Biokimia Pendengaran

Jenny Hidayat
Liza Widjaja
3 Mei 2023
Daun Telinga
Fungsi Daun Telinga
Bentuk Daun Telinga
Hematoma Daun Telinga
Perikondritis
Abnormalitas Bentuk
Microtia
Rekonstruksi Daun Telinga
 •Scientists grew human ear on the
back of a rat Tokyo and Kyoto
University
•Researchers hope it can be used to
help children with facial
abnormalities
•Currently, ears are made from
patient's rib and it takes multiple
operations
•New technique needs just a few
cells to grow two-inch ear in two
months

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-

3414756/Scientists-grown-human-EAR-rat-say-able-use-
humans-five-years.html#ixzz4PaK4rwDx

The Vacanti mouse

The Vacanti mouse was a laboratory mouse that had what looked like a human ear grown on its back. The "ear" was actually an ear-shaped cartilage structure grown by seeding cow cartilage
cells into a biodegradable ear-shaped mold and then implanted under the skin of the mouse, then the cartilage naturally grew by itself.

The earmouse, as it became known, was created by Charles Vacanti and colleagues in the Department of Anesthesiology (University of Massachusetts Medical School) and their results were
published in 1997. The mouse itself is called a nude mouse, a commonly used strain of immunocompromised mouse, preventing a transplant rejection.
 Telinga Tengah
 Significant progress in OM research has also been
made in the area of biochemistry.
 These advances include the identification of
biochemical markers during various stages of OM
pathogenesis through the characterization of the
components of chronic otitis media (COM) effusion
(eg, mucins, cytokines, chemokines, bactericidal
molecules, and growth factors) and the elucidation
of the biochemical basis of middle ear and inner ear
interaction.
Biochemical Basis of Otitis Media
Otitis media is an inflammatory response to
either acute or persistent stimuli
characterized by the accumulation of both
cellular and chemical mediators in the middle
ear cavity.
 It is caused by multiple factors, including
bacterial or viral infection, eustachian tube
dysfunction, allergy, and barotraumas. There
are many cellular and biochemical events as
a result of tissue injury induced by
inflammation.
 Central factors to the formation of
inflammation are the presence of
inflammatory mediators, which include
proteins (glycoproteins), peptides, cytokines,
arachidonic acid metabolites, macrophage
migration inhibitory factor, nitric oxide, and
free radicals. These compounds are produced
by epithelial cells, middle ear mucosa, and
infiltrating inflammatory cells.
Serumen
Komposisi Serumen
 Protein (terutama keratin)
 Lipid (asam lemak rantai panjang)
 Alkohol
 Squalene
 kolesterol
Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of
ear wax, or cerumen, being secreted by a gland
in the ear canal
Komposisi Serumen
Fraksi lipid serumen basah :
 Asam lemak 22,7 %
 Kolesterol bebas 20,9 %
 Seramida 18,6 %
 Kolesterol ester 9,6 %
 Wax ester 9,3 %
 Squalene 6,4 %
 Triasilgliserol 3 %
 Kolesterol sulfat 2 %
 Senyawa lain 7,5%
Irigasi
Membran Timpani
 Telinga Dalam
 The inner ear is our most sensitive
sensory organ and can be subdivided into
three functional units: organ of Corti,
stria vascularis and spiral ganglion.
Schematic representation of the organ of Corti. The figure
shows the different cell types and extracellular structures in the
organ of Corti. Abbreviations: TM (tectorial membrane), OHC
(outer hair cells), IHC (inner hair cells), HB (hair bundle), SC
(supporting cells), CT (Corti’s tunnel).
 The appropriate stimulus for the organ of
hearing is sound, which travels through
the external auditory canal to the
middle ear where it is transmitted to the
inner ear.
 The inner ear houses the hair cells, the
sensory cells of hearing.
 The inner hair cells are capable of
mechanotransduction, the
transformation of mechanical force into an
electrical signal, which is the basic
principle of hearing.
 The stria vascularis generates the
endocochlear potential and maintains the
ionic homeostasis of the endolymph.
 The spiral ganglion is composed of
neurons that transmit the electrical signals
from the cochlea to the central nervous
system.
 Stria vascularis
 The stria vascularis is a linear organ on
the outer wall of the cochlear duct of the
cochlea.
 Permeated by a network of capillaries, it
consists of three different types of cell:
marginal cells, intermediary cells and
basal cells (Figure 5). All of these cell
types are of importance for the function
of the stria vascularis .
Schematic model
of cochlear
potassium
circulation and
the formation of
the endocochlear
potential.
 Organ of corti
 The organ of Corti is the sensorineural end-
organ involved in our sense of hearing. This
organ houses two different subtypes of
secondary sensory cells (receptors), namely
the inner and the outer hair cells, as well as
the supporting cells.
 The cochlea contains some 15,000 hair cells
arranged along the cochlear duct to form one
row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer
hair cells (Figure 1 (Fig. 1)).
 Cochlea
 Cochlear fluid homeostasis, ion homeostasis
and the endocochlear potential are of crucial
significance for normal function of the inner
ear.
 Vasopressin, aldosterone and glucocorticoids
can serve as examples of how the fluid
homeostasis of the inner ear is also
influenced by hormones .
 Various effects of vasopression have been
reported and include the regulation of
aquaporin expression in cell membranes as
well as the activity of Na+/K+/2 Cl–
cotransporters and Na+ channels in strial
marginal cells and type II fibrocytes of the
spiral ligament (Figure 5 (Fig. 5)).
 Aldosterone is also a hormone that appears
to modulate the fluid homeostasis of the
inner ear by raising the activity of epithelial
Na+ channels and Na+/K+-ATPase .
 The possible consequence of these effects
is a high endolymphatic K+ concentration
which results in a hydrops due to osmotic
displacement of fluid.
 Glucocorticoids, on the other hand, can
elicit effects that are contrary to those of
vasopressin. This provides an explanation
for the positive effects of glucocorticoids
in the treatment of Ménière’s disease
which are most likely to be attributable to
a reduction in vasopressin production and
control of aquaporin expression .
 The stria vascularis is of central importance
for cochlear homeostasis. It is responsible for
forming the endocochlear potential and for
maintaining the ionic composition of the
endolymph.
 An impairment of the endocochlear potential,
the volume-regulating mechanisms or the ion
composition can cause severe disturbances in
the homeostasis of the cochlear fluid followed
by hearing loss.
Cochlea
Penampang Melintang
 Ion homeostasis
 The endolymph in the scala media has, in contrast to
the other extracellular spaces of the body, a very high
concentration of extracellular potassium (approx. 140
mmol/l) and a strong positive charge known as the
endocochlear potential (approx. +85 mV). Both the
endocochlear potential and the high potassium
concentration are generated by the stria vascularis.
 The K+ gradient, together with the endocochlear
potential, forms the basis for the
mechanoelectrical transduction of the hair cells.
schematically depicts the process of cochlear
potassium circulation and the mechanisms
behind the formation of the endocochlear
potential.
 This is impressively demonstrated where
dysfunction of these potassium channels occurs.
The result is disturbance of potassium
homeostasis in the cochlea, leading to hearing
loss
 Fluids Homeostasis
 Cochlear fluid homeostasis is of crucial
importance in bringing about the endocochlear
potential and mechanotransduction.
 The inner ear contains three different
extracellular fluids highly unusual in their
composition: the endolymph, the perilymph and
the intrastrial fluid.
 The scala media of the cochlea contains
endolymph, whereas the scala vestibuli and the
scala tympani are filled with perilymph.
 The endolymph is potassium-rich and sodium-
poor.
 The perilymph and the intrastrial fluid, however,
contain high levels of sodium and little
potassium.
 The composition of these fluids in the inner ear
is regulated by a large number of ion channels
and ion transporters .
 As already indicated above, the different electrolyte
concentrations in these cochlear fluids are crucial for
the formation and maintenance of the endocochlear
potential.
 In the stria vascularis, an Na-K-Cl cotransporter and an
Na+/K+-ATPase provide ion transport, resulting in a
high concentration of sodium and a low concentration
of potassium in the intrastrial fluid. ClC-K/Barttin
channels ensure that Cl– is transported back into the
intrastrial space.
 Perilymph & Endolymph
Perilymph Endolymph
Skala Timpani Skala Vestibuli

Natrium 148 mM 141 mM 1.3 mM

Kalium 4.2 mM 6 mM 157 mM
Klorida 119 mM 121 mM 132 mM
Bikarbonat 21 mM 18 mM 31 mM
Kalsium 1.3 mM 0.6 mM 0.023 mM
Protein 178 mg/dl 242 mg/dl 38 mg/dl
pH 7.3 7.3 7.4
Terima Kasih