base

benzoic acid C6H5COOH(aq) Acid

carbonic acid or aqueous hydrogen H2CO3(aq) Acid

carbonate

dinitrogen tetroxide gas N2O4(g) Molecular

methanol CH3OH(l) Molecular

oxalic acid HOOCCOOH(aq) Acid

barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2(aq) Base

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Practice Questions: Properties of Ionic Compounds, Molecular Substances,
Acids, and Bases
1. Identify which of the following substances are molecular. Explain your reasoning.
● Compound 1: melting point: 48°C, low solubility in water, flammable, mild odour, colourless
solid, easily crushed.
● Compound 2: melting point: 800°C, highly soluble, solution is highly conductive, hard, white
crystals.
● Compound 3: melting point: 185°C, decomposes at 190°C, highly soluble, solution is not
conductive, hard, white crystals.
● Compound 4: sublimates (goes from solid to gas) at –56°C, moderately soluble in water,
colourless, odourless.
● Compound 5: highly flammable liquid at room temperature, does not mix with water, less dense
than water.
Compound 1: relatively low melting point, low solubility in water, and easily crushed.
Compound 3: solution is non electrolytic.
Compound 4: low boiling point.
Compound 5: liquid at room temperature and is not soluble in water.

2. Describe two diagnostic tests that you could perform to distinguish between an acid and a base.
Litmus test: red litmus will turn blue in a base and blue litmus will turn red in an acid.
Reaction with metal: an acid will react with the metal to produce hydrogen gas and the base will not
react with the metal.

3. Identify two unique properties of water and explain how the molecular structure of water is
responsible for these properties.
● Water has a relatively high melting point and boiling point compared to molecular substances of
a similar size because it takes a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds between water
molecules.
● Water is the universal solvent because positive and negative ends of water molecules are
attracted to many other substances.

4. Identify and explain two properties of ionic compounds.

● Ionic compounds have relatively high melting and boiling points because ionic bonds are strong,
continuous bonds that require large amounts of energy to break.
● Ionic compounds form electrolytic solutions because ionic compounds dissociate in water to
form ions. The presence of moving charges allows the solution to conduct electricity.

93
Practice Questions: Solubility of Ionic Compounds in Water
1. What is the state of matter for ionic compounds at room temperature and pressure?
Solid

2. Explain why ionic compounds with a solubility less than 0.1 mol/L are considered to be slightly
soluble instead of insoluble.
All ionic compounds are soluble in water to some extent. At concentrations of less than 0.1 mol/L,
ionic compounds will still conduct electricity.

3. Predict the solubility and state of matter for each of the following ionic compounds if they are placed
in an aqueous environment.

Compound Solubility (High or Low) State of Matter

calcium fluoride L CaF2(s)

sodium hydroxide H NaOH(aq)

ammonium sulfate H (NH4)2SO4(aq)

barium chlorate H Ba(ClO3)2(aq)

calcium carbonate L CaCO3(s)

sodium carbonate H Na2CO3(aq)

gold(III) sulfate H Au2(SO4)3(aq)

sodium chloride H NaCl(aq)

lead(II) chloride L PbCl2(s)

barium sulfate L BaSO4(s)

cobalt(II) iodate H Co(IO3)2(aq)

lead(IV) chloride H PbCl4(aq)

potassium carbonate H K2CO3(aq)

silver acetate L AgCH3COO(s)

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Practice Questions: Chemical Reaction Equations
1. Balance the following chemical equation:

3 Ca(s) + 2 H3PO4(aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 3 H2(g)

2. Write the balanced reaction equation for the reaction of iron metal with oxygen gas to produce
iron(III) oxide.
4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s)

3. Translate the following chemical reaction equation into a word equation:

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

zinc + sulfuric acid → zinc sulfate + hydrogen

4. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation for the reaction that occurs when solutions of sodium
iodide and silver chlorate are mixed and produce a silver iodide precipitate and sodium chlorate
solution.
NaI(aq) + AgClO3(aq) → AgI(s) + NaClO3(aq)

5. Candle wax, C25H52(s), is burned by reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas and water
vapour. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation for this reaction.
C25H52(s) + 38 O2(g) → 25 CO2(g) + 26 H2O(g)

6. Translate the chemical reaction equation below into a word equation.

Mgl2(aq) + Cu2SO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + 2 CuI(s)
magnesium iodide + copper(I) sulfate → magnesium sulfate + copper(I) iodide

7. Explain how a balanced chemical equation is consistent with the law of conservation of mass.
There are the same number of atoms of each element on the reactants side as on the products side.
This shows that matter is not created or destroyed and the mass of the products will be equal to the
mass of the reactants.

8. If 4.6 g of magnesium reacts with oxygen gas to produce 7.6 g of magnesium oxide, what mass of
oxygen reacts?
3.0 g of O2(g)

Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Simple Formation Reactions

1. Balance the following reactions by writing the coefficients. Remember that the absence of a
subscript or coefficient indicates a number 1.

a. 4 K(s) + O2(g) → 2 K2O(s)

b. P4(s) + 10 Cl2(g) → 4 PCl5(l)

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 c. 8 Cu(s) + S8(s) → 8 CuS(s)

d. 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s)

e. 4 P4(s) + 5 S8(s) → 8 P2S5(s)

f. 2 C(s) + O2(g) → 2 CO(g)

g. 6 Li (s) + N2(g) → 2 Li3N(s)

h. S8(s) + 8 O2(g) → 8 SO2(g)

2. Write in the formula and state of matter for the product in the following reactions and then balance
the equation.

a. 2 Al(s) + 3 Br2(l) → 2 AlBr3(s)

b. 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)

c. 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Al2O3(s)

d. Ca(s) + Cl2(g) → CaCl2(s)

e. 8 Zn(s) + S8(s) → 8 ZnS(s)

3. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including states of matter, for each of the reactions
below.
a. Aluminum metal reacts with fluorine gas.
2 Al(s) + 3 F2(g) → 2 AlF3(s)

b. Lithium metal reacts with solid phosphorus.

12 Li(s) + P4(s) → 4 Li3P(s)

c. Calcium metal reacts with liquid bromine.

Ca(s) + Br2(l) → CaBr2(s)

d. Magnesium metal reacts with solid sulfur.

8 Mg(s) + S8(s) → 8 MgS(s)

e. Hydrogen peroxide is formed from its elements.

H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O2(l)

f. Sodium combines with oxygen gas.

4 Na(s) + O2(g) → 2 Na2O(s)

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Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Simple Decomposition Reactions
1. Balance the following chemical reaction equations.

a. 2 NaCl(s) → 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)

b. CCl4(l) → C(s) + 2 Cl2(g)

c. P4O10(s) → P4(s) + 5 O2(g)

d. 2 HCl(aq)→ H2(g) + Cl2(g)

e. 2 AlCl3(s) → 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g)

f. 2 Al2O3(s) → 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)

2. Write in the formulas and states of matter for the products in the following reactions and then
balance the equation.

a. 2 NF3(g) → N2(g) + 3F2(g)

b. 2 NiO(s) → 2 Ni(s) + O2(g)

c. 2 LiCl(s) → 2 Li(s) + Cl2(g)

d. 8 H2S(g) → 8 H2(g) + S8(s)

e. 2 Ca3P2(s) → 6 Ca(s) + P4(s)

3. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including states of matter, for each of the reactions
below.

a. Nickel(III) chloride decomposes into its elements.

2 NiCl3(s) → 2 Ni(s) + 3 Cl2(g)

b. Cobalt(III) chloride decomposes into its elements.

2 CoCl3(s) → 2 Co(s) + 3 Cl2(g)

c. Manganese(IV) oxide decomposes into its elements.

MnO2(s) → Mn(s) + O2(g)

d. Calcium phosphate decomposes into its elements.

2 Ca3(PO4)2(s) → 6 Ca(s) + P4(s) + 8 O2(g)

e. Aluminum sulfate decomposes into its elements.

8 Al2(SO4)3(s) → 16 Al(s) + 3 S8(s) + 48 O2(g)

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Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Single Replacement Reactions
1. Balance the following chemical reaction equations.

a. 6 K(s) + 2 H3PO4(aq) → 3 H2(g) + 2 K3PO4(aq)

b. 2 Fe(s) + 3 H2S(aq) → 3 H2(g) + Fe2S3(s)

c. Cl2(g) + MgBr2(aq) → Br2(l) + MgCl2(aq)

d. 3 Cu(s) + 2 Fe(NO3)3(aq) → 2 Fe(s) + 3 Cu(NO3)2(s)

e. Br2(l) + 2 KI(aq) → I2(s) + 2 KBr(aq)

f. Al(s) + Na3PO4(aq) → 3 Na(s) + AlPO4(s)

2. Write in the formulas and states of matter for the products in the following reactions and then
balance the equation.

a. Mg(s) + Zn(NO3)2(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + Zn(s)

b. 3 K(s) + Al(NO3)3(aq) → 3 KNO3(aq) + Al(s)

c. 2 Na(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + H2(g)

d. 2 K(s) + 2 HOH(l) → 2 KOH(aq) + H2(g)

e. 2 Al(s) + 3 Pb(NO3)2(aq) → 2 Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3 Pb(s)

3. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including states of matter, for each of the reactions
below.

a. Chlorine reacts with sodium bromide in an aqueous solution.

Cl2(g) + 2 NaBr(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + Br2(l)

b. A reaction occurs when a zinc strip is placed in an aqueous solution of lead(II) nitrate.
Zn(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Pb(s)

c. A single replacement reaction occurs when manganese is mixed with hot copper(I) iodide.
Mn(s) + 2 CuI(s) → 2 Cu(s) + MnI2(s)

d. Magnesium metal reacts with an iron(III) phosphate solution.

3 Mg(s) + 2 FePO4(s) → Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 2 Fe(s)

e. Aqueous chlorine gas reacts with a potassium phosphide solution.

6 Cl2(g) + 4 K3P(aq) → 12 KCl(aq) + P4(s)

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 f. Sodium metal reacts with a lead(II) hypochlorite solution.
2 Na(s) + Pb(ClO)2(aq) → 2 NaClO(aq) + Pb(s)

g. Fluorine gas reacts with an iron(III) bromide solution.

3 F2(g) + 2 FeBr3(aq) → 2 FeF3(s) + 3 Br2(l)
h. Zinc metal is placed in a solution of sulfuric acid and a reaction occurs.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Double Replacement Reactions

1. Balance the following chemical reaction equations.

a. Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)

b. 2 HNO3(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → 2 HOH(l) + Ba(NO3)2(aq)

c. 3 Na2CO3(aq) + 2 Fe(NO3)3(aq) → Fe2(CO3)3(s) + 6 NaNO3(aq)

d. 3 CaCl2(aq) + 2 K3PO4 (aq) → Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 KCl(aq)

e. Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3 Ba(OH)2(aq) → 2 Al(OH)3(s) + 3 BaSO4(s)

2. Write in the formulas and states of matter for the products in the following reactions and then
balance the equation.

a. 2 NaOH(aq) + H2SO3(aq) → Na2SO3(aq) + 2 HOH(l)

b. 2 NaClO4(aq) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) → 2 NaNO3(aq) + Cu(ClO4)2(aq)

c. Na2CO3(aq) + 2 HNO3(aq) → 2 NaNO3(aq) + H2CO3(aq)

3. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including states of matter, for each of the reactions
below.

a. The presence of the chloride ion in a sample is detected by the formation of a white precipitate
when lead(II) nitrate is added to the sodium chloride solution. The toxic precipitate is placed in a
waste container for disposal.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NaCl(aq) → 2 NaNO3(aq) + PbCl2(s)

b. An analytical chemist uses sodium oxalate to precipitate calcium ions by reacting it with calcium
nitrate.
Na2OOCCOO(aq) + Ca(NO3)2(aq) → 2 NaNO3(aq) + CaOOCCOO(s)

c. A yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide forms when hydroiodic acid is added to a toxic aqueous
lead(II) nitrate solution. The toxic precipitate is placed in a waste container for disposal.

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 2 HI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2 HNO3(aq)

d. Aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is used to determine the concentration of acetic acid in a
commercial vinegar sample.
NaOH(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) → NaCH3COO(aq) + HOH(l)
e. An environmental chemist determines the concentration of sulfurous acid in an acid rain sample
by reacting it with aqueous potassium hydroxide.
H2SO3(aq) + 2 KOH(aq) → K2SO3(aq) + 2 HOH(l)

f. Solid calcium sulfate reacts with aqueous aluminium bromide.

3 CaSO4(s) + 2 AlBr3(aq) → 3 CaBr2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq)

Practice Questions: Chemical Reactions—Hydrocarbon Combustion Reactions

1. Write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including states of matter, for each of the following
reactions.
a. Butane, C4H10(g), in a barbeque lighter is combusted.
2 C4H10(g) + 13 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g)

b. Propane, C3H8(g), is burned in air and the energy released can be used to operate automobiles,
barbecues, and furnaces in campers.
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

c. Gasoline, C8H18(l), is mixed with air in a carburetor and then exploded by a spark in the cylinder
of a car motor.
2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) →16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g)

d. Sucrose, C12H22O11(s), burns.

C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2(g) → 12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(g)

e. In cellular respiration, oxygen combines with glucose in the mitochondria of cells.

C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g)

f. Ethanol is burned in an alcohol burner.

C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)

g. Methane, a major component of natural gas, is combusted in a furnace.

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

h. Methanol is a biofuel that reacts with oxygen in internal combustion engines.

2 CH3OH(l) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

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Practice Questions: Putting it all Together—Chemical Reaction Equations
For each of the following chemical reactions, write a balanced chemical reaction equation, including
states of matter, and classify the reaction as one of the five main types.

1. Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas. F

2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2 NaCl(s)

2. A potassium carbonate solution reacts with a sodium chloride solution. DR

K2CO3(aq) + 2 NaCl(aq) → 2 KCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)

3. Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce liquid water. F

2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)

4. Aqueous copper(II) chloride reacts with nickel metal. SR

CuCl2(aq) + Ni(s) → Cu(s) + NiCl2(aq)

5. Fluorine gas reacts with aqueous lead(IV) iodide. SR

2 F2(g) + PbI4(aq) → PbF4(aq) + 2 I2(s)

6. Combustion of methane. HC

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

7. Aqueous gold(III) bromide reacts with silver metal. SR

AuBr3(aq) + 3 Ag(s) → Au(s) + 3 AgBr(s)

8. Aqueous sodium sulfate reacts with solid strontium hydroxide. DR

Na2SO4(aq) + Sr(OH)2(s) → SrSO4(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)

9. Aqueous cobalt(III) nitrate reacts with zinc metal. SR

2 Co(NO3)3(aq) + 3 Zn(s) → 3 Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Co(s)

10. Aqueous thallium(I) hydroxide reacts with aqueous magnesium bromide. DR

2 TlOH(aq) + MgBr2(aq) → 2 TlBr(s) + Mg(OH)2(s)

11. Mercury(II) sulfide breaks into its elements. D

8 HgS(s) → 8 Hg(l) + S8(s)

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12. Silver nitride is formed from its elements. F

6 Ag(s) + N2(g) → 2 Ag3N(s)

13. Magnesium metal reacts with bromine. F

Mg(s) + Br2(l) → MgBr2(aq)

14. Lead(II) nitrate solution reacts with sodium chloride solution. DR

Pb(NO3)2(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) → 2 NaNO3(aq) + PbCl2(s)

15. Solid sulfur and hydrogen gas react. F

S8(s) + 8 H2(g) → 8 H2S(g)

16. Aqueous barium chlorate reacts with aqueous cesium sulfate. DR

Ba(ClO3)2(aq) + Cs2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2 CsClO3(aq)

17. Sucrose burns. HC

C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2(g) → 12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(g)

18. Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution. DR

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + HOH(l)

19. Sulfuric acid reacts with solid aluminium hydroxide. DR

3 H2SO4(aq) + 2 Al(OH)3(s) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6 H2O(l)

20. Aluminium oxide decomposes. D

2 Al2O3(s) → 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)

21. Silver nitrate solution reacts with potassium chloride solution. DR

AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)

22. Iron metal reacts with oxygen. F

4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 Fe2O3(s)

23. Solid calcium sulfate reacts with aqueous aluminium bromide. DR

3 CaSO4(s) + 2 AlBr3(aq) → 3 CaBr2(aq) + Al2(SO4)3(aq)

24. Chlorous acid reacts with magnesium hydroxide. DR

2 HClO2 (aq) + Mg(OH)2(s) → Mg(ClO2)2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

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Practice Questions: The Mole
1. Propane can be burned in a camp stove to heat food, as shown in the reaction below.
C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

Describe the reaction in words, including the molar ratio.

One mole of propane gas reacts with five moles of oxygen gas to produce three moles of carbon
dioxide gas and 4 moles of water vapour.

2. How many molecules are in 0.018 mol of glucose?

1.1 x 1022 molecules
3. How many atoms are in 0.500 mol of copper metal?
3.01 x 1023 atoms
4. Write the balanced equation for the combustion reaction involving methane. Assume 15 moles of
methane burned in the reaction. Predict how many moles of water would be produced.
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)
If 15 moles of methane is burned, then 30 moles of water will be produced.

5. How many moles of nitrogen gas are in a sample containing 3.76 x 1024 molecules?
6.25 mol

6. How many moles of oxygen will be consumed in the combustion of two moles of ethane gas?
7 mol of O2(g)

Practice Questions: Molar Mass

1. Determine the molar mass of each of the following elements/compounds.
a. sulfur
256.56 g/mol

b. methanol
32.05 g/mol

c. sodium sulfate
142.05 g/mol

d. carbon dioxide
44.01 g/mol

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 e. sucrose
342.34 g/mol
f. ammonium phosphate
149.12 g/mol

g. sodium chloride
58.44 g/mol

Practice Questions: Converting Between Mass and Chemical Amount

1. Complete the following mass-mole conversions.
a. What is the mass of 5.00 mol of NaOH(s)?
m = 200 g
b. How many moles are in 360.0 g of glucose?
n = 1.998 mol
c. What is the mass of 4.00 mol of ammonia gas?
m = 68.2 g
d. How many moles are in a 20.0 g sample of magnesium nitrate?
n = 0.135 mol
e. Calculate the mass of 5.70 mol of phosphorus.
m = 706 g
f. What chemical amount of ethanol is present in a 54.5 g sample?
n = 1.18 mol

2. What is the mass of 3.01 x 1023 atoms of copper?

m = 31.8 g

3. How many oxygen atoms are in 64 g of oxygen gas?

2.4 x 1024 atoms

4. Which contains more atoms: one mole of oxygen gas or one mole of iron metal? Explain your
answer.
One mole of oxygen gas has twice as many atoms as one mole of iron metal because oxygen is a
diatomic element. This means that every “entity” present in a mole of oxygen contains 2 atoms.

5. 2.55 mol of an unknown element has a mass of 101.9 g. Determine the identity of the unknown
element.
Argon

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