𝑛

𝑛
𝑛 𝑘 𝑛−𝑘
𝑥+𝑎 =෍ 𝑥 𝑎
𝑘
𝑘=0

INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS

2 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 = 1 + + + + ⋯ , −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
1! 2! 3!
 Statistics is a very broad subject, with
applications in different fields.
• STATISTICS?
• In simple words, statistics is aggregate
of methods for the collecting,
classifying, analyzing, interpreting and
drawing conclusions from the given
information (data). Or
• Statistics may also be defined as the
science of extracting information from
numerical and/or categorical data
• Biostatistics: An application of
statistical method to biological
phenomena.
• Statistics pervades a way of organizing
information on a wider and more formal
basis than relying on the exchange of
anecdotes and personal experience
• More and more things are now
measured quantitatively in medicine and
public health
• There is a great deal of intrinsic
(inherent) variation in most biological
processes
• Public health and medicine are becoming increasingly
• quantitative. As technology progresses, the physician encounters
• more and more quantitative rather than descriptive information.
In
• one sense, statistics is the language of assembling and handling
• quantitative material. Even if one’s concern is only with the
• results of other people’s manipulation and assemblage of data, it
• is important to achieve some understanding of this language in
• order to interpret their results properly.
• • The planning, conduct, and interpretation of much of medical
• research are becoming increasingly reliant on statistical
• technology. Is this new drug or procedure better than the one
• commonly in use? How much better? What, if any, are the risks
• of side effects associated with its use? In testing a new drug how
• many patients must be treated, and in what manner, in order to
• demonstrate its worth? What is the normal variation in some
• clinical measurement? How reliable and valid is the
• measurement? What is the magnitude and
effect of laboratory
• and technical error? How does one
interpret abnormal values?
• • Statistics pervades the medical literature.
As a consequence of
• the increasingly quantitative nature of
public health and medicine
• and its reliance on statistical methodology,
the medical literature
• is replete with reports in which statistical
techniques are used
• extensively.
• t deals with only those subjects of inquiry
that are capable of being
• quantitatively measured and numerically
expressed.
• 1. It deals on aggregates of facts and no
importance is attached to
• individual items–suited only if their group
characteristics are desired
• to be studied.
• 2. Statistical data are only approximately
and not mathematically
• correct.
• •Hospital utility statistics
• •Resource allocation
• •Vaccination uptake
• •Magnitudes of a disease/condition
• •Assessing risk factors
• Disease frequency
• •Making diagnosis and choosing an
• appropriate treatment
(implicit/probability).
• Draw conclusions
• 2. Make predictions about
• what will happen in other
• subjects
• 1. Planning
• 2. Design
• 3. Data collection
• 4. Data Processing
• 5. Data Presentation
• 6. Data Analysis
• 7. Interpretation
• 8. Publication
• A population is the largest collection of entities (elements
• or individuals) in which we are interested at a particular
• time and about which we want to draw some conclusions.
• - When we take a measurement of some variable on each
of
• the entities in a population, we generate a population of
• values of that variable.
• - Example: If we are interested in the weights of students
• enrolled in the college of engineering at KSU, then our
• population consists of the weights of all of these students,
• and our variable of interest is the weight.
• Target population: A collection of
items
• that have something in common for
which
• we wish to draw conclusions at a
• particular time.
• Study Population: The specific
population
• from which data are collected.
• Population Size (N):
• The number of elements in the
population is called the
• population size and is denoted by N.
• Sample:
• - A sample is a part of a population.
• - From the population, we select various elements on which
• we collect our data. This part of the population on which
we
• collect data is called the sample.
• - Example: Suppose that we are interested in studying the
• characteristics of the weights of the students enrolled in
the
• college of engineering at KSU. If we randomly select 50
• students among the students of the college of engineering
at
• KSU and measure their weights, then the weights of these
• 50 students form our sample.
• Sample Size (n):
• The number of elements in the
sample is called the sample
• size and is denoted by n.
• Parameters: Statistical
measurements such as Mean,
Variance etc. of the population are
called
• parameters.
• Sampling:
• There are several types of sampling techniques, some of
which are:
• (1) Simple Random Sampling:
• If a sample of size (n}
• is selected from a population of size
• (N) in such a way that each element in the population has
the
• same chance to be selected, the sample is called a simple
• random sample.
• (2) Stratified Random Sampling:
• In this type of sampling, the elements of the population are
• classified into several homogenous groups (strata). From
each
• group, an independent simple random sample is drawn.
The
• sample resulting from combining these samples is called a
• stratified random Sample.
• Statistic: It a statistical measure
computed from sample observations
alone. The theoretical
• distribution of a statistics is called
its sampling distribution. Standard
deviation of the sampling
• distribution of a statistic is called
Standard Error.