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Lift-drag coefficient and form factor analyses of hydrofoil due to the shape
and angle of attack

Article in International Journal of Applied Engineering Research · January 2017

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 21 (2017) pp. 11152-11156
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Lift-Drag Coefficient and Form Factor Analyses of Hydrofoil due to The

Shape and Angle of Attack

Teguh Putranto1 and Aries Sulisetyono2

1,2
Department of Naval Architecture, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia.

1
Orcid: 0000-0003-2526-1963, 2Orcid: 0000-0003-0798-130X

Abstract
The objective of this research is to obtain the NACA foil type
which is appropriate to be applied in a ship using hydrofoil.
There are three parameters that are used as criterion to
determine the best foil. Lift-drag coefficient effect on the lift
ability and the resistance of foil. Form factor means that the
block coefficient of foil which is as the part of drag coefficient.
This research is carried out using numerical method. There are
three foils based on the NACA series comprise NACA 2212,
Figure 1: A Hydrofoil Concept
NACA 2309, and NACA 4712. Meanwhile, the angle of attack
is varied in 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 degrees. For the form factor Added resistance is one of the problem in hydrofoil application.
analysis, the fluid flow is simulated in low speed. For the lift- The ship would experience greater resistance compared to
drag coefficient, the fluid is run in high speed. The without hydrofoil one in the low speed. The added resistance
characteristics of optimum foil cover: 1) at the specified speed, will reduce because the lift force will raise the displacement of
the foil have the maximum lift force and is able to withstand the ship (Putranto, 2015).
the drag; 2) the foil have minimum form factor; and 3) the stall
phenomenon does not occur in the selected NACA foil. From
these characteristics and analyses of the foil, the NACA 4712 LITERATURE REVIEW
with the angle of attack 15 degrees is the best foil to be applied
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a method usually used
in hydrofoil.
to solve the fluid flow problem (Lakshman et. al., 2014). The
Keywords: lift-drag coefficient, NACA foil, fluid flow, angle fluid flow analysis could be applied to determine the foil shape
of attack, stall producing the optimum lift and drag force. In the case of wind
turbine development, the selection of foil could be able to
improve the energy efficiency from the various of MARIN
INTRODUCTION designed turbines (Make, 2015).
The use of hydrofoil in fast boat application is very useful There are several steps to vary the foil shape that is by changing
because the traveling time could be shortened. Patrol boat, the chord and chamber. The first step is by changing the
fishing vessel, and passenger boat are some of ship types that chamber width only. The proper selection of chamber will give
could apply the hydrofoil as the device to support the speed a contribution for the enhancement of lift force but the drag
increase of a ship (Wu, 2017). Figure 1 shows a hydrofoil force will increase as the chamber widened (Hoke, 2015). The
concept. effect of fluid structure interaction is analyzed in order to obtain
the influence of the lift and drag force changes. The second step
Hydrofoil is a ship using foil which is laid beneath the surface
is by changing the chord length and chamber width together.
of the water. This idea is adopted from an aerofoil used by
Lift and drag coefficient are obtained based on the variation of
aeroplanes. There is a similarity of hydrofoil and aerofoil
both components (Shinde et. al., 2014). On the other hand, the
working principle that is to increase lift force (Ramesha, 2011).
angle of attack is also varied to produce the same magnitude of
Using hydrofoil, the displacement of ship would decrease
lift force although the length and width of the foil are different.
because lift force supports the ship upraised.
In addition, lift and drag force are considered, there is one more
phenomenon that should be avoided is the stall. This
phenomenon causes that the stability of foil is unstable because
the ratio between drag and lift coefficient is the most of its value
(Putranto, 2017).

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Angle of attack is the angle between a reference line on a body (FD) force as function of the normal and shear stress. Shear
(often the chord line of an airfoil) and the vector representing stress is the component of stress coplanar with a material cross
the relative motion between the body and the fluid through section. Shear stress arises from the force vector component
which it is moving. The critical angle of attack is the angle of parallel to the cross section. Normal stress, on the other hand,
attack which produces maximum lift coefficient. This is also arises from the force vector component perpendicular to the
called the "stall angle of attack". Below the critical angle of material cross section on which it acts.
attack, as the angle of attack increases, the coefficient of lift
(Cl) increases. Conversely, above the critical angle of attack, as FD   dFD    p cos    w sin  dA (1)
A A
angle of attack increases, the air begins to flow less smoothly
over the upper surface of the airfoil and begins to separate from
the upper surface.
FL   dFL    p cos    w sin  dA (2)
A A

RESEARCH METHOD where:

LIFT AND DRAG FORCE BY USING CFD p = normal stress (N/m2)
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid w = shear stress (N/m2)
mechanics that uses numerical analysis and data structures to
solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computers
are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the
In a continuum fluids, the Froude Number (Fr) is a
interaction of liquids and gases with surfaces defined
dimensionless number obtained from the ratio of the flow
by boundary conditions. With high-speed supercomputers,
inertia to the external field flow. This one can be used to
better solutions can be achieved. Ongoing research yields
determine the classification of ship speed. Equation 3 shows the
software that improves the accuracy and speed of complex
Froude Number formula.
simulation scenarios such as transonic or turbulent flows.
u
Fr  (3)
gL
where:
u = ship speed (m/s)
g = gravity (m/s2)
L = length of waterline of ship (m)

FORM FACTOR
Using CFD, the viscous force of foil can be known which is
usually called as drag force. The simulation has to be applied
in one fluid so that the viscous resistance is only occur in this
case. After the viscous force is obtained, the viscous coefficient
can be calculated using Equation 4 as follows.
RV
Figure 2: Pressure and Viscous Force Acting on a Two- CV  (4)
Dimensional Body and the Resultant Lift and Drag Force 1 SV 2
2

The Navier-Stokes equations are the basic principal of CFD Friction coefficient affected by the normal force acting the
problem to solve the fluid flow analysis. These equations can model. International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC) give a
be simplified using approximation considering the creeping formula to calculate the friction coefficient that can be shown
flow, inviscid region flow, irrotational flow, and boundary in Equation 5.
layer. Finite volume is the method based on the Eulerian
approach that is useful to accomplish these equations. Figure 2 0.075
CF  (5)
shows the illustration of force acting around the foil. log Re  22
Equation 1 and 2 are formula to calculate the lift (FL) and drag

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

Because friction coefficient is only caused by the normal

pressure, viscous coefficient can be calculated by adding the
form factor at the friction coefficient calculation. The relation
between viscous and friction coefficient can be shown in
Equation 6 which the form factor is a part from the two
coefficients.
(b)
CV  1  k C F (6)

where:

CV = viscous coefficient

C F = friction coefficient
1  k = form factor
(c)

In the other hand, the form factor is given as a function of the

thickness (t) per chord (c) ratio of the section from Hoerner Figure 3. Type of Foil a) NACA 2212, (b) NACA 2309, and
which is shown in Equation 1. This equation is only used to the (c) NACA 4712 at the Angle of Attack 0 degree
angle of attack 0 degree. For any degree, this formula cannot
be used because the variable of degree is not given. The value
of form factor from Equation 1 will be compared with the CFD.

 
1  k   1  2 t   60 t 
4
 (1)
 c  c  

For 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 degrees, the form factor can be only
(a)
obtained from the viscous per friction coefficient ratio.

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

In order to obtain the optimum NACA foil, this research divides
the NACA foil into the several of its shape. There are three
kinds of NACA foil which is described as can be shown in
Table I:
Table I: NACA Foil Specifications (b)

NACA NACA NACA

No. Specifications
2212 2309 4712
1. Span 3.02 m 3.02 m 3.02 m
2. Chord Length 2.85 m 2.85 m 2.85 m
2 2
3. Area 20.1 m 19.7 m 21.1 m2

(c)
Figure 4. Type of Foil a) NACA 2212, (b) NACA 2309, and
(c) NACA 4712 at the Angle of Attack 20 degrees

The angle of attack of foils are consisted of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and
25 degrees. The speed of fluid flow is varied in 0.25, 0.5, 0.75,
(a)
and 1.00 m/s for low speed and 2.5, 5.0 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 m/s

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

for high speed. causes the lift and drag.

The potential velocity is greater at the angle of 0 degree than

The CL and CD of NACA 2212
0.5 the angle of 20 degrees. Conversely, the stream function is
greater at the angle of 20 degrees than the angle of 0 degree.
0.4
CL and CD

0.3
0.2 CD The lift force of NACA 4712 is greatest than the other one.
Although the drag force is also great, the ship speed does still
0.1 CL
reach in the service speed. Adding the drag force of foil, the
0 displacement of ship reduces because lift force will raise the
0 5 10 15 20 25 ship hull.
Angle of Attack (Degree)

Figure 5. Lift and Drag Coefficient for NACA 2212 in In order to obtain the effective of chord length of NACA 4712,
Various of Angle of Attack there are 3 (three) various of the chord length consisted of 2.5,
3.0, and 3.5 meters. Figure 8 shows the graph of CL and CD of
NACA 4712 in various of chord length.
The CL and CD of NACA 2306
0.5
The fluid flow is simulated in the low speed in order to obtain
0.4
the viscous resistance which is without wave resistance. From
CL and CD

0.3 CFD, the magnitude of drag force is viscous resistance. Then,

CD the form factor can be calculated by dividing between viscous
0.2
CL coefficient to friction coefficient.
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 By using formula from the ITTC, friction coefficient can be
Angle of Attack (Degree) obtained as can be shown in Table II which the flow speed is 1
m/s.
Figure 6. Lift and Drag Coefficient for NACA 2309 in
Various of Angle of Attack
Table II: The CF of NACA 4712

The CL and CD of NACA 4712

0.6 No. Chord Length Re (x105) Fr CF
0.5 1. 2.85 m 27.94 0.187 0.0168
0.4
CL and CD

2. 3.00 m 29.41 0.182 0.0167

0.3 CD
3. 3.50 m 34.31 0.169 0.0165
0.2 CL
0.1 4. 2.50 m 24.50 0.200 0.0170
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Angle of Attack (Degree) Table II shows that the maximum Reynolds Number (Re) is
still in laminar flow region. The laminar flow is actually
Figure 7. Lift and Drag Coefficient for NACA 4712 in determined by the length of model and speed if the viscosity of
Various of Angle of Attack fluid is assumed in the same condition. The length of the model
is getting longer, the flow region will be in turbulent condition.
The speed of the model is getting faster, the flow region will
Figure 3 and 4 are the plot of streamline meaning that the also be in turbulent condition. For the low speed case, the foil
velocity fluid around the foil. There are streamlines that has to be simulated in the low Froude Number (Fe). From Table
intersect with foil because the flow does not pass through the II the maximum Fe is still in the criterion of low speed 1 m/s.
flow. It means that the fluid flowing outside the foil. Because
of the speed difference on each side, the pressure arises and

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© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The CD of NACA 4712
0.025 This research was supported by Institute for Research and
Community Services (LPPM) Sepuluh Nopember Institute of
0.023 Technology (ITS), Indonesia through Pemula Grant in 2017.
CD 2.50 m We thank our colleagues from Department of Naval
CD

0.021
Architecture ITS who provided insight and expertise that
CD 2.85 m
0.019 greatly assisted and advised the research.
CD 3.00 m
0.017 CD 3.50 m
0 5 10 15 REFERENCES
Flow Speed (m/s)
[1] Hoke, C. M., Young, J., Lai, J. C. S., 2015, Effects of
time-varying camber deformation on flapping foil
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Figure 8. Lift and Drag Coefficient for NACA 4712 in the
Structures, Volume 56, July 2015, Pages 152 – 176.
Various of Chord Length
[2] Hoerner, S.F., 1965, Fluid-dynamics drag, Published by
the author, New York
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[3] Lakshman, A., and Sivakumar, R., 2014, CFD Analysis
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