I. A.

INTRODUCTION HIPPOCRATIC OATH, is considered to be of

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY is a branch of the the highest importance.
allied health professions that deal with the
study of various disciplines such as BIOETHICS centers on issues such as
chemistry, microbiology, parasitology, blood patient rights, reproductive technology, and
banking, hematology, clinical microscopy, medical regulation.
histology, and histopathology, among others.
ANCIENT LABORATORY PRACTICES (400
Histology - physiologic B.C.)
Histopathology - diseases
Historical Perspectives
BIOETHICS is the study of ethical, social,
and legal issues that arise in biomedicine The diagnosis of diseases in the ancient
and biomedical research. world greatly depended on the mere
observation of the clinical symptoms of the
BIOETHICS is both a field of study and patient's palpation and auscultations.
professional practice, interested in ethical
issues related to health, including those The medical treatment of the people in the
emerging from advances in biology, middle and lower classes were non-specific.
medicine, and technologies.
300 BC - several great philosophers began
Examples of topic areas that have been the to use rudimentary methodology (very old
focus of bioethics for a long time are organ habits; traditional) to diagnose diseases
donation and transplantation, genetic
research, death and dying, and HERODOTUS, the great historian, tagged
environmental concerns. the early Egyptians as the healthiest men to
the Libyans.
BIOETHICS involves medical ethics and
studying about equilibrium between RUFUS AND EPHESUS first described
benefits, harm and duties. It does have an hematuria in the kidney.
influence both on patients and health
professionals. The formulations of Hippocrates' humoral
pathology led to advancement in the field of
The relevance of bioethics varies from birth diagnosis. It promoted the evaluation of
to the end of life. body fluids rather than the making of
assumptions based on physical symptoms.
PRINCIPLE OF NON-MALEFICENCE
HIPPOCRATES analyzed urine to aid his
It is embodied in the phrase "first, do no diagnosis and wrote the book uroscopy.
harm" from the Latin, "primum non nocere"-
Not harming the patient, which is part of the
GREEKS were able to analyze if the patient "The GOOD physician treats the DISEASE, the
is diabetic, based on the urine if ants are GREAT physician treats the PATIENT who has
present. the disease."
-Sir William Osler
The CHINESE practiced the immunization of
smallpox. THE IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS IN
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY DURING
The ROMANS, at the peak of their empire MEDIEVAL ERA
developed laboratory tools (ex. beakers, and
test tubes among others). ATHANASIUS KIRCHER - Jesuit Priest
- Used the microscope to investigate
In INDIA, the practice of toxicology was the causes of diseases
mentioned in the Ayurveda classics. (diet, ROBERT HOOKE - English philosopher,
purification, herbal, yoga, meditation, based architect, and polymath
on plants, animals.) - Published the Micrographia, which
featured illustrations of his
MEDIEVAL LABORATORY PRACTICES observations using a microscope
(16TH - 18TH CENTURY) MARCELLO MALPIGHI - Italian
microscopist
Historical Perspectives - Investigated the embryology of
Advancement in technology chicks and the histology and
physiology of the glands and viscera
Also great minds who encountered JEAN BAPTISTE VAN HELMONT - Belgian
"dreaded" diseases emerged (smallpox, black mystic
plague, etc.), developed new scientific - Developed the gravimetric analysis
methods, and discovered diseases-causing of urine
organisms. FREDERICK DEKKERS - Medical doctor
- Described the protein in urine
ZACHARIAS JANSSEN opened the doors for RICHARD LOWER - English physiologist
scientists (he invented the crude - Described the process of
microscope). coagulation
FRANCIS HOME - Medical doctor
ANTONI VAN LEEUWENHOEK improved - Developed the yeast test for sugar in
Janssen's microscope and increased its diabetic urine
magnification from 9x to 270x. MATTHEW DOBSON - Medical doctor
- Identified sugar in the blood and
In 1896 - DR. WILLIAM OSLER opened the urine of diabetics
first laboratory at Johns Hopkins Hospital.

SIR WILLIAM OSLER (1849-1919) is Historical Perspectives

known as the "father of modern medicine"
for revolutionizing the way in which Several events took place in Europe which
medical education was taught during his led to the discovery of important organism
tenure at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. and the development of public health.

What is the role of MedTech in public

health?
↪ MEDICAL TECHNOLOGy enables the
early and accurate diagnosis of health Until the war broke that army surgeons of
problems, facilitating timely intervention and the 26th medical infantry of the 6th US army
improving outcomes. began to train Filipinos in laboratory work
↪Innovative products can replace, repair, which spanned 46 years from the time the
and sustain failing body functions, while Americans occupied the country.
telemedicine and connected devices allow
remote monitoring of patients' conditions. WORLD WAR II

JOHN SNOW Investigated the cholera 26th Medical Laboratory of 6th US Army:
outbreak in London. introduced MT practice in the Philippines

BEGINNING OF THE PRACTICE OF 208 Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila: 1st
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE clinical laboratory; location of the present
PHILIPPINES (19TH CENTURY) Manila Public Health Laboratory

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHIL February 1944: training programs were

offered to high school graduates
During the Spanish era, UST (University of
Sto. Thomas) offered courses in medicine DR. ALFREDO PIO DE RODA
and other natural sciences courses.
Took the pain to preserve and save the
Spanish colonial administration viewed remnants of the laboratory
medical practices and anything that
pertained to such as "materialistic and Thought that the residents of Manila could
impious studies". better be served by laboratory methods to
solve their problems in relation to health
American occupation also began, and
medical practices from the West were Assisted by Dr. Mariano Icasiano (1st Manila
introduced in the Philippines. City health officer) to organize a new
medical laboratory known as Manila Public
The Americans noted this through several Health Laboratory
documentation or studies on the status of
public health in the Philippines. DR. PRUDENCIA C. STA. ANA

Army surgeons established the Philippine With Dr. Alfredo revived the training of
Tropical Disease Board to study the disease medical technicians to high school and
occurrence in the Philippines. paramedical graduates

1898 - epidemic typhoid fever occurred Training has no certificates and definite-
helps American scientists to further period
understand disease causation and developed
new approaches in terms of isolation, 1954: Dr. Alfredo instructed Dr. Sta Ana to
diagnosis, and control. prepare a training program syllabus based
on a 6-month laboratory training with a
Filipinos don't have the training and skills certificate issued upon
about laboratory works.
Dr. Tirso Briones joined the 2 doctors in the Roda at the Public Health Laboratory in
training program Quiricada Street in Sta. Cruz, Manila which
still stands to this day.
MRS. WILLA HILGERT HEDRICK
The MANILA SANITARIUM and HOSPITAL
American medical practitioner and a BEGAN in July 1929 as a clinic managed by
missionary of the Seventh-Day Adventist Dr. Horace A. Hall, a medical missionary.
Church to the Philippines
During WWII 1947-1949, building was
Founder of Medical Technology course and renovated
introduced to Manila Sanitarium and
Hospital (now Manila Adventist Medical PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
Center) at Pasay City and Philippines.
In the world of professional practice in the
Union College (now Adventist University Philippines, a medical technologist is
of the Philippines) at Baesa, Caloocan City mandated to observe the Code of
(now Silang, Cavite) (1954) Professional Ethics at all times.

JESSE UMALI From the time he/she acquires his/her

license, he/she is deemed a professional.
First graduate of BS Medical technology
(March 1955) at the Philippine Union College He/She shall uphold professional ethics and
(now Adventist University of the observe punctuality, honesty, diligence,
Philippines) dedication, and respect. Professional ethics
are aligned with the rule in the Civil Code of
Avelino Oliva and Adoracion Yutuc: the Philippines which states that
graduated BS Medical Technology (Summer
1955) Every person must, in the exercise of his
rights and in the performance of his duties,
TWO IMPORTANT EVENTS that act with justice, give everyone his due, and
TRIGGERED the START of MEDICAL observe honesty, and good faith (Article 19,
TECHNOLOGY PRACTICE Chapter 2, NCC)

The opening of Suez Canal facilitated the CHED MEMORANDUM ORDER FOR
dissemination of information from West to MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AND
the East. POLICIES

Because of the outbreak of WWII, the Students of the Bachelor of Science in

American soldier who were based in the Medical Technology should comply with the
Philippines trained Filipinos in routine CHED memorandum order which states that
laboratory techniques which ultimately a student should complete three years of
paved the way for the establishment of academic courses and internship.
medical technology in the country.
He/she should follow the rules and
These Filipino volunteers led to the regulations of duly recognized institutions
establishment of the first laboratory based offering this program.
in the Philippines and headed by Dr. Pio De
 PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ↪ It emphasizes the laws that you have to
know as a Medical technologist.
After obtaining and registering his/her
license, the medical technologist should
apply and register with any of the two
professional organizations, namely the
Philippine Association of Schools in Medical
Technology and Public Health (PASMETPH)
and the Philippine Association of Medical
Technologists (PAMET).

He/She should uphold the goals and

objectives of these professional
organizations, observe their rules and
regulations, and attend seminars,
workshops, and conventions.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 2011

The Medical Technology Act of 2011

(Senate Bill 2722) is an act that regulates
and modernizes the practice of medical
technology.
- It repealed Republic Acts 5527,
6138, and 8982 and presidential
decrees 498 and 1534

The state recognizes the importance of the

medical technology profession in
nation-building and development through
the portals of health care, education, and
research. Hence, it shall develop and nurture
competent, virtuous, productive, and
well-rounded medical technologists whose
standard practice and service shall be
world-class.

The State shall promote, regulate and

protect the professional practice of medical
technology in the Philippines and shall
ensure its continued growth and
development and the maintenance of high
international standards of practice. (Section
2, SB 2722)
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY LAWS AND
BIOETHICS is a prerequisites for
Introduction to Medical Technology
 II. REPUBLIC ACT 5527 = PHILIPPINE
course, determine the effectivity of treatment,
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 1969
ascertain the cause of death and advances in
↳ It has 32 sections
medicine by means of research.

AMENDMENTS Medical Technology

Republic Act 6138 August 31, 1970
—An auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine
↪ An Act to amend certain Sections:
—that deals with the examination of various
sections of RA 5527 ● 16
chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, and
● 21
other medical laboratory procedures or
● 22
techniques
Presidential Decree 498 June 28, 1974 — which will aid the physician in the
↪ creation of an MT Board Sections: diagnosis, study, and treatment of disease and
under the PRC w/ 3 ● 2 in the promotion of health in general.
members ● 3
Medical Technologist
● 4
● 7 — A person who engages in the work of
● 8 medical
● 11 technology under the supervision of a
● 13 pathologist or licensed physician
● 16 — authorized by the Department of Health in
● 17 places where there is no pathologist and who
● 21 has passed a prescribed course (Bachelor of
● 29 Science in Medical Technology/Bachelor of
Science in Hygiene) of training and
Presidential Decree June 11, 1978
examination — is registered under the
1534 Sections:
provision of this Act.
↪ accreditation of schools ● 3
for Med Tech & Clinical ● 8 Medical Technician
Labs ● 13
— A person who not being a graduate of
Bachelor of Science in Medical
SECTION 1: TITLE Technology/Bachelor of Science in Hygiene,
⇀ ❝THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT OF — but has passed the corresponding civil
1969❞ service examination and performs the work of
SECTION 2: DEFINITION OF TERMS medical technology
— under the supervision of a registered
medical technologist and/or qualified
Pathologist pathologist.
—
— A duly registered physician
— who is specially trained in methods of Accredited Medical Technology Training
laboratory medicine, of the gross and Laboratory
microscopic study and interpretation of
tissues, secretions, and excretions of the — A clinical laboratory, office, agency, clinic,
human body and its functions or hospital sanitarium
— in order to diagnose disease, follows its — duly approved by the Department of Health
 SECTION 5: FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL
or its authorized agency.
OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION
Recognized School of Medical Technology ● To approve medical technology schools
meeting the requirements and
— Any school, college, or university which recommend closure of those found to be
offers a course in Medical Technology substandard.
— approved by the Department of Education ● To require all medical technology
in accordance with the requirements under schools to submit an annual report,
this Act including the total number of students
— upon recommendation of the Council of and instructors, a list of facilities
medical technology education. available for instruction, and a list of
their recent graduates, and new
Council admissions, on or before the month of
June.
Board
● To inspect, when necessary, the different
medical technology schools in the
SECTION 3: COUNCIL OF MEDICAL country in order to determine whether a
TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION, AND ITS high standard of education is
COMPOSITION maintained in said institutions.
● To certify for admission into an
Chair: Director of CHED undergraduate internship, students who
Vice Chair: Charito A. Zamora (Chair of PRC) have satisfactorily completed three
years of the medical technology course
Members: or its equivalent and collect from said
Director of DOH students the amount of five pesos each
Board of MT as accrued money to the operating fund
⇀ PASMETH (Representative) of the Council.
⇀ PSP (Philippine Society of Pathologists) ● Formulate and recommend approval of
President - Dr. Liborio Gomez refresher courses for applicants who
⇀ PAMET President - Mr. Rommel Salceda have failed the Board Examination for
the third time.
SECTION 4: COMPENSATION AND ● To promulgate, prescribe and enforce
TRAVELING EXPENSES FOR COUNCIL necessary rules and regulations for
MEMBERS proper implementation of the foregoing
↪ For every meeting actually attended, the actions.
Chairman shall be entitled to a fifty pesos
(50.00) per diem, while the members shall SECTION 6: MINIMUM REQUIRED
be entitled to twenty-five peso (25.00) each COURSES
regardless of whether or not they receive ● The Council is hereby authorized,
regular salaries from the government. In subject to the approval of th
addition, the Chairman and members of the Secretary of Education, to change,
Council shall be entitled to travel remove from or add to the subjects
expenses in connection with their official listed as the needs and demands of
duties. progress in the science of medical
- THIS PROVISION WAS INTRODUCED technology may require.
BY P.D NO. 498 ● CMO No. 14, s. 2006
● CMO Number 08, series of 1998
 ● CMO Number 27, series of 1998 Registered Medical Technologists
● CMO Number 13 series of 2017 - (Members)
173 units
● MT Internship or Clinical internship SECTION 9: EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE
- Is the 4th-year level, where it is the BOARD
intensive practical and theoretical Composed of:
training in the different sections in ● Commissioners (Civil Service)
the clinical laboratory, namely, - Executive officer of the
Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, board
Immunohematology (Blood ● Secretary of the Board of Examiners
Banking), Immunology, Serology,
Microbiology, Urinalysis, and other SECTION 10: COMPENSATION OF
body fluids, Clinical Microscopy, MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF
Parasitology, EXAMINERS FOR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
Histopathology/Cytology. ● P10.00- Each applicant examined
- It lasts up to 12 months ● P5.00- Each applicant w/ COR or
❖ The intern should render 32 w/out exam
internship duty hours per week
for 52 weeks SECTION 11: FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES OF
❖ The intern shall not be assigned THE BOARD
to a 24-hour duty 1. Administer the provisions of this act
Two 8-hour regular 16 hours 2. Administer oaths
duty per week 3. The issue, suspend and revoke CORs
of medical technologists and
One 16-hour duty per 16 hours medical technicians
week 4. Look into conditions affecting the
practice of MT in the Philippines
32 hours per week x 1664 hours 5. Investigate violations of this Act,
52 weeks and for this purpose, issue subpoena
SECTION 7: BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR and subpoena duces tecum to secure
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY the appearance of witnesses and
Board is under PRC production of pertinent documents
COMPOSITION
SUBPOENA
Chairman Pathologist
- a command to appear at a certain
2 members RMTs time and place to give testimony
upon a certain government matter.
First Appointees: THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF SUBPOENAS
● Dr. Marietta Baccay, MD ● A subpoena ad testificandum
● Marilyn Atienza , RMT brings people to testify before the
● Marian Tantiangco, RMT court or hearing
SECTION 8: QUALIFICATIONS OF THE ● A subpoena duces tecum describes
EXAMINERS evidence (documents, tape,
Filipino citizen recording, photos, guns, etc.) which
With good moral character must be brought before the court or
Qualified pathologist (Chairman) hearing.
 6. Immoral
- An act that violates the basic
Administrative Execute & implement laws.
norm of decency, morality,
Power
and decorum and is
Quasi-legislative Drafts rules and regulations to abhorred and condemned by
Power implement laws the society
- A conduct which is willful,
Power to investigate, hear, & flagrant, or shameless.
Quasi-judicial finally to decide issues brought 7. Dishonorable conduct
before an agency - An act demonstrating lack of
SECTION 12: REMOVAL OF BOARD honor, integrity, or good
MEMBERS reputation that deviates to a
● Must be removed by the President reasonable social
of the Philippines or has the power recognition of a dignified
to suspend such member under member of the community
investigation and appoint a 8. Commission of irregularities in
temporary member in his place. the licensure examination
1. Neglect of duty - An act which taints/impugn
- GROSS NEGLECT OF DUTY the integrity and credibility
- SIMPLE NEGLECT OF DUTY of the results of the said
(failure of an employee or examination
official to give proper
attention to a task expected SECTION 13: ACCREDITATION OF
of him/her.) SCHOOLS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY AND
2. Incompetence OF TRAINING LABORATORIES
- Is the incapacity and
inefficiency to discharge the ACCREDITED SCHOOL
required obligations and - Any school, college, or university
duties which offers a course in medical
3. Malpractice technology approved by CHED in
- To any malfeasance or accordance with the requirements
dereliction of duty under the aforementioned act
committed by a professional
4. Unprofessional POSSIBLE SANCTIONS IF THE SCHOOL
- The failure to uphold the FAILED
integrity of the office by 1. Progam termination
encouraging the wrong 2. School closure
perception of their roles as POSSIBLE SANCTIONS IF THE
dispensers or peddlers of SCHOOL/PROGRAM FOR MEDICAL
undue patronage TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION FAILED
5. Unethical 1. Diminution of withdrawal of subsidy
- An act which violates the 2. Downgrading of accreditation
rules on ethical code of his 3. Withdrawal of termination
profession or which is 4. Program termination
unbecoming a member of 5. School closure
that profession
ACCREDITED TRAINING LABORATORY
 - Is a tertiary clinical laboratory duly ❖ GOOD MORAL CHARACTER -
lincensed as such by HFSRB (HEALTH is what a person really is, an
FACILITIES AND SERVICES distinguished from good
REGULATORY BUREAU) and duly reputation or from the
accredited by CHED for the MT/MLS opinion generally
Internship Program. entertained of the person in
question, the estimate in
SECTION 14: INHIBITION AGAINST THE wchi he/she is held by the
PRACTICE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY public in the place where
No person shall practice the medical he/she is known
technology profession unless he/she ● Has completed at least 4 years of BS
has a valid COR ( Certificate of Med Tech/ BS Public Health
Registration) from the MT Board. ● Graduates of other professions if
EXCEPTIONS they have been practicing the MT
1. Duly registered physicians profession for the last 5 years prior
2. Medical technologists from other to the date of examinations (if such
countries called in for performance began before June 21,
CONSULTATION or an 1969)
visiting/exchange professors to AFTER 3 UNSUCCESFUL EXAMINATIONS,
college/universities as long as they the applicant is required to submit a,
only perform the said function - Certificate of Completion of 12-month
3. Medical technologists in the service refresher course from a school of medical
of the US Armed Forces stationed in technology recognized or accredited by
the Philippines, rendering services CHED
as such for this group only - A 12-month postgraduate training
course in an accredited laboratory
SECTION 15: EXAMINATION
● A graduate can only practice the MT - He has complied with all the requirements
profession if he/she is able to PASS embodied in the PRC resolution No. 323
the written board examination. series of 1994
● Examinations are given twice a year.
(March and September) Foreigners are allowed to take the Philippine
● Thirty days before the examination board examination
written notice shall be published in - Under the Foreign Reciprocity Rule
at least three (3) newspapers with
national circulation. The alien applicant must show that;
● The board has an established
SECTION 16: QUALIFICATIONS OF reciprocity in the practice of the
EXAMINATION profession between the Philippines
● In good health of good moral and his country/state.
character ● Three (3) years permanent
❖ GOOD HEALTH - state of residence
complete physical, mental, ● The curricula are substantially
and social well-being and similar
not merely the absence of
diseases of infirmity SECTION 17: SCOPE OF EXAMINATION
 SECTION 19: RATING IN THE
Clinical Chemistry 20% 100 ITEMS
EXAMINATION
Microbiology & 20% 100 ITEMS In order to pass the examination, a
Parasitology candidate:
must obtain a general average of at
Hematology 20% 100 ITEMS least 75% in the written test,
with no rating below fifty percent
Blood Banking & 20% 100 ITEMS
(50%) in any of the major subjects:
Serology
Provided,
Clinical Microscopy 10% 100 ITEMS That the candidate has not failed in
at least sixty percent (60%) of the
Histopathologic subjects computed according to
techniques, 10% their relative weights.
Cytotechnology, 100 ITEMS No further examination will be given after
Medtech Laws, failing three (3) examinations
- That the graduate of paramedical
● The Board shall prepare the schedule of profession other than Bachelor of
subjects for examination and to submit the Science in Medical Technology or
same to the Commissioner of the Bachelor of Science in Hygiene
Professional Regulation Commission for admitted an examination under the
publication at least thirty (30) days before provision of this act.
the date of examination. - (At present, after 3 failed tests:
● The Board shall compute the general REFRESHER COURSE is taken from
average of each examinee according to the an accredited BSMT
above-mentioned relative weights of each school/institution)
subject. -
● PD 498: Provided, however, that the Board SECTION 20: OATH TAKING
may change, add to or remove from the list ❖ All successful examinees shall be
of subjects or weights above as progress in required to take a professional
the science of Medical Technology may oath before the Board or before any
require, subject to the prior approval of the person authorized to administer
Professional Regulation Commission and oaths prior to entering upon the
publication of the change or amendment at practice of medical technology in
least three (3) months prior to the date of the Philippines.
examination in which the same is to take ❖ A MANDATORY REQUIREMENT
effect.
SECTION 18: REPORT OF RATING SECTION 21: ISSUANCE OF CERTIFICATE
● The Board shall, within one hundred OF REGISTRATION
and twenty days (120 days) after ● COR- issued after the applicant
the date of completion of the passed the MT Board exam.
examination, report the result ● No COR shall be issued to a board
thereof to the Commissioner of Civil exam passer if he/she is less that
Service, who shall submit such 21-year-old
result to the President of the ● RMTs shall be required to display
Philippines for approval. his/her COR in the place where he
● New Policy: 10 days works
 ● The Board shall issue COR as MT - Act demonstrating lack of
without examination honor, integrity, or good
- BSMT or BS Public Health (duly reputation
recognized schools) in the d. Unsound mind
Philippines or in any foreign - Manifestation in language or
country. conduct of a disease or
defect of the brain, or a more
RECIPROCITY or less permanently
- Graduates of other courses who diseased or disordered
have been actually performing MT conditon of mentality,
practice for the last 5 - 8 years and function or organic.
such performance began prior to e. Incurable, communicable disease
June 21,1969. - An infectious disease that is
contagious, and that can be
SECTION 22: FEES trasnmitted either directly
❖ Fee for examination or indirectly.
❖ Registration 3. Written statement given to the applicant
❖ Issuance of COR setting the reason of action
❖ New certificate lost and destroyed
❖ COR SECTION 24:
- Chairperson of the PRC ADMINISTRATIVE INVESTIGATION
- 3 members of the Board (Chairman - Is a fact-finding proceeding, and an
and two members inquiry that is summary in nature
Investigation conducted by:
SECTION 23: REFUSAL TO ISSUE ● At least 2 members of the Board
CERTIFICATE ● With the presence of 1 legal officer
The board shall refuse to issue a COR to: - shall not participate in the
1. Any person convicted by court proceedings but sees to it that the
- Found guilty by the Court of investigation is within the bounds of
competent jurisdiction (a tribunal law.
belonging to the juridicial ● Penalty of Suspension of license
department vested with power & - Majority vote (2/3)
authority to hear and decide a ● Penalty of revocation
particular case) - Unanimous vote (3/3)
2. Immoral or dishonorable conduct
a. Criminal offense involving moral REPRIMAND
turpitude - A public and formal censure or severe
- Baseness, vileness, or reproof, administered to a person in
depravity in the private fault by his/her superior office or
duties which a person owes body to which he/she belongs
his/her fellows - More than just a
b. Immoral conduct warning/admonition
- Violates the basic norm of WARNING
decency, morality, and - An act or fact of putting one on his
decorum guard against an impending danger,
c. Dishonorable conduct evil consequences or penalties
ADMONITION
 - Refers to a gentle or friendly reproof, thereby allowing him/her exercise
a mild rebuke, warning or reminder, the profession again
conseling, on a fault, error or REISSUANCE
oversight, an expression of - Is the process of releasing forfeited
authoritative advice or warning certificates of registration that were
SUSPENSION duly sequestered by the MTB either
- Is the temporary cessation of through revocation or suspension.
authority to exercise a profession REPLACEMENT
for a certain period of time after due - Is the process of issuing a copy of the
surrender of license. COR in lieu of the lost or damaged
- MAXIMUM PERIOD is TWO YEARS certificates.
REVOCATION
- Is the permanent or perpetual SECTION 27: FOREIGN RECIPROCITY
cessation of authority to exercise a - Is a kind of international comity
profession for a certain period of whgihc describes the relationship
time after due cancellation of license. between two countries where one
- Most severed form of disciplinary country offers the citizens or
sanction subjects of the other certain
SECTION 25: APPEAL privileges on the condition that its
- The elevation by an aggrieved party citizens or subjects enjoy similar
of any decision or award made by a privileges in the ther country.
lower body to a higher entity by ● No foreigner shall be admitted to
means of a pleading examination or be given a COR or be
- Revocation or suspension of license entitled to any of the rights or privileges
can be appealed to the PRC whose under this act unless the country or state of
decision shall become final after 30 which he is a subject or a citizen permits
days unless appealed to the Filipino MTs to practice within its territorial
President of the Philippines. limits on the same basis as the subjects or
citizens of said country or state
SECTION 26: REINSTATEMENT,
REISSUE, OR REPLACEMENT OF SECTION 28: ROSTER OF MEDICAL
CERTIFICATE TECHNOLOGISTS
● If suspension period has already - Is the list of registry, and catalogue
been finished, COR shall be of all RMTs admitted in the practice
re-issued upon request. of the profession in the Philippines
● The Board of Medical Technology ● Prepared annually by the secretary
may re-issue revoked COR for of the board
reasons deemed proper and ● Delisting of names of delinquent
sufficient after the application of professionals from the Rolls of
re-issuance. registered Professionals
● Those whose COR have been
REINSTATEMENT suspended and whose names have
- The process of restoring a forfeited been delisted from the rolls are not
privilege to an RMT who was allowed to practice their professions
dishonorably discharged fron the until such time that the suspension
practice of Medical technology, has been lifted.
 ● Those found practicing illegally will CODE OF ETHICS
be criminally liable. As I enter into the practice of Medical
Technology,
SECTION 29: PENAL REVISIONS ● I shall accept the responsibilities
Punishable acts who shall practice Medical inherent to being a professional;
Technology: ● I shall uphold the law and shall not
1. Any person who shall practice engage in illegal work nor cooperate
Medical Technology in the with anyone so engaged;
Philippines without being registered ● I shall avoid associating or being
or exempted from registration in identified with any enterprise of
accordance with this act. questionable character;
2. Any RMT who practices without the ● I shall work and act in a strict spirit
necessary supervision of qualified of fairness to employer, clients,
pathologist or physician authorized contractors, employees and in a
by DOH spirit of personal helpfulness and
3. Any RMT who shall refuse/fair, after fraternity toward other members of
warning by the MT board, to display the profession;
COR ● I shall use only honorable means of
4. Any person who shall give any false competition for professional
fraudulent evidence of any kind employment or services and shall
obtaining a COR as a Medical refrain from unfairly injuring,
Technologist directly or indirectly, the
5. Any person who shall impersonate professional reputation, projects or
any registrant of like or the same business of a fellow medical
name. technologist;
● I shall accept employment from
SECTION 30: SEPARABILITY more than one employer only when
CLAUSE there is no conflict of interest;
- This is the part that states that if any ● I shall perform professional work in
section/provision of this Act is held a manner that merits full confidence
to be unconstitutional/revoked, the and trust carried out with absolute
other sections/provisions of the law reliability, accuracy, fairness and
shall NOT be affected honesty;
● I shall review the professional work
SECTION 31: REPEALING CLAUSE of other medical technologists,
- All acts, executive orders, rules and when requested, fairly and in
regulations, or parts thereof confidence whether they are
inconsistent with the provisions of subordinates or employees, authors
this Act are herby repealed. of proposals for grants or contracts,
authors of technical papers or other
SECTION 32: EFFECTIVITY publications or involved in
litigation;
● I shall advance the profession by
exchanging general information and
experience with fellow medical
technologists and other
professionals and by contributing to
 the work of professional III. LEGAL ISSUES AND CONCERN
organizations; In the Philippines, the legal issues and
● I shall restrict my praises, criticisms, concerns in the practice of medical
views and opinions within Technology profession include the
constructive limits and shall not use following:
the knowledge I know for selfish
ends; 1. The right to perform the
● I shall treat any information I profession with minimal
acquired about individuals in the supervision of registered
course of my work as strictly pathologist
confidential, and may be divulged - This right has been
only to authorized persons or demanded along with the
entities or with consent of the duties of a registered
individual when necessary; pathologist. By function and
duty, a registered medical
● I shall report any infractions of technologist is tasked to
these principles of professional supervise the entire clinical
conduct to the authorities or anatomical pathology
responsible of enforcement of laboratory.
applicable laws or regulations, or to
the Ethics Committee of the 2. The right to enjoy the privilege
Philippine Association of Medical and prestige of being a medical
Technologists as may be technologist
appropriate. - Such right is inherent in all
● To these principles, I hereby professionals.
subscribe and pledge to conduct - A medical technologist
myself at all times in a manner enjoys the privilege of doing
befitting the dignity of my all laboratory examinations
profession. and prestige of being called
Clinical Scientist.
- The privilege to perform ALL
LABORATORY
EXAMINATIONS requires
expertise, experience, and
training.
3. The right to have just
compensation
- The term just compensation
means fair compensation
and salary including the
benefits received by an
employed medical
technologist which is
commensurate to the service
he/she renders as a
professional.
 -During implementation of - attendance is outside the
RA 5527, the salary of employee’s regular working hrs.
registered medical - attendance is, in fact, voluntary;
technologist was below the and
minimum wage. However, - the employee does not perform
the law was amended, any productive work during such
resulting in an increase in attendance
the salary of medical
technologists. 5. The right to have a conducive
- The PASMETH and the workplace and good working
PAMET help uplift the conditions.
standard of living medical - This right was afforded to the
technologist. workforce and to all laborers.
❖ The right to have hazard pay and - By definition conditions is more
other benefits. pronounced in the provision of the
- Every working medical Labor Code of the Philippines. One
technologist is entitled to of these provisions is as follows.
receive hazard pay and other ➔ Every employer shall give his
benefits extended to any employees, regardless of sex, not
person being employed in less than 1 hr for regular meals,
clinical, hospital-based, or except in the following cases of a
school-based laboratory. meal period not less than 20 min
may be given by the employer
4. The right to have continuous provided that shorter meal period is
professional growth and credited as compensable hours of
development. the employee
- As a member of various professional
organizations, he/she is required to Present Position and roles of Medical
attend seminars or workshops for Technology in the Global Market
professional advancement and - The medical technology profession
updating. occupies a central position and plays
- 60 CPD/CPE (Continuing a major role in the global market. It
Professional Education) aims to achieve the highest
On occasion, a medical technologist who recognition as a partner of
attends seminars can receive a salary and healthcare practitioners.
can declare his/her attending an official
engagement as working time, if the 1. Readiness to compete amidst
conditions are met pursuant to the global changes and innovation.
provision of the Omnibus Implementing ● The medical technology profession
Rules and Regulations of the Labor Code is in the process of updating its
of the Phil. professional practice with the latest
technological know-how and skills.
Attendance in lectures, meetings or training ● Whatever global changes and
programs and other similar activities shall innovations are taking place, the
not be counted as working time if all the medical technology profession can
following conditions are met. easily adapt.
2. Dedication to embrace the
main instrument used
principles of the latest
by the Medical Technologists,
technology.
MICROSCOPE thus microscope is the
● If the principles call for the use of
symbol of Medical
automation, such as a discrete
Technology.
analyzer, every medical technologist
should be oriented with the SNAKE’S Patience, balance, cunning,
principles of automation. SYMBOLIC awareness, healing and
intellect.
3. Dedication to work and
The medical technology profession has been
consistency to making decisions
taking steps to show its major role in the
and judgement.
global world as a healthcare provider.
● To demonstrate dedication to work
and consistency in making decisions
-Medical technology has been
and judgement, it is necessary to
actively;
respect the rights of the patient.
1. Engaging in scientific research
● A medical technologist should
whose present trend is more on
execute his/her assigned task with
genomic
accuracy, reliability and discretion.
architectures(DNA/Genes).
● Negligence and gross mistakes have
2. Participating in medical missions
no place in the global work practice.
for the medical technology
profession to be considered as
4. Drive to be kept abreast of the
one of the allied medical
latest updates in scientific
professions reaching out to the
research.
poor & needy.
● Speaking of work coverage, the task
3. Considering updates in medical
assigned to a medical technologist
technology education
covers scientific research updates
4. Working on & manifesting its
and activities.
best potential in scientific
● Scientific research is a professional
inquiry.
calling and nobody else aside from
5. Soliciting suggestions or advice
the author can claim moral rights
from other paramedical
over his/her work.
professions for further
improvement & upgrading of
5. Willingness to uphold the value of
technology.
its professional organizations.
Amendments and Their Process
● The Medical technologist, as a bona
AMENDMENT
fide member of a professional
- are changes to certain provisions of
organization, should uphold the
a Republic Act.
goals, objectives, mission and vision
- They are based on the premise that
of his/her professional organization.
changes are made or to be made for
● The insignia or emblem of a
the purpose of adapting to what is
professional organization signifies
presently existing in the
its character and purposive
professional practice and expanding
function.
the rights & privileges extended to
an individual or a group of person.
 Issuance and Due process of law
● The Legal issues and concerns that
revocation of must be observed
should be addressed in the
license certificates before revoking license
amendment proceedings of R.A.
of registration certificates of
5527 and other Presidential
registration.
Decrees are follows:
Illegal medical Not all small clinical
technology practices laboratories can afford
and services should be a biohazard pay.
properly addressed. Biohazard pay
extended to Since medical
Inhibition against All medical technologist practicing medical technologist are prone
the medical performing other technologist to infection while
technology functions which are not working in the
professional within the bounds of laboratory, the
services their job description provision of a
should be treated biohazard pay should
accordingly. be strictly augmented &
reviewed.
Negligence refers to
conduct lacking in due In case of criminal, civil,
care. It may be brought or administrative case,
Acts of omission or by too much work it is the right of
negligence and and/or accepting work Legal Assistance aggrieved medical
malpractice outside office hours. extended to technologists to secure
aggrieved medical legal assistance.
Malpractice is technologists.
improper or unethical They should be given an
conduct of a equal chance to defend
professional themselves. Due
process should be
Some medical afforded to them.
technologists feel they
are deprived of The right to learn and
recognition and execute the phlebotomy
identity. technique has been an
Absence of Use of techniques issue & concern of some
supervising However, in reality, by other healthcare medical technologist
Pathologist medical technologists practitioners. against other
have long been healthcare practitioner.
recognized in their
This is also a
work. Their duty is to
contentious issue
do the laboratory
The claim for among medical
examination of
ownership technologist & other
biological specimen.
healthcare
practitioners.
 PANUNUMPA NG PROPESYONAL

Ako, si _ ng _ ay taimtim na nanunumpa na

itataguyod ko at ipagtatanggol ang Saligang
Batas ng Pilipina, na ako ay tunay na
mananalig at tatalima rito; na susundin ko
ang mga batas, mga utos ng legal, at mga
atas na ipinahayag ng mga sadyang
itinakdang may kapangyarihan ng
Republika ng Pilipinas; at kusa kong
babalikatin ang pananagutang ito, na
walang ano man pasubali o hangarin
umiwas
Taimtim pa rin akong manunumpa na sa
lahat ng panahon at pook na kinaroroonan
ay mahigpit akong manghahawakan sa mga
etikal at tuntuning propesyonal ng mga _ sa
Pilipinas, at marapat kong gagampanan ng
buong husay sa abot ng aking makakaya ang
mga tungkuling at pananagutang iniatang sa
isang itinakdang _
- Kasihan Nawa ako ng Diyos
 IV. PRC MODERNIZATION ACT OF 2000 & Prescribing its Powers and Functions,❞
and for other purposes
Professional Regulation Commission FUNCTIONS AND ROLES
(PRC) ⌑ Quasi-judicial refers to its function that
▹ is government commission that oversees involves the investigation of unlawful,
the regulation of professionals in different inappropriate, and destructive behaviors of
fields through enforcing regulatory policies examinees and professionals.
and licensing of professions and ⎯ Moreover, it refers to a proceeding
occupations under its jurisdiction. conducted by an administrative/executive
▹ It was established in 1973 for the purpose official/organization that is similar to a court
of providing the country with reliable and proceeding, e.g. a hearing conducted by a
competent professionals. human rights commission
▹ made the delivery of results faster by ⎯ The decision of the commission is
enabling the PRC to publish them 3 days after authoritative as that of a Regional Trial Court;
the examination has taken place if no appeal is made within the period of the
HISTORY OF PRC commission provided, its decision becomes
→ Presidential Decree (P.D) No. 223 final and executory
created PRC in 9-22-1973
→ The PRC was first created as a national ⌑ Quasi-legislative refers to the formulation
government agency which mandated to of rules and policies under the
enforce the laws regulating the various quasi-legislative function of the commission.
professions ⎯ these rules and policies have the same
→ Date of Effectivity: June 22, 1973 binding effect as an actual law.
→ Signed by Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ⌑ Executive function refers to the function of
→ June 17, 1950 - the Board of examiner by the commission includes the implementation,
virtue of RA No. 546 is under the CSC administration, and enforcement of
→ The PRC was established as a national regulatory policies of the national
government agency on June 22, 1973 - signed government with the maintenance of
by: President Ferdinand E. Marcos (PD no. professional & occupation standards & ethics,
223) and the enforcement of the rules and
→ January 04, 1974, with Arch. Eric C, regulation
Nubla - PRC started their operations
→ February 12, 1975 - PRC made the CSC REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8981
building on P. Paredes St. in Sampaloc “THE PRC MODERNIZATION ACT OF 2000”
Manila - its main building ▸ an act modernizing the professional
→ PRC was headed by Hon. Florentino C. regulation commission (PRC), repealing for
Doble MD, who served as the PRC chair for the purpose of presidential decree numbered
14 months from November 2014 to January two hundred and twenty-three, entitled
2015 “Creating the professional regulation
→ The head of PRC is appointed by the commission and prescribing its powers and
President of the Philippines functions,” and for other purposes.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8981 SECTION 1. “PRC MODERNIZATION ACT OF

▹ An act modernizing the professional 2000”
regulation commission, repealing for the SECTION 2. STATEMENT OF POLICY
purpose P.D 223, entitled ❝Creating the PRC
↳ The State recognizes the important role of Department Secretary, while the
professionals in nation-building and, towards Commissioners shall receive compensation
this end, promotes the sustained and allowances equivalent to that of an
development of a reservoir of professionals Undersecretary
whose competence has been determined by SECTION 7. POWERS, FUNCTIONS, AND
honest and credible licensure examinations RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE COMMISSION
and whose standards of professional service
and practice are internationally recognized a. To administer, implement and enforce the
and considered world-class brought about by regulatory policies of the national
regulatory measures, programs & activities government with respect to the regulation
that foster professional growth and and licensing of the various professions and
advancement. occupations under its jurisdiction including
SECTION 3. PROFESSIONAL REGULATING the enhancement and maintenance of
COMMISSION professional & occupational standards &
↳ There is hereby created a three-man ethics & and the enforcement of the rules and
commission to be known as the Professional regulations relative thereto:
Regulating Commission, hereinafter referred
to as the Commission, which shall be attached b. To perform any and all acts, enter into
to the Office of the President for general contracts, make such rules and regulations
direction and coordination. and issue such orders and other
SECTION 4. COMPOSITION administrative issuances as may be necessary
↳ one (1) full-time Chairperson in the execution and implementation of its
↳ one (1) full-time Commissioners functions and the improvement of its services
↳ Appointed by the President for a term of
seven (7) years without reappointment no c. To review, revise, and approve resolutions,
start from the time they assume office embodying policies promulgated by the
Professional Regulatory Boards in the
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 223 exercise of their powers and function or in
▹ There is hereby created a three-man implementing the laws regulating their
commission to be known as the Professional respective professions and other official
Regulation Commission, here in after referred actions on non-ministerial matters within
to as the Commission, which shall be attached their respective jurisdictions
to the Office of the President for general
direction & coordination d. To administer and conduct the licensure
Hon. Teofilo S. Pilando, JR. - Chairman examinations of the various regulatory boards
Hon. Angeline T. Chua Chiaco - in accordance with the rules and regulations
Commissioner promulgated by the Commission; determine
Hon. Yolanda D. Reyes - Commissioner and fix the places and dates of examinations;
use publicly or privately owned buildings and
SECTION 5. EXERCISE OF POWERS AND facilities for examination purposes
FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION
▸ General Administrative e. To admit the successful examinees to the
▸ Executive practice of the profession or occupation;
▸ Policy-making functions cause the entry of their names on its registry
SECTION 6. Compensation and Other Benefits book and computerized database; issue
↳ The Chairperson shall receive compensation certificates of registration/professional
and allowances equivalent to that of a license bearing the registrant’s name, picture,
and registration number, signed by all the j. Upon recommendation of the Professional
members of the Board concerned and the Regulatory Board concerned, to approve the
Chairperson, with the official seal of the registration of and authorize the issuance of a
Board and the Commission affixed thereto certificate of registration/license and
which certificate shall be the authority to professional identification card with or
practice; and at the option of the professional without examination to a foreigner who is
concerned, ministerially issue the registered under the laws of his state or
professional identification card, to be used country and whose certificate of registration
solely for the purpose of identification, upon issued therein has not been suspended or
payment of the appropriate amount. revoked

f. To have custody of all the records of the k. To authorize any officer of the Commission
various Boards, including examination to administer oaths
papers, minutes of deliberation, records of
administrative causes and investigations and l. To supervise foreign nationals who are
examination results for control and authorized by existing laws to practice their
disposition professions either as holders of a certificate of
registration and a professional identification
g. To determine and fix the amount of fees to card or a temporary special permit in the
be charged and collected for examination, Philippines
registration, registration without
examination, professional identification card, m. to monitor the performance of schools in
certification, docket, appeal, replacement, and licensure examinations and publish the
accreditation, including surcharges and other results thereof in a newspaper of national
fees not specified under the provisions of circulation
Republic Act 4065 as amended by Republic
Act 6511 or to charge and collect reasonable n. To adopt and institute a comprehensive
fees at the rates higher than the rates rating system for universities, colleges, and
provided thereunder subject to the approval training institutes based on the passing ratio
by the Office of the President and overall performanceof students in board
examination.
h. To appoint subject to the Civil Service laws,
rules, and regulations, officials and employees o. To exercise administrative supervision over
of the Commission necessary for the effective the various professional regulatory boards
performance of its functions and and its members
responsibilities
p. To adopt and promulgate such rules and
i. To submit and recommend to the President regulations as may be necessary to effectively
of the Philippines the names of implement policies with respect to the
licensed/registered professionals for regulation and practice of the professionals.
appointment as members of the various
Professional Regulatory Boards from among q. To implement the program for the full
those nominated to fill up vacancies pursuant computerization of all licensure examinations
to the provisions of Executive Order No. 496, given by the various professional regulatory
Series of 1991 boards including the registration of
professionals not later than the year 2003 and
other operations of the Commission.
r. To investigate or upon the filing of a verified regulatory laws, decrees, executive orders,
complaint, any member of the Professional and other administrative issuances.
Regulatory Boards for neglect of duty,
incompetence, unprofessional, unethical, REGIONAL OFFICES - the Commission is
immoral, or dishonorable conduct, a hereby authorized to create regional offices as
commission of irregularities in the licensure may be necessary to carry out their functions
examinations which taint or impugn the mandated under this Act.
integrity and authenticity of the results of the
said examination and, if found guilty, to SECTION 9: POWERS, FUNCTIONS, AND
revoke or suspend their certificates of RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE VARIOUS
registration and professional licenses/ PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARDS
identification cards and to recommend to the a. To regulate the practice of the
President of the Philippines their suspension professions in accordance with the
or removal from office as the case may be provisions of their respective
professional regulatory laws
s. To issue summons, subpoena, and b. To monitor the conditions affecting
subpoena duces tecum in connection with the the practice of the profession or
investigation of cases against officials and occupation under their respective
employees of the Commission and the jursidictions and whenever necessary,
members of the Professional Regulatory adopt such measures as may be
Boards; deemed proper for the enhancement
of the profession or occupation
t. To hold in contempt an erring party or c. To delegate the hearing or
person only upon application with a court of investigation of administrative cases
competent jurisdiction filed before them except in cases
where the issue or question involved
u. To initiate an investigation, upon complaint strictly concerns the practice of the
under oath by an aggrieved party, of any profession or occupation, in which
person, whether a private individual or case, the hearing shall be presided
professional, local/foreign, who practices the over by at least one member of the
regulated profession or occupation without Board concerned assisted by a
being authorized by law. Legal/Hearing officer of the
Commission
v. to prepare an annual report of d. To conduct, through the Legal Officers
accomplishments on the programs, projects, of the Commission, summary
and activities of the Commission during the proceedings on minor violations of
year for submission to Congress after the their respective regulatory laws,
close of its calendar year and make violations of the rules and regulations
appropriate recommendations on issues issued by the boards to implement
and/or problems affecting the Commission, their respective laws
the Professional Regulatory Board, and the e. Subject to final approval by the
various professions under its jurisdiction, and Commission, to recommend
registration without examination and
w. To perform such other functions and duties the issuance of corresponding
as may be necessary to carry out the certificate of registration and
provisions of this Act, the various professional professional identification card
 f. After due process, to suspend, revoke, ▹ the amount necessary tocarry out the initial
or reissue, re-instate certification of implementation of this Act shall be charged
registration or licenses for causes against the current year’s appropriations of
provided by law the PRC. Thereafter, such sums as may be
g. To prepare, adopt, and issue the necessary for the continued implementation
syllabi or tables of specifications of of this Act shall be included in the succeeding
the subjects for examinations in General Appropriations Act
consultation with the academe
h. To prepare an annual report of SECTION 14: AUTHORITY TO USE INCOME
accomplishments on programs, ▹in addition to the annual appropriations of
projects, and activities of the Board the Commission provided under the annual
during the year of submission to the General Appropriations Act, the Commission
Commission after the close of each is hereby authorized to use its income not
calendar year and make appropriate exceeding the amount of 45 million pesos a
recommendations on issues or year for a period of 5 years after the
problems affecting the profession to effectivity of this Act.
the Commission
SECTION 15: PENALTIES FOR
SECTION 10: COMPENSATION OF THE MANIPULATION AND OTHER CORRUPT
MEMBERS OF THE PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES IN THE CONDUCT OF
REGULATORY BOARDS PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATIONS
▹ MEMBERS - two salary grades ower than
the salary grade of the Commissioners SECTION 16: PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS
OF SECTION 7
SECTION 11: PERSONS TO TEACH
SUBJECTS FOR LICENSURE EXAMINATION SECTION 17: IMPLEMENTING RULES AND
ON ALL PROFESSIONS REGULATIONS
▹ all subjects for licensure examinations shall ▹ within 90 days after the approval of this Act,
be taught by persons who are holders of valid the PRC, together with representatives of the
certificates of registration and valid various PRB and accredited professional
professional licenses of the progression and organizations, the DBM and the CHED shall
who comply with the other requirements of prepare and promulgate the necessary rules
the CHED and regulations needed to implement the
provisions of this Act
SECTION 12: ASSISTANCE OF LAW
ENFORCEMENT AGENCY SECTION 18: TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
▹ any law enforcement agency shall, upon call ▹ the incumbent Commissioners -
or request of the Commission or of any Chairperson
Professional Regulatory Board, render ▹ 2 incumbent Associate Commissioners -
assistance in enforcing the regulatory law of Commissioners
the profession including the rules and ▹ incumbent Executive Director - Assistant
regulations promulgated there under by Commissioner
prosecuting the violators thereof in
accordance with law and the rules of court SECTION 19:

SECTION 13: APPROPRIATIONS SECTION 20: REPEALING CAUSE

SECTION 21: EFFECTIVITY V. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4688
▹ shall take effect after 15 days following its CLINICAL LABORATORY LAW OF 1966
publication in the Official Gazette or in 2 ▹ an act regulating the operation and
newspaper of general circulation maintenance of clinical laboratories and
▹DATE OF APPROVAL - DECEMBER 5, 2000 requiring the registration of the same with
▹ APPROVED BY: President Joseph Ejercito the department of health, provding penalty
Estrada for the violation thereof, and for other
purposes
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 200
▹ ATTY. HERMOGENES P. POBRE - MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
commissioner in 1992 EO no. 200 ▹ is a person who works in a laboratory
institutionalized the partial computerization where he/she is expected to practice his/her
of the licensure examination laboratory skills with high accuracy and
▹1993 - full implementation of computerized competency. however, a clinical laboratory
examinations in 15 professions was made alone is difficult to maintain, and proprietors
possible through the use of the test questions of such a place need to consider a number of
databank and the optical mark reader for the things for it to continue operations.
checking of papers
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OWNERSHIP
a. GOVERNMENT
▹ owned laboratories are those which are
maintained, partially or wholly, by either
national or local government
b. PRIVATE
▹are established, operated, and maintained by
an individual, corporation, or association
without any affinity with the government

AO 27 s. 2007
CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL
LABORATORIES
OWNERSHIP a. Government
b. Private

FUNCTION a. Clinical Pathology

b. Anatomical Pathology

INSTITUTIONAL a. Institutional-based
CHARACTER b. Freestanding

SERVICE PRIMARY CATEGORY

CAPABILITY a. Routine hematology
b. Routine urinalysis
c. Routine fecalysis
d. Qualitative platelet
determination
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
HB: Blood typing
INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER
SECONDARY CATEGORY ↪ AO 59 s. 2001
a. Primary category lab
exams ▹ Institutional-based clinical laboratory
b. Routine chemistry - a laboratory opens within the premises and
c. Quantitative platelet as part of an institution such as hospitals,
determination clinic, school, or a medical facility
HB: Crossmatching, Gram
staining and KOH ▹ FREE STANDING LABORATORY
▹ has no affinity with any institution
TERTIARY CATEGORY
a. Secondary category lab CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SERVICE
exams CAPABILITY
b. Special chemistry ↪ AO 59 s. 2001
c. Special hematology ▹Primary category
d. Immunology and ▹ Secondary category
serology, ▹ Tertiary category
e. Microbiology - Aerobic
& anaerobic
LABORATOR PRIMARY CATEGORY
Y TEST a. Routine hematology
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION PERFORMED b. Routine urinalysis
↪ AO 59 s. 2001 c. Routine fecalysis
d. Qualitative platelet
▹CLINICAL PATHOLOGY - test determination
● Clinical chemistry HB: Blood typing
● Hematology MIN. SPACE REQUIRED: 10sq.m
● Immunohematology
● Microbiology SECONDARY CATEGORY
● Immunology a. Primary category lab
● Clinical microscopy exams,
● Serology b. Routine chemistry
● Endocrinology c. Quantitative platelet
● Molecular biology determination
● Cytogenetics HB: Crossmatching, Gram
● Toxicology staining, and KOH
● Therapeutic drug monitoring MIN. SQUARE REQUIRED: 20sq.m

TERTIARY CATEGORY
▹ ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY - surgical
a. Secondary category lab
● Immunology
exams
● Histopathologic
b. Special chemistry
● Cytology
c. Special hematology
● Autopsy procedure
d. Immunology and
● Forensic
serology,
● Molecular pathologic techniques
e. Microbiology - Aerobic &
 ▹ RISK GROUP 1 - agents that are not
anaerobic
associated with diseases in healthy adult
MIN. SPACE REQUIRED: 60 sq.m
humans
▹ PPE is expected to wear
▹ PERSONNEL are supervised by a
MINIMUM PRIMARY CATEGORY SCIENTIST which previous training in
FACILITIES a. Clinical centrifuge microbiology or related field
REQUIRED b. Hemocytometer ▹PATHOGEN TYPE - agents that present
c. Microhematocrit minimal potential hazard to personnel and
centrifuge the environment
d. Microscope with OIO, EXAMPLES
e. Hemoglobinometer or ▹ Bacillus subtilis
its equivalent ▹ E. coli K12 & E. coli
f. Differential blood cell ▹ Adeno-associated virus (AAV)
counter or its equivalent
BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2
SECONDARY CATEGORY ▹ containment, moderate risk, disease of
a. Primary lab varying severity
equipment/instruments ▹ RISK GROUP 2 - agents that are not
b. Refrigerator associated with diseases that are rarely
c. Photometer or its serious and for which preventive or
equivalent therapeutic interventions are often available
d. Water bath or its ▹ PERSONNEL - processes human derived
equivalent specimens such as blood, body fluids, tissues
e. Time or its equivalent and to some extent, human cell lines in which
the organism causing the disease is unknown
TERTIARY CATEGORY ▹ PPE, SECONDARY BARRIERS LIKE sink,
a. Secondary lab ▹waste decontamination facilities to reudce
equip/instruments the transmission of biohazard waste &
b. Incubator biosafety cabinet
c. Analytical balance ▹ PATHOGEN TYPE - agents associated with
d. Rotator human disease and pose moderate hazards to
e. Serofuge or its personnel and the environment
equivalent EXAMPLES
f. Autoclave ▹ Influenza
g. Drying oven ▹ HIV
h. Biosafety cabinet or its ▹ Lyme disease
equivalent ▹ Staph aureus
▹ Salmonella sp
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ▹ Herpes simplex virus
CLASSIFICATION ▹ Adenovirus
▹ It recognizes four levels of laboratories
depending on their capacity BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3
▹ high containment, aerosol transmission,
BIOSAFETY LEVEL 1 serious/potentially lethal disease
▹ No containment, defined organisms, and ▹ RISK GROUP 3 - agents that are not
unlikely to cause disease associated with serious/lethal human
diseases for which preventive/therapeutic
interventions may be available REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4688
▹ PATHOGEN TYPE - indigenous/exotic
agents with potential to be transmitted via SECTION 1 ▹ any person, firm or corporation,
respiratory routes and that can cause severe operating and maintaining a clinical
or sometimes fatal infection laboratory in which body fluids, tissues,
▹ EQUIPMENT/INSTRUMENTS - biosafety secretions, excretions, and radioactivity from
cabinet with gas-tight aerosol generation beings or animals are analyzed for the
chamber determination of the presence of pathologic
EXAMPLES organisms, processes and/or conditions in
▹ Mycobacterium tuberculosis the persons or animals from which they were
▹ Bacillus anthracis obtained, shall REGISTER AND SECURE A
▹ HIV LICENSE ANNUALLY AT THE OFFICE OF
THE SECRETARY OF HEALTH: provided that
BIOSAFETY LEVEL 4 government hospital laboratories doing
▹ max containtment, “exotic” high risk agents, routine or minimum laboratory examinations
life-threatening disease shall be exempt from the provisions of this
▹ RISK GROUP 4 - extremely dangerous and section if their services are extensions of
exotic agents that can transmitted through government regional or central laboratories.
the air; have usually not available vaccine or
therapeutic cure SECTION 2 ▹It shall be unlawful for any
▹ PATHOGEN TYPE - dangerous and exotic person to be professionally in-charge of a
agents that pose a high risk of registered clinical laboratory unless he is a
aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections and LICENSED PHYSICIAN DULY QUALIFIED IN
life-threatening disease LABORATORY MEDICINE AND
▹ PERSONNEL - required to wear full-body, AUTHORIZED BY THE SECRETARY OF
air-supplies positive-pressure suits HEALTH such authorization to be renewed
▹ EQUIPMENT/INSTURMENTS - specialized annually
ventilation and waste management system; ▹ No license shall be granted or renewed by
facility operates in a separate building the Secretary of Health for the operation and
EXAMPLES maintenance of a clinical laboratory unless
▹ Ebola virus such laboratory is under the administration,
▹ Marbug virus direction and supervision of an authorized
▹ Lassa virus physician, as provided for in the preceding
paragraph.
AO NO. 2007-0027
▹ CLINICAL LABORATORY STAFF SECTION 3▹ the SECRETARY OF HEALTH,
▹ the revised rules and regulations of through the Bureau of Research and
governing the licensing and regulation of Laboratories shall be charged with the
clinical laboratory should be responsibility of strictly enforcing the
▹ HEADED by a REGISTERED MEDICAL provisions of this Act and shall be authorized
TECHNOLOGIST and to issue such rules and regulations as may be
▹ MANAGED by a PATHOLOGIST who is duly necessary to carry out its provisions
certified by a Philippine Board of Pathology SECTION 4▹any person, firm, or corporation
▹ The number of Medtech staff in a lab who violates any provisions of this Act or the
depends on the workload and the services rules and regulations issued thereunder by
provided by the institution. the Secretary of Health shall be punished with
IMPRISONMENT FOR NOT LESS THAN ONE ▹ Designation of national reference
MONTH BUT NOT MORE THAN ONE YEAR, laboratories and transfer of corresponding
OR BY A FINE OF NOT LESS THAN 1,000 equipment, instruments, supplies, specimens,
NOR MORE THAN 5,000, OR BOTH SUCH and records form the bureau of Research and
FINE AND IMPRISONMENT, at the discretion laboratories to the designated national
of the court reference laboratories.
SECTION 5 ▹ if any section of part of this Act
shall be adjudged by any court of competent NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORY
jurisdiction to be invalid, the judgement shall ▹ A laboratory in a government hospital that
not affect, impair or invalidate the remainder has been designed by the DOH to provide
thereof special functions and services such as the
following:
SECTION 6▹ the sum of 50,000 or so must a. Confirmatory testing
thereof as may be necessary, is hereby b. Surveillance
authorized to be appropriated, out of any c. Resolution of conflicts
funds in the National Treasury not otherwise d. Training and research
appropriated, to carry into effect the e. Evaluation of kits & reagents
provisions of this Act. f. External quality assessment program

SECTION 7 ▹ REPEALING CLAUSE 1. RESEARCH INSITUTE FOR

TROPICAL MEDICINE
SECTION 8 ▹ NRL for Dengue, Influenza, Tuberculosis,
▹ APPROVAL: June 18, 1966 and other Mycobacteria, Malaria, and other
parasites, Bacterial Enteric diseases, Measles,
AO NO. 59 s. 2001 and other viral exanthems, Mycology,
▹ implements provisions regarding the rules Enterovirus, Antimicrobial resistance and
and regulations on the operations, Emerging diseases
maintenance, and establishment of clinical ▹NRL for confirmatory testing of blood
laboratories in the Philippines donors and blood units
▹ it includes provisions on authority that
● SECTION 8 - violations 2. SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL
● SECTION 9 - investigate of complaints ▹ NRL for HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, and Sexually
and clinical lab to permit to operate Transmitted Diseases (STI)
● SECTION 10 - revocation of a license
if there is a gross violation 3. EAST AVENUE MEDICAL CENTER
▹ NRL for Environmental and Occupational
AO NO. 48 s. 2003 Health; Toxicology and Micronutrient Assay
▹ includes the 3RD classification of clinical
lab 4. NATIONAL KIDNEY AND
▹ hospital and non-hospital-based clinical TRANSPLANT INSITUTE
labs belongs to this classification ▹ NRL for Hematology, including
▹ differentiates institution-based lab and immunohematology
free-standing lab
5. LUNG CENTER OF THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 393-E SERIES ▹NRL for Anatomic Pathology and
2000 Biochemistry
INSTITUTIONS SHOULD DEVELOP THEIR 3. Accreditation and ISO certification of
CAPABILITIES TO FULFILL THE clinical laboratories pursuant to the
FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS AS NATIONAL MODERNIZATION ACT OF 2011
4. Close monitoring of clinical
a. To provide laboraotry referral laboratories that usually operate as
services, e.g for confirmatory testing, single proprietorship, especially in
surveillance, research remote areas
b. To train laboratory personnel 5. Salary and compensation offered by
c. To maintain a quality assurance clinical lab
program for laboratory tests - in 6. High turnover rate of clinical lab staff
coordination with the Bureau of 7. Expensive sophisticated automation
Health Facilities and Services, DOH in the laboratory
d. To evaluate test kits and reagents - in 8. Confidentiality of result
coordination with the Bureau of Food 9. Training of clinical laboratory staff
and Drugs, and the Bureau of Health 10. Continuing professional education
Devices and Technology, and DOH 11. Teaching and training in clinical
laboratory
DEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM NO.
2009-0086-A
● Amendment to DEPARTMENT
MEMORANDUM NO. 2009-0086
entitled, “IMPLEMENTATION OF
EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT
PROGRAM AS REGULATORY
REQUIREMENT FOR LICENSING OF
CLINICAL LABORATORIES.”
↪ A clinical laboratory is required to
participate in the National External Quality
Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) administered
by the designated National Reference
Laboratories (NRLs).
↪ Initial implementation stated in the year
2009 in which NEQAS participation was
required for the renewal of the license to
operate of clinical laboratories in selected
Centers for Health Development (CHDs)

LEGAL ISSUES AND CONCERNS OF RA NO.

4688
1. Increasing number of clinical labs
categorized as secondary/tertiary,
especially in poor communities
deserving healthcare attention
2. Increasing number of registered VI. CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL
medical technologists per clinical, EDUCATION
especially the replacement of senior
and retiring ones
▹includes any activity that workers are doing
on a day-to-day basis which increases
RED/EO TITLE
knowledge, experience, and understanding
and improves performance RES 217 Policies adopted by the PRC on
▹ ensures continuing confidence and delisting names of delinquent
competence, particularly as roles develop or professionals from the rolls of
change or people develop their careers registered professionals

EXECUTIVE NO. 266 RES. 468 Removal of names from the

▹ institutionalized the Continuing annual roster for delinquency in
Professional Education (CPE) programs of the payment of annual
the various Professional Regulation Boards registration fee
under the Professional Regulating
Commission. The same executive of 5 sections RES. 323 Policies on the admission of
including the effectivity clause. foreigners to the licensure
▹EFFECT: JULY 25, 1995 examination and the practice of
▹ This mandatory requirement for the their profession
renewal of a professional license
EO 200 Full computerization of the
▹ This also empowers the PRC to adopt
licensure examination
policies on continuing professional education
administered by various
programs that can enhance and maintain high
regulatory board
professional, technical and ethical standards
in the practice of the profession for RES. 268 Guidelines and procedures on
implementation by the respective the mass oath-taking ceremonies
professional regulatory boards. of professionals

CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL RES. Non-admission of examinees

DEVELOPMENT 2004-211 arriving late during the conduct
of licensure examination
CPD LAW OF 2016
▹REPUBLIC ACT NO 10912 RES. Disallowing the viewing of
▹ an act mandating and strengthening the 2004-223 papers or filling of request of
continuing professional development reconsideration of failing grades
program for all regulated professions, after release of result of
creating the continuing professioanl licensure exam
development council, and appropriating
RES. Requiring applicants in licensure
funds therefor, and for other purposes.
2004-200 examination to submit TOR with
▹ it is an act which required CPD as the
scanner pictures and with
mandatory requirement for the renewal of
remarks: FOR BOARD
Professional Identification Card
EXAMINATION PURPOSES ONLY
▹ LAPSED: JULY 21, 206
▹ DATE OF EFFECTIVITY: AUGUST 16, 2016 RES. Guidelines in the conduct of
▹ PRESIDENT OF THE PHIL: Rodrigo R. 2004-214 licensure examinations for
Duterte persons with disabilities (PWD)

25. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY RES. Forfeiting of the examination

45 CREDIT UNITS
2004-189 fees paid by the examinee who
AMONG THE ABUSED SUBSTANCES IN THE
failed to report and take the
COUNTRY ARE
schedule examination
● Methamphetamine hydrochloride
RES. Disallowing application to (Shabu)
2002-0027 examination when there is ● Cannabis sativa (Marijuana)
discrepant information in both ● Inhalants
TOR and birth certification ▹ it's more popular today than the two
substances simply because it is cheap and
RES Guidelines in the release of data easily accessible
2003-143 of the performance of schools in ▹ RUGBY - COMMON
board examination
EFFECT IRREVERSIBLE
RES. Requiring applicants to submit COMPLICATIONS OF
2003-132 certification of good moral MISUSE
character
Slurred speech Hearing loss

Light-headedness Damages the central

nervous system (CNS)
Hallucinations and bone marrow

Delusions

TWO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES W/C

REGULATE, APPREHEND AND MONITOR
THE USE AND SALE OF ILLEGAL SALES
1. Dangerous Drugs Board
▹ an agency that monitors the use, sale,
production, and consumption of illicit drugs
and other paraphernali
▹ESTABLISHED ON: NOVEMBER 14, 1972
after the promulgation of P.D no. 44 which
amended R.A 6425
▹ SECRETARY: DOJ, Department of National
Defense, DOLE, DSWD, DepEd, DOH, DOF,
DILG, DFA
▹ CHAIRMAN: National Youth Commission,
CHED,
▹ UNDERSECRETARY: PDEA
▹ REGULAR MEMBER: Integrated Bar of the
Philippines
▹DIRECTOR - NBI
VII. PHILIPPINE DANGEROUS DRUGS LAW ▹ CHIEF - PNP
▹ NGO Representative
RA NO. 6425 - Dangerous Drugs Act of 2. Philippine Drug Enforcement
1972 Agency (PDEA)
RA NO. 9165 - Comprehensive Drugs Act
▹ an agency that monitors and penalizes the and shall include opium, opium derivatives,
use, sell, and processing of illicit drugs and and synthetic opiates
other paraphernalia
▹ the arm of the government which is RA 9165
responsible for the enforcement of the ▹ COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS
provisions on the use of prohibited drugs ACT OF 2002
▹a laws repealing RA no. 6425 as amended
RA 6425 and providing funds thereof and other
▹DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 1972 purposes
▹DATE OF APPROVAL: APRIL 4, 1972 ▹DATE OF APPROVAL: JANUARY 23, 2002
▹SIGNED BY: President Ferdinand Marcos ▹SIGNED BY: Pres. Gloria
▹ARTICLES: 11 Macapagal-Arroyo
▹ SECTIONS: 43 ▹ARTICLES: 13
▹SECTIONS: 102
PROHIBITED DRUG
1. Opium and its active components and PURPOSE FOR ENACTING RA 9165
derivatives - heroin and morphine DECLARATION OF POLICY
2. Coca leaf and its derivatives - ● To safeguard the well-being of the
cocaine; alpha and beta eucaine people, particularly the youth, from
3. Hallucinogenic drugs - mescaline, the harmful effects of dangerous
lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and drugs
other substances producing similar ● To apprehend persons involved in the
effects trafficking and use of dangerous drugs
4. Indian hemp and its derivatives - all and imposing the appropriate
preparations from any of the penalties as provided for in the Act
foregoing and other drugs, whether ● To have national drug control
natural/synthetic, with the program
physiological effects of a narcotic ● To provide sustainable programs of
drugs treatment and rehabilitation to the
fallen victims
REGULATED DRUG
1. Self-inducing sedatives - secobarbital, ARTICLE I
phenobarbital, pentobarbital, barbital, DEFINITION OF TERMS
amobarbital, and any other drug ● ADMINISTER - any act of introducing
which contains a salt or a derivative of any dangerous drug into the body of
a salt of barbituric acid any person, with or without his/her
2. Any salt, isomer/salt of an isomer of knowledge, by INJECTION,
amphetamine - INHALATION, INGESTION or other
benzedrine/dexedrine, or any drug means, or of committing any act of
whcih produces physiological action indispensable assistance to a person
similar to amphetamine in administering a dangerous drug to
3. Hypnotic drugs - methaqualone himself/herself UNLESS
ADMINISTERED BY A DULY
NARCOTIC DRUGS LICENSED PRACTITIONER FOR
▹ any drug which produces insensibility, PURPOSES OF MEDICATION
stupor, melancholy or dullness of mind with ● DELIVER - any act of KNOWINGLY
delusions and which may be habit-forming, PASSING A DANGEROUS DRUG to
 another personally or otherwise, and others, a strong desire or a sense of
by any means, with or without compulsion to take the substance
consideration ● DRUG SYNDICATE - organized group
● USE - any act of injecting of 2
intravenously or intramuscularly of ● FINANCIER - any persons who pay for,
consuming, either of chewing, raises or supplies money
smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, ● PROTECTOR/CODDLER - any person
drinking or otherwise introducing who knowingly and willfully consents
into the physiological system of the to the unlawful acts; shielding,
body, and of the dangerous drugs harboring, screening, or facilitating
● CHEMICAL DIVERSION - the sale, the escape of any person he/she
distribution, supply or transport of knows
legitimately imported, in-transit, ● PUSHER - any person who sells,
manufactured or procured controlled trades, administers, dispenses,
precursors and essential chemicals, in delivers, or give away to another;
diluted, mixtures; broken in any of such transactions
relabeling/concealment; Fraud, ● DEN, DIVE/ RESORT - a place where
destruction of documents, fraudulent any dangerous drugs and/or
use of permits, misdeclaration, use of controlled precursor and essential
front companies or mail fraud chemical is adminsitered, delivered,
● CONTROLLED DELIVERY - stored for illegal purposes,
investigate/surveillance technique; to distributed, sold or used in any form
pass into, through or out of the ● CLANDESTINE LABORATORY - any
country under the supervision of an facility used for the illegal
authorized officer, with a view to manufacture of any dangerous drug
gathering evidence to identify any and/or controlled precursos and
person involved. essential chemical
● ILLEGAL TRAFFICKING - illegal ● SCREENING TEST - a rapid test
cultivation, culture, delivery, performed to establish potential/
administration, dispensation, presumptive positive test
manufacture, sale, trading, ● CONFIRMATORY TEST - an analytical
transportation, distribution, test using a device, tool or equipment
importation, exportation, and with a different chemical/physical
possession of any dangerous drug principle that is more specific which
● PLANTING OF EVIDENCE - willful act will validate and confirm the result of
by any person of maliciously and the screening test
surreptitiously inserting, placing, ● GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED
adding or attaching WITH MASS SPECTROMETRY
directly/indirectly, through any overt (GC/MS) - “gold standard” used in
or covert act confirmatory testing. It is a series of
● DRUG DEPENDENCE - WHO four urine sport tests and a
definition; cluster of physiological, solid-buffer extraction technique to
behavioral, cognitive phenomena of prepare acid and basic extracts for
variable intensity, in which the use of GC/MS analysis;
psychoactive drugs takes on a high ● CANNABIS/ MARIJUANA OR INDIAN
priority thereby involving among HEMP
- Cannabis sativa L.
 - Cannabis americana, hanish, bhang, IMPLICATIONS OF THE DANGEROUS
guaza, churros, ganjab DRUGS ACTS FOR THE SOCIETY AS A
- dried/fresh and flowering, florwering WHOLE
or fruiting tops, or any part/portion of ▹RA 6425 & RA 9165 = no one is above the
the plant and seeds law
- Weed, jutes, pot, grass, damo, chongke ▹VIOLATING - apprehended/arrested
- Impairts the ability of a person to ▹AUTHORIZED - treatment/rehabilitation
focus ▹ LABOR SECTOR/ PUBLIC SERVANT -
- Disrupts coordination, balance, and apprehend or arrest
reaction time due to its active ▹USER/PUSHER - penalized
ingredient “tetrahydrocannabinol”
- Distored perception, problems with CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG TESTING
memory and learning, loss of motor LABORATORIES
coordination and increased heart rate
OWNERSHIP

● OPIUM - coagulated juice of the GOVERNMENT PRIVATE

opium poppy (Papaver somniferum ▹ national, provincial, ▹privately-owned,
L.); every kind and class of opium city or municpal individual, corporation,
- Narcotic preparations; morphine or government association/organization
any alkaloid of opium INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER
- Opium poppy straw;
leaves/wrappings of opium leaves INSTITUTION-BASED FREESTANDING
▹ within the premises ▹ outside the premises
● METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETA
SERVICE CAPABILITY
MINE (MDMA) “ECSTASY” - having
such chemical composition, including SCREENING LAB CONFIRMATORY LAB
any of its isomers or derivatives in any ▹ performing screening ▹ performing
form tests quantitative & qualitative
● METHAMPHETAMINE examinations
HYDROCHLORIDE, “SHABU”
- Ice, meth, crystal, Kristal, basura TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
(trash), tawas ACCREDITATION
- Impaired verbal learning and reduce ▹ secure DOH COA
motor skills SCREENING CONFIRMATORY
- IMMEDIATE EFFECT ▹blocking in the LAB LAB
brain of a neurotransmitter/
dopamine PHYSICAL Floor - 20sqm Floor - 60sqm
- ▹ weight loss, confusion, insomnia, PLANT Work - 10sqm Work - 30sqm
mood disturbance, violent behavior HEADSHIP Licensed Licensed
OF THE LAB physician physician or
CHED - allowed HEI to conduct mandatory licensed chemist
drug testing strating the incoming school year
2018-2019 PERSONNEL Licensed Licensed
chemist, MT, chemist, MT,
pharmacist, pharmacist,
MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 64 chemical engr. chemical engr.
 ● Uncommen method
LAB EQUIP Immunoassay Screen lab equip,
equip or BFAD GC-MS, HPLC-MS ● Easy to administer
or Laboratory oven, ● Short detection time
registered-drug analytical ● No reference standards
-testing kit or balance, ref,
Thin later freezer, BLOOD SPECIMEN
Chromatograph fumehood
● Most expensive & accurate method
y (TLC)
● Least common method
ref/freezer ● Short detection time
● Procedure not established &
standardized
URINE COLLECTION DEVICE
URINE Polyethylene bottle, 30/60mL, SWEAT (PATCH) SPECIMEN
wide mouth with screw cap ● Requires wearing of patch; 1-2 weeks
● Uncommon method
SALIVA Polyethylene bottle, 30mL
● No reference standards developed yet
BLOOD Plain test tube, 10mL ● Surface contamination can cause false
positive
TISSUE Screw-capped plastic ● Can detect use for extended period of
container
time
HAIR Self-sealed transparent plastic
bag HAIR SPECIMEN
● Expensive and tedious
SWEAT FDA-approved sweat patch ● Twice more sensitive than urine test
● Do not detect recent use
TYPES OF SPECIMEN AND REASON FOR ● Detect chronic susbtance abuse
TEST ● Requires 1.5x1.5cm hair clump
● More than 1 type of specimen may be ● Not affected by drugs abstinence
collected at the same time from the ● Can determine temporal pattern
donor
● A specimen may be tested for other MINIMUM QUALITY OF SPECIMEN
purposes provided that the quality of
URINE 60mL in single container
the specimen for which it will be 30mL each in 2 separate
tested is maintained and the chain of containers for split specimen
custody is intact.
SALIVA 2mL, divided into 1.5 mL the
URINE SPECIMEN primary
0.5 mL for challenge
● Least expensive, most popular
● Easy to do BLOOD Minimum of 5mL (w/o
● Standardized procedures anticoagulant)
● Detects use WITHIN the week
● Abstaining can produce negative HAIR 100mg hair (equivalent # of
strands of 1cm above scalp)
reaction
● Established specimen facility validity SWEAT 1 “patch” worn for 7-14 days
tests

SALIVA SPECIMEN
 TYPES OF SPECIMEN COLLECTION the selection of the ASP subject to the
1. SINGLE approval of the Dangerous Drug
▹ entirely placed in a single 60mL bottle Board
2. SPLIT PROFICIENCY TESTING
▹ specimen is collected at same time, but ▹ NRL shall conduct a continuing assessent of
placed in 2 separate containers at least 30mL the proficiency of Screening and Confirmatory
each labs.
▹ A laboratory that faisl to ass proficiency test
INVALID URINE SPECIMEN conducted by the NRL shall be given another
● Adulterated, substituted & diluted test not earlier than 1 month after the failed
● Improperly collected, handled & test
stored ▹However, failure to pass proficiency test
● Improperly documented shall result in the suspension of its
accreditation
WAYS OF TAMPERING SPECIMEN ▹ SUSPENSION SHALL BE LIFTED ONLY -
● Dilution after passing the 2ND proficiency test
● Adulteration ▹ Failure to pass the second proficiency test
● Substitution shall result in the revocation of its
accreditation
SPECIMEN DONOR IDENTIFICATION
● Photo ID (driver’s license, employee CLIENT/DONOR OF DRUG TESTING
ID, passport, etc) LABORATORIES
● Identification by authorized agency
MANDATORY DRUG RANDOM DRUG
representative TESTING TESTING
● Any other ID allowed by agency’s
workplace drug testing plan Driver’s license Students of secondary &
tertiary
STORAGE OF LABORATORY RESULTS AND
Firearm’s license Officers and employees
SPECIMENS of public and private
● Retention of Records for a Minimum offices whether
period Prescribed by the DOH domestic/overseas
● Screening laboratory must keep
specimen with negative result for a Military, police and
other law enforcers
minimum of 5 days upon receipt of
result. Criminal offense;
● In case the result is not retrieved by penalty of
the Client/Donor the laboratory has imprisonment of not
the option to discard the specimen less than 6 years and 1
day
after 5 days
Candidate for public
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY office (national/local)
REQUIREMENTS
● The laboratory shall have access to 1 Persons
apprehended/arrested
duly authorized Application Service
for violating the
Provider (ASP) provisions
● DOH shall formulate the Terms of
Reference/Request for Proposal for
 VALIDITY OF THE TEST RESULT
▹ 1 year period from the date of issue CONFIRMATORY LABORATORY - absence of
GC-MS nor HPLC-MS
▹ HPLC with photo diode array is nor more
SCREENIN CONFIRMATORY
G LAB LAB than 2 years
▹ TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography)
REQUIRED Document Certification for
DOC FOR ation of Quality Standard RA 10586
ACCREDIT Quality System from a “ANTI-DRUNK AND DRUGGED DRIVING
ATION Control DOH-recognized
ACT OF 2013”
Program certifying body
▹DATE OF EFFECTIVITY: MAY 27, 2013
VALIDITY 1 year 2 years ▹PRESIDENT: Benigno S. Aquino III
OF THE
COA ● ALCOHOL - alcoholic beverages
classified into beer, wine, and distilled
VIOLATIONS spirits, the consumption of which
1. Issuance of false/fraudulent drug test produces intoxication
results ● BREATH ANALYZER - equipment
2. Failure to protect the confidentiality which can determine the blood
3. Failure to participate/pass the alcohol concentration level of a
proficiency testing person through testing of his breath
4. Conviction of the owner/manager of a ● CHEMICAL TESTS - breath, saliva,
laboratory urine, or blood tests to determine the
5. Failure to refer the positive screening blood alcholo concentration level
test (confirmatory lab) and/or positive indication of
6. Any other cause which materially dangerous drugs and similar
affects the ability of the lab to ensure substances in a perosn’s body
the full reliability and accuracy of ● DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE
drug test and the accurate reporting OF ALCOHOL - act of operating a
of results motor vehicle while the driver’s blood
7. Failure on the part of the medical alcohol concentration level has, after
facility to submit documentation of being subjected to a breath analyzer
Quality Control Program (screening test, reached the level of intoxication,
lab) and Certification of Quality as established jointly by DOH,
Standard System from a NAPOLCOM, & DOTC
DOH-recognized certifying body ● FIELD SOBRIETY TEST - to
(confirmatory lab) within 6 months standardized tests to initially asses
8. Refusal to allow survey (Bureau or and determine intoxication, such as
CHD) the horizontal gaze nystagmus, the
9. Contrary to the accepted clinical walk-and-turn, the one-leg stand, and
laboratory practices other similar tests as determined
jointly by the DOH, NAPOLCOM &
TRANSITORY PROVISIONS DILG
▹ NRL - toxicology of the DOH is established
and operational SECTION 6
▹ Dangerous Drugs-Board-Laboratory shall ▹ Drug testing will only be conducted for
act as the NRL those driving under the influence (DUI)
▹ over-speeding, weaving, lane straddling,
swerving VIII. REPUBLIC ACT 7722
AN ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION ON
SECTION 7: MANDATORY ALCOHOL AND HIGHER EDUCATION, APPROPRIATING
CHEMICAL TESTING OF DRIVERS FUNDS FOR OTHER PURPOSES
INVOLVED IN MOTOT VEHICULAR
ACCIDENTS CHED
▹ Vehicular accident = loss of human life/ ▹ CREATED: MAY 18, 1994 through the
physical injuries passage of RA no. 7722, or the Higher
▹SUBJECTED TO: Chemical tests, drug Education Act of 1994.
screening test, and if necessary, a drug ▹ designed to act as a collegial body in
confirmatory test (RA NO. 9165) formulating plans, policies, and strategies
relating to higher education and the operation
PENALTIES FOR DRIVING UNDER THE of CHED.
INFLUENCE (DUI) RANGE FROM
- 3 months in prison & fine of PHP EDCOM REPORT
20,000 ▹ Pointed the seriousness of the present
- Perpetual revocation of the driver’s education system
license, a fine of PHP 500,000 and ▹ was translated into the enactment of RA
longer prison term 7722; creating the CHED in 1995, to supervise
the tertiary degree programs.

CHED
▹part of the broad agenda of reforms on the
country’s education system by the
Congressional Commission of Education
(EDCOME) in 1992
▹ Part of this reform was the tri focalization of
the education sector into 3 governing bodies:
1. CHED for tertiary and graduate
education
2. DepEd for basic education
3. Tech. educ. & Skills Development
(TESDA) for technical-vocational and
middle-level education

SECTION 1: HIGHER EDUCATION ACT OF

1994

SECTION 2: DECLARATION OF POLICY

“The state shall protect, foster, and promote
rights of citizens to affordable quality
education at all levels and shall take
appropriate steps to ensure that education
shall be accessible to all”
SECTION 3: CREATION OF THE programs on higher education and
COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION research
“The commission shall be independent and 2. Formulate and recommend dev’t
separate from the DECS and attached to the plans, policies, priorities, and
Office of the President for administrative programs on research
purposes only.” 3. Recommend to the executive and
legislative branches the priorities and
SECTION 4: COMPOSITION OF THE grants
COMMISSION 4. Set minimum standards for programs
▹Composed of 5 fulltime members: and institutions
● 1 chairman 5. Monitor and evaluate the programs
● 4 commissioners and institutions
QUALIFICATIONS: 6. Identify, support and develop
● Holders of earned Doctorate potential centers of excellence in
● Engaged in Higher Education for at program areas
least 10 years 7. Recommend to the Department of
● Not canditate in the election Budget and Management the budgets
● Higher degree of professionalism of public institutions.
8. Rationalize programs and institutions
SECTION 5: TERM OFFICE 9. Develop criteria for allocating
▹CHAIRMAN - term of 4 years, without additional resources
prejudice to one reappointment 10. Direct/redirect purposive research by
▹COMMISSIONERS -next 2-for 3 years institutions to meet the needs
Last 2- for 2 years 11. Devise and implement resource dev’t
schemes
SECTION 6: RANK AND EMOLUMENTS 12. Administer the Higher Education
▹CHAIRMAN = Department Secretary Dev’t Fund
▹COMMISSIONER - Undersecretary 13. Review the charters of institutions
- Compensation same 14. Promulgate rules and regulations
15. Perform necessary functions for
SECTION 7: BOARD OF ADVISERS effective operations
Should meet with the Commission at least
once a year Composition: SECTION 9: THE SECRETARIAT
1. Secretary of Education Culture and ▹HEADED BY: Executive officer, subject to
Sports as Chairman National Compensation and position
2. Director-General of the NEDA as clarification plan
Co-chairman ▹ Determine the duties, responsibilities, and
3. Secretary of Science and Technology functions
4. Secretary of Trade and Industry
5. Secretary of Labor and Employmen SECTION 10: THE HIGHER EDUCATION
6. President of FAAP DEPARTMENT FUND
7. President of FARE ▹ Established to strengthen the higher
education
SECTION 8: POWERS AND FUNCTION OF 1. Government’s contribution to the
THE COMMISSION fund
1. Formulate and recommend dev’t - SEED CAPITAL = 500million PHP
plans, policies, priorities, and - INITIAL OPERATION 50 million PHP
 - ANNUAL SHARE ON TOTAL GROSS SECTION 14: ACCREDITATION
COLLECTIONS OF THE TRAVEL TAX ▹ Commission shall provide incentives to
= 40% institutions of higher learning, public and
- SHARE FROM PROFESSIONAL private whose needs are for accreditation
GROSS FEE = 30% purposes.
- GROSS SALES OF PCSO = 1%
SECTION 15: TAX EXEMPTIONS
2. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FINANCING ▹ Any donation, contribution, bequest and
INSTITUTIONS ▹3-5% grant maybe made shall constitute as
3. Private portion for donates, gifts, and allowable deduction from the income of the
conveyances donor for income tax purposes and shall be
exempt from donor’s tax
SECTION 11: MANAGEMENT AND
ADMINISTRATION OF THE HIGHER SECTION 16: AUTHORITY
EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT FUND ▹Exercise authority necessary with its areas
▹ MUst be administered by the commission of operation to attain its objectives
▹ Shall appoint a reputable government to
administer funds SECTION 17: APPROPRIATION
GUIDELINES ▹PHP 500,000, 000 is hereby authorized to he
1. No part of capital shall be used for appropriated for the seed capital of the FUn
overhead expenses for admin ▹ADDITIONAL PHP 50,000,000 - is hereby
2. Earnings for private contributions authorized to be appropriated out of the
shall be used for administrative funds in the National Treasury/ the
expenses Philippine Amusement and Gaming
3. Commission shall appoint and Corporation (PAGCOR)
organize separate staff
4. Shall be utilized equitably to regions SECTION 18: TRANSITORY PROVISIONS
and programs ▹All government entities having functions to
those of the commission are transferred to
SECTION 12: THE TECHNICAL PANELS the commission
▹ Assist the commission in setting standards ▹The commission shall have the authority to
and program monitoring and evaluation appoint its own personnel
▹Composed of senior specialists ▹All regular and permanent employees shall
not suffer any loss of rank or emoluments
SECTION 13: GUARANTEE OF ACADEMIC
FREEDOM SECTION 19: REPEALING CLAUSE
▹ Exemptions for the abridgment of the ▹All laws, executive orders, rules and
curricular freedom of education institutions: regulations that are inconsistent must be
1. Minimum unit requirement for that canceled
program
2. General education distribution SECTION 20: SEPARABILITY CLAUSE
requirements ▹ Any provision that are held unconstitutional
3. Specific professional subjects maybe or invalid, other provisions are not affected
stipulated by the various licensing and shall continue to enact
entities
SECTION 21: EFFECTIVITY
IX. THE PHILIPPINE BLOOD BANK LAW
 ▹ APRIL 15, 1947 - PNCR inaugurated in
BLOOD Malacanang
▹ viewed as a life-saving fluid that runs ▹ APRIL 15, 1997 - PNRC 50TH anniversary
through a person’s body
▹ It can also be considered as a life-saving RA NO. 10072 “PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED
component whose value is markedly CROSS ACT OF 2009”
manifested whenever persons undergo a SIGNED BY: President Gloria-Macapagal
surgical procedure because of severe Arroyo
infection or a major accident or trauma ▹ PRC continues to advance its advocacy for
quality life-saving services trough its
REPUBLIC ACT NO 7719 voluntary blood donation drives.
▹ NATIONAL BLOOD SERVICES ACT OF
1994 PHILIPPINE BLOOD COORDINATING
COUNCIL (PBCC)
REPUBLIC ACT NO 1517 1. To disseminate correct infromation to
▹ REGULATING THE COLLECTION, the public regarding the benefits and
PROCESSING, AND SALE OF HUMAN advantages of voluntary blood
BLOOD, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT AND donation
OPERATION OF BLOOD BANKS AND BLOOD 2. To motivate different sectors of the
PROCESSING LABORATORIES society to donate blood voluntarily
3. To educate medical and paramedical
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS (PNRC) personnel regarding the proper
& PHILIPPINE BLOOD COORDINATING utilization of blood
COUNCIL (PBCC) 4. To promote the use of blood
▹ two primary agencies in the country that component therapy to utlizie blood to
facilitate blood donation and education the fullest
▹ Both have been effective in the campaign to 5. To improve blood banking procedures
encourage Filipinos to donate blood to and policies
maintain an adequate supply of blood for 6. To promote the interchange of
transfusion concepts and experiences in the blood
donation and transfusion
BLOOD BANK COUNCILS OR AGENCIES 7. To foster participation in international
activities in the blood banking and
PHILIPPINE RED CROSS transfusion
▹Under the initiative of APOLINARIO MABINI,
the National Association of the Red Cross was REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7719
established in the country on FEBUARY 17, ▹ NATIONAL BLOOD SERVICES ACT
1899 ▹ approved through the efforts of the council
▹MRS. HILARO DEL ROSARIO DE ▹ It phased out commercial blood banks
AGUINALDO - President nationwide and regulated blood service
▹ AUGUST 1900 - Filipino Red Cross Society facilities (BSFs)
was recognized during the Filipino-American ▹ It also promoted voluntary blood donation
War (became a branch of the American in the entire country and provided free
National Red Cross) importation of blood bank equipment,
▹ 1947 - PNRC was recognized by the reagents, blood bags, and supplies for safer
international community blood and blood products intended for
transfusion to patients
▹ CURRENT HEAD: Diosdado Jovian SECTION 2
Domingo, MD ▹BLOOD - human blood, processed or
unprocessed, and includes its products and
EMERGENCE AND CLOSURE OF derivatives
COMMERCIAL BLOOD BANKS IN THE ▹PERSON - corporations, partnerships,
PHILIPPINES associations, and organizations
▹ When the PNRC lauched its National Blood ▹COST - actual purchase price of unprocessed
Program on JULY 17, 1948, the country’s blood and its handling charges, such as those
supply of blood for transfusion was low for its collection, processing, storage,
▹ Although government and private hospitals transportation, and sale and a reasonable
had set-up blood banks, the country still allowance of spoilage
could not cope with the growing need for
blood for transfusion SECTION 3:
▹COMMERCIAL BLOOD BANKS were ▹ It shall be unlawful for any person to
established - not all blood banks performed establish or operate a blood bank or blood
proper screening of donors and acquired processing laboratory, or to collect or process
blood specimens with infectious diseases that blood if he is not a licensed physician or to
might be transferred to the blood recipients sell blood collected from another person,
▹RA 7719 - closure of commercial blood even if they are authorized by the latter,
banks in the country without first securing a license from the DOH
▹NOVEMBER 2008 - by order of former ▹ IN CASE OF EMERGENCY, blood transfusion
Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim, all commercial shall be allowed under the responsibility of
blood banks in Manila were closed. the attending physician without such license.
▹ Persons operating blood banks and blood
PERTINENT LAWS ON BLOOD BANKING processing laboratories on the date of the
approval of this Act may continue to operate
PHILIPPINE BLOOD BANKING SYSTEM the same if they secure such license within 60
1992 days from the date of this issuance of the
▹Unsafe rules and regulations provided for in section
▹Inadequate 5 hereof
▹ Wasteful
SECTION 4
PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1517 ▹ Blood banks and processing laboratories
“ACT REGULATING THE COLLECTION, shall be operated on a non-profit basis
PROCESSING, AND SALE OF HUMAN BLOOD ▹Blooc collecting or processing by other
AND THE ESTABLISHMENT AND blood collectors or processors or by
OPERATION OF BLOOD BANKS AND BLOOD individual physicians shall also be on a
PROCESSING LABORATORIES” non-profit basis.
▹ Such banks and laboratories shall sell blood,
SECTION 1: TITLE other blood collectors or processors, and
▹In order to promote public health, it is individual physicians at cost.
declared a national policy to prevent
trafficking in human blood and its products SECTION 5:
and derivatives. ▹SECRETARY OF HEALTH - is charged with
the responsibility of strictly enforcing this
Act, and shall issue such rules and regulations
as may be necessary to carry out its
provisions, including rules and regulations 1. Any person/persons who shall be
prescribing, from time to time, the maximum responsible for the above violation
ceilings for handling charges of blood, such as shall suffer the penalty of
charges for its collection, processing, storage, ● IMPRISONMENT - not less than 12
transportation, and sale and a reasonable years and 1 day NOR more than 20
allowance for spoilage, which shall be years
considered as part of the cost of blood ● FINE - not less than 50,000 pesos NOR
more than 500,000 or both at the
SECTION 6 discretion of the competent court
▹Any person who violates any provision of
this Act or of the rules and regulations issued 2. SECRETARY - after due notices and
thereunder shall be punished by: hearing, may impose administrative
● IMPRISONMENT - for not less than 1 sanctions such as
month and nor more than 1 year ● Not limited to fines
● FINE - not less than 100 pesos and ● Suspensions
nor more than 1,000 pesos ● Revocation of license to operate blood
bank/center
SECTION 7 ● Recommend the suspension of
DATE OF APPROVAL: JUNE 16, 1956 revocation of the license to practice
the profession when applicable
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 242, S. 1975
▹ AMend Section 5 regarding the cost of REPUBLIC ACT NO 7719
human blood “NATIONAL BLOOD SERVICES ACT OF
▹ BLOOD TYPES “A”, “B”, AND “O” = 55 pesos 1994”
per 500cc and additional 5 pesos is charged
for the use of the plastic bag. PROVISIONS
▹ADDITIONAL TESTS - 25 pesos ▹ known otherwise as “AN ACT PROMOTING
▹HONORARIUM FOR THE QUALIFIED VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONATION
DONOR - 50 pesos PROVIDING FOR AN ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF
SAFE BLOOD, REGULATING BLOOD BANKS,
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 291, S 1976 AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR
▹ Amends Section 7 and Section 13 VIOLATION THEREOF”
▹SECTION 7 - additional provision is that a
physician may be allowed to operate and THREE PARTS: Preliminary, Functional, and
manage a blood bank provided he/she is Concluding provisions
registered with the Board of Medical
Examiner to practice the medical profession PRELIMARY PROVISIONS
in the Philippines SECTION 1: “NATIONAL BLOOD SERVICES
▹Has undergone training in a blood bank from ACT OF 1994”
an accredited blood bank institution
▹Certified in competency by the medical SECTION 2: DECLARATION OF POLICY
board a. To promote and encourage voluntary
blood donation by the citizenry and to
PENALTIES FROM THE REVISED PENAL still public consciousness of the
CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES principle that blood donation is a
humanitarian aid
b. To lay down the legal principle that l. To require the upgrading of blood
the provision of blood for the banks/centers to include preventive
transfusion is a professional medical services and education to control
service and not a sale of a commodity spread of blood transfusion
c. To provide for adequate, safe, transmissible disease
affordable, and equitable
d. To inform the public of the need for SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS
voluntary blood donation to curb ● BLOOD/BLOOD PRODUCT - human
hazards caused by the commercial blood, processed or unprocessed and
sale of blood, includes blood components, its
e. To teach the benefits and rationale of products and derivatives
voluntary blood donation in the ● BLOOD BANK - a laboratory with the
existing health subjects of the formal capability to recruit and screen blood
education system in all public and donors, collect, process, store,
private schools, in the elementary, transport, and issue blood for
high school, and college levels as well transfusion and provide information
as the non-formal education systems or education on a blood transfusion
f. To mobilize all sectors of the and transmissible disease
community to participate in the ● COMMERCIAL BLOOD BANK - a
mechanism for voluntary and blood bank that exist to profit
non-profit collection of blood ● HOSPITAL-BASED BLOOD BANK - a
g. To mandate the DOH to establish and blood bank which is located within
organize a Nationa Blood Transfusion the premises of a hospital and which
Service Network in order to can perform compatibility testing of
rationalize and improve the provision blood
of adequate and safe supply of blood ● BLOOD COLLECTION UNIT - an
h. To provide adequate assistance to institution duly authorized by the
institutions promoting voluntary DOH to recruit and screen donors and
blood donation and providing collect blood
non-profit blood services, either ● VOLUNTARY BLOOD DONOR - one
through a system of reimbursement who donates blood on one’s own
for cost from patients who can afford volition and without monetary
to pay or donations from compensation
governmental and non-governmental ● DEPARTMENT - DOH
entities ● BLOOD TRANSFUSION -
i. To require all blood collection units transmissible disease - disease which
and blood banks/centers to operate may be transmitted as a result of
on a non-profit basis blood transfusion, including AIDS,
j. To establish scientific and hepatitis-B, malaria and syphilis
professional standards for the ● SECRETARY OF HEALTH - or any
operation of blood collection units other person to whom the Secretary
and blood banks/centers in the delegates the responsibility of
Philippines carrying out the provisions of this Act
k. To regulate and ensure the safety of ● WALK-IN BLOOD DONOR - an
all activities related to the collection, individual included in the list of
storage and banking of blood; and qualified voluntary blood donors who
 is ready to donate blood when needed ▹PRIVATE HOSPITALS - encourage to
in his/her community (SECTION 4; E) establish voluntary blood donation programs

FUNCTIONAL PROVISIONS SECTION 7: PHASE-OUT OF COMMERCIAL

▹ are limited to orders on the voluntary BLOOD BANKS
donation, phase-out of commercial blood ▹2 years after the effectivity of this act
banks, rules and regulations on blood bank ▹EXTENDABLE TO A MAXIMUM - 2 years by
service importations of blood bank Secretary
equipment, and penalties associated with
blood CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD SERVICE
FACILITIES (BSFs) & ITS FUNCTIONS
SECTION 4: PROMOTION OF VOLUNTARY
BLOOD DONATION BLOOD SERVICE FACILITIY CATEGORIES
● PUBLIC EDUCATION Adm Order no. 2005-0005 or “REVISED
● PROMOTION IN SCHOOLS IRR OF RA 7719”
● PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
BLOOD ● Donor recruitment,
● ESTABLISHMENT OF A BLOOD CENTER retention and care of
SERVICE NETWORK voluntary blood donors
● WALK-IN DONORS ● Collection of blood
(mobile/ facility-based)
SECTION 5: NATIONAL VOLUNTARY from qualified voluntary
donors
SERVICES PROGRAM
● NATIONAL, Subnational
and selected Regional
DOH Blood Centers only:
NATIONAL VOLUNTARY BLOOD SERVICES Testing of blood units for 5
PROGRAM infectious disease markers
▹policy-making body, regulatory functions (anti-HIV 1&2, Anti-HCV,
and program management HBsAg, Syphilis, Malaria)
● Processing and provision
of blood components
THE PHILIPPINE RED CROSS ● Storage, issuance,
▹voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation transport % distribution of
advocacy units of whole blood
and/or blood products to
PHILIPPINE BLOOD COORDINATING hospitals and other health
COUNCIL facilities
▹ continuous professional education for blood BLOOD ● Storage of whole blood &
bank staff BANK blood components
obtained from a blood
SECTION 6: UPGRADING SERVICES AND center or another hospital
FACILITIES ● Compatibility testing of
▹ all blood banks/centers shall provide red cells unit
● Direct Coombs Test
preventive health services such as education
● Red Cell antibody testing
and counseling on blood transfusion ● Investigation of
transmissible disease transfusion reactions
▹GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS - required to ● Assist the Hospital Blood
establish voluntary blood donation programs Transfusion Committee
(HBTC) in the conduct of
 - Camarines Norte
post-transfusion
surveillance ● Both at urban area with airport
(hemovigilance) facility
● Legazpi with International port
BLOOD ● Donor recruitment, ● Distance by land travel: 2-3 hours
COLLECTION Retention, Education & - BICOL REGIONAL BLOOD ZONAL
UNIT Counseling
NETWORK - ZONE A
● Donor selection &
screening ● DOH-BICOL MEDICAL CENTER
● Blood collection BLOOD BANK AND TRANSFUSION
SERVICE - lead
BLOOD Storage and Issuance - Naga City, Camarines Norte
STATION
● BLOOD BANK WITH ADDITIONAL
FUNCTION HOSPITAL BASED
PERSONNEL - Camarines Sur
BLOOD 4 designated RMTs (consider - San Pascual, Masbate
STATION non-hospital BS) OTHER COLLECTING UNITS
- CAMARINES SUR
BLOOD ● 1 MD - CAMARINES NORTE
COLLECTION ● 1 RMT - CATANDUANES
UNIT ● 1 DRO (RN/RMT)
- MASBATE
● 2 PHLEBOTOMIST
(RN/RMT)
BLOOD SERVICE NETWORK
BLOOD BANK ● 1 DRO (RN/RMT) - 15 BSF Members
● 4 RMTs

HOSPITAL ● 1 MD BSF CATEGOR LOCATION

BLOOD BANK ● 1 DRO (RN/RMT) Y
WITH ● 2 PHLEBOTOMIST
ADDITIONAL (RN/RMT) Philippine Red Cross BS/BCU Naga City, CS
FUNCTIONS ● 9 RMTs
Mother Seton Hospital BB Naga City, CS
BLOOD ● 1 MD
CENTER ● 1 RN NICC Doctors Hospital BS Naga City, CS
● 9 RMTs
St. John Hospital, Inc BS Naga City, CS

REGION V. TWO LEAD BSF: St. John Hospital, Inc BS GOA, CS

DOH-GOVERNMENT OWNED
Bicol AccessHealth BS Naga City, CS
Centrum
- BICOL REGION BLOOD ZONAL B
NETWORK Nilo Roa Hospital BS Naga City, CS
● DOH BICOL REGIONAL BLOOD
CENTER - LEAD; Lourdes Hospital BS Iriga City, CS
- LEGAZPI CITY, ALBAY MMGHHSCCS - (RMC) BS Iriga City, CS
● NON-HOSPITAL BASED CENTER
- Albay Sta. Maria Josefa BS Iriga City, CS
- Sorsogon Foundation Hospi.
- Masbate
Our Lady Mediatrix BS Iriga City, CS
- Catanduanes
 ▹It shall be unlawful for any person to
Hospital
establish and operate a blood bank/center
Bicol Sanitarium BS Cabusao, CS unless it is registered and issued a license to
operate by the Department
Naga City Hospital BS Naga City, CS

Libmanan District BS Libmanan, SECTION 10: IMPORTATION OF BLOOD

Hospital CS BANK EQUIPMENT, BLOOD BAGS AND
REAGENTS
SECTION 8: NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION
▹ Upon the effectivity of this Act, equipment,
▹ All blood banks/centers shall operate on a
blood bags, and reagents used for the
non-profit basis
screening and testing of donors, collection
▹ Provided, they may collect service fees not
and processing and storage of blood shall be
greater than the maximum prescribed by the
imported tax-and duty-free by the PNRC,
Department which shall be limited to be
blood banks and hospitals participating
necessary expenses entailed in collected and
actively in the National Voluntary Blood
processing of blood
Services Program
▹ Blood - COLLECTED FROM HEALTH
VOLUNTARY DONORS
SECTION 11: RULES AND REGULATIONS
▹ within 60 days
MAXIMUM SERVICE FEES BY BSF
▹ Existing Revised Rules and Regulations -
WHOLE BLOOD PHP 1,800 remain in foce unless amended/revised by
the Secretary
PACKED RBCs PHP 1,500
▹ shall prescribe from time-to-time the
Other blood components PHP 1,000 maximum ceiling for fees
● Platelet
concentrate SECTION 12: PENALTIES
● Fresh frozen ▹COMPLAINT OF ANY PERSON & AFTER
plasma
DUE NOTICE AND HEARING - any blood
● Cryoprecipitate &
cryosupemate bank/centers which shall collect charges and
fees greater than the maximum prescribed by
the Department shall have its license
BLOOD SERVICE FEE COVERS THE
suspended or revoked by the Secretary
FOLLOWING PROCEDURE
▹PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ABOVE
VIOLATION
TESTING FOR
- IMPRISONMENT - not less than 1 month
● Hepatitis B & C
NOR more than 6 months
● HIV
- FINE - not less than 5,000 NOR more than
● Syphilis & Malaria
50,000 or both at the discretion of the
competent court
OTHER SCREENING TEST
▹PERSON WHO ESTABLISH AND OPERATE
● Hemoglobin
BLOOD BANK WITHOUT ANY LICENSRE TO
● Blood typing
OPERATE (SECTION 9)
● Vital signs
- IMPRISONMENT - not less than 12 years
and 1 day NOR more than 20 years
SECTION 9: REGULATION OF BLOOD
- FINE - not less than 50,000 NOR more than
BANKS
500,000 or both at the discretion of the
competent court
 ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 17, s. 1998
NAGA CITY ORDINANCE NO. 2007-021 ▹ Amendment of AO no. 09, s. 1995
▹ an ordinance allowing voluntary blood ▹ Only to be the issuance of cellular phones
donation as an alternative Mode of Settlement and pages to qualified personnel such as the
of Administrative Fine for Violation of Traffic DOH Central Office and coordinators of the
Rules and Regulations. program
▹All monthly rental fees arising from the use
ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2010-0001 of cellular phones and pagers are chargeable
“POLICIES AND GUIDELINES FOR THE to the program
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BLOOD SERVICES
(PNBS) AND THE BLOOD SERVICES ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO.
NETWORK (BSN) 2008-0008-A
Ensures▹ accredited BSF with adequate staff
ON BLOOD DONOR PANELS/REGISTRY and personnel, equipment, provisions on
1. All barangays of the country shall policy and guidelines, standards and technical
establish and maintain a Blood Donor requirements and other resources in order to
Panel as a reference for the perform all the functions effectively, safely,
mobilization of blood donors, and efficiently for the protection and
especially in emergencies. promotion of health of the people

NATIONAL PLAN: NVBSP STRATEGIC PLAN

VISION: Safe blood for All

MISSION: A nationally coordinated and
efficient networking of BSF based on
voluntary blood donation that will ensure
safe, adequate, timely, and accessible blood
supply and the rational use of blood in the
Philippines through advocacy, professional
education and research

SECTION 13: SEPARABILITY CLAUSE

SECTION 14: REPEALING CLAUSE
SECTION 15: EFFECTIVITY CLAUSE
▹ take effect after 15 days following its
publication in the Official Gazette
▹ 2 national newspapers of general
circulation

APPROVED: MAY 5, 1994

SIGNED BY: (sgd.) Fidel V. Ramos

ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 09, s 1995

▹ “RULES AND REGULATIONS
IMPLEMENTING RA 7719”
▹TOOK EFFECT: MAY 12, 1995
 X. PHILIPPINE AIDS PREVENTION AND ▹ HIV reproduces at very low levels, although
CONTROL ACT OF 1998 it is still active
▹ Virus replicates in the host’s body slowly
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) ▹ YOU MAY NOT HAVE SYMPTOMS
- constant threat in the global public health ▹ WITH TREATMENT - may live in this stage
setting for several decades
▹1980 - 1ST recorded case in the US ▹WITHOUT TREATMENT - lasts an average
▹ PHILIPPINES - 1-7 countries globally where of 10 years, but some people may progress
AIDS have spike to 25% from 2001-2009 through this stage faster
SYMPTOMS
H▹uman (transmission is human to human) - Swollen lymph nodes
I▹mmunodeficiency (weakening of the - Recurrent fever and oral/vaginal
immune system) yeast infections
V ▹irus (type of microorganism) - Fatigue, vomiting
- Diarrhea, weight loss
A ▹cquired (obtainer/developed) - Skin rashes, shingles, pneumonia
I ▹mmuno
D ▹eficiency (weakening of the immune 3. AIDS
system) ▹ Final stage of a person infected with HIV
S ▹yndrome (group of symptoms that ▹ CD4 cells fall below 200 cells/mm2, you are
consistently occur together) considered to have progressed to AIDS
▹WITHOUT TREATMENT - 3 years
SYMPTOMS OF HIV ▹It is accompanied by opportunistic diseases
▹ vary depending on the health status of and most commonly affecting the respiratory tract
individual and the activity of the virus in the SYMPTOMS
body - Rapid weight loss
- Recurring fever/profuse night sweats
THREE PHASES - Extreme & unexplained tiredness
1. EARLY INFECTION/ACUTE - Diarrhea lasting for a month
INFECTION - Pneumonia
▹ “worst flu ever” - Memory loss, depression & other
▹ Acute Retroviral Syndrome (ARS) neurologic disorders
▹ large amounts of the virus are being - Sores in the mouth, anus, or genitals
produced in your body - DERMATOPHYTOSIS - fungal infection
▹many, but not al, people develop flu-like - KAPOSI’S SARCOMA
symptoms - ORAL CANDIDIASIS
▹ 2-4 weeks after the initial infection
SYMPTOMS TRANSMISSION OF AIDS
- High fever, chills, headache ▹ HIV - fragile virus; it can’t survive outside
- Lymphadenopathy (swelling of the host cell
glands) HIGH VIRAL LOAD - direct contract with
- Rash body secretions
- Fatigue - Semen, vaginal fluid, lood, breast milk
- Muscle aches, mouth ulcers LOW VIRAL LOAD
▹Undergo blood screening tests = definitive - Tears, sweat, feces, and urine
diagnosis
2. CLINICAL LATENCY MODE OF TRANSMISSION
COMMON METHODS
- Unprotected sex with an infected PHILIPPINE NATIONAL AIDS COUNCIL
partner (PNAC)
- Sharing needles with infected person ▹ CREATED: December 1992 through EO no.
ALMOST ELIMINATED AS RISK FACTORS 39 in response to the rising cases of
- Transmission from infected mother to HIV/AIDS in the Philippines
fetus ▹ It was created to fulfill the following
- Infection from blood products functions
HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS a. Secure from government agencies
- Unsafe sex concerned recommendations on how
- Multiple partners their respective agencies could
- Injectable & illgeal drugs operationalize specific provisions. The
HIGH RISK POPULATIONS council shall integrate and coordinate
- Men having sex with men (MSM) such recommendations and issue
- People in prostitution (PIP)’ implementing rules and regulations.
commercial sex workers The council shall likewise ensure that
- People who inject drugs (PWID) there is an adequate coverage of the
following:
ART ● The institution of a nationwide
▹ Anti-Retroviral Treatment HIV/AIDS information and education
▹ the combination of several antiretroviral program
medicines used to slow the rate at which HIV ● The establishment of a
makes copies of itself (multiplies) in the body comprehensive HIV/AIDS monitoring
▹ it’s NOT removing the virus from the body system
● The issuance of guidelines on medical
BASIC STI, HIV AND AIDS and other practices and procedures
TO PREVENT IT: that carry the risk of HIV transmission
● Abstinence ● The provision of accesible and
● Be mutually faithful affordable HIV testing and counselling
● Consistent & correct condom use services to those who are in need of it
● Do not use drugs & alcohol ● The provision of acceptable health
● Education & early detection of HIV and support services for person with
HIV/AIDS in hospitals and in
YOU CAN’T HIV FROM communities
● Kissing ● The protection and promotion of the
● Hugging rights of individuals with HIV; and
● Sharing food ● The strict observance of medical
● Insect bites confidentiality
● Toilet seats
● Bathing b. Monitor the implementation of the
● Sneezes and coughs rules and regulations, issue or cause
● Sweat the issuance of orders/make
recommendations to the
implementing agencies as the Council
considers appropriate
c. Develop a comprehensive long-term
AIDS COUNCIL AND AGENCY national HIV/AIDS prevention and
 control program and monitor its PNAC WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
implementation - Philippine information Agency
d. Coordinate the activities of and - Senate Committee on Health
strengthen working relationships - Congress Committee on Health
between government and - DOT
non-government agencies involved in - DSWD
the campaign against HIV/AIDS - DOLE
e. Coordinate and cooperate with - DBM
foreign and international organization - DFA
regarding data collection, research - DILG
and treatment modalities concerning - DOJ
HIV/AIDS, and - DOH
f. Evaluate the adequacy of and make - DepEd
recommendations regarding the
utlization of national resources for the ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSITUTIONS AND
prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in OTHER AGENCIES IN AIDS AWARENESS
the Philippines
EDUCATIONAL COUNSELLING
SECRETARIAT ▹ Teaching - development and progress of
▹ SUPERVISION OF DOH - created to monitor AIDS in public
and evaluate the affairs of the council ▹concepts of AIDS, and its etiological agency
1. Assist in ensuring that activities (HIV) = Mycology, microbiology & health educ
related to HIV/AIDS are implemented, courses
coordinated and harmonized ▹ EARLY DETECTION OF AIDS = necessary
2. Provide technical support to the for immediate treatment
council and its partners
3. Assist the Council in monitoring and HEALTH INFORMATIVE ADVISORY
evaluating national response ▹ Through Seminars
4. Assist the Council in identifying and - PARTICIPANTS FROM DIFFERENT
mobilizing resources in support of the PROFESSIONAL ORG = Act as Health
implementation of AIDS response advisory agents
5. Provide administrative support to the
council by developing and enhancing CLINICAL ETHICS
management systems and procedures 1. The confidentiality of the results and
through the following: the persons positive for HIV
a. Human resource capacity-buildings themselves are protected by law
(trainings,workshops, etc.) 2. Informed consent for HIV testing has
b. Inventory of office equipment and been the protcol in most hospitals
vehicles for PNAC use 3. Pre-natal HIV testing is done because
c. Perform administrative fucntions like early detection of mother-to-child HIV
documentation, filing, inventory transmission is significantly reduced
d. Function as support staff during if prgenant women identified as
plenary and sub-committee meetings seropositive take antiretroviral
e. Provide administrative support to the therapy
Council in the conduct of PNAC
plenary and sub-committee meetings ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND MORAL
ISSUES
▹ PHYSICAL FITNESS - requirement
- Perons with HIV/AIDS have been INFORMATION
excluded form the workplace; ▹ part of the delivery health services by health
thinking AIDS is an infectious disease workers shall be enahnced to include skills
▹ MAIN TASK OF MEDICAL FIELD - treat the for proper information dissemination and
disease and prevent its further spread education on HIV/AIDS
▹ DANGEROUS - intimate body contact
▹ The more educated people = more likely ARTICLE 2: SAFE PRACITCES AND
they are able to follow health advice PROCEDURES
▹ Safer practices and procedures including:
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES IN BIOETHICS - Policies on donation of blood, organ,
1. RESPECT FOR PERSON - signifies tissues
respecting the decisions of others and - Guidelines on surgical
protecting those who lack the - Penalties for unsafe practices and
decision-making capacity procedures
2. BENEFICENCE - involves the
obligation to impose positive acts in ARTICLE 3: TESTING, SCREENING AND
the best interest of the patients; COUNSELLING
kindness, charity and mercy ARTICLE 4: HEALTH AND SUPOORT
3. JUSTICE - fair treatment SERVICES
▹ hospital-based and community-based
RA 8504 services
THE PHILIPPINES AIDS PREVENTION AND ▹ livelihood programs and training
CONTROL ACT OF 1998 ▹ control of sexually transmitted diseases
ARTICLES: 9 ▹insurance for persons with HIV
● Public awareness - educational and ▹information disseminations on how to
information campaign control STD
● Full protection of the human rights
and civil liberties ARTICLE 5: MONITORING
● Safety and universal precautions in ▹ contract tracing
practices and procedures that carry ▹ program agencies
risk of HIV transmission
● Positively address and seek to ARTICLE 6: CONFIDENTIALITY
eradicate conditions that aggravate ▹maintain the confidentiality of results
the spread of HIV infection ▹ exceptions for such confidentiality of results
● Participation of affected individuals in ▹ risks associated with reporting the results
propagating vital information and ▹ penalty associated for releasing the results
educational messages about ▹disclosure of the results to the sexual
HIV/AIDS partner
▹ release of result with consent of the patient
ARTICLE 1: EDUCATION AND
INFORMATION ARTICLE 7: DISCRIMINATORY ACTS AND
POLICIES
EDUCATION ▹ discriminatory procedures, especially in the
▹ discusses the causes, mode of transmission, workplace, school, hospitals and the public
and ways of preventing HIV/AIDS and other ● Employees (hiring, firing, promotion,
STIs assignment-based)
 ● Schools (refuse admission, punish PROHIBITED ACTS
students, deny participation in ● Misinformation
activities) ● Compelling a person to be tested
● Travel (legal right and lodge; ● Professional negligence = HIV
quarantines - illegal) infection
● Legal right to seek public office ● Harassing HIV service providers while
● Credit services cannot be denied, delivering HIV-related services
insurance cannot be refused ● Disclosure of confidential information
● Hospitals (refuse treatment) ● Discriminatory acts
● Decent burials cannot be denied ● Acts of bullying
● Legal penalties - ENFORCED

VIOLATING CONFIDENTIALITY HIV EDUCATION AS A HEALTH SERVICE

● IMPRISONMENT - 6 months to 4 ● HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS - expected
years to provide HIV education
● FINES - not exceeding PHP 10,000 ● PUBLIC HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS -
● Revocation of licenses, or permits of enhanced to include skills in
schools, hospitals, and other providing HIV education
institutions ● PRIVATE HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS
- HIV education - civic duty
ARTICLE 8: THE PNAC ● HIV education: HIV transmission,
ARTICLE 9: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS prevention, correcting
▹ APPROVED ON: February 13, 1998 misconceptions, and the ethics of
consent and confidentialiy
REPUBLIC ACT 11166
“PHILIPPINE HIV AND AIDS POLICY ACT OF GOALS
2018”
▹ strengthens the Philippine comprehensive NEGATIVE = Remain aware, uninfected &
policy on HIV and AIDS on prevention, healthy
treatment, care and support repealing RA
8504 POSITIVE = Remain aware, healthy &
productive
ARTICLE: 8
ARTICLE 1: THE PNAC
ARTICLE 2: INFORMATION EDUCATION
AND COMMUNICATION
ARTICLE 3: PREVENTION MEASURES, SAFE
PRACTICES & PROCEDURES
SECTION 4: SCREENING, TESTING &
COUNSELING
SECTION 5: HEALTH & SUPPORT SERVICES XI. NEWBORN SCREENING ACT OF 2004
SECTION 6: CONFIDENTIALITY
SECTION 7: DISCRIMINATORY ACTS AND COMPONENTS OF THE PHILIPPINE
RACTICES AND CORRESPONDING NEWBORN SCREENING SYSTEM
PENALTIES 1. Screening
SECTION 8: FINAL PROVISIONS 2. Management
3. Follow-up
 4. Diagnosis ▹ people with CAH lack one of the enzymes
5. Quality assurance needed for proper function of the adrenal
glands
NEWBORN SCREENING 3. Phenylketonuria
▹is a simple procedure to find out if your baby ▹missing an enzyme called phenylalanine
has a congenital metabolic disorder that may hydroxylase, needed to break down an
lead to mental retardation or even death if left essential amino acid called phenylalanine
untreated 4. Galactosemia
▹ inherited metabolic disorder caused by an
IMPORTANCE OF NBS enzyme deficiency and transmitted as a
▹ Most babies with metabolic disorders look recessive trait
“NORMAL” at birth ▹ it results in the accumulation of the sugar
▹ WITH NBS, metabolic disorders may be galactose in the body
detected even before clinical signs and 5. Glucose-6-phosphate
symptoms are present dehydrogenase deficiency
▹ RESULT, treatment can be given early to ▹ GP6D - important enzyme in glucose
prevent consequences of untreated metabolism
conditions ▹ commonly associated with a number of
hereditary disorders
WHEN: Immediately after 24 hours from 6. MSUD (DOH memorandum no.
birth 2012-0514)
HOW: A few drops of blood are taken from ▹ Maple Syrup Urine Disease
the baby’s heel, blotted on a special absorbent ▹ genetic mutations that inhibit the
filter card, blood dried for 4 hours and then breakdown of certain amino acids
sent to Newborn Screening Center (NSC)
EXPANDED NEWBORN SCREENING
▹TESTING SAMPLES - ACCREDITED ▹ will increase the screening panel of
NEWBORN SCREENING CENTERS disorders from 6 - 28
(+) - results; immediately within 24 hours
(-) - results; 7 working days EXPANDED NEWBORN SCREENING
▹All of the congenital metabolic disorders PROGRAM
require lifetime management
DISORDER: ORGANIC ACID DISORDERS
WHO: Physician, Nurse, Medical EFFECT (IF NOT SCREENED)
Technologist/ Trained midwife ● Developmental delat
● Breathing problems
ESTABLISHMENT OF NSCs ● Neurologic damage
▹Depends on overall demands ● Seizures
● LUZON - 2 ● Coma,
● VISAYAS - 2 ● Early death
● MINDANAO - 1 EFFECT (IF SCREENED)
METABOLIC DISORDERS ● Alive, most will have normal
1. Congenital hypothyroidism development with episodes of
▹ newborn babies unable to make enough metabolic crisis
thyroid hormone
2. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia DISORDER: ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
EFFECT (IF NOT SCREENED)
 ● Severely mental retardation ● Normal intelligence for some, learning
● Death problems for others
EFFECT (IF SCREENED)
● Normal & alive 1. ORGANIC ACID DISORDERS
▹ group of rare conditons that affect a body’s
DISORDER: FATTY ACID OXIDATION metabolism, wherein they cannot break down
DISORDER protein that may cause harmful substances to
EFFECT (IF NOT SCREENED) build up in their blood and urine
● Developmental and physical delays ▹METABOLISM - is the way your body
● Neurologic impairment changes food into energy
● Sudden death EX: Acrodermatitis dysmetabolica with MSUD
● Coma
● Seizure 2. ENDOCRINE DISORDER
● Enlargement of the heart and liver ▹ results from the improper function of the
● Muscle weakness endocrine system, which includes the glands
EFFECT (IF SCREENED) that secrete hormones, the receptors that
● Alive & usually healthy in between respond to hormones and the organs that are
episodes of metabolic crises directly impacted by hormones.
EX: DM, Hyper & hypothyroidism, Dwarfism
DISORDER: HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
EFFECT (IF NOT SCREENED) 3. FATTY ACID OXIDATION
● Painful crises DISORDERS (FAODs)
● Anemia ▹ inborn errors metabolism due to disruption
● Stroke of their mitochondrial beta-oxidation or the
● Multi-organ failure fatty acid transport using the carnitine
● Death transport pathway
EFFECT (IF SCREENED) EX: Hypoglycemia, Cardiomyopathy
● Alive and reduces the frequency of
painful crises and may reduce the 4. HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
need for blood transfusions ▹ group of disorders passed down through
families (inherited) in which there is
DISORDER: UREA CYCLE DEFECT abnormal production or structure of the
EFFECT (IF NOT SCREENED) hemglobin structure.
● Seizure EX: Sickle Cell disease (SCD) - blood disorder
● Mental retardation caused by the abnormal hemoglobin that
● Death dmaages and deforms RBCs; Thalassemia
EFFECT (IF SCREENED)
● Alive and normal intelligence 5. UREA CYCLE DISORDERS
▹ inborn errors of metabolism resulting from
DISORDER: AMINO ACID DISORDER defects in one of the enzymes or transporter
EFFECT (IF NOT SCREENED) molecules involved in the hepatic removal of
● Mental retardation ammonia from the bloodstream
● Coma ▹ removal of ammonia from the bloodstream
● Death from metabolic crises normally occurs via its conversion to urea,
EFFECT (IF SCREENED) which is then excreted by the kidney
● Alive, normal growth
EX: Ornithine transcarbamy, Hyperammonia NATIONLA SYSTEM FOR ENSURING
Type I & II, Citrullinemia Type I (Classic), NEWBORN SCREENING”
Argionosuccinic aciduria, Hyperargininemia
APPROVED: APRIL 7, 2004
6. AMINO ACID DISORDERS APPROVED BY: Franklin Drilon (President of
▹ group of metabolic disorders that affect the the Senate) & Jose de Venecia Jr. (Speaker of
body’s ability to use proteins from food for the House of Representatives)
growth, energy, and repair. ARTICLES: 5
▹AMINO ACIDS- are necessary building SECTIONS: 19
bloods of proteins, but can be harmful when
they build-up in the body ARTICLE 1: GENERAL PROVISIONS
EX: Organic acidemia (Autosmal Recessive), SECTION 1: SHORT TITLE
Alkaptonuria ▹ “NEWBORN SCREENING ACT OF 2004”

DIFFERENCE OF NBS & ENS: Difference of SECTION 2: DECLARATION OF POLICY

number of disorders ▹ protect and promote the right to health of
the people, including the rights of children to
ADDITIONAL DISORDERS TESTED BY survival
EXPANDED NEWBORN SCREENING ▹ institutionalize a national newborn
● Hemoglobinopathies screening system
● Disorders of amino acid & organic
acid metabolism NATIONAL NEWBOARD SCREENING
● Disorders of fatty acid oxidation SYSTEM
● Disorders of carbohydrate ▹ shall ensure that every baby born in the
metabolism Philippines is offered the opportunity to
● Disorders of biotin metabolism undergo newborn screening and thus be
● Cycstic fibrosis spared from heritable conditions that can
lead to mental retardation and death if
FEE: undected and untreated.
1ST OPTION for the 6 DISORDERS ▹ 550
SECOND OPTION for the 28 DISORDERS ▹ SECTION 3: OBJECTIVES
1500 1. To ensure that every newborn has
access to newborn screening for
WHERE: Hospitals, Lying-ins, Rural Health certain heritable conditions
Unit, Health Centers and some private clinics 2. To establish and integrate a
sustainable newborn screening
WHEN ARE AVAILABLE: system within the public health
NORMAL ▹ 7-14 working days delivery system
POSITIVE - immediately 3. To ensure that all health practitioners
▹ confrimatory testing are aware of the advantages of
NEGATIVE - Normal newborn screening and of their
respective responsibilities in offering
newboarns the opportunity to
undergo newborn screening
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9288 4. To ensure that parents recognize their
“AN ACT PROMULGATING A responsibility in promoting their
COMPREHENSIVE POLICY AND A child’s right to health and full
 development, within the context of if the newborn has a heritable
responsible parenthood, by protecting condition
their child from preventable causes of 9. NEWBORN SCREENING CENTER -
disability and death through newborn facility equipped with a newborn
screening screening laboratory that complies
with the standards established by the
ARTICLE 2: DEFINITION OF TERMS NIH
SECTION 4: DEFINITONS 10. NEWBORD SCREENING REFERENCE
CENTER - central facility at the NIH
1. COMPREHENSIVE NEWBORN that defines testing and follow-up
SCREENING SYSTEM - a newborn protocols, maintains an external
screening system that includes, but is laboratory proficiency testing
not limited to education of relevant program
stakeholder; collection and 11. PARENT EDUCATION - various
biochemical screening of blood means of providing parents/legal
samples taken from newboards; guardians information about newborn
tracking and confirmatory testing; screening
clinical evalutation; medical/surgical 12. RECALL - a procedure for locating a
management; to assess long term newborn with a possible heritable
outcome, patient compliance and condition
quality assurance 13. TREATMENT - the provision of
2. FOLLOW-UP - monitoring of a prompt, appropriate and adequate
newborn with a heritable condition medicine, medical, and surgical
for the purpose of ensuring that the management or dietary presciption ot
newborn patient complies fully with a newborn
the medicine of dietary prescriptions
3. HEALTH INSTITUTIONS - hospitals, ARTICLE 3: NEWBORN SCREENING
health infirmaries, health centers, SECTION 5: OBLIGATION TO INFORM
lying-in centers/puericulture centers ▹ HEALTH PRACTITIONER - prior to delivery,
with obstetrical and pediatric informt the parents or legal guardian of the
services, whether public or private newboard of the availability, nature and
4. HEALTHCARE PRACTITIONER - benefits of newborn screening
physicians, nurses, midwives, nursing
aids, and traditional birth attendants SECTION 6: PERFORMANCE OF NEWBORN
5. HERITABLE CONDITION - any SCREENING
condition that can result in mental ▹ DONE: after 24 hours of life BUT not later
retardationl physical deformity or than 3 days from complete delivery of the
death if left undetected and untreated newborn
6. NIH - National Institute of Healt ▹ NEWBORN IN INTENSIVE CARE -
7. NEWBORN - child from the time of exempted from the 3-day requirement, but
complete delivery to 30 days old must be tested by 7 days of age
8. NEWBORN SCREENING - the process ▹ informational brochure for parents
of collecting a few drops of blood from
the newboarn onto an appropriate SECTION 7: REFUSAL TO BE TESTED
collection card andf perfoming ▹ PARENT/LEGAL GUARDIAN - may refuse
biochemical testing for determination testing on the grounds of religious beliefs
▹ refusla documentation
SECTION 8: CONTINUING EDUCATION, COMMITTEE: 8 MEMBERS
RE-EDUCATION AND TRAINING HEALTH 1. SECRETARY OF HEALTH - chairman
PERSONNEL 2. Executive Director of the NIH - vice
▹DOG with the assistance of the NIH and chairperson
other government agencies 3. Undersecretary of the DILG
a. Conduct continuing information, 4. Executive Director of the Council
education, re-education and training (Welfare of Children)
prgrams for health personnel 5. Director of the NSReference Center
b. Disseminate information materials on 6. 3 representatives of (Pediatrician,
newborn screening at least manually obstetrician, endocrinologist, family
physician, nurse/midwife; private or
SECTION 9: LICENSING AND public) - 3 years
ACCREDITATION ▹ NIH - serve as Secretariat of the Committee
▹DOH & Philippine Health Insurance
Corporation (PHIC) SECTION 12: ESTABLISHMENT AND
▹ shall require health institutions to provide ACCREDITATION OF NEWBORN SCREENING
newborn screening services as a condition for CENTERS
licensure or accreditation ▹NBSC - accessible to the relevant public
NEWBORN SCREENING CENTER
ARTICLE 4: IMPLEMENTATION a. Certified laboratory performing all
SECTION 10: LEAD AGENCY tests
▹ DOH - lead agency b. recall/follow-up programs for infects
1. Establish the Advisory Committee on found positive
NS c. Supervised and trained by trained
2. Develop the implementing rules and personnel (qualified by the NIH)
regulations d. Submit to periodic
3. Coordinate with the DILG for the announced/unaanounced inspections
implementation of NSP by the Reference Center in order to
4. Coordinate with the NIH Newborn evaluate and ensure quality NBSC
Screening Reference Center for the performance.
accreditation of Newborn Screening
Centers SECTION 13: ESTABLISHMENT OF A
NEWBORN SCREENING REFERENCE
SECTION 11: ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON CENTER
NEWBORN SCREENING ▹NIH - establish a Newborn Screening
▹ to ensure sustained inter-agency Reference Center
collaboration ▹ responsible for the national testing
▹ created and made an integral part of the database, case registries, training technical
Office of the Secretary of the DOH assistance, and continuing education for
▹ review annually and recommend conditions laboratory staff
to be included in the newborn screening
panel of disorders SECTION 14: QUALITY ASSURANCE
▹ review and recommend the newborn ▹ NIH Newborn Screening Reference
screening fee Center - responsible for drafting and
▹ quality assurance of the NSC and ensuring good laboratory practices standards;
recommend corrective measures
establishing an external laboratory “AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A
proficiency testing and certification program. COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY
▹ Act as the principal repository of technical MANAGEMENT AND FOR OTHER
information PURPOSES”
- Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
SECTION 15: DATABASE - SIGNED BY: President Gloria
▹All NBSC shall coordinate with the NIH Macapagal-Arroyo
Newborn Screening Reference Center for - APPROVED ON: March 22, 2004
consolidation of patient databases - TOOK EFFECT: MAY 6, 2004
▹NIH Newborn Screening Reference Center - ▹ Implementing Rules and Regulation
shall maintain a national database of patients (IRR) contained in the DENR AO no.
tested and a registry for each condition 2005-10
- submit report annually to the Committee ▹ Provides for the abatement and control of
and to the DOH on the status of and relevant pollution from land based sources, and lay
health information. down water quality standards and regulations
▹ Shall apply to water quality management in
SECTION 16: NEWBORN SCREENING FEES all water bodies: FRESH, BRACKISH &
▹ testing cost, sample transport, follow-up MARINE WATERS
and reasonable overhead expenses. ▹ Provides consistent protection,
preservation, and revival of the quality of
ARTICLE 5: FINAL PROVISIONS water system in the Philippines.
SECTION 17: REPEALING CLAUSE ▹ Mandates a comprehensive water quality
SECTION 18: SEPARABILITY management policy amidst economic growth
SECTION 19: EFFECTIVITY MAIN FUNCTION
▹ take effect 15 days after its publication in at ▹ Water quality management system
least 2 newspaper of general circulation ▹ International mechanism and standards

CONSOLIDATION OF SENATE NO. 2702 & INSITUTIONAL MECHANISM

HOUSE BILL NO. 6625 DENR
ON: February 2 & 5, 2004 ▹ primary agency responsible for the
● Oscar G. Yabes (Secretary of Senate) implementation of the CWA
● Roberto P. Nazareno (Secretary ▹ formulate and apply standards for the
General) transport and disposal of EFFLUENT,
● President Glora Macapagal-Arroya SEWAGE AND SEPTAGE OFFSITE

EFFLUENT
▹ discharge from known sources passed into a
body of water/land, or wastewater flowing
out of a manufacturing plant, industrial plant
including domestic, commercial and
recreational facilities

XII. RA 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER SEPTAGE

ACT OF 2014
▹sludge produced on individual onsite
wastewater disposal systems (septic tanks & DA
cesspools) ▹ develop guidelines for re-use of wastewater
▹ residue generated from a wastewater for irrigation purposes or as soil
treatment plant, water supply treatment conditioner/fertilizer
plant, or water control pollution facility
DOH
SEWERAGE ▹promulgation, revision, and enforcement of
▹ system/network of pipelines for collection, drinking water quality standards
transport, pumping, and treatment of sewage
to a point of disposal DOST
▹ prepare a program for the evaluation,
SECTION 3 verification, development and public
1. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT in dissemination of poluution prevention and
all water bodies cleaner production technologies
▹ abatement and contorl of pollution from
land-based sources DepEd, CHED, PIA
2. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND ▹ responsible for preparation and
REGULATIONS implementation of a comprehensive program
3. CIVIL LIABILITY & PENAL pursuant to the objectives of this act.
PROVISIONS
▹ enforced irrespective of sources of pollution ARTICLE 5
SECTION 27: CIVIL LIABILITY/ PENAL
ARTICLE 1 PROVISIONS
SECTION 3 PROHIBITED ACTS
▹ designation of Water Quality Management ▹ Operating facilities that discharge regulated
Area water pollutants without the valid required
▹ 2016 - EMB has designated 31 water permits or after the permit was revoked for
quality management area all over the country any violation of any condition therein
▹ Establish and effect water quality ▹ Disposal of potentially infectious medical
surveillance and monitoring network waste into sea water by vessels unless health
▹ Keep their water quality within the Water or safety of individuals on board the vessel is
Qaulity Guidelines/Criteria conforming to the threatened by a great and imminent peril
water body’s classification (Class C/SC) or ▹ RA. NO 9003 - Unauthorized
even improve the quality to higher transport/dumping into sea waters of sewage
classification sludge/solid waste
▹RA. NO 9003 - transport, dumping, or
SECTION 22 discharge of prohibited chemicals,
DPWH substances, or pollutants
▹ provision of sewerage and sanitation ▹ Refusal to allow entry, inspection, and
facilities and the efficient and safe collection, monitoring by the Department
treatment, and disposal of sewage ▹Refusal to allow access by the Department ot
relevant reports/records
PHILIPPINE COAST GUARD ▹Refusal/failure to designate pollution
▹ enforcement of water quality standards in control officers whenever required by the
marine waters, specifically from offshore Department
source
▹Directly using booster pumps in the BASIC WATER CHEMISTRY: Measurable
distribution system or tampering with the properties
water supply in such a way as to alter or ▹ extremely stable compound composed of
impair the water quality Hydrigen & Oxygen atoms
▹ universal solvent and dissolves more
FINES, DAMAGES, PENALTIES substances
1. VIOLATIONS OF THE PROVISIONS ▹ unique as it is only natural substances foun
▹ fined by the Secretary in the 3 states - liquid, solid, gas
▹ very rarely in pure “distilled” form
FINE ▹contains salts, nutrients & particulates
▹ not less than PHP 10,000 NOR more than
PHP 200,000 for everyday of violation WATER MOLECULE
▹ Increased by 10% every 2 years to ▹ 2 hydrogen atoms
compensate for inflation and to maintain the ▹1 oxygen atoms
deterrent fucntion of such fines
MEASURABLE PROPERTIES OF WATER: pH
2. FAILURE TO UNDERTAKE CLEAN-UP pH
OPERATIONS, WILLFULLY, OR ▹water being acidic, basic, neutral
THROUGH GROSS NEGLIGENCE ▹ affected by chemicals therefore is a good
IMPRISONMENT incidcation that water may be changing
▹ not less than 2 years and not more than 4 chemically
years ▹ potential of hydrogen
FINE ▹ 7 = presence of equal concentrations of free
▹ not less than PHP 50,000 and nor more than hydrogen & hydroxide ions
PHP 100,000 per day for each day of violation ▹ each decrease in pH by one pH unit =
tenfold increase in concentration of hydrogen
FINE, DAMAGES, PENALTIES ions = acidic
▹ result in serious injury/loss of life and/or
irreversible water contamination TURBIDITY
▹can make water either cloudy/opaque
IMPRISONMENT ▹ measured in NTU’s (Nephelometric
▹not less than 6 years and 1 day and not turbidity units)
more than 12 years ▹↑ NTU VALUE = ↑ intensity of scattered light
▹ measured with a turbidimeter
FINE
▹ PHP 500,00 per day of each day TURBIDIMETER
▹ calibrated using vials of solutio which
WATER BASICS contain different NTU values
IMPORTANCE: Human Body
▹70% UVT TRANSMITTANCE
▹”clean water” = essential ▹ measure of how well is able to transmit UV
▹ contaminants = bio-accumulate in the body light
causing health issues ▹ UV LIGHT CANNOT PENETRATE THE
I.e carcinogens like THM’s - cauncer in the WATER = it cannot penetrate the
future microorganisms present in water
▹ UVT DROPS = UV done also drops
dramatically
▹ UVT (%) - most important water quality ● Pesticides & herbicides
properly to be considered when looking at UV ● Heavy organic molecules
as a piece of water equipment treatment
▹ low UVT levels = not always detectable NATURALLY OCCURING CONTAMINANTS
with the naked eye ● Dirt, rust, sediment, roots, leaves,
▹ TANNINS - visual in water, but there are algae, mold
many organics that can drop uvt with no color ● Iron (Fe), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium
at all (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Hydrogen
LOW UVT = low dose sulfide
HIGH UVT = high dose ● Microogranisms, Cysts
(Crytosporidium, Giardia)
IRON (FE)
▹ one of Earth’s most plentiful resources (5% MAN-MADE AGRICULTURAL
of earth’s crust) ● Fertilizer, herbicide pesticide, nitrate,
▹DISSOLVES IRON IN CRUST - rainfall fungicide
seeping through soil
▹ seldom found at concentrations greater MAN-MADE INDUSTRIAL
than 10ppm ● Deterget, solvent
▹ not hazardous to human health; considered ● Radio-active, waste, acids
a secondary aesthetic contaminant ● Hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide,
▹ 0.3 ppm staining of household fixtures chlorine, chlormanines, THM’s
● Lead-based contaminants
TANNINS
▹ water soluble, organic phenolic compounds PORTABLE
formed in the decomposition of vegetation ▹ clean water
▹ occur in water any location where large ▹ free of al objectionable material
quantities of vegetation have decayed
▹ cannot simply be filtered out of water since WATER SUPPLY IN THE PHILIPPINES
it consists of microscopic, unsettlable, ▹WATER SUPPLY - originates from lakes,
colloidal particles that carry negative charge river basins, ground water and reservoir

FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER TECHNOLOGY: WHO ARE INVOLVED:

Hydrologic cycle ● Government agencies
● Non-government agencies
NATURE: Environmetal factors ● Local government units
WATER ● Other corporations
▹ product of the environment, absorbing &
dissolving a part of everything it touches in AMBUKLAO DAN & HYDROELECTRIC
both air & water POWER PLANT
▹ Ambuklao, Bokod, Benguet
CONTAMINATION: Origin & Potential ▹ BENGUET - among the largest dams
problems ▹ used for flood control, irrigation, and
DIFFERENT FORMS generation of hydroelectric power in Baguio
● particulate & colloidal matter
● Dissolved solid MAGAT DAM
● Radioactive contaminants ▹ Isabela
● Microorganisms AGRICULTURE - main focus for irrigation
INDUSTRIES - used in factories, finishe
products, and industrial plants & mines WATER & ITS CONTAMINANTS AND
DOMESTIC USE POLLUTANTS
▹daily consumption by residents & ▹WATER POLLUTION - mainly caused by
household chemicals, living organisms, and human
activities; physical, chemical/biological
WATER PROVIDERS changes
1. NON-GOVERNMENT (NGOs)
▹ alternative supporting agencies of the SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTANTS
government whose concern is the provision 1. FARMING
of social services and basic needs like water ▹ pesticide and herbicide
to the communities
2. BUSINESS
2. COMMUNITY-BASED ▹ waste and sewage generated by industries
ORGANIZATIONS ▹generate het during operation = thermal
▹ cooperatives, barangay water service pollution
associations and rural water supply
associations 3. HOUSEHOLDS
▹ cater different barangay within the same ▹ sewage - houses/runoff septic tanks
locality ▹ EUTROPICATION
▹improper disposal of human & animal
3. LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGU) excreta
▹management, provisions, and maintenance
of water supply to the different districts have WATER-BORNE PATHOGENS
been devolved to the LGU and LWUA ● Bacteria
● Viruses
4. WATER DISTRICTS ● Protozoa
▹ government-funded and controlled ● Helminths
municipal entities ● Fungi
▹ they usually supply water to the different
cities & municipalities outside Manila
BACTERIA

5. SMALL-SCALE INDEPENDENT DISEASE PATHOGEN

PROVIDERS
▹ they comprise the homeowner association, Enteritis, diarrhea, Campylobacter
dysentery - Cholera
individual entrepreneurs, and real estate
- E. coli
developers - Salmonella
▹ they supply water to the different cities and - Shigella
municipalities in Manila & Cebu
Enteric fever Salmonella
6. LARGE-SCALE PRIVATE OPERATORS - Typhoid - Typhi
- Paratyphoid - Paratyphi
▹ corporations operate within Metro Manila
▹ extensions of the services rendered by the Eye, ear and skin Miscellaneous
Maynilad Water Services, Inc (MWSI) and infections bacteria
Manila Water Company, Inc (MWCI)
▹ they pursue the government’s thrust of Urinary tract E.coli
infections - Others
privatizing basic water services
 2. Appendaged bacteria attached to
some inanimate objects
VIRUSES
3. Large spinal forms
DISEASE PATHOGEN 4. BACILLI - Pigmented form: Serratia
marcescens, Chromabacteriam
Enteritis, diarrhea, - Rotavirus violaceum
dysentery - Norwalk
5. Thermophils aerobic and anaerobic
Flu-like (liver - Hepatitis A spore formers
damage) - Hepatitis E 6. Coccus forms
7. Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Paralysis - Polio 8. Nitrifying bacteria

HELMINTHS SPREAD AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE

● Round worm, tape worm, hook worm, ▹ PERSON INFECTION - direct drinking
whip worm contaminated water
PROTOZOA ▹ CONTACT - with contaminated water
● Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidia,
Entamoeba histolytica COMMON SYMPTOMS
FUNGI ● Abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea
● Ringworm caused by Trichophyton
WATER ANALYSIS
WATER-RELATED DISEASES PHILIPPINE LAW ON WATER TESTING
▹Insects live near H2O = mechanical vector
DISEASE CAUSATIVE TRANSMISSIO OBJECTIVE:
AGENT N ● To protect public health, safety and
welfar by ensuring the accuracy,
Yellow fever Virus Mosquito precision and reliability of results
(Aedes spp) generated by drinking water testing
Dengue Virus Mosquito laboratories through formulation and
(Aedes enforcement of revised standards of
aegypt) accreditation.

Malaria Plasmodium Mosquito DEFINITION OF TERMS

spp (Anopheles
● ACCREDITATION - formal
spp)
authorization by the DOH
Trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma Tsetse fly ● APPLICANT - an individual,
(Glossina spp) partnership, or corporation
● BHFS - Bureau of Health Facilities and
Services
● CHD - Centers for Health
BACTERIA NATIVE TO NATURAL WATER Development
▹ not well-known, because it is difficult to ● DOH
grow on laboratory media ● NRL
1. HIGHER BACTERIA - sulfur bacteria, ● PNSDW - Philippine National
iron bacteria Standards for Drinking Water
● QUALITY MANUAL - documents
stating the quality policy
 ● QUALITY POLICY - statements of - BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS -
intentions/desires of the organization detect/estimate bacterial coliform
● SPECIMEN - collected drinking water organisms
sample - BIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS -
● STANDARD METHOD - method of detec/estimate biologic organisms
analysis are prescribed by the PNSDW such as plankton
● WATER ANALYSIS - testing procedure - PHYSICAL ANALYSIS - characteristics
performed on a water sample - CHEMICAL ANALYSIS - chemical
substances
PERSONNEL - RADIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS -
▹ under the direction and supervision of a radioactive contaminants
licensed sanitary engineer
▹ SANITARY ENGINEER - head, manage, 1967 NATIONAL WATER CODE (PD 1067)
supervised up to three water laboratories ▹TOOK EFFECT: December 31, 1976
▹ operated by at leat one registered ▹ water scarcity and patterns/levels of the
professional, one laboratory assistant, one water supply fluctuated
laborator aid ▹ all te waters of the Philippines belong to the
▹ bacteriological service of 30 samples/day state
and a chemical service of at most 5 samples ▹designed to revise and consolidate the
for routine chemistry utilization, ownership, appropriation,
development, exploitation, conservation, and
REQUEST AND RESULTS exploitation of natural resources
▹ no result can be released to the public ▹ created the National Water Resources
unless signed by the sanitary engineer of the Council
authorized supervisor
PRESDENTAL DECREE NO. 856
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM ▹ Code on Sanitation of the Philippines
▹ conducted by the Bureau of Research and ▹ to promote safe consumption of water
Laboratories ▹ SECTION 4: rules & regulations
▹ ARTICLE 2: standard and procedures
LABORATORY FEES regarding the microbiological and chemical
▹ within the range of the usual fees prevailing analysis of drinking water
at the time and particular place taking into
consideratio cost of product and quality OTHER PROTECTIVE MEASURES
control of various laboratory procedures ▹ SECTION 13: to protect drinking water
from contamination. Following measures to
LABORATORIES SHOULD BE CLASSIFIED be observed:
ACCORDING TO: a. PROHIBITED - Washing clothes or
1. OWNERSHIP bathing within a radius of 2 meters
- Goverment from any well/other sources of
- Private drinking
2. INSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER b. NO CONSTRUCTION- Artesian, deep,
- Insitutional based - within or shallow well within 25 meters from
- Freestanding - outside any sources of pollution
3. SERVICE CAPABILITY c. NONE - radioactive sources/materials
shall be stored within a radiums of 25
meters
 ACCREDITATION OF LABORATORIE FOR
JULY 20, AO NO. 31 s. 1979 DRINKING WATER ANALYSIS
SUBJECT: REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RATIONALE/BACKGROUND:
ACCREDITATION OF WATER ANALYSIS CHAPTER 2 - initial and periodic examination
LABORATORIES of drinking water to be done by a
DOH-accredited wate testig laboratory
MINISTRY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS & RA 9275 & AO NO. 2006-0024 - reiterated
ECOLOGY the importance to safeguard the safety and
▹DATE: January 1978 portability of drinking water in the country
▹ PUBLISHED: 3-volume, “Philippine through the regulation of Laboratories fo
Standard Methods of Air and Water Drinking Water Anallysi (LDWA)
Analysis”
IMPORTANCE OF TESTING WATER
MINISTRY OF HEALTH QUALITY
▹ DATE: September 1978 ▹ IMPORTANT ASPECT OF WATER
▹REVISION: “National Standards for MICROBIOLOGY
Drinking Water” ● Water - vector for the transmission of
▹ FORMER OBJECTIVE: Assurance that numeros disease causing bacteria,
accepted procedure are available for the virus & protozoa
determination of the “Standard,” & that ● Water - host for insects that carry
adherence to the procedure allows diseases by breeding in water &
comparability of results of analysis within a indirectly sprea diseases
single laboratory and between laboratories ● RECURRECE OF WATERBORNE
▹ Erroneus results could mislead decision ILLNESS - improvement in water
markers purification
▹ E.g in disapproving a water system evn
though historically the supply had always IMPORTANCE OF ANALYIZING THE WATER
been of good quality ● BADLY POLLUTED
- obvious from its appearance or odor
AO NO. 2006-0024 - colored/turbid (cloud); solids, oil or
SUBJECT: RULES & REGULATIONS foam floating on it
GOVERNING THE ACCREDITATION OF - Rotten odor or smell like industrial
LABORATORIE FOR DRINKING WATER chemicals
ANALYSIS
▹ PD 856 - DOH to accredit laboratories in 2 ASPECTS OF WATER
accordance with the National Drinking Watr 1. What substances/organisms are we
Standards interested in testing for & why?
▹ EO NO. 102 s. 1999 - redirects the 2. What procedures & equipments do we
functions & operations of the DOH use to make the measurements, and
▹ RA 975 - DOH was tasked to be responsible how do they work?
for the promulgation, revision, and
enforcement the drinking water standards HARDNESS OF WATER
HARD WATER
AO NO. 2020-0031 ▹ high mineral count
▹DATE: July 17, 2020 ▹ due to metal ions (mineral) that are
▹SUBJECT: REVISED RULES & dissolved in the ground water
REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE ▹ CA2+, MG2+, FE3+, SO42-, HCO3-
▹SOUTHER INDIANA AREA - rain moving transferred from the water into solvent,
through the vast amount of limestone, CACO3 leading interfering substances

CONCERNS ABOUT HARD WATER BACTERIOLOGICAL WATER ANALYSIS

▹ DETERMINATION OF WATER HARDNESS - 1. MULTIPLE TUBE FERMENTATION
useful test the provides a measure of quality METHOD
of water ▹ total coliforms
▹ WATER HARDNESS - measure of the ▹ NEGATIVE FOR LACTOSE FERMENTATION
capacity of the water to precipitate soap OR GAS PRODUCTION- red
▹ NOT A HEALTH HAZARD ▹ POSITIVE - yellow
▹ HARD WATER HEATED - CACO3
precipitates out, clogs pipes and industrial IMWIV TEST
boilers ▹ FECAL COLIFORMS
▹ Indole positive - pinksish-yellowsih
SOLIDS IN WATER ▹ MR positive - red
1. DISSOLVED SOLIDS ▹ VP negative - dark brown/yellow
▹ have a significant impact on the quality of ▹ Citrate negative - green
water
▹ affects the water for almost of its uses ▹NONFECAL COLIFORMS
▹ MAX. LIMIT - 500ppm ▹Idole negative - cloudy yellow
▹ MR negative - light yello
SEPARATION TECHNIQUE INCLUDE ▹ VP positive - dark red
1. FILTRATION ▹ Citrate positive - blue
▹ water is passed through a fine-pore filter
(paper, glass fibers, a cellulose acetate STD PLATE COUNT
membrane) ▹ COLONY COUTING: QUEBEC COLONY
▹ separate “suspended” from “dissolved” COUNTER
portions of the analyte ● Plates between 30-300 colonics -
▹ANALYTE - suspended matter capture on the using magnifying colony counter
filter ● Number of colonies = number of
▹ FILTER - used to clarify the water fo viable organisms in the sample
analysis of a dissolved material
FECAL COLIFORM TEST
2. DISTILLATION ▹ thermotolerant coliforms
▹ BOILED OUT/ALONG WITH THE WATER - ▹ ferment lactose at 44.5°C
vapors can be cooled & ▹bacteria such as Escherichia coli/ Klebisiella
re-condensed/trapped in a liquid form pneumonae
▹ ANALYTE - removed from the interfering ▹ PRESENCE = presence of fecal material
susbtaces from warm-blooded animals
▹ SAMPLE - acidic/alkaline, or treated ▹ HUMAN AND ANIMAL SOURCES OF
chemically CONTAMINATION = ✘ differentiated

3. EXTRACTION INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

▹ LIQUID-LIQUID - solvent oes not mix w/ On EMB AGAR
water and the sample is shake with portions ▹ TYPICAL COLONIES: Bluish green metallic
of the solven, almost all of the analyte may be sheen (E.coli)
▹ ATYPICAL COLONIES: Pink mucoid ▹of organs is recognized but subject to
(Enterobacter) approval by DOH
POSITIVE TEST
▹ appearance of at least 1 typical colony SECTION 2: DEFINITION OF TERMS
▹ if no typical colonies are present 1. ORGAN BANK STORAGE FACILITY - a
▹ at least 2 atypical colonies facility licensed, accredited, or
approved under the law for storage of
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ON THE WATER human bodies or parts thereof
ENVIRONMENT LEGISLATION 2. DECEDENT - a deceased individual
● Inadequate logistical support to and a stillborn infant or fetus
strictly enforce the clean water act 3. TESTATOR - an individual who makes
and elated laws (financial & technical) a legacy of all or part of his body
● Inadequate capacity of the law 4. DONOR - an individual authorized
implementers especially at the local under this Act to donate all or part of
leve the body of a decedent.
● Low awareness of the stakeholders on 5. HOSPITAL - a hospital licensed,
the existing law, rules and regulations accredited, or approved under the law,
on wastewater management including a government-operated
● Weak cooperation among different hospital
government agencies & LGUs, hence 6. PART - includes transplantable
derail law enforcement organs, tissues, eyes, bones, arteries,
● Big investment on the part of blood, other fluids, and other portions
industrial establishments to put up of the human body
Water Treatment Facilities 7. PERSON - an individual, corporation,
estate, trust, partnership, association,
the Government or any of its
subdivisions, agencies, or
instrumentalities, including
government-owned or controlled
corporations; or any other legal entity.
8. PHYSICIAN/SURGEON - a physician
or surgeon-licensed or authorized to
practice medicine under the laws of
the Republic of the Philippines
XIII. RA 7170 ORGAN DONATION ACT OF 9. IMMEDIATE FAMILY OF THE
1991 DECADENT - the person enumerated
▹an act authorizing the legacy or donation of in Section 4 (a) of this Act
all or part of a human body after death or 10. DEATH - the irreversible cessation of
specified purposes. circulatory and respiratory functions
▹ updates “1949 Act” or the irreversible cessation of all
▹ Donations are only VALID when made for: functions of the entire brain, including
● Therapy the brain stem. A person shall be
● Research medically and legally dead if either:
● Medical education a. In the opinion of the attending
physician, there is an absence of
INTERNATIONAL SHARING natural respiratory and cardiac
function, and, attempts resuscitation
 would not be successful in restoring ▹HOSPITAL - shall accomplish necessary
those functions, OR form or document as proof of compliance
b. In the opinion of the consulting
physician, concurred in by the SECTION 8: MANNER OF EXECUTING A
attending physician, there is an LEGACY
irreversible cessation of all brain ● Will
functions, and considering the ● Document
absence of such functions, further ● Made to a specified legatee
attempts at resuscitation or continued ● Be designated to the doctor who will
supportive maintenance would not be carry out the procedures
successful in restoring such natural
functions. SECTION 9: MANNER OF EXECUTING A
DONATION
SECTION 3: PERSON WHO MAY EXECUTE ● Attending physician
LEGACY ● Surgeon
▹Any individual, at least 18 years of age and ● Head of the hospital
of sound mind, may give by way of legacy, to ● Provided;
take effect after his death, all or part of his - Exerted reasonable efforts (48
body for any purpose specified in Section 6 hrs) to locate nearest relatives
hereof. of the decedent at the time of
death
SECTION 4: PERSON WHO MAY EXECUTE
DONATION DEATH OF THE TESTATOR
1. Spouse ▹ Diagnosed separately and certified by 2
2. Son or daughter of legal age qualified physicians
3. Either parent NOTE:
4. Brother or sister of legal age - Team of medical practitioners who
5. Guardian over the person will effect the removal of the organ
- Physician attending to the receipt of
SECTION 5: EXAMINATION OF HUMAN the organ to be removed
BODY OR PART THEREOF: - Head of hospital or designtaed officer
▹ A legacy of donation of all or part of a authorizing the removal of the organ
human body authorizes any examination
necessary to assure medical acceptability of
the legacy or donation for the purpose(s) SECTION 10: PERSON(S) AUTHORIZED TO
intended REMOVE TRANSPLANTABLE ORGANS
▹ Only authorized medical practitioners in a
SECTION 6: LEGATEES OR DONEES hospital shall remove and/or transplant any
● Any hospital, physician or surgeon organ which is authorized to be removed
● Any accredited medical/dental school, and/or transplanted pursuant to Section 5
college, or university hereof.
● Any organ bank storage facility
● Any specified individual (patients) SECTION 11: DELIVERY OF DOCUMENT OF
LEGACY OR DONATION
SECTION 7: DUTY OF THE HOSPITAL ● Will
▹Shall train qualified personnel and their staff ● Card
● Other document
 ● Executed copy
SPECIFIED BY: Legatee or donee

SECTION 12: AMMENDMENT OR

REVOCATION OF LEGACY OR DONATION
TESTATOR
● Signed statement
● Oral statement with 2 witness
● A statement to the attending
physician (terminal illness or injury)
● A signed card or document found on
the donor

SECTION 13: RIGHTS AND DUTIES AFTER

DEATH
▹ Legatee or donee may reject the donation

SECTION 14: INTERNATIONAL SHARING OR

HUMAN ORGANS OR TISSUES
▹Approved by the DOH
▹ Reciprocal rights

SECTION 15: INFORMATION DRIVE

▹PUBLIC - shall gain maximum benefits
▹ DOH, in cooperation of other institutions,
such as NKT, civic and NGO, and other
health-related agencies , involved in donation
and transplantation of organs, shall
undertake a public information drive
▹SECRETARY OF HEALTH- shall endeavor to
persuade all health professionals, both
government and private, to make an appeal
for human organ donation.

SECTION 16: RULES AND REGULATIONS

▹SECRETARY OF HEALTH - after
consultation with all health professionals,
both government and private, and
non-government health organizations shall
promulgate such rules and regulations as may
be necessary or proper to implement this Act

SECTION 17: REPEALING CLAUSE

SECTION 18: SEPARABILITY CLAUSE
SECTION 19: EFFECTIVITY
▹ APPROVED ON: JANUARY 7, 1992