Argand diagrams Edexcel Core Pure 1

Argand diagrams are used to represent complex numbers. This representation allows us to see the effects of Example 6: Given that |𝑧 − 6 + 3𝑖| = 4, sketch the modulus of 𝑧 and find the maximum value of |𝑧| in the
different moduli and arguments, therefore giving us a new way of denoting complex numbers and allows us to interval (−𝜋, 𝜋).
solve equations and inequalities graphically using loci.
To find |𝑧| we need to find the length of the line
|𝑧 − (6 − 3𝑖)| = 4
connecting the origin and 𝑧, which can clearly be done |𝑧| = 13" + 4" = 5
Argand diagrams Put the loci equation into the form |𝑧 − 𝑧!| = 𝑟. Thus, the loci of 𝑧 is a circle of radius 4, centred at (6, −3)
Argand diagrams look similar to Cartesian diagrams – these are the graphs that you are used to seeing, with an 𝑥 by Pythagoras’ theorem.
and 𝑦 axis. As you have seen in the previous chapter, complex numbers have real and imaginary parts. Argand To find arg 𝑧, we need to find the angle from the
diagrams have the real part of the complex number, denoted 𝑅𝑒 on what would be the 𝑥 axis in a Cartesian positive real axis to the line connecting the origin and 𝑧. 𝑅𝑒
4
diagram, and the imaginary part, 𝐼𝑚, on the 𝑦 axis. Clearly the angle from the positive to the negative real arg 𝑧 = 𝜋 − (tan*! )
3
𝑥
• The complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 can be represented by the point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) or the vector /𝑦0 axis is 𝜋 radians, so the angle we are looking for is 𝜋 − arg 𝑧 = 2.214 rad Sketch the loci.
4
⋅
(6, −3)

(the angle between the line and the negative real axis).
Example 1: Represent the complex numbers 𝑧! = 3 + 2𝑖, 𝑧" = −4 − 𝑖 and 𝑧' = 3𝑖 on an Argand diagram
)
𝐼𝑚 It is important to make sure that you find the right angle for the argument- it is not always tan*! . To ensure that the 𝐼𝑚

⋅
%
correct angle is calculated, it is recommended to draw a quick sketch. As shown by the diagram above, the maximum The maximum value of |𝑧| is given by |𝑂𝐶| + 𝑟

⋅
value of |𝑧| is the second intersection of the line |𝑂𝐶| = 16" + (−3)" = 3√5
The real part of each number tells us the horizontal Modulus-argument form of complex numbers from the origin through the centre of the circle, 𝐶. |𝑧|#$% = 4 + 3√5
position and the imaginary part tells us the vertical • For a complex number 𝑧 with |𝑧| = 𝑟 and arg 𝑧 = 𝜃, the modulus argument form of 𝑧 is

position, so 𝑧! is represented by the point that is 3 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) Complex numbers can also be used to represent regions in the Argand diagram- make sure to pay attention to the

⋅
across and 2 up, shown by the red dot. 𝑧" and 𝑧' are 𝑅𝑒 inequality signs and any set notation used
Example 4: Express the complex number 𝑤 = 2 − √5𝑖 in modulus-argument form
denoted by blue and green dots respectively. &
2 𝑅𝑒
Example 7: Sketch the region represented by 0 < arg(𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖) ≤
'

& 𝐼𝑚
√5 Sketch the loci represented by arg(𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖) = and
Draw a sketch of the complex number on the diagram. '
arg(𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖) = 0.
𝜋
• By using the vector of a complex number, the addition or subtraction of complex numbers can be shown on 𝐼𝑚 Therefore, the region represented by 0 ≤ arg(𝑧 − 3 − 3
&
the argand diagram 𝑖) ≤ is the shaded region between the two lines. (3,1)
'
Example 2: For 𝑧! = 1 + 3𝑖, 𝑧" = −2 + 𝑖, 𝑧' = 2 − 𝑖 and 𝑧( = 2𝑖, show 𝑧! + 𝑧" and 𝑧' − 𝑧( on an Argand diagram.
𝑟 = M2" + (−√5)" = 3 𝑅𝑒
𝑧! + 𝑧" 𝐼𝑚
Find the modulus, 𝑟, and the argument 𝜃.
−√5
𝜃 = tan*! ( ) = −0.841 𝐼𝑚
For 𝑧! + 𝑧" , plot the vectors of 𝑧! and 𝑧" on the Argand 𝑧! 2 However, the question asks for 0 < arg(𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖) ≤ ,
&
Put into modulus-argument form. 𝑤 = 3(cos(−0.841) + 𝑖 sin(−0.841)) '
diagram. As with adding vectors, place them ‘nose-to- so the half line representing arg(𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖) = 0 should
𝜋
be dashed as the points where the argument is 0 are not
tail’ and notice that the resultant vector is the diagonal Multiplying and dividing complex numbers in modulus argument form is simple using certain results: 3
𝑧" included.
• For any two complex numbers 𝑧! and 𝑧" : (3,1)
of the parallelogram formed. |𝑧! 𝑧" | = |𝑧!||𝑧" |
𝑅𝑒
𝑅𝑒
arg(𝑧! 𝑧") = arg(𝑧! ) + arg(𝑧" )

𝑧! |𝑧! | Example 8: Sketch the region represented by {|𝑧 − 2 − 2𝑖| ≤ 2 ∩ |𝑧 − 0.5| < |𝑧 − 1.5|}
𝐼𝑚 P P=
𝑧" |𝑧" |

𝑧! 𝐼𝑚
arg Q R = arg 𝑧! − arg 𝑧"
𝑧"
Follow the same process for 𝑧' − 𝑧( , but plot 𝑅𝑒

−𝑧( instead of 𝑧( .
𝑧$
(& (& & &
Example 5: For 𝑧! = 2(cos + 𝑖 sin ) and 𝑧" = 4(cos + 𝑖 sin ), find 𝑤 = 𝑧! 𝑧" in the forms 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) and
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦.
+ + ' '
This question involves the regions |𝑧 − 2 − 2𝑖| ≤ 2 and
|𝑧 − 0.5| < |𝑧 − 1.5|. Sketch the regions on separate
⋅(2,2)

-𝑧#
Use the rules for moduli and arguments to find the |𝑤| = 2 × 4 = 8 graphs.
𝑧$ − 𝑧# modulus and argument of 𝑤 = 𝑧! 𝑧" . 4𝜋 𝜋 17𝜋
arg(𝑤) = + = |𝑧 − 2 − 2𝑖| ≤ 2 represents the interior and boundary 𝑅𝑒
5 3 15
As −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, arg(𝑤) = − .
!'& line of the circle centred at 2 + 2𝑖 with radius 2.
!+ 𝐼𝑚
As we have found the modulus and argument of 𝑤, it 13𝜋 13𝜋
𝑤 = 8(cos − + 𝑖 sin − ) |𝑧 − 1.5| < |𝑧 − 2.5| represents the region where the
can be put into the form 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃). 15 15
real value is less than 2. All the points in this region are
Modulus and Argument To find 𝑤 in the form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 without a graphical 2𝜋
2𝜋 closer to (1.5, 0) than (2.5, 0).
calculator, it can be helpful to draw a quick sketch and 15 𝑦 = −8 sin ( - = −3.254
• The modulus of the complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, denoted |𝑧|, is the distance from the origin to the point 15
use trigonometry. As the angle between the positive real 8
represented by that number on an Argand diagram, and is given by |𝑧| = 1𝑥 " + 𝑦 " . 2𝜋
axis and the line from the origin to the complex number 𝑥 = −8 cos ( - = −7.308
• The argument of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, denoted arg 𝑧, is the angle −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 between the *!'& 15
is , then the angle from the negative real axis to the
positive real axis and the line joining the point represented by 𝑧 to the origin. The argument satisfies !+
"& 2 𝑅𝑒
) line is . Otherwise, simply put the expression in a
tan 𝜃 = . !+ So 𝑤 = −7.308 − 3.254𝑖
%
Example 3: Find the modulus and argument of the complex number 𝑧 = −3 + 4𝑖 graphical calculator or use known trig expressions to
simplify. 𝐼𝑚
𝑧 = −3 + 4𝑖

Loci and regions in the Argand diagram

• Complex numbers can be used to represent a locus of points on an Argand diagrams The ′ ∩ ′ symbol is an intersection symbol- we are
Mark the point represented by 𝑧 and draw the line 4
• Given a complex number 𝑧! = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, the locus of a points 𝑧 on an Argand diagram such that |𝑧 − 𝑧!| = 𝑟, is looking for the set of points that satisfy |𝑧 − 2 − 2𝑖| ≤ 2
connecting 𝑧 to the origin. a circle with centre (𝑥, 𝑦) and radius 𝑟. AND |𝑧 − 1.5| < |𝑧 − 2.5|.
• Given two complex numbers 𝑧! = 𝑥! + 𝑖𝑦! and 𝑧" = 𝑥" + 𝑖𝑦" , the locus of points 𝑧 on an Argand diagram
3 such that 𝑧 − 𝑧! | = |𝑧 − 𝑧" | is the perpendicular bisector of the segment of line joining 𝑧! and 𝑧"
• Given 𝑧! = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, the locus of points 𝑧 such that arg(𝑧 − 𝑧! ) = 𝜃 is a half-line (a line from but not including
continued à 𝑧! that extends infinitely) that makes an angle 𝜃 with a line from 𝑧! that is parallel to the real axis.
𝑅𝑒