Q Bank With Syllabus
Q Bank With Syllabus
Syllabus:
Ans.
Length={0,2,4,6,8,…}
L={ €, aa,ba,bb,ab,aaa,bbb,aba,…,aaaa,bbbb,…. }
They can recognize patterns in strings of symbols. Automata theory categorizes them
based on computational power. Examples include finite automata and Turing machines.
They are fundamental in computer science for tasks like parsing and formal verification.
A derivation tree, also known as a parse tree or syntax tree, is a graphical representation of the
syntactic structure of a string generated by a grammar.
It depicts how the string is derived by applying production rules of the grammar.
Nodes in the tree represent symbols, while edges represent the application of production rules.
The root of the tree represents the start symbol of the grammar, and each leaf node
corresponds to a terminal symbol or an empty string.
```
S
/\
A B
/ \
a b
```
In this tree:
- The root node represents the start symbol S.
- The left child of S represents the non-terminal A, which derives the terminal symbol 'a'.
- The right child of S represents the non-terminal B, which derives the terminal symbol 'b'.
This tree visually illustrates how the string "ab" is derived from the start symbol S using the
given production rules.
This hierarchy illustrates the relationship between different classes of grammars based on their
generative power. As we move down the hierarchy, grammars become more restricted in their
expressive power but easier to parse and analyze.
Q6. Consider a machine M given in Fig (1.0). Construct its equivalent Moore
Machine: [10]
q1 q3 0 q2 0
q2 q1 1 q4 0
q3 q2 1 q1 1
q4 q4 1 q3 0
Fig (1.0)
Ans 6. To construct the equivalent Moore Machine from the given state transition table, we need
to define the states, inputs, outputs, and the transition function. In a Moore Machine, the output
depends only on the current state.
```
Present State INPUT(a=0) OUTPUT INPUT(a=1) OUTPUT
---------------------------------------------------------------
q1 q3 0 q2 0
q2 q1 1 q4 0
q3 q2 1 q1 1
q4 q4 1 q3 0
```
Let's define the states, inputs, outputs, and the transition function:
States:
- q1
- q2
- q3
- q4
Inputs:
- a=0
- a=1
Outputs:
-0
-1
Transition Function:
- For state q1:
- If input a=0, transition to state q3 with output 0.
- If input a=1, transition to state q2 with output 0.
- For state q2:
- If input a=0, transition to state q1 with output 1.
- If input a=1, transition to state q4 with output 0.
- For state q3:
- If input a=0, transition to state q2 with output 1.
- If input a=1, transition to state q1 with output 1.
- For state q4:
- If input a=0, remain in state q4 with output 1.
- If input a=1, transition to state q3 with output 0.
```
| a=0 / 0 a=1 / 0
-------------------------------
q1 (0) -> | q3 (0) q2 (0)
q2 (1) -> | q1 (1) q4 (0)
q3 (1) -> | q2 (1) q1 (1)
q4 (1) -> | q4 (1) q3 (0)
```
This mathematical model captures the essential components of a DFA: its states, input symbols,
transition behavior, initial state, and accepting states, providing a formal representation of its
behavior and structure.
NFAs are more expressive than DFAs and are used in pattern matching and lexical analysis.
```
DFA:
States: {q0, q1}
Alphabet: {0, 1}
Transition function:
δ(q0, 0) = q1
δ(q0, 1) = q0
δ(q1, 0) = q0
δ(q1, 1) = q1
Start state: q0
Accepting states: {q0}
```
To convert this DFA to an NFA, we can replicate each transition as a single transition in the NFA
and introduce ε-transitions where necessary. Here's how:
1. For each state in the DFA, create the corresponding state in the NFA.
2. For each transition δ(q, a) = p in the DFA, where p is a state and a is an input symbol:
- Add a transition δ'(q, a) = p in the NFA.
3. For each transition δ(q, a) = p in the DFA that is not deterministic (i.e., there are multiple
transitions for the same input symbol a):
- Replace it with ε-transitions in the NFA:
- If there are multiple transitions from q to different states p1, p2, ..., pn, then add
ε-transitions from q to each of these states.
4. Retain the start state and accepting states of the original DFA.
Using the example DFA provided earlier, let's convert it into an NFA:
```
NFA:
States: {q0, q1}
Alphabet: {0, 1}
Transition function:
δ(q0, 0) = {q1, q0} (ε-transition to q1 and q0)
δ(q0, 1) = q0
δ(q1, 0) = q0
δ(q1, 1) = {q1, q0} (ε-transition to q1 and q0)
Start state: q0
Accepting states: {q0}
```
In this NFA:
- There are ε-transitions added where there were non-deterministic transitions in the original
DFA.
- The rest of the transitions remain the same as in the original DFA.
- The start state and accepting states are retained.
This NFA accepts the same language as the original DFA but with non-deterministic transitions.
In the context of regular expressions and finite automata, the NULL string serves as a
fundamental element for defining concatenation and closure operations. It plays a significant
role in the representation and manipulation of languages and their properties.
The process typically involves creating a new automaton that mirrors the transitions of the
original automaton but reads the input symbols in reverse. For deterministic finite automata
(DFA), the transition function is reversed, while for non-deterministic finite automata (NFA),
epsilon transitions may be used to facilitate the reversal process.
The resulting automaton can then accept or reject strings based on whether the input string's
reverse is recognized, effectively achieving the reversal of the input string within the
automaton's computational framework.
Q14.
Q15. What is a Parse tree.
A parse tree, also known as a syntax tree or derivation tree, is a graphical representation of the
syntactic structure of a string in accordance with the rules of a formal grammar. It illustrates
how the string can be derived by applying production rules of the grammar.
In a parse tree:
- Each node represents either a terminal symbol (i.e., a symbol from the input string) or a
non-terminal symbol (i.e., a symbol from the grammar).
- The root of the tree represents the start symbol of the grammar.
- Internal nodes represent non-terminal symbols, and leaf nodes represent terminal symbols.
- Edges represent the application of production rules, showing how symbols are derived from
other symbols.
Parse trees are commonly used in parsing algorithms, compilers, and language processing tasks
to understand the structure of strings and to ensure they conform to the syntax defined by the
grammar. They provide a hierarchical representation of the syntactic relationships between
elements of a language.