as

of Bi
Eteee

gical Organization
Sern Liplinas
ats eat ae FERLRS ee
ees St

6, 6, 6, 6, @
tea Yea C6,
#994 gga gggagagga
eet
-» spongy bark of a tree

Tt
ad
i, Neda

ds eeeree

ee
—_ : =

es
ah

nS
ass
3 eS)

ts
bt
~ >~-—-» demonstrated

Classifying Living Things

Look at the images and identify similarities between the two organisms.

Drawing of Hooke’s observations.

. Did You Know...?

The levels of biological q@=

organization are studic qu
by different areas: 3
¢ chemistry: atoms tos
macromolecules. &
¢ biology: cells to e
organisms. ee
* ecology: organisms @m=m
and the environment@=
Do they have anything in common? It does not look like it, but they are actually =
very similar. Even if we cannot see it, organized cells form both organisms. Cells
rKEARSE SZ,
group together and create more complex parts. For example, cells form the
bones and muscles of animals, and the leaves and stems of plants.

We can see that living things are created in a specific way: from small to big and
from simple to complex. In other words, living things have levels of organization
that go from the cell to the entire organism.
7
D
1s
 & > Dressing thes teks Gt bata egedizaton

© Ghecel
@
@ Every
Eanimals.
very livingIrving thinventional
thing onon the
tn
planet
lanet
is
is
different, and there is a great v
different. and there is a creat variety
a r i e t y of plants
of plan!
BM Did You Know...?
>
they all have one thing in common: they consist of cells = ad
er is
itis estimated that a human
eg Lite tas and = ol ms m0

tructure, it is complex. The existence

of ite Gener on the components
of the cell working together. In the follow ng image, | ; j has;75.0 300,000,000,000 (75
nervous system. 4 trillion) cells.
PESSESESSESSERSPSESSSESESSSSSESEEEEEEGESE

Living things come in different shapes and sizes and have a different number of Challenge
cells. Some organisms consist of many cells ee and are jd visibre. § 2

Microscope and microorganism

both start with micro. What
do you think micro means?

q Here you can see some unicellular

organisms. They are part of the first level
of the biological system.
bacteria bacteria protozoa

>
Pic Science

iP li,
 pe
"Level 3 Level 5
Organism
Organ
Tissue
-~~~
~? continue to exist
Your body has millions of cel
ls, but they cannotSurvivéa
Tissue is the second lev lone, so they form tissue.
el of biological organization. It consists
Cells that are similar in of a group of
shape and size. They co
function. Each type of mm un ic at e to complete a certain
cell forms different tissue
and has unique functions
.
In the image, you can see
an example of human tis
of muscle cells, contracts sue. Muscle tissue, Consistin
and relaxes to move differ g
ent parts of the body,

Challenge
—@

Human bein
gs are orga
simple cells to complex nized from small,
systems. Is it possible Tissue is an example of the
to find organs in unicellular bein Of biological organization. Whasec
t
ond leve
types 0
gs? oe
Sreanisms have tissue’

Unit:
 Practicing
+) Fey
ting Iticellular ones. Identity
L. Write a U in the boxes next to unicellular organisms and an M next to ine muruc

a. Why does Jonathan classify this as tissue? Explain

LA OocgUecy Cr Cor,
U ‘

summarizing

1 nature, some living things consist of one cell (unicellular organisms),

and others consist of
lany cells (multicellular organisms).
ulticellular organisms possess millions of cells. Cells come togeth
er to form increasingly
mplex structures: tissues, organs, systems and finally organisms.
ssue is the second level of biological organization and
consists of groups of cells that have
e same function. Examples are muscle tissue and nerve
tissue.

aie:
(8)
 _ ~ ~ organs that clean the blood
> Word Focus
Have you ever he ‘kidne
‘ 7s
of organs: the tha lovato bioceeles ‘t teal These teal examples
2 pl ae
groups of tissues working iogeite r2to complete An organ
the same
organization. functiconsists of various
nction. For example, process sar
sands by which plants
in plants, leaves food using
produce dioxide,
organs
the the responsi photosynlthesis. Leaves consist
ble thefor mesophyl carbon water
of two types of Hsu
issues: epidermi s and
and sunlight.

Groups of tissues work together to perform the

same function. They form organs, like this leaf.

execute

i everything around you

é

than plant organs. For ¢example, lens

Animal organs are more complex
see light and our surroundings:
think of our eyes. They allow us to
has many types of tissues
To perform this function, the eye retina
ther to allow us to see.
and structures that work toge
the structure of the eye.
The following image shows
t tissues.
Pay attention to the differen

cornea

iris The eye is an organ. It represents

third level of biological organizati
level
What other examples of this
you think of?

@ ;
 Systems
The fourth level of biological organization
is a system. A system is a group of
organs that work together to perform
the same function.

For example, the nervous system consists

of two principal organs: the brain and
the spinal cord. The two organs work
together to control other organs and
to adjust to the environment.

Did You Know...?

Some structures, like skin,

: ; The nervous system is an example
hair and nails, form part of of the fourth level of biological
| the integumentary system. organization. It is a group of organs
| This system helps protect that allow us to control our senses
, our bodies and other organs and systems.

| Practicing

‘1. Complete the table with the correct level of biological organization.
Compare and Contrast

Structure

Level | 2 e4 < g

Organs are the third level of biological organization. They are groups of tissues that work together.
Systems are the fourth level of biological organization. They are groups of organs that work together.

Life Science @)
Organisms
Look at the following images.

Qa@ERRKREE
Challenge
The living things above are all multicellular organisms. At what level of biological
organization do you classify them? You will notice that they are different from the Cats and other animals
previous levels. This is because they are all part of the fifth and final level: the have a skeletal system.
organism. What is the equivalent

aeo02e2@@
A multicellular organism consists of several biological systems that work together structure in a tree?
to allow its body to function. A cat is an organism that has a digestive system, a
nervous system and a skeletal system, among others. They all help the cat move
and live.
“.
‘

Level 4 Level 4
ae Cell “Lal Skeletal Syste
Cats are multicéllular@
organisms that have all
five levels of biological @
organization, from single é
Cells toa complete organism.
In this image, you can see
all five levels in relation to ¢
the skeletal system. (

(
(
Level 2 |
Bone Tissue

Level 3
Bone Level 5

Unit ]
 Have you ever wondered what happens to food after you The digestive organs surround the digestive tract, whict
‘Swallow it? Where does it go? How is it used? The answers starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. This systerr
to these aaah are related to one of the systems in also includes a group of digestive glands. The glands
S€cret® various substances that convert food into nutrients.
Nutrients give our bodies the energy we need to live.

‘~» pass from the mouth J

to the stomach produce and

emit

Look at the following image of the digestive system.

Pay attention to all the organs.
/

Salivary Glands:
produce saliva. Mouth: the opening of the
digestive tract.

Esophagus: a tube that

is about 30 centimeters
long and connects the
mouth to the stomach.

Stomach: a muscular organ

that produces gastric acid.

Liver: produces bile. E

Pancreas: produces
pancreatic acid.

Small Intestine: a six-

meter-long tunnel that
Large Intestine: the last part , connects to the stomach.
of the digestive system, which It absorbs nutrients.
eliminates waste.

q The digestive system consists of the

digestive tract and digestive glands. Its
purpose is to convert food into nutrients,
which give us energy.

Essential Basics Skills: To describe, with the support of models, the structure. and function of the digestive system.
Unit 1
 [he Digestive Process
nutrients,
Jur digestive system converts food into simpler subs tances called
process, called
vhich enter our cells and give us the energy we need to live. This
the following order:
he digestive process, consists of four stages, which occur in
‘ ingestion: when food enters the mouth
' digestion: the transformation of food in the digestive tract Did You Know...?
b —e
' absorption: when nutrients enter the blood
» egestion: the elimination of waste through the anus Nutrients are components of food
that give energy to an organism.
eros They also help regulate and repair
Pracucine the ee oe ac are classified
as: carbohydrates, found in foods
L. Label each organ of thé digestive system. Identify
like bread; proteins, found in foods
like eggs; lipids and fat, found in
oils; and vitamins and minerals,
found in fruits and vegetables.

. Put the stages of the digestion process in order. Sequence

ingestion - absorpti n

Science
 ive process c Onsists of
four Stages: ingestion,
@ Pememben
Each animal's teeth
are
adapted to the type
of
food it eats. A Carnivor
e
has long, sharp teeth
to
rip meat, while herbivores
have large, flat teeth to
chew plants.

~ bite repeatedly & “

with the teeth

tongue

salivary
glands

4 The mouth, teeth, tongue and saliva all

work together to convert food. Why can't
babies eat solid food?

‘9 ' . % tem

and promote its care. Unit

 > Identify the basic Structures and functions of the aig

wallowing
ke a sip of water. Did you notice what happens in the back of
ur mouth? The process of moving liquid from the mouth to the
mach is called swallowing. Swallowing consists of two stages.
le first stage is voluntary and occurs when we push food to the
ick of the mouth. The second stage is involuntary and occurs
nen the food enters the digestive tract and moves down the
ophagus to the stomach. esophagus

eristaltic Movements
fe have talked about food moving through the digestive tract.
ow does this happen? The esophagus expands and contracts
) push the bolus down to the stomach. These movements are
alled peristaltic movements.

becomes smaller
Swallowing is a mechanism that allows
Practicing food to enter our bodies. After the food
ff is swallowed, peristaltic movements help
push the food through the digestive tract.

. Put a small ball inside a tube that has the same diameter as the
ball. Use your fingers to squeeze the tube and push the ball to
the other side. If the ball represents the bolus, what does the
tube represent? What movement are you demonstrating with
your hands? Explain. Interpret

summarizing © Word Focus n

/]
agestion is the first step of the digestive process. Digestion begins = aap oe s ee af
1 the mouth when food is converted into a bolus and pushed down an aes oe sar sine aie
he esophagus. Peristaltic movements move the food through the 2 ee
‘i from one side to the other. In
j
lifferent i
organs of the digestive system.
sy : f
iG case, itaie is the thickness
without curves « --|-- “this
4 of the tube.

ife Science G
 (eS) Word Focus
. after you eat? Or have you ou eve f}
h growling when you are hun heard your ever
gry? This happens because the
a Muscular organ shaped like a bean, with i * The word ro
——— walls at move to help woe eebne +7"
BO Normally describes
The bolus of fooc-moves through the esop the sound a dog makes
hagus to reach the stomach. Then
it goes through a valve located at the entrance when itis angry. Grow
called the.cardiac sphincter. Its function is to allowof the stomach. This valve is also means the noise
stomach and food to pass through to the your stomach makes
to prevent stomach contents from entering the esop
: hagus. _ __~ when you are hungry!
Whe fcod gts to the stomacmite
h s wih SCO
. . oo,
gastric juices. Gastric juic es help with digestion
shaped musaae
—the transformation of food into nutri regulates the passage
ents. For ‘
example, proteins are digested in this of substances from
process. v/
Gastric juices and peristaltic moveme one place to the next.
nts convert if
the bolus into a thick liquid called chyme. This °
liquid then moves toward the small intestine. bolus

gastric juices

stomach

chyme

small intestine <q The stomach is a ver

important part of the
digestive system. It:
movements and gastric
Staying Healthy juices help convert foo
into nutrients.

It is important not to eat too much of

certain foods like chocolate or spices.
Some foods can have negative effects on
the cardiac sphincter, pushing food and
gastric juices back into the esophagus.

; . i igesti
@) Essential Basics Skills: To describe, with the support of models, the structure and function of the digestive syststem. i
 . She .
ay aun ©
oo? Se Eee De Tee :*
be fl that, at
mn FH B tacy
~y aU 4 : “ “ft
t anverted mith 4 th
yg tio us 1S

uni eae ,
e65c rit res xs, ff
ee chaesinve prot

pylons: spters tet

somach through a valve cakec 7 ,
—
ond enters the small intestine ~

py lores s e pancreas
Of thee pce i
rough the action oO
bqued © ation chye Wane
2 yine becomes 4 thinner eeall pfvtes tetee
ciage :
4 nusthent perore thie Hatd
\he last tran Hormation ¢
~
Bai ine di gestive process: alserpbion

mad
on each shag
Complete the diagram by writing how food Changes
2).
wa
“
“
oo

ei
on
”
=
a
3 gh ="
oa of the stomach and the sma
ll intestine _ digestion. Expl ain
ae. nw Kecued
sp WL Tip —s
Aba pt cll
al the Mou och. In these terms, “ph*
unls 4
UM) spur es ONY 9 aa)
is pronounced as “f”,
e
t
“Lu i alee and “ch” is pronounced
a ‘pun’ PNR OREe a)
we
a d. It also produces
mac h has wal ls mad e of mus cle to move and digest the foo
g@ The sto me.
ces that help make chy
@mpastric jui
the liver)
duc es int est ina l juic es, whi ch combine with bile (from
The small intestine pro chyle.
the pancreas) to help make
and pancreatic juice (from
a
~~
PP fe Science =
 Connecting

Absorption
Did You Know...?
After the chyle is formed, it continues through the small intestine and the —_—@

next stage of the digestive process starts: absorption. During this process, Ahuman's small intestine
most of the nutrients and water go through the small intestinal wall. Small can be seven meters
hairs called villi allow the nutrients to reach the blood, which carries them long, the same as the
to all the cells of the organism. width of a professional
soccer goal.
The intestinal villi on the walls of the intestine increase the afficienay of
absorption. In fact, if we could extend all the villi of a human being, they
would cover an area of 300 square meters, about the area of a tennis court. Fp Tip
The following image shows the structures ‘involved in absorption.
Villi is pronounced
“vil-he.” The singular
associated with « form is villus.

small intestine blood vessels

This close-up of the small intestine’s
wall shows the villi that allow nutrients
———— to reach the blood, which then carries
them to all the cells in the body. What
would happen if there were no villi in
the small intestine? |

lymphatic vessels

digestive system T
t— blood vessels
lymphatic vessels <a i

close-up of the small intestine - small intestinal villi

every
absorption process. For example,
The villi are very important in the to one
six liters of chyle, which is reduced
day our small intestine receives It passes
know what happens to the rest?
liter after absorption. Do you g the organism with
reach all the cells, providin
through the bloodstream to
basic materials and energy.

JY
gi ve system.
on of the digesti
i
describe,
i the support of models, the structure and d functi
with
Tu
Essent ial Basics Skills: To
34 |
mination of Waste: The Final Process
nave seen how our digestive system converts food into nutrients. but
tt happens to the things we cannot use? To answer this, we turn to
large intestine, which comes after the smal! intestine.
\ Did You Know...?
ar all the nutrients are absorbed, the leftover waste passes to the large
Stine. In the final stage of the digestive process, the large intestine Intestinal flora is the bacteria
ms and eliminates fecal matter in a process called egestion. that live in our intestines.
They are necessary for healthy
e large intestine absorbs any water, giving fecal matter its firm intestines and a healthy body.
nsistency. Finally, the fecal matter is temporarily Storedin a part of the
ge intestine called the rectum. Then with the help of bowel movements,
s expelled through a final sphincter: the anus.

accumulated & ‘a
~
Staying Healthy —®

Eating a variety of food and an

adequate quantity of vegetables
contribute toa healthy digestive
system. Foods that are high
in fiber are especially good
for our digestion.

arge intestine bas

q The large intestine forms and

cecum
eliminates fecal matter as the
final stage of the digestive
appendix process.

ife Science
Our Blood
Now that you know that blood
travels to all parts of the body,
Ever won have you
dered what blood looks like? To the nak
ed eye, it just looks
like a red liquid, but it is actually a
liquid tissue consisting of cells. If
you extract blood from a person and
examine it under.a microsco
you can see the cells. Remember that cells are pe, ee
very small. ~~ ~~ ~~ > UNassisted vision

When you extract a sample of blood, it

iS possible to study all its components.
Vv

plasma

formed
elements

Did You Know...? &

i
Some animals, such as mo llusks, : have
ate blood. Their blood has a substance
called hemocyanin, which transports
oxygen and turns the blood blue.

Unit
 ,
Circulatory System Components Did You Know...¢ ?
The circulatory system consists of three large components that work
together to transport substances such as nutrients and waste through the In the 15th century, an
body. The three components are: the heart, blood and blood vessels, as English doctor named
seen in the diagram below. William Harvey was the
first to correctly describe
the relationship between
the heart, blood and blood
vessels. He said that blood
goes to all parts of the body
through the blood vessels
with the help of the heart.

ee eeeeceececn.
contract and
force to move

Blood Vessels: tubes that

transport blood to all
parts of the body.

Blood: a liquid tissue found in Challenge

blood vessels; travels through —o
the organism to transport
The circulatory system move
substances such as nutrients, s
oxygen and waste. a liquid (blood) through
the
body. Name two different
systems in machinery
or
other areas that have
4
PPEPPRPhPher
similar system. Compar
e
| and contrast the systems.

py’
i i
aN
\
ARS
4d Li © Feat, ne MEMOS
DIOGd ONCEand DOO Wessels are parts
sk, i Cf
CH fis
Png cle nN bi
PN SS My y dan
Sytem

Life Science

“Ha
 Section
S. The Circulatory System

Understanding the Circulatory System

Have you ever felt your heart beat? Put your hand on your that the digestive system converts food into nutrients and
chest and try to feel it. We are not always conscious of that these nutrients pass into the bloodstream, which
our heart beating, but it is always working. It is part of the carries them to all parts of the body. The circulatory
circulatory system. In the previous section, you learned system is a very efficient transportation system.

pulsate «
After absorption in the snail intestine,
nutnents travel through blood vessels
nutri : :
\| = trients more te, (part of the circulatory system)to reach
= =a : ne es all the cells of an organism.
|

red blood cells

intestinal villi Me Fey RF blood vessels

blood vessels

cells
blood vessels

oe _

The circulatory system transports substances like water, nutrients and cell _
waste through the organism. It keeps every part of the body Suppliedwith the provided with or stocked
necessary elements to function.

Essential Basics Skills: To describe, with the support of models, the structure and function of the circulatory system.
Unit 1
 functions of the circulatory system
> Identify the basic structures and

mi
ang
ae Did- You Know...‘ ? _
=e components of Blood
a®@ Blood is a tissue that consists of a liquid called The amount of blood you have
in your body changes with age.
mag Plasma and a group of cells and cell fragments called
formed elements. This group consists of red blood A baby has about 300 mil, and an
mgs, white blood cells and platelets. adult has about 5,000 ml.

pI

called coagula

The circulatory system has three parts: the heart, blood and blood vessels. One of its functions
B is to transport nutrients and waste through the body. Blood is a tissue that consists of a liquid
called plasma and a group of cells called formed elements. Formed elements are: red blood cells
that transport oxygen; white blood cells that protect the organism from illness; and platelets
that coagulate to stop bleeding and protect a wound.

@®
BLife Science ~
Blood Vessels
\ Did You Know...?
Blood transports substances to all parts of the body. Blood
has a —o2
defined route through tubes called blood vessels.
inside » If extended in a straight
line, the blood vessels of an
Blood vessels are tubes that form a closed circuit
where blood adult would reach a length
circulates. Have you ever noticed that even small
cuts always of 100,000 kilometers. That
bleed? That is because we have blood vessels all over our is the same as about three
bodies.
When we get hurt, sometimes the blood vessels break trips around the planet.
‘internally,
forming bruises, and other times the blood comes out externa
lly.
The following image shows the main blood vessels
in the body.
LOW)
. A ‘
Kiss
Ni Ss
st =) ¢ i .

aaa NV ay carotid artery

Wile ir
Pte jugular vein
Bibi
rity ho

aorta vena cava

x
Lins
ANN RS
femoral vein

femoral arte
aefe} vessels are tubes that form a closed circuit. This allows the aay xy
3%
blood to circulate permanently within the body. If the poeenn above Wek y)
represents the blood vessels, what do the cars represent? et I

tH1
Nii

@) Word Focus .
: .
Bruises are dark colored spots that form I
Lig
A {
4
q
NS
on our skin when the skin is hurt but not
broken. ufPe SSN

@ Essential Basics Skills: To describe, with the support of models, the structure and function of the circulatory system.
Unit
 oe
s
'ypes of Blood Vessel ei ar erl
are j
classified into three groups: : veivns,
in our bod ies
he blood vessels
nd capillaries.
outer layer middle layer

iSSU e sto
from tissu
inner layer Veins: Giagsey blood
ion.
“fears in the process of circulat
ries
Veins have thinner walls than arte
because the blood circulate s with
less pressure as it returns to the
single layer
(arteriole) heart. The veins are shown in blue
in the diagram.

( capillaries: ial a ar Oey

re-Very-Sh
and=thin»bloodevessels. They take
nutrients-to thé cells and take waste
faway, They are located in organ tissue
) een the arteries and veins.

outer layer

inner layer

ve the blood'fro
(Sthelheartitosthevergans) The heart
pum ps blood with a lot of pressure
so the artery walls are thick, resistan
a t
and flexible. They are shown in
he walls of the veins and arteries have three layers, red
he walls of the capillaries have only one layer. in the diagram.

fe Science
The Heart’s Function
As you have learned, blood transports nutri
ents to all the cells in the
body, and the blood vessels are tubes
in which the blood circulates.
But how does the blood move? What pushes
it? The answers to these
questions are related to one of the most important
organs in our body:
the heart.

The heart is an organ made primarily of

muscle tissue. The walls of the
heart contract and expand to pump blood
through the blood vessels.
This movement is called the heartbeat. This movement
can be felt in
some blood vessels as a pulse.

iN » | / i a&
\ NS “a The heart is a muscular organ that causes blooc
ar. to circulate through blood vessels and the body
Blood continually circulates during the life of ar
organism.

Did You Know...?

4

The human heart beats

about 2,500,000,000 times
in a lifetime.

To pump blood, the heart contracts

Staying Healthy —
|
(1). Then it relaxes and fills up
Eating low-f
‘ at foods and exercisin:
ee i called
or playing sports helps the hear
a hee Li De aes over ell.
and over to move blood through
and att t working ”
our bodies.

(40)
:
4 The Respiratory System
Connecting

~~.» maintain a =

TEULTCUARANS
@) Word Focus

Vital means very important¢

and necessary for survival.

Fun Fact!

Plants and trees take in carbon©

dioxide and expel oxygen as
waste. This is the opposite of @=
humans and animals. Why do @=s
you think we need to protect @aus
the trees and plants in our e
environment?

aaaaaae et
carbon
dioxide
oot oxygen

<q Oxygen and carbon dioxide are very important gases. Cx

Oxygea is necessary for survival and is absorbed Cox
through the air. Carbon dioxide is waste from the
respiratory process and must be eliminated quickly. Cony

Unit 1 Qa
Se
 annt
respiratory system and explain respir
> identify the basic structures of the

rgans of the Respiratory System

le respiratory system consists of the pulmonary airways
id lungs.

ilmonary Airways are respiratory ducts that move air from

e outside to the inside of our bodies and vice versa. The
rways are the: nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
ronchus and bronchial tubes. Geebes

ungs are responsible for gas“€xchange: This is the

xchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidé that occurs within
1e organism. The lungs are located in the thorax on either
ide of the heart. ? .
interchange « i / lungs

one or the other © ©

A .
P icin The parts of the respiratory system allow
air
Se B from the outside world to enter the lungs.

L. Color the pulmonary airways blue and the lungs red. Identify

C) Word Focus —
/]
Pulmonary means anything
relating to the lungs. Does the
word pulmonary look like a
word in your first language?

Did You Know...?

Some amphibians, like frogs,

ye use their lungs and their skin
le ! . for gas exchange, or breathing.
Their skin is very thin and
has many blood vessels.

between oxygen and carbon dioxide. T he respiratory

Respiration is the process of gas exchange each
the lungs. The lungs are organs located on
system consists of the pulmonary airways and
for gas exchange.
side of the thorax and are responsible

; ®
.ife Science —
 The Role of Respiratory Sy
stem Organs
Imagine you are very small and
c an float in the air. Let's foll
you breathe into your body from t heexterior to the interior. ow the airi
The Air’s Journey into the Body

Nasal Passage: The entrance js through ihe.ifterior of the nos

Called the nasal passage. Here.air, Sain oe TOS eySy
becomes warm and moist,.and,/
the nasal Passage rem oves harmful substances.
/

(2) Pharynx: Our journey,contihues thro

ugh this muscular tube where the
digestive and respirat ory systems meet. Air circulates from
nasal passage to the larynx. the
:
~—-+--—~-»> expedition
Larynx: We are now in the home of the vocal
cords.
When air exits, it makes these cords vibrate,
which
creates sounds. Vocal cords allow us to talk.
~
~—~-» leaves
Trachea: We continue our journey through this
tube. It consists of a series of cartilage rings that
maintain its shape. As we travel down the trachea,
the path divides in two: the’ bronchi.

Bronchi: Each bronchus entersa lung and then é

‘branches out into many narrower bronchial
tubes.
~~ ~~. divides
4

Oe a!

CN. & Did You Know...?

Ee
The trachea is also called the windpipe.

© Fun Fact! ae, ec

Some animals also have vocal cords, but
these are different from human vocalcords. |
They allow them to make different kinds
of sounds. Think of dogs and cats. What.
. sounds do they make? Giraffes do not have
j vocal cords, so they cannot make sounds.

i of the respirator
the structure and function i y sy stem.
46 | ? Essential Basics Skills: To describe, with the support of models, Uni
 ration
respiratory system and explain respi
b Identify ihe basic structures, of the

}) Bronchial Tubes: As we travel through these tubes, they get Pr Staying Healthy _—,
“smaller and narrower. This allows air to reach the whole lung:
At the end of the tubes, there are clusters of small sacs. Cigarette smoke harms smokers’
lungs and the lungs of anyone
?) Alveoli: We have reached the end of the respiratory system, nearby. Damage includes loss
the alveoli. These are small clustered sacs, surrounded by
in the
capillaries. Oxygen enters the blood to reach all the cells travels of the elasticity or flexibility
in the walls of the alveoli,
body through the alveoli. Carbon dioxide (cell waste)
s decreasing the amount of
through the blood into the alveoli to exit the body. This proces
is called gas exchange. J oxygen absorbed by the blood.
® close groups

© Fun Fact! *

Did you know that all scientific

words come from Latin? We
use the Latin singular and
ein plural endings for these words.
For example, there can be one
bronchus and two bronchi,
| one alveolus and two alveoli.

Close-up of an alveolus.

carbon dioxide

Education through Values

contaminate the air we breathe. We should try to
Although some clean vehicles exist, most modes of transportation
can ride a bicycle instead of getting a ride ina
develop habits that do not contaminate the air, For example, you
ne!
car Little things can help make the environment better for everyo

|
/ @
,
wife Science
 Section - :
/\ Microorganisms -

Gs) Word Focus ws

A
Health and Illnesses //
Physical: of the body or a
Do you think you are healthy? This question might make you think about tangible and concrete.
your diet and exercise routines or simply whether or not you have any health Mental: of the mind. a |
problems, These ideas are not wrong, but they are incomplete because they Social: of the people, places
only take into account physical health. However, health also includes mental and things around you.
or psychological health—for example, when you are unmotivated, you have
less interest in doing daily activities like studying or playing with friends, and
this can affect your health. ——

Your social surroundings also affect your health. A good quality of life, shelter,
water and waste disposal are all necessary in order to be healthy. Being healthy
includes your physical, mental and social well-being. In other words, what protection from
is needed is a balance of the body, mind and surroundings. What happens the weather

if something changes this balance?

Tobe healthy means to have a balance between

your body and your surroundings. When this
balance is changed, you can become sick.

When we have the flu, we feel down. Sometimes we have a fever or a cold Staying Healthy
that affects our health. This means we feel sick or ill. Illnesses are defined
as changes that affect our organism's balance in a negative way. Theré are certain illnesses
ed that we can avoid through
lllnesses or diseases can be transmitted in many ways: vaccines, good hygiene,
through a wound, contaminated water or food, the air healthy eating and routine
or an animal or insect bite. medicalcheckups.
,

inspections < ~

70] Essential Basics Skills: To inquiry about the causes of diseases and communicate the measures of prevention.
>,

__
 > (dentify harmful and beneficial microorganisms

ne
a) YPes of Illnesses @) Word Focus
mp ‘low many times have you been sick in your life? It is hard’to count how many h or aniemaareiie
times you were sick or remember why because it is normal to get sick once in Hor a :
a while, smallest living beings
™» difficult ¢ on earth. They are not
™B nesses can be classified in different ways, one being their origin or source: visible to the naked eye
but can be seen with a
J » growing old | microscope.
ad
> ff
Degenerative diseases are caused by
my the deterioration or aging of an organ. Py )
| Alzheimer’s disease is degenerative. It The
™® affects the brain by causing progressive example of an infestioueiece Ne
oa memory loss. BEN)
if

> Parasitic diseases are caused by parasites of

a) es are caused by the that live inside or outside our bodies
nutrients. and have negative effects. For example,
') taeniasis is caused by a type of tapeworm
2) that stays in the small intestine and affects
the absorption of nutrients.
cS]
>

,
1. Classify each illness according to its origin. Identify
4 TypeofDisease
) 3

)| Rickets is characterized by soft bones because of a lack of vitamin D. i\ \ ie ,

IQA cI INA Abr4]
A group of students has lice. These insects feed on blood, causing irritation ey oe
and wounds on the scalp. ariaYO aan
Damien has a cold. He feels weak and sneezes often. His sister, who was A
taking care of him, woke up with similar symptoms. ‘ AN hyLyd WV)
a om’s grandfather has Parkinson’s disease. This disease causes degeneration p g
of parts of the brain. | (Ware pu Le
’~» skin of the head
7O

Ssmuaaitalog

| a idy VY)
| Jf means having a balance between the body, the mind and surroundings.

Van ji 5 jatntypua change the balance in your body and negatively affect it.

, ) = es
Science

~ a
 Section 2/ Microorganisms

Microorganisms: Bacteria, Fungi and Viruses

©) Word Focus
What is the smallest thing you can see? It could be the tip i; —9
of your pencil
or a grain of salt. However, there are some things we cannot The human microbiome
see with the
naked eye, such as microorganisms. These are very small refers to the microorganisms
and are only
“visible through a microscope. that live on our skin and in
» extremity
our bodies. They protect us
Bacteria and fungi are the most studied microorganisms. from foreign microorganisms.
Despite the
fact that viruses are not considered to be alive, they are
still considered
microorganisms because of their small size. All
three cause illnesses and
diseases.
magnifies small objects ge
However, bacteria and fungi also benefit our body. For | using lenses.
example, the human
microbiome defends our body from harmful
bacteria.

Bacteria
Bacteria are the smallest and the most abundant living organi
sms on the
planet. Bacteria can be found everywhere: the air, the water, the
ground,
our bodies, close to volcanoes and even in places as cold as Antarct
ica.
Bacieria are all unicellular, but there are many different types.

P27? rr? r BAATTAEEEKELL

Coccus e spherical
_ fi
_~-~---- cylinder

Bacillus rod shaped

se |

Spirochetss coiled (spiral shaped)

o
9
c
e

I
ca Today, scientists disagree
a Ny on whether or nota virusis . |
Vibrio i Avy comma shaped alive. Until they can agree, |
viruses are not considered
living things.

@) Essential Basics Skills: To inquiry about the causes of diseases and communicate the measures of prevention.

Unit§
 > Identify harmful and beneficial microorganisms

Fungi
ngl _~~->a humid’ yeast
Fungi ; gail
S! are organisms that grow indampiareas. They can be unicellular or
multicellular. Yeast is an example of a unicellular fungus, and mushrooms
Aen se
are multicellular, ~~~ a fungus used to srtschubaetunes
make bread that is used,
Fungi are similar to plants because they grow from soil and do not move.
ne . he
\However, they do not make their own food. Fungi absorb nutrients from bread.
)decomposing plants and animals.
)
)Viruses
Viruses have such unique characteristics that it is still debated
whether they are alive or not. One characteristic is that they
depend on another organism to survive. Viruses infect cells
pand multiply, producing more viruses that infect other cells. q_ Representation of
IDS virus.

1. Identify which microorganism matches each description. Recognize

“| do not know if | am a living organism because | need

another organism to live.”
(Manus 37

“lam unicellular and come in different shapes. | am

sometimes with others like me. You can also find me in Ser y
many places, including in many living beings.” R oslh ov yal

2 “! am usually confused with a plant, but | absorb | a:

my nutrients from other organisms. | grow in damp \Y Un gA\h
: environments and am unicellular or multicellular.” : is 4 4

J
/ Summarizing
a]
Bihe most studied microorganisms are Buduy and Vin Lass Sn

eit can be grouped according to their shape. Fungi are or fallpall organisms

eihat absorb nutrients. It is uncertain whether aunes a icroorganisms because it is still debated

pyhether or not they are alive.

‘aad ife Science

wl
Section 2 / Microorganisms

Harmful Microorganisms
Infectious diseases are fesy
responsible for more than thirteen million deaths
a year. What do you think is the cause of these deaths? Microorganisms
Fun Fact!
:
are the cause. Despite their size, microorganisms are capable of harming
The writer Edgar Allen
organisms and are sometimes fatal.
Poe often wrote about
tuberculosis in his stories.
His most famous story
about this illness is “The
Harmful Bacteria 4 Masque of the Red Death.”
Some illnesses caused by bacteria are:

uncontrollable ¢
trembling
ted
suming food contamina
Cholera is caused by con The pa ni es ea
bacter ia.
with Vibrio cho‘ lerae; cause
: hei Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium
i large intestine and it is not
dehydrati on. \f tuberculosis bacteria. It is an airborne disease
les that lead to affecting the lungs. It can cause a cough, fever,
fatal.
treated, it can be shivering and weight loss.

Harmful Fungi
These organisms cause mycosis or fungal infections characterized by
irritation, redness and itchiness
ase of the skin. An example is:
/

need to scratch «~
Cholera is a highly contagious illness
Caused by ingesting food or water
that Ne ihe
Ringworm is a fungus contaminated by bacteria.
sed by peers a
skin, Ringworm is cau |
n, a wound or ahd
humidity of the ski ;
mos t co mm on we mn
hygiene. The
causes a Be
is athlete's foot. It 1
ll on the ce!
sensation and a bad sme toes. J
spa ce between
of the foot and in the

A
Ringworm can affect different parts
of the skin, such as the arms.

Essential Basics Skills: To inquiry about the causes of diseases and communi
cate the measures of prevention.
Unit
a
 ‘Harmful Effects of Viruses
Some examples of ilinesses caused by viruses ere
- -
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8
a
a

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ihe missing imonmauon.
=, = ees a
identity =[BEG
OPE SUS E68 FCSa |

»
me Type of Microorganism Iliness / Disease : Effects

= on Pane typhoid fever -, es ee

=)
fungus C1 sade’ Burning feeling on feei and bad odor.
J
=< cholera :
< ee AIDS lt 2
=) ; é oe -
a | acer Bef Red spots on the skin.

“
fi . lan has chicken pox. His doctor recommended he stay home and prohibited his
ad classmates from visting him. Why did the doctor make these recommendations?
”
od
STA
Sar tna \
“ARI.
¢ in on
PA
"s fan f
te th oO 4
NU
f
gy, an
oo
r '
JEP J bs =
sowie a
resuit
I % ae
j 5+
or outcome ofa
ituation.

Ze
rs)

PMiicroorganisms responsible for Ce

are:
oe -
" ___} ( Ags hy nh ; aes
and _ i __- Although it is debated whether
or not they are alive,
iNMEA. 14 acclk
PY) 6)
é, ee) produce ilinesses and therefore are included
j in this group, too.
ye :
@ if Science
ry
 Section 2/ Microorganisms

Did You Know...?

Beneficial Effects of Microorganisms
Yogurt has probiotic bacteriz
Microorganisms have many negative effec
ts on our health, but they can that help and protect your
also be beneficial. Our bodies are home
to many beneficial bacteria. own intestinal flora.
Throughout history, humans have learned
to use these microorganisms
in food, to improve health and in other
areas,

Beneficial Effects of Bacteria 1

As mentioned, beneficial bacteria

live on our skin and inside our bodi
es.
An example is the human microbiome, which is foun d on the skin in
the nose, stomach and intestines.
It Stops harmful Thicroorganisms from
invading the body and Causing
illnesses.
*
“
Some bacteria that reside in our larg
e intestine help with the production
of vitamin K. Vitamin K is Crucial for
our body since it allows blood to
coagulate. Lactobacillus bacteria
present in yogurt.

Bacteria are also used by human beings

to create medicine, like insulin.
Insulin is naturally made by the pancreas and
works to regulate sugar
absorption. There are some people,
like diabetics, who have problems
producing insulin. Some diabetics have
to inject insulin because their
bodies do not produce enough.

Yogurt is made with beneficial

bacteria.
 ° Beneficial Effects of Fungi
to help people
Fungi, unicellular fungi in particular, are als o used
and improve health. » perceived
a) |
an important Scottish scientist,
™ About a century ago, Alexander F lerning, He
|
contami! inated by fungi.
"™® studied bacteria. His samples becarne the
that although they had died,
observed the bacteria and realized
dental experiment, he deduced
fungi remained alive. From this acci
he discovered penicillin, the
that fungi are able to kill bacteria, and
e that can kill bacteria,
first antibiotic. An antibiotic is a substanc Tip _
s are very efficient in
and it is created by a microorganisrn. Antibiotic
treating bacterial illnesses.
One fungus, two fungi
e is the yeast One bacterium, two bactena
Fungi are also used in some foods. A common exampl
used to make bread rise) The microorganisms use the sugar
in the One virus, two viruses
bread and produce carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide then makes
the bread rise.

~-> go up

; Practicing e

ne Mark the images that show the positive effects of microorganisms in

humans. Identify

=
a
a}
>
2
of?
ad
vad

seins
Bs 550 microorganisms, like Wee
, have positive effects on
QP human body. eet
ra
“ail
ge
§@.\fe Science

(wm)

~
Section 2/ Microorganisms

BOEEEEEEERee
Taking Care of Your Body
To stay healthy and avoid getting sick, it is necessary to have good
hygiene. Did You Know...:

,
Healthy daily habits include rest) exercise, sleep and eating
well. If we want to When you shower, the
Stay healthy and avoid infectious diseases, good hygiene
should also be a daily number of bacteria on
habit. Having good hygiene means you clean and take Care of
your body. Some your body decreases from
habits you should have are: s > repose
approximately 15,000 to
6,000.

Brush your teeth after

you eat.

) Do not share toothbrushes,

=i] cups or utensils.

Do not walk barefoot in

Wash fruits and
= public places like the
vegetables before
you eat them. | locker room or pool.

without
shoes

Wasi your hands before

eating and-after going to
the bathroom, sneezing,
blowing your nose or
playing with your pet.

Do not drink
dirty water.

Clean and disinfect By following these rules, you can

wounds avoid infectious diseases. What
Cook food well to eliminate else can you do to avoid getting
;
the microorganisms it may ; bs
sick?
contain.

© Essential Basics Skills: To recognize the importance of body hygiene at

puberty to maintain integral health.